Compounds > allopurinol
Page last updated: 2024-10-15

allopurinol

Description

Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID135401907
CHEMBL ID1467
CHEBI ID40279
SCHEMBL ID4627
SCHEMBL ID1128219
MeSH IDM0000745

Synonyms (314)

Synonym
MLS001148183
AB00173448-03
AB00173448-04
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 1,2-dihydro-
smr000059083
MLS000069453 ,
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 1,5-dihydro-
KBIO1_000685
DIVK1C_000685
NCIOPEN2_001825
ketanrift
remid
1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-one
ledopur
4h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-one
4'-hydroxypyrazolol(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4-hydroxy-1h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 1,7-dihydro-
adenock
dabroson
monarch
aloral
suspendol
takanarumin
gichtex
allopurinolum [inn-latin]
allozym
1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine-4-one
apurin
cosuric
allural
apulonga
4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
dabrosin
cellidrin
urtias
hexanuret
4h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-one, 1,5-dihydro-
lysuron
nektrohan
4-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine
aluline
urtias 100
caplenal
dura al
allo-puren
miniplanor
4-hydroxypyrazolyl(3,4-d)pyrimidine
hamarin
riball
epuric
1h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-ol
alopurinol [inn-spanish]
EU-0100102
allopurinol, xanthine oxidase inhibitor
1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
1,5-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
ailurial
SPECTRUM_000026
xanthine oxidase
PRESTWICK_511
NCGC00015094-01
lopac-a-8003
BSPBIO_001798
IDI1_000685
LOPAC0_000102
b. w. 56-158
bloxanth
4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine
urosin
wln: t56 bmn gn inj fq
ketobun-a
4-hydroxy-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine
bw 56158
anzief
urolit
4h-pyrazolo[3, 1,5-dihydro-
315-30-0
allopurinol
apurol
uripurinol
bleminol
allopurinol(i)
geapur
nsc101655
xanturat
4-hydroxy-3,4-pyrazolopyrimidine
4-hydroxypyrazolyl[3,4-d]pyrimidine
allopur
foligan
milurit
alositol
4-hpp
bw 56-158
ailural
zyloprim
progout
anoprolin
4'-hydroxypyrazolol[3,4-d]pyrimidine
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol
gotax
uriprim
urbol
atisuril
zyloric
epidropal
lopurin
embarin
uricemil
nsc-101655
inchi=1/c5h4n4o/c10-5-3-1-8-9-4(3)6-2-7-5/h1-2h,(h2,6,7,8,9,10
NCGC00091134-01
bw-56-158
aloprim
BIM-0061756.0001
nsc 1390
einecs 206-250-9
hsdb 3004
ccris 626
nsc 101655
nsc-1390
9002-17-9
1,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
nsc1390
CHEBI:40279 ,
al-100
alopurinol
allopurinolum
DB00437
zyloprim (tn)
D00224
allopurinol (jp17/usp/inn)
NCGC00094580-01
NCGC00094580-02
KBIO2_002954
KBIOSS_000386
KBIO2_005522
KBIO3_001298
KBIOGR_000550
KBIO2_000386
SPECTRUM3_000289
SPECTRUM2_000098
NINDS_000685
SPBIO_000056
SPECTRUM4_000135
SPECTRUM1500108
SPECTRUM5_000768
allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine)
NCGC00091134-02
NCGC00091134-03
NCGC00015094-03
AC-019
A 8003 ,
HMS2091G15
A0907
NCGC00015094-06
CHEMBL1467
AKOS000269759
AKOS000267490
HMS502C07
FT-0661492
HMS1920A15
1h,4h,7h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
NCGC00015094-02
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol;1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5h)-one
AB-323/25048497
NCGC00188948-01
NCGC00094580-04
HMS3260E06
HMS3259K13
tox21_200922
NCGC00258476-01
pharmakon1600-01500108
nsc755858
nsc-755858
dtxsid4022573 ,
tox21_110082
dtxcid502573
cas-315-30-0
uritas
sigapurol
CCG-204197
1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
HMS2234M09
4-hydroxypyrazol[3,4-d]pyrimidine
CCG-38916
NCGC00015094-05
NCGC00015094-04
NCGC00015094-07
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5h)-one
1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one synonym: allopurinol
916980-04-6
FT-0685730
ath008
63cz7gjn5i ,
unii-63cz7gjn5i
allopurinol [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
180749-09-1
2h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol
180749-08-0
FT-0602537
NCGC00094580-05
LP00102
S1630
F3329-0375
SC2251
SC1118
73334-58-4
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(7h)-one
bw-56158
gtpl6795
1h,2h,4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
HMS3371I11
allopurinol [ep monograph]
allopurinol [mi]
allopurinol [mart.]
allopurinolum [who-ip]
allopurinol [orange book]
allopurinol [usan]
allopurinol [who-ip]
allopurinol [hsdb]
allopurinol [jan]
allopurinol [usp monograph]
184856-42-6
allopurinol [ep impurity]
allopurinol [who-dd]
allopurinol [inn]
duzallo component allopurinol
allopurinol [usp-rs]
CCG-221406
HY-B0219
1,5-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4-one
NC00492
SCHEMBL4627
tox21_110082_1
AB01274719-01
NCGC00260787-01
tox21_500102
J-504736
SCHEMBL1128219
4-hydroxy-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin
AKOS024255717
TS-00028
1h,4h,5h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol (9ci)
cid_2094
bdbm35440
hexanurat
W-106892
STR05189
bdbm50016784
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 1,7-dihydro- (9ci)
180749-06-8
180749-07-9
184789-03-5
allopurinol, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(2h)-one
AB00173448_05
OPERA_ID_1680
AB01274719_02
zyloric-300
aluline 300
xanthomax-300
xanthomax-100
bdbm50140241
hamarin 100
aluline 100
hamarin 300
uricto
mfcd00599413
us9138393, allopurinol
us9144538, allopurinol
bdbm181133
VU0611037-1
F2173-0394
allopurinol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
SR-05000001983-2
sr-05000001983
allopurinol, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
HMS3651O13
SR-05000001983-1
allopurinol, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
sr-01000075595
SR-01000075595-1
SBI-0050090.P004
HMS3714L22
SW199406-4
FT-0764079
Q412486
F18007
allopurinol (zyloprim)
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 2,5-dihydro- (9ci)
4h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one, 2,7-dihydro- (9ci)
BCP26973
AMY18272
SB10164
SDCCGSBI-0050090.P005
NCGC00015094-08
CCG-266128
NCGC00015094-22
2h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol (9ci)
EN300-34144
zurinol
1h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimdin-4-ol
allopurinol (mart.)
allopurinol (usp-rs)
allopurinol (usp monograph)
allopurinolo
m04aa01
4'-hpp
allopurinol (ep monograph)
1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pryimidin-4-one
allopurinol (ep impurity)
Z104486670

Research Excerpts

Overview

Allopurinol is a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor and can potentially reduce the formation of these superoxides that lead to brain damage in HIE. It is widely used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.

ExcerptReference
"Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. "( Allopurinol attenuates postoperative pain and modulates the purinergic system in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial.
Andrade, CF; de Oliveira, ED; Fagundes, AC; Hansel, G; Lara, DR; Martinelli, ES; Pedrini, RO; Schmidt, AP; Schmidt, SRG; Souza, DO; Valdameri, A, 2021)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor and can potentially reduce the formation of these superoxides that lead to brain damage in HIE."( Allopurinol: Old Drug, New Indication in Neonates?
Annink, KV; Bel, FV; Benders, MJNL; Derks, JB; Franz, AR; Rudiger, M, 2017)
"Allopurinol acts as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that reduces the amount of free radicals after reactive oxygen species generation."( Effect of High-Dose Allopurinol Pretreatment on Cardiac Biomarkers of Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Alemzadeh-Ansari, MJ; Hosseini, SK; Jalali, A; Mohammadi, M; Pourhosseini, H; Talasaz, AH; Tokaldani, ML, )
"Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. "( Allopurinol reverses liver damage induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride treatment by decreasing oxidative stress, TGF-β production and NF-κB nuclear translocation.
Aldaba-Muruato, LR; Moreno, MG; Muriel, P; Shibayama, M; Tsutsumi, V, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and antioxidant free radical scavenger which facilitates the protection of ischemic organs in part via this mechanism of action. "( Allopurinol in renal ischemia.
Aliena-Valero, A; Carabén-Redaño, A; Cejalvo, D; Flores-Bellver, M; Lloris Carsí, JM; Martínez-Gil, N; Prieto-Moure, B; Toledo, AH; Toledo-Pereyra, LH, 2014)
"Allopurinol is a purine hypoxanthine-based structural analog and a well-known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase."( Effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage: new therapeutic approaches?
Fiuza-Luces, C; Garatachea, N; Lippi, G; Lucia, A; Pareja-Galeano, H; Perez-Quilis, C; Sanchis-Gomar, F; Santos-Lozano, A, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a commonly used medication to treat hyperuricemia and its complications."( Pallidifloside D from Smilax riparia enhanced allopurinol effects in hyperuricemia mice.
Anderson, S; He, Y; Hou, PY; Mi, C; Wang, SQ; Wu, XH; Yu, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, YW, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitor that is widely used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. "( Antidepressant-like effects of the xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitor allopurinol in rats. A comparison with fluoxetine.
Aksu, H; Birincioğlu, M; Dost, T; Gürbüz Özgür, B, 2015)
"Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO) and thus can serve as an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress."( Allopurinol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury in Rat Urinary Bladders.
Chun, KS; Kim, GH; Kim, SI; Lim, JS; Na, YG; Shin, JH; Song, KH, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a commonly used medication to treat hyperuricemia and its complications. "( Hypouricemic effect of allopurinol are improved by Pallidifloside D based on the uric acid metabolism enzymes PRPS, HGPRT and PRPPAT.
Anderson, S; He, Y; Hou, PY; Li, HG; Wang, SQ; Wu, XH; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, YW, 2016)
"Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. "( Anti-nociceptive properties of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in mice: role of A1 adenosine receptors.
Antunes, C; Böhmer, AE; Elisabetsky, E; Lara, DR; Porciúncula, LO; Schallenberger, C; Schmidt, AP; Souza, DO, 2009)
"Allopurinol is an old and extensively used compound and seems to be well tolerated with no obvious central nervous system toxic effects at high doses."( Anti-nociceptive properties of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in mice: role of A1 adenosine receptors.
Antunes, C; Böhmer, AE; Elisabetsky, E; Lara, DR; Porciúncula, LO; Schallenberger, C; Schmidt, AP; Souza, DO, 2009)
"Allopurinol seems to be a useful, inexpensive, well tolerated, and safe anti-ischaemic drug for patients with angina."( Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial.
Ang, DS; Lang, CC; Noman, A; Ogston, S; Struthers, AD, 2010)
"Allopurinol is a prodrug converted to oxypurinol by xanthine oxidase, a process followed by an efficient enzyme inhibition. "( A new method for the quantification of superoxide dismutase mimics with an allopurinol-xanthine oxidase-lucigenin enhanced system.
Bordeianu, G; Nechifor, M; Serban, DN; Stanescu, R; Stoica, BA, 2011)
"Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), and XO is an enzyme that generates great amounts of reactive oxygen species. "( Secondary biliary cirrhosis in the rat is prevented by decreasing NF-κB nuclear translocation and TGF-β expression using allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Aldaba-Muruato, LR; Hernández-Mercado, E; Moreno, MG; Muriel, P; Shibayama, M, 2012)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that prevents the generation of free radicals and may play a role in the protection of the cells during cerebral ischemia."( Effect of allopurinol in focal cerebral ischemia in rats: an experimental study.
Berkman, MZ; Işik, N; Kalelioğlu, M; Pamir, MN; Sav, A, 2005)
"Allopurinol is a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase activity."( A quantitative histochemical study of xanthine oxidase activity in rat liver using the cerium capture method in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol.
Bosch, KS; Frederiks, WM; Van den Munckhof, RJ; Van Noorden, CJ, 1994)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor widely used to control plasma uric acid levels. "( Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: hypersensitivity to oxypurinol but not allopurinol.
Hamanaka, H; Mizutani, H; Nouchi, N; Shimizu, M; Shimizu, Y, 1998)
"Allopurinol is a scavenger of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (k2 approx. "( Allopurinol and oxypurinol are hydroxyl radical scavengers.
Grootveld, M; Gutteridge, JM; Halliwell, B; Moorhouse, PC; Quinlan, JG, 1987)
"Allopurinol, which is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, inhibited blastogenic responses of human lymphocytes to PHA, PWM, and bacterial LPS."( Purine metabolic enzymes in lymphocytes. IV. Effects of enzyme inhibitors and enzyme substrates on the blastogenic responses of human lymphocytes.
Akuzawa, Y; Kurashige, S; Mitsuhashi, S, 1985)
"Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. "( Effects of allopurinol on pain and anxiety in fibromyalgia patients: a pilot study.
Fagundes, AC; Schmidt, AP; Souza, DO, )
"Allopurinol is an agent of first choice for urate lowering therapy."( What's new on the front-line of gout pharmacotherapy?
Blake, KEG; Saag, JL; Saag, KG, 2022)
"Allopurinol is a urate-lowering therapy used to treat patients with gout. "( Allopurinol versus usual care in UK patients with ischaemic heart disease (ALL-HEART): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial.
Avery, AJ; Barr, RJ; Begg, AG; Duce, SL; Dumbleton, JS; Ford, I; Greenlaw, N; Hawkey, CJ; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; Pigazzani, F; Ritchie, LD; Rogers, A; Rooke, ED; Struthers, AD; Taggar, JS; Townend, JN; Walker, A; Wei, L, 2022)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that inhibits uric acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production."( Allopurinol inhibits excess glucose-induced trophoblast IL-1β and ROS production.
Abrahams, VM; Han, CS; Mulla, MJ; Negi, M, 2020)
"Allopurinol is an orally administered inhibitor of xanthine oxidase used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout. "( Physicochemical Stability of Compounded Allopurinol Suspensions in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.
Bostanian, LA; Graves, RA; Le, G; Mandal, TK; Morris, TC; Pramar, YV, )
"Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. "( Allopurinol for fibromyalgia pain in adults: A randomized controlled trial.
Andrade, CF; Botelho, LM; de Oliveira, ED; Dos Santos, LMM; Fagundes, AC; Ferrari, SG; Lara, DR; Schmidt, AP; Schmidt, SRG; Souza, DO, 2022)
"Allopurinol is a drug indicated for the treatment and prevention of gout. "( Allopurinol for the Treatment of Refractory Aggression: A Case Series.
Baugh, TB; Carr, CN; Straley, CM, 2017)
"Allopurinol seems to be a good neuroprotector in several animal studies, but it has never been tested in combination with hypothermia."( Neuroprotection with hypothermia and allopurinol in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic injury: Is it a gender question?
Alcántara-Horillo, S; Balada Caballé, R; Camprubí Camprubí, M; Durán Fernández-Feijóo, C; Lopez Ramos, MG; Lopez-Abad, M; Rodríguez-Fanjul, J, 2017)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor commonly used in the treatment of gout. "( Allopurinol augmentation in acute mania: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.
Chen, AT; Malmstrom, T; Nasrallah, HA, 2018)
"Allopurinol is an effective urate-lowering therapy, but it has severe side effects."( A retrospective investigation of HLA-B*5801 in hyperuricemia patients in a Han population of China.
Cheng, H; Liu, J; Liu, W; Yan, D; Zhang, Y; Zuo, X, 2018)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of patients with gout. "( [De-sensitization to allopurinol in a patient with tophi gout].
Hernández-Montoya, G; López-Rocha, EG; Rodríguez-Mireles, KA; Rodríguez-Pesina, AH, )
"Allopurinol is a cornerstone therapy for patients with gout; however, non-adherence to allopurinol is prevalent in Singapore and limits its effectiveness."( Cost-effectiveness of an adherence-enhancing intervention for gout based on real-world data.
Lim, AYN; Lin, LW; Teng, GG; Wee, HL; Yoong, JS; Zethraeus, N, 2019)
"Allopurinol is a first line agent in treating gout, but it also carries the risk of severe side effects. "( Allopurinol-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
Gupta, SS; Kupfer, Y; Patti, R; Sabharwal, N, 2019)
"Allopurinol is an FDA -Approved xanthine oxidase inhibitor, which is effective in the treatment of gout, hyperuricemia and uremic kidney stones in patients with an increased level of uric acid excretion. "( Allopurinol and Loss of Consciousness in a 78-old Year Man Suffering from Gout.
AkbariRad, M; Arian, M; Firoozi, A; Jami, M; Moghaddam, AB, 2020)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that reduces the production of oxygen radicals as superoxide, which contributes to secondary energy failure and apoptosis in neurons and glial cells after reperfusion of hypoxic brain tissue and may further improve outcome if administered in addition to therapeutic hypothermia."( Effect of allopurinol in addition to hypothermia treatment in neonates for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neurocognitive outcome (ALBINO): study protocol of a blinded randomized placebo-controlled parallel group multicenter trial for superiority (phase
Allegaert, K; Annink, KV; Bassler, D; Benders, MJNL; Cattarossi, L; Franz, AR; Guimarães, H; Jacobs, Y; Klebermaß-Schrehof, K; Maiwald, CA; Mazela, J; Metsäranta, M; Metsvaht, T; Naulaers, G; Rüdiger, M; Stiris, T; van Bel, F; Vanhatalo, S; Vento, M, 2019)
"Allopurinol is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is used in hyperuricemic patients to prevent gout. "( Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Agarwal, V; Hans, N; Messerli, FH, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a popular and widely-prescribed anti-hyperuricemic agent that has been implicated in drug interactions with substrates of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. "( Effects of repeated allopurinol administration on rat cytochrome P450 activity.
Hu, LF; Llu, YJ; Pan, XF; Shi, DW; Xu, RA; Xu, ZS; Ye, XL; Zhang, CH; Zhang, XH, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a purine analogue that inhibits xanthine oxidase. "( Allopurinol Use during Pregnancy - Outcome of 31 Prospectively Ascertained Cases and a Phenotype Possibly Indicative for Teratogenicity.
Hoeltzenbein, M; Panse, M; Schaefer, C; Stieler, K; Wacker, E, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a main cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR). "( Allopurinol hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by dose-dependent oxypurinol-specific T cell response.
Fontana, S; Largiadèr, CR; Mattsson, J; Pichler, WJ; Schnyder, K; Yerly, D; Yun, J, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a frequently prescribed drug. "( Allopurinol use in pregnancy in three women with inflammatory bowel disease: safety and outcomes: a case series.
Andrews, JM; Bampton, PA; Doogue, MP; Fazal, MW; Leong, RW, 2013)
"Allopurinol is a known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, a source of free radicals during exercise."( GC-MS analysis of blood for the metabonomic investigation of the effects of physical exercise and allopurinol administration on rats.
Chatziioannou, AC; Kouretas, D; Mougios, V; Pechlivanis, A; Theodoridis, GA; Veskoukis, AS, 2014)
"Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat hyperuricemia. "( In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, adjuvant allopurinol improved symptoms of mania in in-patients suffering from bipolar disorder.
Bajoghli, H; Brand, S; Ghaleiha, A; Haghighi, M; Holsboer-Trachsler, E; Jahangard, L; Soroush, S, 2014)
"Allopurinol is a safe option, slightly better than other ULDs."( Safety of allopurinol compared with other urate-lowering drugs in patients with gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carmona, L; Castrejon, I; Loza, E; Pérez-Ruiz, F; Rosario, MP; Toledano, E, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a commonly used medication to treat hyperuricemia and its complications."( Anti-hyperuricemia effects of allopurinol are improved by Smilax riparia, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
Anderson, S; He, Y; Mi, C; Wang, CZ; Wang, SQ; Wu, XH; Yuan, CS; Zhang, J; Zhang, YW, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a urate-lowering agent that is commonly used to prevent chemotherapy-related hyperuricemia. "( Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome in patients with hematological malignancies: characteristics and clinical outcomes.
Ju, JH; Kim, WU; Kwok, SK; Lee, B; Min, HK; Park, SH; Park, YM, 2015)
"Allopurinol is an efficacious urate-lowering therapy (ULT), but is associated with rare serious adverse drug reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), with higher risk among HLA-B*5801 carriers. "( Cost-effectiveness analysis of genotyping for HLA-B*5801 and an enhanced safety program in gout patients starting allopurinol in Singapore.
Dong, D; Finkelstein, E; Sung, C; Tan-Koi, WC; Teng, GG, 2015)
"Allopurinol is an effective urate-lowering drug."( Effect of Allopurinol on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hyperuricemic Patients: A Cohort Study.
Hallas, J; Larsen, KS; Lindegaard, HM; Pottegård, A, 2016)
"Allopurinol is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor used in hyperuricemic patients."( Benefits of Allopurinol Treatment on Blood Pressure and Renal Function in Patients with Early Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Burata, A; Ruangkanchanasetr, P; Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O; Wirajit, O, 2015)
"Allopurinol is a frequent cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). "( In vitro test to confirm diagnosis of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
Chakkavittumrong, P; Chanprapaph, K; Chularojanamontri, L; Disphanurat, W; Klaewsongkram, J; Rerknimitr, P; Rerkpattanapipat, T; Srinoulprasert, Y; Srisuttiyakorn, C; Sukasem, C; Suthumchai, N; Thantiworasit, P; Tovanabutra, N; Tuchinda, P, 2016)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to prevent gout that also has several positive effects on the cardiovascular system."( Multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded end point trial of the efficacy of allopurinol therapy in improving cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischaemic heart disease: protocol of the ALL-HEART study.
Avery, A; Begg, A; Ford, I; Hawkey, C; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; Struthers, AD; Taggar, J; Walker, A; Wei, L, 2016)
"Allopurinol is a well-known antioxidant that protects tissue against ischemia and reperfusion injury, blocking purine catabolism, and possibly reducing TNF-α and other cytokines. "( Allopurinol Protective Effect of Renal Ischemia by Downregulating TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 Response.
Belda-Antolí, M; Cejalvo-Lapeña, D; Lloris-Carsí, JM; Prieto-Moure, B; Toledo-Pereyra, LH, 2017)
"Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and inhibits the generation of uric acid (UA) as the final product of purine catabolism, as well as the resulting generation of superoxide (O2(-)), in humans. "( Allopurinol, an inhibitor of uric acid synthesis--can it be used for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and related disorders?
Nozaki, S; Onuma, M; Suzuki, I; Yamauchi, T, 2009)
"Allopurinol (ALLO) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that also scavenges free radicals."( Effects of allopurinol on cardiac function and oxidant stress in chronic intermittent hypoxia.
Chen, L; Scharf, SM; Williams, AL, 2010)
"Allopurinol is an effective urate lowering drug, which is usually well-tolerated with no adverse effects in most cases, but about 2% of the treated patients develop a skin rash, and patients may experience severe allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity syndrome."( [Allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity syndrome].
Bata-Csörgő, Z; Gyulai, R; Kemény, L; Kinyó, A; Lakatos, A; Varga, A; Varga, E, 2012)
"Allopurinol is a drug that has been used for decades to lower serum urate levels in patients with gout or chronic renal failure and in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at risk of tumor lysis syndrome. "( Pharmacogenetics of allopurinol--making an old drug safer.
Cheung, BM; Lam, MP; Yeung, CK, 2013)
"Allopurinol is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, with previously suggested anti-aggressive effects."( Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia.
Cruz, MR; Lara, DR; Moriguchi, EH; Souza, DO; Xavier, F, 2003)
"allopurinol is a safe and effective dose in Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations, experimental studies were performed using the physiologically occurring postprandial hyperuricaemia."( Further studies on the use of allopurinol to reduce plasma uric acid concentrations in the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) hyperuricaemic model.
Lumeij, JT; Poffers, J; Redig, PT; Timmermans-Sprang, EP, 2002)
"Allopurinol is a free radical scavenger, suppresses the production of TNF-alpha and downregulates the expression of ICAM-1 and P2X(7) receptors on monocyte/macrophages."( Cetirizine and allopurinol as novel weapons against cellular autoimmune disorders.
Namazi, MR, 2004)
"Allopurinol is a hypoxanthine analogue used to treat Leishmania infections that also displays activity against the related parasite Trypanosoma brucei. "( Trypanosoma brucei: expression of multiple purine transporters prevents the development of allopurinol resistance.
Al-Salabi, MI; Candlish, D; Coutts, SE; de Koning, HP; Natto, MJ; Wallace, LJ, 2005)
"Allopurinol is a very efficacy and fairly safety drug for the treatment of uric acid overproduction in patients with complete and partial HPRT deficiency."( Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and partial hypoxanthine- phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: a follow-up study of 18 Spanish patients.
Prior, C; Puig, JG; Torres, RJ, 2006)
"Allopurinol is a drug that is widely used to treat hyperuricemia, but it is often prescribed inappropriately."( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol in a teaching hospital.
Athisakul, S; Louthrenoo, W; Wangkaew, S, 2007)
"Allopurinol is a uric acid lowering drug used in the treatment of gout and the prevention of tumor lysis syndrome. "( A simple method for quantification of allopurinol and oxipurinol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection.
Brouwers, JR; Jansen, TL; Movig, KL; Nijdam, LC; Reinders, MK; van de Laar, MA; van Roon, EN, 2007)
"Allopurinol is a moderately active hypouricemic drug."( Optimizing therapy with allopurinol: factors limiting hypouricemic efficacy.
Chung, Y; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Stocker, SL, 2008)
"Allopurinol is a widely-prescribed urate-lowering agent. "( Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a preventable severe cutaneous adverse reaction?
Ariyasinghe, JT; Lee, HY; Thirumoorthy, T, 2008)
"Allopurinol is a drug of wide clinical use and good tolerance. "( [Syndrome of allopurinol hypersensitivity. Report of a new case and review of the Spanish literature].
Andrada, E; Berbegal, J; Lluch, V; López-Benito, I; Morera, J; Navarro, V, 1994)
"Allopurinol test is a useful tool for the preliminary investigation of urea cycle function, avoiding the possible hyperammonemia caused by other test, and permitting extensive familial studies without hospitalization. "( [Diagnosis of ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency and heterozygote detection with allopurinol loading test].
Fábrega, C; Fernández Alvarez, E; Mas, A; Pineda, M; Vilaseca, MA, 1993)
"Allopurinol is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor that has been administered to animals to protect tissues from oxidant injury. "( Allopurinol inhibition of neutrophilic alveolar response during hyperoxia.
Bryan, CL; Emanuel, B; Jenkinson, SG; Lewis, RE; Owens, SL, 1993)
"Allopurinol riboside is an experimental agent for the treatment of leishmaniasis and American trypanosomiasis. "( Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol riboside.
Shapiro, TA; Were, JB, 1993)
"Allopurinol promises to be a useful alternative to steroids in the treatment of uveitis."( Effects of systemically applied allopurinol and prednisolone on experimental autoimmune uveitis.
Augustin, AJ; Grus, FH; Loeffler, KU; Lutz, J; Sekundo, W, 1999)
"Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor."( Aldehyde oxidase-catalysed oxidation of methotrexate in the liver of guinea-pig, rabbit and man.
Beedham, C; Brown, JE; Clarke, SE; Jordan, CG; Laljee, H; Rashidi, MR, 1999)
"Allopurinol is known to be a causative agent of aplastic anemia, but there have been few reports of acute PRCA induced by allopurinol."( Acute pure red cell aplasia associated with allopurinol therapy.
Akiyama, Y; Hamahata, K; Kubota, M; Lin, YW; Okazaki, S; Usami, I; Watanabe, K; Yoshibayashi, M, 1999)
"Allopurinol is a scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals, which it is suggested play a role in the development of UC and pouchitis."( Allopurinol as prophylaxis against pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Andersson, M; Bark, T; Gullberg, K; Hallgren, T; Jiborn, H; Joelsson, M; Magnusson, I; Ojerskog, B; Oresland, T; Raab, Y; Sjödahl, R, 2001)
"Allopurinol is a drug which could be valuable in the treatment of stone patients. "( The effect of allopurinol on urinary oxalate excretion in stone formers.
Mathieson, A; Paterson, PJ; Scott, R; Smith, M, 1978)
"Allopurinol was shown to be an effective inhibitor of this reaction in the laboratory experiments, but not in patients."( Protective influence of pretreatment with allopurinol on myocardial function in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.
Bochenek, A; Gryzbek, H; Mistarz, K; Religa, Z; Spyt, TJ; Zembala, M, 1990)
"Allopurinol is a widely used drug in the management of hyperuricaemia. "( Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol.
Murrell, GA; Rapeport, WG, )

Effects

Allopurinol has a synergistic effect when used with intra-lesional sodium Stibogluconate and effectively reduces the treatment duration required for complete cure of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Gout/allopur inol intake has a high prevalence in elderly patients acutely admitted to hospital and are associated with renal and cardiovascular diseases.

Allopurinol has been used for the treatment of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia for several decades. The drug has been successfully used in granulomatous diseases like sarcoidosis or reactions to polymethylmethacrylate spheres.

ExcerptReference
"Allopurinol has an antioxidant property that might partially reverse endothelial dysfunction in patients with certain comorbidities. "( Allopurinol and endothelial function: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Alem, MM, 2018)
"Oral Allopurinol has a synergistic effect when used with intra-lesional sodium Stibogluconate and effectively reduces the treatment duration required for complete cure of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. "( Synergistic Effect Of Oral Allopurinol And Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate In The Treatment Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Adeeb, H; Mohammad, A; Rashid, HU; Rehman, N; Ullah, I; Zeb, M, )
"As allopurinol has a more polar character than benzaldehyde azine, it was easy to wash out from the SPE phase."( Hydrazine determination in allopurinol using derivatization and SPE for sample preparation.
Kormány, R; Tamás, K; Wachter-Kiss, E, 2018)
"Gout/allopurinol intake has a high prevalence in elderly patients acutely admitted to hospital and are associated with renal and cardiovascular diseases, an increased rate of adverse events and a high degree of drug consumption. "( Gout, allopurinol intake and clinical outcomes in the hospitalized multimorbid elderly.
Conca, A; Corrao, S; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)
"Allopurinol has a remarkable effect in the treatment of ACS and can improve the oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction indicators of patients. "( Clinical Study on efficacy of allopurinol in patients with acute coronary syndrome and its functional mechanism.
Du, H; Huang, Y; Shen, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, C; Zhang, D; Zhang, K; Zhang, X, )
"Allopurinol has a significant, positive effect on nonbacterial prostatitis. "( Ameliorative effect of allopurinol on nonbacterial prostatitis: a parallel double-blind controlled study.
Ekblom, M; Persson, BE; Ronquist, G, 1996)
"Allopurinol has been used for the treatment of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia for several decades. "( Anti-gout agent allopurinol exerts cytotoxicity to human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
Goda, AE; Horinaka, M; Miki, T; Mizutani, Y; Sakai, T; Shiraishi, T; Wakada, M; Yano, K; Yasuda, T; Yoshida, T, 2008)
"Allopurinol has been successfully used in granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis or reactions to polymethylmethacrylate spheres; therefore, we decided to evaluate the possible efficacy of this drug in three patients with long-lasting, therapy-resistant DGA."( Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with allopurinol: case report.
Ghilardi, A; Grazzini, M; Mazzatenta, C, )
"Allopurinol has been widely used for treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects. "( An allopurinol-controlled, randomized, double-dummy, double-blind, parallel between-group, comparative study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: p
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)
": Allopurinol has been widely used for treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects. "( Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor Febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phase 3 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)
"Allopurinol has been widely used for treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects. "( A repeated oral administration study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with impaired renal function in Japan: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.
Hosoya, T; Iwao, O; Ohno, I; Tatsuo, H, 2011)
"Allopurinol has been widely used for the treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects. "( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)
"Allopurinol has been widely used for the treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects. "( An allopurinol-controlled, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel between-group, comparative study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phas
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)
"Allopurinol has been the archetypal XO inhibitor for over 40 years."( The role of urate and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in cardiovascular disease.
George, J; Struthers, AD, 2008)
"Allopurinol has been widely used to reduce the severity of the reperfusion injury. "( Prevention of deleterious effects of reperfusion injury using one-week high-dose allopurinol.
Aşlar, AK; Kale, IT; Köksoy, C; Kuzu, A; Tanik, A; Terzi, C, 2001)
"Allopurinol has been reported to improve cell survival in a variety of conditions, including the ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in skin flaps. "( Effect of allopurinol on the survival of experimental pig flaps.
Kerrigan, CL; MacKay, A; Picard-Ami, LA, 1992)
"Allopurinol has been employed as a "specific" inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in studies of hypoxic/reoxygenation injury. "( On the specificity of allopurinol and oxypurinol as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. A pulse radiolysis determination of rate constants for reaction of allopurinol and oxypurinol with hydroxyl radicals.
Butler, J; Halliwell, B; Hoey, BM, 1988)
"Allopurinol has been shown to provide significant protection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular and parenchymal cell injury. "( Allopurinol does not enhance antioxidant properties of extracellular fluid.
Granger, DN; Grisham, MB; Parks, DA; Zimmerman, BJ, 1988)
"Allopurinol has been universally successful in lowering the serum uric acid concentration and uric acid excretion to normal levels, while not significantly affecting the clearance of urate or other aspects of renal function."( The treatment of gout and disorders of uric acid metabolism with allopurinol.
Houpt, JB; Ogryzlo, MA; Urowitz, MB; Weber, HM, 1966)
"Oral allopurinol has been proven to be effective for the management of granulomatous reactions to tattoos."( Granulomatous tattoo reaction treated with topical allopurinol.
Chaves-Álvarez, A; Moreno-Casas, G; Pereira-González, A; Rodríguez-Nevado, I; Rubio-Fernández, A, 2023)
"Allopurinol has been utilized successfully in adult and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease who have experienced 6MMP related gastrointestinal toxicity."( Allopurinol to Prevent Mercaptopurine Adverse Effects in Children and Young Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Kamojjala, R, 2021)
"The allopurinol loading test has been traditionally used to differentiate between HX types I and II."( Modern diagnostic approach to hereditary xanthinuria.
Bartl, J; Dolezel, Z; Fairbanks, L; Hurba, O; Marinaki, A; Mraz, M; Stiburkova, B, 2015)
"Allopurinol has shown significant efficacy for preventing formation of calcium stones in hyperuricosuric patients."( Prevention of renal stone disease recurrence. A systematic review of contemporary pharmaceutical options.
Duvdevani, M; Gofrit, ON; Pode, D; Sfoungaristos, S; Yutkin, V, 2015)
"Allopurinol, which has been used in clinical practice for almost 50 years, is the drug of first choice for long-term control of gout."( [The role of uric acid and allopurinol therapy in cardiovascular disease].
Linhart, A; Rob, D, 2015)
"Allopurinol has been shown in coronary arterial disease to prolong exercise before angina occurs, likely by prevention of oxygen wastage in tissues and reduction of harmful oxidative stress."( A Randomized Controlled Trial of Allopurinol in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease.
Robertson, AJ; Struthers, AD, 2016)
"Allopurinol has been presented as a safe and effective adjunct to thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Combination of thiopurines and allopurinol: adverse events and clinical benefit in IBD.
Govani, SM; Higgins, PD, 2010)
"Allopurinol has been a standard hypouricemic agent for more than 40 years, but febuxostat, which is also a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is now available. "( Febuxostat efficacy in allopurinol-resistant tophaceous gout.
Reid, G; Uh, M, 2011)
"Allopurinol has been reported as a common cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). "( Association between HLA-B*58:01 allele and severe cutaneous adverse reactions with allopurinol in Han Chinese in Hong Kong.
Chan, JC; Chang, MM; Cheng, SH; Chiu, ML; Hu, M; Li, L; Ng, MH; Tomlinson, B; Yeung, CK, 2012)
"Allopurinol mouthwash has been used to prevent stomatitis induced by cancer chemotherapy."( Development of patient-friendly preparations: preparation of a new allopurinol mouthwash containing polyethylene(oxide) and carrageenan.
Hanawa, T; Kawata, K; Masuda, N; Mohri, K; Nakajima, S; Suzuki, M, 2004)
"Allopurinol has been shown to improve endothelial function in chronic heart failure. "( High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid.
Belch, JJ; Carr, E; Davies, J; George, J; Struthers, A, 2006)
"Allopurinol has been reported to ameliorate the side effects in patients following shock wave lithotripsy (SWL); however, the mechanism has not been studied. "( Allopurinol blocks shock-wave-induced rises in cytosolic calcium levels in MDCK cells.
Chen, WC; Huang, JK; Jan, CR; Lee, YH; Ou, HC; Tseng, CJ, 1997)
"Allopurinol has been used in the management of hyperuricemic states for several years. "( Observations and effects of educational consults on allopurinol prescribing.
Bayliff, CD; Bellamy, N; Devlin, JW, 1992)
"Allopurinol (ALLO) has been shown to reduce the extent of myocardial necrosis in various systems."( Modulation of catecholamine cardiomyopathy by allopurinol.
Chen, V; Downing, SE; Jiang, JP, 1991)
"Allopurinol and caffeine have been used to measure metabolite formation followed by renal elimination of both parent substance and metabolite."( Liver function assessment by drug metabolism.
Barstow, L; Small, RE, 1990)
"Allopurinol has been shown to have a protective effect on ischaemic tissue by the indirect prevention of excessive purine loss. "( An assessment of the possible protective effect of allopurinol in acute stroke.
Aspey, BS; Harrison, MJ; Iansek, R; Packham, D, 1986)
"Allopurinol has been shown to ameliorate the myelotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) given as an infusion. "( Failure of allopurinol to provide clinically significant protection against the hematologic toxicity of a bolus 5-FU schedule.
Ahmann, FR; Garewal, H, 1986)
"Allopurinol toxicity has been associated with the use of this drug in patients with renal insufficiency, a situation where the half-life of oxipurinol, the major metabolite of allopurinol, is prolonged. "( Evaluation of a thiazide-allopurinol drug interaction.
Hande, KR, 1986)
"Allopurinol has been shown to decrease the gastro-intestinal and bone marrow toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. "( Allopurinol mouthwashes and 5-fluorouracil induced oral toxicity.
Clark, PI; Slevin, ML, 1985)

Actions

Allopurinol inhibited the increase in fetal plasma uric acid and suppressed the fetal femoral vasoconstrictor, glycaemic and lactate acidaemic responses during hypoxia. The effect on brain damage was inconclusive in these preclinical trials.

ExcerptReference
"Allopurinol seemed to inhibit the formation of superoxide and to scavenge free radicals directly, but the effect on brain damage was inconclusive in these preclinical trials."( Allopurinol: Old Drug, New Indication in Neonates?
Annink, KV; Bel, FV; Benders, MJNL; Derks, JB; Franz, AR; Rudiger, M, 2017)
"Allopurinol inhibited the increase in fetal plasma uric acid and suppressed the fetal femoral vasoconstrictor, glycaemic and lactate acidaemic responses during hypoxia (all P < 0.05), effects that were restored to control levels with fetal NO blockade."( Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy.
Allison, BJ; Brain, KL; Derks, JB; Giussani, DA; Hansell, JA; Herrera, EA; Kaandorp, JJ; Kane, AD; Niu, Y, 2014)
"Allopurinol does not inhibit atrophy of skeletal muscle caused by prolonged unloading. "( Allopurinol mitigates muscle contractile dysfunction caused by hindlimb unloading in mice.
Arbogast, S; Matuszczak, Y; Reid, MB, 2004)
"Allopurinol did not cause further increase in adenosine wash-out in rabbit hearts."( Reperfusion arrhythmias and purine wash-out in isolated rat and rabbit heart. Effect of allopurinol, dimethylthiourea and calcium reduction.
Beresewicz, A; Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E; Kopacz, M, 1993)
"Allopurinol reduced the increase of xanthine, uric acid, MDA in the muscle and CPK in blood effluent from gracilis muscle after reperfusion. "( The effect of allopurinol on interstitial purine metabolism and tissue damage in skeletal muscle I-R injury.
Akiyama, Y; Asami, A; Kitajima, M; Orii, M; Shirasugi, N; Yamazaki, M, 1996)
"Allopurinol did not inhibit superoxide production induced by opsonized zymosan, phorbol myristic acetate, or formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine."( Effect of allopurinol on neutrophil superoxide production, chemotaxis, or degranulation.
Bose, SK; Grisham, MB; Jones, HP; McCord, JM; Schott, A; Shannon, VA, 1985)
"Allopurinol is known to cause severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCAR) in Malaysia. "( Incidence of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction in Malaysia.
Fong, SL; Hariraj, V; Lai, PSM; Lee, SC; Lim, JR; Lim, KS; Ng, WL; Ramli, A; Wo, WK, 2022)
"Allopurinol may cause Meige syndrome-like blepharospasm, the mechanism of which may be related to the inhibition of dopamine activity by affecting adenosine level in the brain."( Report: A case report of Meige syndrome-like blepharospasm caused by ingestion of allopurinol.
LaiMin, L, 2020)
"Allopurinol is known to inhibit thiopurine methyl-transferase which reduces red cell 6MMP and increases 6TGN."( Allopurinol to Prevent Mercaptopurine Adverse Effects in Children and Young Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Kamojjala, R, 2021)
"Allopurinol can cause HLA class I-associated life-threatening severe skin reactions. "( Allopurinol hepatotoxicity is associated with human leukocyte antigen Class I alleles.
Barnhart, H; Fontana, RJ; Hoofnagle, J; Kleiner, D; Li, YJ; Phillips, E; Saeed, N, 2021)
"Allopurinol is a main cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR). "( Allopurinol hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by dose-dependent oxypurinol-specific T cell response.
Fontana, S; Largiadèr, CR; Mattsson, J; Pichler, WJ; Schnyder, K; Yerly, D; Yun, J, 2013)
"Allopurinol can enhance the potency of thiopurine treatment."( Allopurinol enhanced thiopurine treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: safety considerations and guidelines for use.
McCabe, RP; Min, MX; Weinberg, DI, 2014)
"Allopurinol is a frequent cause of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). "( In vitro test to confirm diagnosis of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
Chakkavittumrong, P; Chanprapaph, K; Chularojanamontri, L; Disphanurat, W; Klaewsongkram, J; Rerknimitr, P; Rerkpattanapipat, T; Srinoulprasert, Y; Srisuttiyakorn, C; Sukasem, C; Suthumchai, N; Thantiworasit, P; Tovanabutra, N; Tuchinda, P, 2016)
"Allopurinol is used to lower serum uric acid (sUA) levels in gout patients. "( Relationship between physician specialty and allopurinol prescribing patterns: a study of patients with gout in managed care settings.
Becker, LK; Dabbous, O; Hariri, A; Krishnan, E; Pandya, BJ; Riedel, AA; Swindle, JP, 2011)
"Allopurinol does not produce additional antihypertensive effects in patients with treated arterial hypertension. "( Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure and aortic compliance in hypertensive patients.
Kostka-Jeziorny, K; Tykarski, A; Uruski, P, 2011)
"Allopurinol intake caused increase in resting xanthine and hypoxanthine plasma concentrations, however it did not affect the slow component of oxygen uptake during exercise."( Allopurinol intake does not modify the slow component of V(.)O(2) kinetics and oxidative stress induced by severe intensity exercise.
Chlubek, D; Jakubowska, K; Laskowski, R; Olek, RA; Olszewska, M; Safranow, K, 2012)
"Allopurinol promotes the salvage of purines, possibly increasing endogenous adenosine levels. "( Allopurinol augmentation in the outpatient treatment of bipolar mania: a pilot study.
Berg, A; Bresee, C; Fan, A; Glassman, LH; Rapaport, MH, 2012)
"Allopurinol can inhibit biomarkers of oxidative activation in colon adenomatous polyps and normal adjacent tissue."( A randomized, placebo-controlled, preoperative trial of allopurinol in subjects with colorectal adenoma.
Argusti, A; Bandelloni, R; Benelli, R; Boccardo, S; Branchi, D; Coccia, G; Crosta, C; De Roberto, G; DeCensi, A; Gatteschi, B; Meroni, E; Michetti, P; Minetti, E; Mori, M; Munizzi, F; Puntoni, M; Salvi, S; Sonzogni, A; Turbino, L; Zanardi, S, 2013)
"Allopurinol did not produce a significant degree of protection against 5-FU-induced myelosuppression or mucositis on either dose schedule."( Effect of allopurinol on the toxicity of high-dose 5-fluorouracil administered by intermittent bolus injection.
Howell, SB; Pfeifle, CE; Wung, WE, 1983)
"Allopurinol reduced the increase in right hemisphere water content and markedly reduced atrophy."( Allopurinol administered after inducing hypoxia-ischemia reduces brain injury in 7-day-old rats.
Heitjan, DF; Palmer, C; Roberts, RL; Towfighi, J, 1993)
"Allopurinol inhibits the increase in portal vein pressure induced by AGEPC, increased [K+]o or phenylephrine; the inhibitory effect increases with increasing concentrations of the agents."( Stimulation of uric acid release from the perfused rat liver by platelet activating factor or potassium.
Hill, CE; Olson, MS, 1987)

Treatment

Allopurinol and allomaron-treated patients were examined biochemically by 17 parameters of the blood and urine. In allopur inol treated ischemic and reperfused groups, the levels of Na+K+ATPase activity were high compared to the untreated group.

ExcerptReference
"Allopurinol treatment significantly reduced hepatic steatosis, epididymal fat, serum UA, HOMA-IR, hepatic enzyme levels, and cholesterol in the OLETF-HFrD-Allo group."( Allopurinol ameliorates high fructose diet induced hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats through modulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress pathway.
Ahn, KJ; Cho, IJ; Chung, HY; Hwang, YC; Jeong, IK; Jeong, SW; Lee, SH; Lim, SJ; Moon, JY; Oh, DH; Yoo, J, 2021)
"Allopurinol treatment reduced XO activity to 5% of the basal levels (P < 0.05), with skeletal muscle uric acid levels being almost undetectable."( Xanthine oxidase inhibition attenuates skeletal muscle signaling following acute exercise but does not impair mitochondrial adaptations to endurance training.
Hiam, DS; McConell, GK; Nicolas, MA; Wadley, GD, 2013)
"Allopurinol treatment was well tolerated and improved the 3-month functional status of patients with acute ischemic stroke who had high levels of SUA without considering the decreasing effect of allopurinol on SUA."( Allopurinol as a preventive contrivance after acute ischemic stroke in patients with a high level of serum uric acid: a randomized, controlled trial.
Hatami, A; Houshmandzad, S; Mahmoodpoor, A; Namdar, S; Pashapour, A; Rikhtegar, R; Sadeghihokmabadi, E; Sharifipour, E; Taheraghdam, AA; Tazik, M, 2014)
"Allopurinol treatment in the I/R injury was generated significantly ameliorating all I/R-induced changes."( Allopurinol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury in Rat Urinary Bladders.
Chun, KS; Kim, GH; Kim, SI; Lim, JS; Na, YG; Shin, JH; Song, KH, 2015)
"Allopurinol treatment is well tolerated and attenuates the rise in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels seen after stroke. "( Allopurinol use yields potentially beneficial effects on inflammatory indices in those with recent ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Dawson, J; Harrow, C; Lees, KR; Muir, SW; Sattar, N; Walters, MR; Weir, CJ, 2008)
"Allopurinol treatment significantly lowered uric acid levels, reduced albuminuria, and ameliorated tubulointerstitial injury, but it did not prevent mesangial expansion."( Effect of lowering uric acid on renal disease in the type 2 diabetic db/db mice.
Heinig, M; Johnson, RJ; Kosugi, T; Nakagawa, T; Nakayama, T; Roncal, C; Sanchez-Lozada, LG; Yuzawa, Y; Zhang, L, 2009)
"Allopurinol pretreatment suppressed O(2)(-) generation in the brain-perfused blood in the jugular vein, and oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial injury in the acute phase of forebrain ischemia/reperfusion."( Xanthine oxidase is one of the major sources of superoxide anion radicals in blood after reperfusion in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion.
Aki, HS; Aoki, T; Fujita, M; Kasaoka, S; Kawamura, Y; Kobayashi, C; Kutsuna, S; Maekawa, T; Maruyama, I; Ono, T; Tsuruta, R; Wakatsuki, J; Yuasa, M, 2009)
"Allopurinol treatment did not impact the course of DOCA-salt hypertension regardless of the timing of administration."( Allopurinol does not decrease blood pressure or prevent the development of hypertension in the deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rat model.
Burnett, R; Davis, RP; Fink, GD; Linder, AE; Szasz, T; Watts, SW, 2010)
"Allopurinol-treated hearts had significantly decreased nerve growth factor expression, which was substantially increased after coadministration of 3-morpholinosydnonimine."( Differential effects of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibition on sympathetic reinnervation in postinfarct rat hearts.
Chen, CC; Hsu, YJ; Lee, TM, 2011)
"Allopurinol treatment prevented the rise in mitochondrial ROS levels and the decrease in ATP production."( Xanthine oxidase contributes to mitochondrial ROS generation in an experimental model of cocaine-induced diastolic dysfunction.
Monteil, C; Mulder, P; Thuillez, C; Vendeville, C; Ventura-Clapier, R; Vergeade, A, 2012)
"Allopurinol treatment therefore represents a potential novel strategy to prevent LV remodeling and dysfunction after MI."( Allopurinol attenuates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction after experimental myocardial infarction: a new action for an old drug?
Drexler, H; Engberding, N; Fuchs, M; Heineke, A; Hilfiker-Kleiner, D; Hornig, B; Landmesser, U; Müller, M; Schaefer, A; Spiekermann, S; Wiencke, A, 2004)
"Allopurinol treatment also alleviated ventricular dilation and preserved shortening fraction in the transgenic animals."( Chronic xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents myofibrillar protein oxidation and preserves cardiac function in a transgenic mouse model of cardiomyopathy.
Duncan, JG; Murphy, AM; Ravi, R; Stull, LB, 2005)
"Allopurinol (10 microM) treatment suppressed xanthine oxidase activity induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and the production of reactive oxygen species."( Allopurinol modulates reactive oxygen species generation and Ca2+ overload in ischemia-reperfused heart and hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes.
Bae, SM; Chang, W; Chung, JH; Chung, NS; Hwang, KC; Jang, Y; Kang, SM; Kim, HG; Kim, TW; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, S; Song, H; Sung, JM; Yoon, DH, 2006)
"Allopurinol treatment gave approximately 50% protection for both components."( Treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, improves nerve and vascular function in diabetic rats.
Cameron, NE; Cotter, MA; Inkster, ME, 2007)
"Allopurinol treatment reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia during ischemia from 88% to 50% (P less than 0.05) and the number of premature ventricular complexes from 471 +/- 120 to 116 +/- 46 (P less than 0.02), but the treatment had no effect upon the incidence or duration of ventricular fibrillation or upon mortality."( Ischemia and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the rat. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol.
Coltart, DJ; Hearse, DJ; Manning, AS, 1984)
"The allopurinol-treated group exhibited a mild, generalized hyperemia at 5 minutes (ischemic zone: 1.44 versus 1.10 mL/min/g, which returned to control levels at 10 and 30 minutes."( Allopurinol improves myocardial reperfusion injury in a xanthine oxidase-free model.
Chitwood, WR; Hopson, SB; Lust, RM; Morrison, RF; Otaki, M; Sun, YS; Zeri, RS, 1995)
"Allopurinol treatment resulted in a 350% increase in xanthine, a 630% increase in hypoxanthine, and a 70% reduction in uric acid concentrations."( Allopurinol plus standard resuscitation preserves hepatic blood flow and function following hemorrhagic shock.
Flynn, WJ; Hoover, EL, 1994)
"Allopurinol treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on the numbers of macrophages or lymphocytes recoverable by lung lavage."( Xanthine oxidase promotes neutrophil sequestration but not injury in hyperoxic lungs.
Beehler, CJ; Hanley, ME; Moores, HK; Repine, JE; Shanley, PF; Stevens, EE; Terada, LS, 1994)
"Allopurinol pretreatment significantly reduced the use of inotropic support after the operation (5 of 25 patients versus 13 of 25 patients, p < 0.01) and increased the rate of peripheral warming (11.4 +/- 0.85 hours versus 14.4 +/- 1 hours, p < 0.02)."( Allopurinol pretreatment improves postoperative recovery and reduces lipid peroxidation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
Clutton, SM; Coghlan, JG; Daly, R; Flitter, WD; Ilsley, CD; Panda, R; Slater, TF; Wright, G, 1994)
"The allopurinol-treated I/R tissue exhibited reduced staining."( Subcellular distribution of xanthine oxidase during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion: an immunocytochemical study.
Ashraf, M; Samra, ZQ, 1993)
"Allopurinol treatment enhanced wound strength over sham controls and BSO groups at 9 days after wounding (P < 0.05)."( Delayed repair: the role of glutathione in a rat incisional wound model.
Adamson, B; Fisher, J; Gilmont, R; Klugston, P; Lindblad, W; Perry, L; Rees, R; Schwarz, D, 1996)
"Allopurinol treatment attenuated the frequence of BT in PH and decreased BT in CBDL rats significantly (p < 0.05)."( Allopurinol reduces bacterial translocation, intestinal mucosal lipid peroxidation, and neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase activity in chronic portal hypertensive and common bile duct-ligated growing rats.
Feierl, G; Höllwarth, ME; Pesendorfer, P; Ratschek, M; Schimpl, G; Steinwender, G, 1996)
"Allopurinol treatment: All therapy (scavenger) groups (4,5) were significantly different from the respective control group; following exposition to the radical generating system for 60 min, allopurinol showed significantly higher values when given at 1000 micromol as compared to 500 micromol."( Effects of allopurinol on free-radical-induced reduction of the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Augustin, AJ; Grus, FH; Hunt, S, )
"Allopurinol-treated LoMg++ and NlMg++ patients had no significant change in urinary xanthine excretion, but did have 40%+/-7% and 33%+/-5% decreases, respectively, in creatinine clearance 48 hours after contrast medium exposure."( Oxygen free radicals and contrast nephropathy.
Deitrick, CL; Katholi, CR; Katholi, RE; McCann, WP; Taylor, GJ; Womack, KA; Woods, WT, 1998)
"Allopurinol treatment markedly reduced the serum amylase elevation (12.631+/-2.257 units/liter at 24 hr) and prevented the increase in tissue MDA concentration (0.55+/-0.09 nM/mg protein at 48 hr)."( Involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis.
Czakó, L; Hai, DQ; Hegyi, P; Lonovics, J; Matkovics, B; Takács, T; Tiszlavicz, L; Varga, IS, 1998)
"Allopurinol pretreatment substantially inhibited intestinal neutrophil sequestration induced by high dose (but not low dose) PAF."( The role of xanthine oxidase in platelet activating factor induced intestinal injury in the rat.
Bulkley, GB; Hsueh, W; Huang, W; Qu, XW; Rozenfeld, RA, 1999)
"Allopurinol treatment resulted in increased hypoxanthine and decreased uric acid contents in the liver compared with the saline treated group, immediately and 3 h after the exercise."( Role of xanthine oxidase in delayed lipid peroxidation in rat liver induced by acute exhausting exercise.
Hori, S; Ishigaki, T; Kasugai, A; Kaya, M; Koyama, K; Seino, T; Tsujita, J, 1999)
"Allopurinol pretreatment prevented the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites in the pancreas and reduced their formation in the kidney."( Oxidative stress in distant organs and the effects of allopurinol during experimental acute pancreatitis.
Czakó, L; Hai, DQ; Hegyi, P; Lonovics, J; Matkovics, B; Takács, T; Tiszlavicz, L; Varga, IS, 2000)
"Allopurinol treatment preserved the concentration of AMP in ischemic liver but inhibited the accumulation of xanthine in reperfused liver."( Protective effect of allopurinol on hepatic energy metabolism in ischemic and reperfused rat liver.
Jeon, BR; Lee, SM; Yeom, DH, 2001)
"Allopurinol pretreatment abolished the increase in plasma uric acid which occurs in untreated dogs during hemorrhagic hypotension and resulted in a much lesser increase in plasma allantoin."( Effect of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on adenine nucleotide degradation in hemorrhagic shock.
Cunningham, SK; Keaveny, TV, 1978)
"Allopurinol pretreatment (20 mg/kg body wt/day for 3 days) improved the postischemic recovery of cardiac function; thus, aortic flow (a representative index) recovered to 68.8 +/- 4.2% compared with 53.2 +/- 2.3% in untreated controls (p less than 0.05)."( Allopurinol-enhanced myocardial protection does not involve xanthine oxidase inhibition or purine salvage.
Chambers, DJ; Harvey, DM; Hearse, DJ; Humphrey, SM; Takahashi, A, )
"Allopurinol treatment significantly reduced (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.02, respectively) the increase in water content and limb weight (ratios = 0.54 and 1.01, respectively)."( Allopurinol--a free radical scavenger--reduces reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.
Oredsson, S; Plate, G; Qvarfordt, P, 1991)
"Allopurinol-treated animals were able to induce lung glutathione concentrations and glutathione-related and antioxidant enzyme activities compared with the normoxic control (FIO2-PRN) group."( Allopurinol-induced effects in premature baboons with respiratory distress syndrome.
Coalson, JJ; DeLemos, RA; Gerstmann, DR; Jenkinson, SG; King, RJ; Lawrence, RA; Null, DM; Roberts, RJ, 1991)
"Allopurinol treatment caused a specific, dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of the caffeine metabolite 1-methylxanthine (1X) to 1-methyluric acid (1U)."( Effect of allopurinol on caffeine disposition in man.
Campbell, ME; Grant, DM; Kalow, W; Tang, BK, 1986)
"Allopurinol plus standard treatment reduced LDH, ferritin, CRP, procalcitonin, and ET-1 serum level significantly (P < 0.05) compared with Covid-19 patients on standard treatment."( The Prospective Effect of Allopurinol on the Oxidative Stress Index and Endothelial Dysfunction in Covid-19.
Al-Gareeb, AI; Al-Kuraishy, HM; Al-Niemi, MS; Alexiou, A; Aljowaie, RM; Almutairi, SM; Batiha, GE, 2022)
"The allopurinol-treated group exerted non-significant differences compared with the induction group in both visional and histopathological changes."( Pharmaceutical Characterization and
Al-Notazy, MR; Al-Saedi, HF; Khaled Younis Albahadly, W; Ramadhan, MA, 2022)
"Allopurinol treatment prevented hepatic and systemic alterations."( Allopurinol Prevents the Lipogenic Response Induced by an Acute Oral Fructose Challenge in Short-Term Fructose Fed Rats.
Andrés-Hernando, A; García-Arroyo, FE; Gonzaga, G; Johnson, RJ; Juárez-Rojas, JG; Lanaspa, MA; Monroy-Sánchez, F; Muñoz-Jiménez, I; Sánchez-Lozada, LG; Zazueta, C, 2019)
"Allopurinol treatment was associated with the lowest LVMI in the patients with normal serum creatinine (median LVMI; 70.5 g/m"( Effect of Long-Term Allopurinol Therapy on Left Ventricular Mass Index in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease; A Cross-Sectional Study.
Al-Ghamdi, BS; Aldosari, SR; Alem, MM; Alkahmous, AA; Fagir, NM; Obad, AS, 2019)
"Allopurinol treatment significantly reduced MAGE (4.16 vs 4.65 mmol/L, P < .001), SDBG (0.99 vs 1.36 mmol/L, P < .001) and HOMA-IR (2.26 vs 3.01, P < .001) in gout patients."( Blood glucose fluctuations detected by continuous glucose monitoring system in gout patients with normal glucose tolerance and the effect of urate-lowering therapy.
Chen, Y; Dong, B; Lv, W; Mu, Z; Wang, F; Wang, J; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2020)
"Allopurinol treatment resulted in a decrease in SUA, a decrease in systolic and diastolic BP, a decrease in hsCRP, and an increase in eGFR compared with the baseline values (p < 0.05 for all)."( Effect of allopurinol on the glomerular filtration rate of children with chronic kidney disease.
Assadi, F; Ghane Sharbaf, F, 2018)
"Allopurinol treatment was interrupted after seven months because of the healing of all lesions and lack of compliance by the owner."( Treatment and long-term follow-up of a cat with leishmaniosis.
Abbate, JM; Arfuso, F; Brianti, E; Celi, N; Gaglio, G; Giannetto, S; Gramiccia, M; Iatta, R; Napoli, E; Otranto, D, 2019)
"Allopurinol treatment was stopped and steroid treatment was started."( Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome mimicking biliary obstruction.
Byun, J; Choi, HG; Han, CJ; Moon, CH; Park, SC; Yang, KY; Yoon, JH, 2014)
"Allopurinol-treated subjects showed a reduction in serum uric acid in association with improvement in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR index, as well as a reduction in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. "( Lowering Uric Acid With Allopurinol Improves Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia.
Afsar, B; ALanaspa, M; Bakan, A; Elcioglu, OC; Erek, A; Johnson, RJ; Kanbay, M; Kostek, O; Mutlu, HH; Odabas, AR; Ozkok, A; Semerci, A; Sharma, S; Smits, G; Takir, M; Telci, O, 2015)
"Allopurinol treatment is associated with a decreased cardiovascular risk among hyperuricemic patients."( Effect of Allopurinol on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hyperuricemic Patients: A Cohort Study.
Hallas, J; Larsen, KS; Lindegaard, HM; Pottegård, A, 2016)
"Allopurinol treatment, based on screening by HLA-B*58:01 genotyping, could be more cost-effective than that not based on screening."( HLA Allele Frequencies in 5802 Koreans: Varied Allele Types Associated with SJS/TEN According to Culprit Drugs.
Kim, DH; Kim, J; Kim, YJ; Lee, JH; Park, HJ; Park, JW; Park, KH, 2016)
"The allopurinol-treated group had a 0.10 mg/dL lower final creatinine level (95% confidence interval, 0.003-0.20 mg/dL; P = 0.04) than did the control subjects, adjusted for initial creatinine and age."( The Effect of Allopurinol on Renal Function.
Blumenthal, D; Gerber, D; Krishnamurthy, A; Lazaro, D; Patel, S; Stefanov, DG, 2017)
"Allopurinol treatment did not reduce HOMA or fasting plasma triglyceride levels, but lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relative to control (P<0.02) and also prevented the increase in newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome (0-2%, P=0.009)."( Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response.
Johnson, RJ; Lillo, JL; Nakagawa, T; Perez-Pozo, SE; Sánchez-Lozada, LG; Schold, J, 2010)
"Allopurinol treatment slowed down renal disease progression independently of age, gender, diabetes, C-reactive protein, albuminuria, and renin-angiotensin system blockers use."( Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk.
Ampuero, J; Arroyo, D; de Vinuesa, SG; Goicoechea, M; Luño, J; Rincón, A; Ruiz-Caro, C; Verdalles, U, 2010)
"Allopurinol treatment resulted in a decrease in serum uric acid, a decrease in systolic BP, an increase in FMD, and an increase in eGFR compared with baseline."( A randomized study of allopurinol on endothelial function and estimated glomular filtration rate in asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects with normal renal function.
Azak, A; Covic, A; Duranay, M; Huddam, B; Johnson, RJ; Kadioglu, GK; Kanbay, M; Kirbas, I; Solak, Y, 2011)
"Allopurinol treatment was given to all patients at a median dose of 9 mg/kg/day."( Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in children.
Bensman, A; Bollée, G; Ceballos-Picot, I; Daudon, M; Harambat, J, 2012)
"Allopurinol-treated individuals who abstained from caffeine (n = 4) had a greater decrease in YMRS scores (-15.3 ± 1.8) than subjects using caffeine (n = 5) (-9.6 ± 3.4, p = 0.219), with an effect size of -0.86."( Allopurinol augmentation in the outpatient treatment of bipolar mania: a pilot study.
Berg, A; Bresee, C; Fan, A; Glassman, LH; Rapaport, MH, 2012)
"Allopurinol or uricase treatment did not reduce ventilator-induced inflammation, IκB-α degradation, or up-regulation of NLRP3, Toll-like receptor 2, and Toll-like receptor 4 gene expression in mice."( Pre-treatment with allopurinol or uricase attenuates barrier dysfunction but not inflammation during murine ventilator-induced lung injury.
Aslami, H; Hegeman, MA; Jongsma, G; Juffermans, NP; Kuipers, MT; Roelofs, JJ; Schultz, MJ; Tuip-de Boer, AM; van der Poll, T; Vlaar, AP; Wieland, CW, 2012)
"Allopurinol treatment was not as effective as 2-iminobiotin treatment after HI."( Pharmacological interventions in the newborn piglet in the first 24 h after hypoxia-ischemia. A hemodynamic and electrophysiological perspective.
Braun, K; Groenendaal, F; Ioroi, T; Nicolay, K; Peeters-Scholte, C; Post, I; van Bel, F; van den Tweel, E; Veldhuis, W, 2002)
"The allopurinol treatment was adjusted according to clinical and laboratory data."( [Xanthinuria with xanthine lithiasis in a patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome under allopurinol therapy].
Muche, J; Rebentisch, G; Stolz, S, 2004)
"Allopurinol-treated rabbits had a Johnsen score of > 7.6 and those given other antioxidants had scores of < 7.6 at 3 months."( Allopurinol provides long-term protection for experimentally induced testicular torsion in a rabbit model.
Abraham, M; Al-Awadi, F; Anim, JT; Fatinikun, T; Kehinde, EO; Mojiminiyi, OA; Omu, AE; Prasad, A; Shihab-Eldeen, A, 2005)
"Allopurinol-treated animals exhibited further increased serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) levels and liver myeloperoxidase(MPO) activities, but further decreased liver adenosine triphosphate(ATP) stores after I/R compared to saline-treated counterparts (830.5+/-108.3 U/L, 56.5+/-11.0 U/mg protein and 1.93+/-0.47 mumol/g vs. "( Nitrite-derived nitric oxide by xanthine oxidoreductase protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Chen, DD; Liu, F; Lu, P; Tian, Y; Wang, CY; Wu, YH; Yao, Z; Zhang, JH, 2005)
"Allopurinol treatment started postnatally was too late to reduce the early reperfusion induced free radical surge. "( Early postnatal allopurinol does not improve short term outcome after severe birth asphyxia.
Benders, MJ; Bos, AF; Groenendaal, F; Rademaker, CM; Rijken, M; Torrance, HL; van Bel, F, 2006)
"Allopurinol treatment was associated with a mean 74% reduction in urinary uric acid-to-creatinine ratio."( Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
Prior, C; Puig, JG; Torres, RJ, 2007)
"3 Allopurinol pretreatment did increase the volume of distribution of tryptophan."( Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load. II: Effect of pretreatment with the putative tryptophan pyrrolase inhibitors nicotinamide or allopurinol.
Aronson, JK; Curzon, G; Green, AR; Woods, HF, 1980)
"Allopurinol pretreatment also led to a 300% increase in plasma AUC in monkeys after oral 6-MP (from a mean of 121 microM/min to a mean of 391 microM/min) and a 500% increase in AUC in man (from a mean of 142 microM/min to a mean of 716 microM/min)."( Inhibition of first-pass metabolism in cancer chemotherapy: interaction of 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol.
Chabner, BA; Collins, JM; O'Neill, D; Poplack, DG; Zimm, S, 1983)
"The allopurinol only treatment group demonstrated no noticeable histological or functional changes considered to be indicative of nephrotoxicity."( Allopurinol fails to protect against gentamicin-induced renal damage in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Davis, WG; Smyth, BJ, 1994)
"Allopurinol and allomaron-treated patients were examined biochemically by 17 parameters of the blood and urine."( [The correction of hyperuricemia in patients with different forms of nephrolithiasis using allopurinol and Allomaron].
Darenkov, AF; Ianenko, EK; Konstantinova, OV, )
"In allopurinol treated ischemic and reperfused groups, the levels of Na+K+ATPase activity were high compared to the untreated group."( The effect of allopurinol on Na+K+ATPase related lipid peroxidation in ischemic and reperfused rabbit kidney.
Aricioğlu, A; Aydin, S; Durmus, O; Turkozkan, N, 1994)
"Allopurinol-treatment showed no benefit to the kinetics of PCr/(Pi + PCr) and ATP/(Pi + PCr)."( [Modification of ischemia and reperfusion damage of skeletal muscles with allopurinol: in vivo 31P MR spectroscopy of the posterior limb of the rat].
Erhard, P; Gürke, L; Heberer, M; Landmann, J; Marx, A; Sutter, PM, 1993)
"Allopurinol treatment resulted in a decrease in the neutrophilic alveolar response in oxygen-exposed animals (5.3 +/- 4 x 10(3)/mm3, P < 0.001)."( Allopurinol inhibition of neutrophilic alveolar response during hyperoxia.
Bryan, CL; Emanuel, B; Jenkinson, SG; Lewis, RE; Owens, SL, 1993)
"Oral allopurinol pretreatment supplemented by an intravenous dose, or oral allopurinol in combination with a superoxide radical scavenger, resulted in a significant amelioration of postischemic histologic changes."( Reperfusion mucosal damage after complete intestinal ischemia in the dog: the effects of antioxidant and phospholipase A2 inhibitor therapy.
Boros, M; Karácsony, G; Kaszaki, J; Nagy, S, 1993)
"In allopurinol-treated DMD patients, mean total adenylate level was only three times less than in controls (versus 14 times less in untreated DMD patients)."( Purine and carnitine metabolism in muscle of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Camiña, F; Castro-Gago, M; Novo-Rodriguez, MI; Rodriguez-Segade, S, 1995)
"Allopurinol treatment lowered the urate concentration in EPS and relieved the subjective discomfort."( Allopurinol treatment results in elevated prostate-specific antigen levels in prostatic fluid and serum of patients with non-bacterial prostatitis.
Persson, BE; Ronquist, G, 1996)
"Allopurinol treatment in rats with pouches reduced histology score (4.0 +/- 1.7) and MPO (3.9 +/- 1.6), p < 0.001, compared with rats with pouches that had no treatment."( A rat model of ileal pouch-rectal anastomosis.
Hummel, B; Lacey, S; Lichtman, SN; Sartor, RB; Wang, J, 1998)
"Allopurinol treatment markedly reduced the serum amylase elevation (12.631 +/- 2.257 U x L(-1) at 24 h), prevented the increase in tissue MDA concentration (0.55 +/- 0.09 nM x mg(-1) protein at 48 h) and significantly ameliorated the pancreatic edema, necrosis and inflammation at 48 h after Arg administration."( The pathogenesis of L-arginine-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis: inflammatory mediators and endogenous cholecystokinin.
Czakó, L; Hai, DQ; Hegyi, P; Lonovics, J; Mándi, Y; Matkovics, B; Takács, T; Tiszlavicz, L; Varga, IS, )
"Allopurinol pretreatment prevented the effects of ischemia/reperfusion on anastomotic healing of the left colon."( Effect of ischemia/reperfusion as a systemic phenomenon on anastomotic healing in the left colon.
Aşlar, AK; Kale, IT; Köksoy, C; Kuzu, MA; Tanik, A; Terzi, C, 2000)
"Allopurinol pretreatment (40 mg kg(-1) iv) maintained higher ATP levels during the ischaemia and inhibited the MDA formation during the reperfusion and decreased the MDA/ATP ratio at both periods."( An alternative parameter for monitoring the therapeutic benefits of allopurinol simultaneously in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury: MDA/ATP Ratio.
Bor, MV; Cayçi, B; Durmus, O; Türközkan, N, 2000)
"Allopurinol (0.1 mM) treated hearts had greater levels of ATP (12.3 +/- 0.8 vs."( Allopurinol enhances adenine nucleotide levels and improves myocardial function in isolated hypoxic rat heart.
El-Migdadi, F; Farah, H; Khatib, SY, 2001)
"IR allopurinol-treated hearts, both unpaced and paced (groups 5 and 6) had normal, similar myocardial performance, while their circulating XO was as low as in group 2 (allopurinol-treated controls)."( External pacing does not potentiate allopurinol protection of the heart from liver ischemia-reperfusion -- a study in an isolated perfused liver-heart rat model.
Dembo, G; Hochhauser, E; Rudick, V; Vidne, BA; Weinbroum, AA, )
"4. Allopurinol pretreatment (25 mg kg-1, p.o."( Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of dog coronary arteries after myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion: prevention by amlodipine, propranolol and allopurinol.
Dalipram, RA; Dusting, GJ; Sobey, CG; Woodman, OL, 1992)
"Allopurinol pretreatment prevented ischemia-reperfusion-mediated deficits in cardiac contraction and relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Cardiac contractile injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
Horton, JW; White, DJ, 1991)
"Allopurinol pretreatment significantly reduced the uric acid plasma level."( Oleic acid-induced injuries in the guinea-pig. Effects of allopurinol on cell dynamics, erythrocyte-catalase and uric acid plasma levels.
Hultkvist-Bengtsson, U; Mårtensson, L, 1991)
"Allopurinol (2 mM) treatment of hearts made ischaemic for 15 min significantly improved contractile recovery to 89 +/- 7%."( Behaviour of energy metabolites and effect of allopurinol in the "stunned" isovolumic rat heart.
Armiger, LC; Headrick, JP; Willis, RJ, 1990)
"Allopurinol-treated hearts averaged only 18% less infarction and did not achieve significance."( Oxypurinol limits myocardial infarct size in closed chest dogs without pretreatment.
Cohen, MV; Downey, JM; Matsuki, T; Shirato, C, 1990)
"Allopurinol treatment did not alter the responses to ischemia per se, yet it largely prevented the further increment in adherence and extravasation associated with reperfusion."( Leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium during ischemia-reperfusion.
Benoit, JN; Granger, DN; Grisham, MB; Suzuki, M, 1989)
"Allopurinol treatment, however, prevented the rise in total peripheral resistance seen after burn injury."( Effect of allopurinol or superoxide dismutase plus catalase on cardiovascular function after burn injury in the anaesthetized rat.
Chapman, BJ; Speakman, EA, 1989)
"Allopurinol treatment had no significant effect on myocardial levels of calcium."( Myocardial levels of calcium, glycogen and triglycerides in ethanol-fed turkey poults treated with allopurinol.
Czarnecki, CM; McVey, AS; Olivero, DK; Pessin, MF, 1987)
"Allopurinol pretreatment had no effect on PX plasma clearance but decreased 1-MU excretion and increased 1-MX excretion, with the combined excretion of these metabolites remaining constant."( Paraxanthine metabolism in humans: determination of metabolic partial clearances and effects of allopurinol and cimetidine.
Birkett, DJ; Kjellen, G; Lelo, A; Miners, JO, 1989)
"Allopurinol treatment caused 17.9 +/- 3.3% less of the risk zone to be tetrazolium negative after 24 hours of ischemia than that seen in untreated animals."( Protection afforded by allopurinol in the first 24 hours of coronary occlusion is diminished after 48 hours.
Downey, JM; Kingma, J; Miura, T; Yellon, DM, 1988)
"In allopurinol-pretreated and oxonate-loaded rats, isoproterenol also decreased renal uric acid excretion and showed a less potent hyperuricemic effect than that observed in the animals not pretreated with allopurinol."( Effect of isoproterenol on renal uric acid excretion in rats.
Shimada, H; Sugino, H, 1987)
"Allopurinol-treated hearts were also significantly improved, especially when the drug was given in the reperfusion phase."( Allopurinol in prevention of reperfusion injury of hypoxically stored rat hearts.
Bergsland, J; Feldman, MJ; Lajos, P; LoBalsamo, L; Mookerjee, B, )
"Allopurinol-treated animals have reduced levels of four pterins (xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, biopterin and sepiapterin) as compared with the wild type."( Pigment cell differentiation: the relationship between pterin content, allopurinol treatment, and the melanoid gene in axolotls.
Frost, SK; Thorsteinsdottir, S, 1986)
"Allopurinol pretreatment inhibited xanthine and uric acid formation and significantly improved key indicators of postischemic left ventricular function."( Purine efflux after cardiac ischemia: relevance to allopurinol cardioprotection.
Grum, CM; Ketai, LH; Myers, CL; Shlafer, M, 1987)
"Allopurinol treatment in calcium stone disease appears less effective than treatment with thiazides, magnesium hydroxide or orthophosphate."( Allopurinol treatment of renal calcium stone disease.
Backman, U; Danielson, BG; Fellström, B; Holmgren, K; Johansson, G; Lindsjö, M; Ljunghall, S; Wikström, B, 1985)
"Treatment with allopurinol to ISO induced rats prevented the elevated activities of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes, and the levels of lipid peroxidation products and increased reduced glutathione concentration."( Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor, Allopurinol, Prevented Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Myocardial Damage in Isoproterenol Induced Aged Rats.
Alam, MA; Potol, MA; Sagor, MA; Tabassum, N, 2015)
"Treatment with allopurinol and oxypurinol (0.1-1 µM) reduced XO activity by up to 30%."( Allopurinol and oxypurinol promote osteoblast differentiation and increase bone formation.
Arnett, TR; George, J; Orriss, IR; Witham, MD, 2016)
"Treatment with allopurinol did not affect the EPR function."( NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle modulates the exercise pressor reflex.
Pan, YX; Wang, HJ; Wang, W; Wang, WZ; Zucker, IH, 2009)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, also potentiates the VSMC ASIC-like activity."( ASIC-like currents in freshly isolated cerebral artery smooth muscle cells are inhibited by endogenous oxidase activity.
Chung, WS; Drummond, HA; Farley, JM, 2011)
"Treatment with allopurinol or benzbromarone limited renal disease, with reduced interstitial fibrosis, cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration, osteopontin expression and arteriolar hyalinosis, in association with restoration of VEGF expression."( Use of uric acid-lowering agents limits experimental cyclosporine nephropathy.
Johnson, RJ; Mazali, FC; Mazzali, M, 2012)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (50 mg/kg) significantly protected against ACN-induced rise in XO activity, depletion of GSH, and elevated production of (O(2)(.-))."( Acrylonitrile-induced gastric toxicity in rats: the role of xanthine oxidase.
Al-Abbasi, FA, 2012)
"Treatment with allopurinol prevented activation of superoxide dismutase."( Generation of free oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of experimental acute reflux pancreatitis.
Milyakova, MN; Sarbaeva, NN; Shabanov, VV, 2002)
"Treatment with allopurinol for 2 mo suppressed xanthine oxidase activity and myofibrillar protein oxidation."( Chronic xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents myofibrillar protein oxidation and preserves cardiac function in a transgenic mouse model of cardiomyopathy.
Duncan, JG; Murphy, AM; Ravi, R; Stull, LB, 2005)
"Treatment with allopurinol from 6 to 12 weeks attenuated LV dysfunction and dilation as well as myocardial fibrosis and the upregulation of a fetal-type cardiac gene."( Xanthine oxidase inhibition improves left ventricular dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters.
Fukata, A; Hashimoto, K; Hayashi, K; Iwase, M; Kimata, H; Koike, Y; Matsushita, A; Nagata, K; Noda, A; Obata, K; Yokota, M, 2008)
"Treatment with allopurinol and oxypurinol, which inhibited cellular xanthine oxidase, failed to prevent glucose oxidase injury."( Reactive oxygen metabolite-induced toxicity to cultured bovine endothelial cells: status of cellular iron in mediating injury.
Harada, T; Hiraishi, H; Ivey, KJ; Pedram, A; Razandi, M; Sugimoto, T; Terano, A, 1994)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol or ibuprofen reduced both the incidence and the magnitude of translocation at 6 hr in rats and mice (P < 0.05)."( Role of xanthine oxidase and prostaglandins in inflammatory-induced bacterial translocation.
Deitch, EA; Mainous, MR; Xu, D, 1993)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol inhibited hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, neutrophil accumulation, and pericentral hepatocyte necrosis in shock/resuscitation in rats."( Zonal heterogeneity of hepatic injury following shock/resuscitation: relationship of xanthine oxidase activity to localization of neutrophil accumulation and central lobular necrosis.
Bulkley, GB; Chan, CK; Clemens, MG; Mayumi, T, 1996)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (Allo, 5 mg/kg, i.v.), a XO inhibitor, partially prevented the potentiating effect of cigarette smoke exposure on ulcer formation and also significantly improved the gastric blood flow."( Mechanistic study of adverse actions of cigarette smoke exposure on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats.
Cho, CH; Chow, JY; Ma, L, 1998)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (50 mg/kg/day for 2 days) significantly inhibited enhanced plasma xanthine oxidase activity and hepatocyte glutathione oxidation, however, it did not prevent hepatocellular Ca2+ dysregulation."( Oxyradical-mediated hepatocellular Ca2+ alterations during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
Pizanis, A; Rose, S; Silomon, M, 1999)
"Treatment with allopurinol and a tungsten-supplemented, molybdenum-free diet significantly attenuated serum liver enzymes, hepatic XO activity, and improved hepatic GSH levels, whereas vitamins C and E had a positive effect only on hepatic GSH levels."( The impact of hepatic xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities on liver function in chronic cholestasis.
Höllwarth, ME; Kuesz, AM; Pesendorfer, P; Ratschek, M; Schimpl, G, 2000)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol before ischaemia prevented changes in SOD and CAT activities and attenuated brain oedema during 24 h of ischaemia."( Time-dependent changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activities in focal cerebral ischaemia.
Atmaca, M; Deniz, B; Sermet, A; Taşdemir, N, 2000)
"Treatment with allopurinol decreases oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic patients: hemoglobin glycation, glutathione oxidation, and the increase in lipid peroxidation are prevented."( Xanthine oxidase is involved in free radical production in type 1 diabetes: protection by allopurinol.
Asensi, M; Desco, MC; Márquez, R; Martínez-Valls, J; Pallardó, FV; Sastre, J; Vento, M; Viña, J, 2002)
"Pre-treatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, decreased the intracellular EB fluorescence by 54% in HPAEC incubated with 100 microM Lx."( Leukotoxin-activated human pulmonary artery endothelial cell produces nitric oxide and superoxide anion.
Ameshima, S; Demura, Y; Ishizaki, T; Matsukawa, S; Miyamori, I; Okamura, S, 2002)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol resulted in a significantly lesser release of the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, following reinfusion."( Effect of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on adenine nucleotide degradation in hemorrhagic shock.
Cunningham, SK; Keaveny, TV, 1978)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol for 2 h caused dose-dependent inhibition of the decreased secretion of insulin by the cells induced by STZ (2 mM, for 1 h), 500 microM allopurinol causing complete inhibition of this effect of STZ."( Allopurinol protects pancreatic beta cells from the cytotoxic effect of streptozotocin: in vitro study.
Kawada, J; Nishida, M; Nukatsuka, M; Yoshimura, Y, 1990)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol in amounts that effectively inhibited xanthine metabolism also significantly decreased ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, suggesting participation of free radicals produced by xanthine oxidase in the peroxidative process."( Role of xanthine oxidase in ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats.
Alderman, J; Inatomi, N; Kato, S; Kawase, T; Lieber, CS, 1990)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol had no influence on the elimination of MTX or the production of 7-OH-MTX during a 3-h infusion of MTX."( No influence of enzyme inhibitors on the hydroxylation of methotrexate in rats.
Brasch, H; Iven, H; Yu, D, 1989)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol or administration of superoxide dismutase prevented the influx of neutrophils and retarded the drop in reduced glutathione levels."( Xanthine oxidase and neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia.
Granger, DN; Grisham, MB; Hernandez, LA, 1986)
"Treatment with allopurinol, superoxide dismutase, and dimethyl sulfoxide reduced 51Cr-red cell loss to 15%, 25%, and 21% of control (untreated) animals, respectively."( Role of oxygen radicals in ischemia-induced lesions in the cat stomach.
Granger, DN; Parks, DA; Perry, MA; Pickard, W; Wadhwa, S, 1986)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol prevented edema formation, markedly attenuated weight gain, and the release of amylase caused by the FFA infusion."( Temporal efficacy of allopurinol during the induction of pancreatitis in the ex vivo perfused canine pancreas.
Bulkley, GB; Cameron, JL; Sarr, MG, 1987)
"Co-treatment with allopurinol for 21 days improved these functional alterations, whereas late allopurinol treatment failed to affect them."( Allopurinol treatment reduced vascular remodeling and improved vascular functions in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats.
Gokcen, T; Inci, EE; Inci, K; Serdar, U; Sevgen, O, 2022)
"Treatment with allopurinol has been suggested to reduce the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). "( Effects of allopurinol pretreatment on the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
.
Jia, S; Lin, Z; Xin, W; Zhang, T, 2020)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol reduces the incidence of CI-AKI in patients undergoing contrast exposure in PCI. "( Effects of allopurinol pretreatment on the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
.
Jia, S; Lin, Z; Xin, W; Zhang, T, 2020)
"The treatment with allopurinol was ineffective in more than half of participants."( Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and the Use of Allopurinol in Older Poles-Results from a Population-Based PolSenior Study.
Broczek, K; Chudek, J; Grodzicki, T; Mossakowska, M; Owczarek, AJ; Wierucki, Ł; Winder, M, 2021)
"Treatment with Allopurinol (10 mg/kg, BID) orally led to rapid improvement of ocular signs, general condition and blood cell count with complete remission of lid and corneal lesions within 2 months of treatment."( Ocular signs, diagnosis and long-term treatment with allopurinol in a cat with leishmaniasis.
, 2014)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol significantly improved renal functional and histological grade scores following I/R injury (p<0.05). "( Allopurinol preconditioning attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting HMGB1 expression in a rat model.
Chen, ZB; Li, D; Ma, XX; Qiu, T; Wang, ZS; Zhang, L; Zhou, JQ, 2016)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol had a protective effect on kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury, which might be related to the inhibition of HMGB1 expression."( Allopurinol preconditioning attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting HMGB1 expression in a rat model.
Chen, ZB; Li, D; Ma, XX; Qiu, T; Wang, ZS; Zhang, L; Zhou, JQ, 2016)
"Treatment with allopurinol reduced cardiac levels of TGF-β1, Smad3, and increased Smad7 expression."( Allopurinol attenuates oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis in angiotensin II-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction.
Dai, Q; Dong, P; Jia, N; Qian, C; Ye, Y, 2012)
"Treatment with allopurinol was independently associated with improved survival (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.98; P < .05)."( Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: association with improved survival.
Gotsman, I; Keren, A; Lotan, C; Zwas, DR, 2012)
"Treatment with allopurinol was associated with improved survival."( Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: association with improved survival.
Gotsman, I; Keren, A; Lotan, C; Zwas, DR, 2012)
"Treatment with allopurinol and nimesulide significantly decreased the MDA and MPO levels whereas increased the SOD and CAT levels when compared I/R group in both non-diabetic and diabetic rats."( Neuroprotective effect of allopurinol and nimesulide against cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.
Ansari, MA; Goli, D; Hussain, SK; Mudagal, MP, 2013)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol had no significant effect on any of our study parameters."( The role of allopurinol in human liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Harinck, HI; Marinelli, A; van de Velde, CJ; Vriens, MR; Zwinderman, KH, )
"Pretreatment with allopurinol or pentoxifilline resulted in significantly lower hepatic enzyme elevation than that in controls in the rat liver ischaemia/reperfusion model. "( Allopurinol plus pentoxifilline in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
Baykan, A; Erdem, L; Köksal, H; Tok, H; Yildirim, S, 2002)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol attenuated the tissue content MDA in the colon by more than 60 per cent."( Allopurinol and superoxide dismutase protect against leucocyte-endothelium interactions in a novel model of colonic ischaemia-reperfusion.
Dawson, P; Jeppsson, B; Menger, MD; Riaz, AA; Schäfer, T; Thorlacius, H; Wan, MX, 2002)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol improved renal function after repetitive brief ischemia-reperfusion compared with the allopurinol-untreated repetitive brief ischemia-reperfusion group."( Repetitive brief ischemia: intermittent reperfusion during ischemia ameliorates the extent of injury in the perfused kidney.
Endre, ZH; Gobé, GC; Kadkhodaee, M; Willgoss, DA; Zhang, B, 2003)
"Treatment with allopurinol, adequate hydration, urinary alkalization, and a low-purine diet was started."( Eighteen-year follow-up of a patient with partial hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and a new mutation.
Gregoric, A; Kokalj Vokac, N; Rabelink, GM; Varda, NM; Zagradisnik, B, 2005)
"Treatment with allopurinol and antipruritic ointment was given."( [Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis after curettage of seborrheic keratoses].
Hagedorn, M; Matthes, T, 2004)
"Treatment with allopurinol was associated to a mean reduction of serum urate concentration of 50%, and was normalized in all patients."( Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and partial hypoxanthine- phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: a follow-up study of 18 Spanish patients.
Prior, C; Puig, JG; Torres, RJ, 2006)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol partly prevented generation of free oxygen radicals in the pancreas of dogs with experimental acute pancreatitis. "( Antiradical effect of allopurinol at early stages of experimental acute pancreatitis.
Milyakova, MN; Minyailov, NA; Shabanov, VV, 2006)
"Treatment with allopurinol normalized serum urate level in all patients and resulted in a mean reduction in serum urate of 47%."( Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
Prior, C; Puig, JG; Torres, RJ, 2007)
"Treatment with allopurinol increased significantly Johnsen's score in both the ischemic (7.3 +/- 0.5 vs 5.6 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05) and contralateral (8.9 +/- 0.1 vs 8.3 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05) testis, compared to IR-animals."( Effect of allopurinol on germ cell apoptosis following testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat.
Coran, AG; Meyer, G; Mogilner, JG; Nativ, O; Shiloni, E; Sukhotnik, I; Voskoboinik, K, 2008)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol has been shown to be beneficial in shock; however, it is unlikely that allopurinol by itself if given following shock would have any salutary effects."( The use of substrates and energy in the treatment of shock.
Baue, AE; Chaudry, IH, 1980)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol did not reduce the toxicity of 5-FU administered as an intravenous bolus."( Effect of allopurinol on the toxicity of high-dose 5-fluorouracil administered by intermittent bolus injection.
Howell, SB; Pfeifle, CE; Wung, WE, 1983)
"Treatment with Allopurinol inhibits the formation of uric acid and qualitatively renal excretion of oxypurines modifies."( [Xanthine lithiasis in a case of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated with allopurinol].
Heras Gironella, M; Izaguirre Zugazaga, C; Lázaro Castillo, J; Loris Pablo, C; March, A; Martínez Escribano, MP; Oliván del Cacho, MJ; Sierra Sirvant, J, 1983)
"Treatment with allopurinol resulted ina significant reduction of ammonium excretion, a phenomenon which could not be readily explained."( Allopurinol treatment and its effect on renal function in gout: a controlled study.
Gibson, T; Potter, C; Rodgers, V; Simmonds, HA, 1982)
"Treatment with allopurinol did not affect the HGRPT and APRT activities."( [Erythrocyte purine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in girls with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome].
Aleksandrova, LA; Shaposhnikov, AM, 1981)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol did not alter the effects of endothelin-1."( Endothelin-1-induced oedema in rat and guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs.
Ercan, ZS; Kilinç, M; Korkusuz, P; Türker, RK; Yazar, O, )
"Treatment with allopurinol was unsuccessful at reducing the xanthine excretion."( Acute renal failure due to xanthine stones.
Bradbury, MG; Brocklebank, JT; Henderson, M; Simmonds, HA, 1995)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol prevented this further increase (p < 0.01)."( The effect of allopurinol pretreatment before detorting testicular torsion.
Akgür, FM; Aktuğ, T; Kilinç, K; Olguner, M, 1994)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (100 mg kg-1, i.p.) also reduced the mucosal injury induced by local intra-arterial infusion of the nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (40 micrograms kg-1 min-1), but not that induced by local infusion of endothelin-1 (5 pmol kg-1 min-1), indicating specificity of action."( Involvement of superoxide and xanthine oxidase in neutrophil-independent rat gastric damage induced by NO donors.
Lamarque, D; Whittle, BJ, 1995)
"The treatment with allopurinol demonstrates of on benefit or phosphocreatine and ATP kinetics."( [Effects of allopurinol on damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion of skeletal muscles: an in vivo spectroscopic analysis (31P-MR) in rats].
Erhard, P; Gürke, L; Heberer, M; Kuhrmeier, A; Martinoli, S; Sutter, PM, )
"Treatment with allopurinol did not alter this pattern, such that the ratio of oxidised to total glutathione in plasma was higher among the 16 patients than 8 controls (P < 0.025)."( A pilot study of blood antioxidant and free radical marker profiles in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting.
Braganza, JM; Gu, M; Love, H; Odom, N; Schofield, D; Turkie, W, 1996)
"Pre-treatment with allopurinol prevented damage to tissues whereas untreated or allopurinol solvent-treated showed severe damage following reperfusion. "( The effects of allopurinol on the ultrastructure of ischaemic and reperfused large intestine of sheep.
Ahmadinejad, M; Cribb, B; Pollitt, CC; Rex, M; Sutton, RH, 1996)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol also prevented the cytotoxicity associated with LPS but, in contrast to DMSO, did not alter induction of MnSOD mRNA."( Effect of antioxidants on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of mangano superoxide dismutase mRNA in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
Berry, L; Jiang, H; Meyrick, B; Mitchell, J, 1996)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (150 mg/kg iv) did not significantly influence regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain water content in pneumococci-injected rats."( Mannitol, but not allopurinol, modulates changes in cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain water content during pneumococcal meningitis in the rat.
Koedel, U; Lorenzl, S; Pfister, HW, 1996)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol, 10 mg/kg, significantly reduced malondialdehyde responses to tachykinin challenge in intestinal tissues (P < 0.001)."( Tachykinins stimulate lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals in gastrointestinal tract of rat.
Hellström, PM; Lördal, M; Söder, O, 1997)
"Pre-treatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and free radical scavenger, suppressed NF-kappaB activation by WY-14 643 almost completely."( WY-14 643 rapidly activates nuclear factor kappaB in Kupffer cells before hepatocytes.
Rusyn, I; Thurman, RG; Tsukamoto, H, 1998)
"Treatment with allopurinol controls formation of DHA stones by inhibiting XDH activity."( Chronic renal failure in a mouse model of human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
Boivin, GP; Lorenz, JN; Sahota, A; Smith, FN; Stambrook, PJ; Stockelman, MG; Tischfield, JA, 1998)
"Treatment with allopurinol did not show any beneficial effects (37.5% SD 14.2)."( Free radical scavengers to prevent reperfusion injury following experimental warm liver ischaemia. Is there a real physiological benefit?
Chavez-Cartaya, R; Jamieson, NV; Marin, J; Pino-Chavez, G; Ramirez, P, 1999)
"Treatment with allopurinol and a low-purine diet led to improvement and stabilization of renal function."( Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and renal allograft dysfunction.
Benedetto, B; Braden, G; Freeman, J; Kurbanov, A; Lipkowitz, GS; Madden, R, 2001)
"Treatment with allopurinol results in a significant reduction in serum creatinine in patients with gout and in those with hyperuricemia and renal impairment."( Hyperuricemia, gout, and renal function after liver transplantation.
Alexander, GJ; Gibbs, P; Gimson, AE; Neal, DA; Tom, BD, 2001)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol prevented the mitochondrial oxidant stress and liver injury due to acetaminophen toxicity but had no effect on Jo-mediated apoptosis."( Acetaminophen-induced inhibition of Fas receptor-mediated liver cell apoptosis: mitochondrial dysfunction versus glutathione depletion.
Jaeschke, H; Knight, TR, 2002)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol prevented prolongation of GATT and returned the number of CPIMM to the level of sham treatment (P < 0.01)."( Short-term intestinal ischemia-reperfusion alters intestinal motility that can be preserved by xanthine oxidase inhibition.
Akgür, FM; Aktuğ, T; Ateş, O; Hakgüder, G; Olguner, M; Ozer, E, 2002)
"Treatment with allopurinol and clofibrate did not alter the rate of elimination of warfarin from plasma."( The effects of allopurinol and clofibrate on the elimination of coumarin anticoagulants in man.
Graham, GG; Pond, SM; Sudlow, G; Wade, DN, 1975)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol, dibenzyline, methylprednisolone, glucagon, ATP-MgCl2 and aspartic acid reduced the overall mortality of ischemic liver injury."( Ischemic damage of the liver. Part II: In vivo investigation of the prevention of the ischemic lesion of the liver.
Kokas, P; Kupcsulik, P, 1979)
"Treatment with allopurinol alone yielded a cure rate of 80 percent (P less than 0.001)."( Allopurinol in the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Marr, JJ; Martinez, S, 1992)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol did not significantly affect 51Cr-EDTA leakage at any time during the experiment."( Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in indomethacin-induced gastric injury.
Meddings, JB; Vaananen, PM; Wallace, JL, 1991)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (146 mumols/kg, i.p.) given at 16 hr and at 30 min before ethanol (2.3 g/kg) or with desferrioxamine (152 mumols/kg, i.p.) 30 min before ethanol failed to prevent the ethanol-induced decrease in CK activity."( Disturbances in myocardial creatine kinase following ethanol administration to rats--trials of prevention by allopurinol, desferrioxamine and propranolol.
Hininger, I; Nordmann, R; Ribiere, C, 1991)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, produced a significant reduction in the number and size of lesions (p < 0.0001)."( [The etiopathogenesis of the acute stress ulcer. The role of oxygen free radicals].
Aracena, M; de la Fuente, G; Mancinelli, S; Manríquez, V; Múñoz, R; Múñoz, S, 1990)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol, a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, prevented considerably the gastric injury (a) induced by burn shock, (b) produced by treatment with compound 48/80, and (c) caused by ischemia-reperfusion."( Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions in rats.
Kondo, M; Naito, Y; Oyamada, H; Sugino, S; Takemura, T; Ueda, S; Yoshida, N; Yoshikawa, T, 1990)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, or 0.50 g.kg-1.day-1 per os 48, 24, and 1 h before study) reduced VF incidence from its control value of 93 to less than 50% at several doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Reperfusion arrhythmias: dose-related protection by anti-free radical interventions.
Bernier, M; Hearse, DJ; Manning, AS, 1989)
"Pre-treatment with allopurinol is able markedly to attenuate the deterioration in blood viscosity (BV) and whole blood filterability (WBF) that occurs after ischaemia during exercise. "( Allopurinol prevents ischaemia-dependent haemorheological changes.
Acciavatti, A; Capecchi, PL; Ceccatelli, L; Di Perri, T; Galigani, C; Orrico, A; Pasini, FL; Pasqui, AL; Pieragalli, D, 1988)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol did not significantly reduce the postoperative increase in serum creatinine and sodium excretion, but the urine osmolality returned to normal more rapidly than in the control group."( Kidney protection by pretreatment with free radical scavengers and allopurinol: renal function at recirculation after warm ischaemia in rabbits.
Hansson, R; Johansson, S; Jonsson, O; Pettersson, S; Scherstén, T; Waldenström, J, 1986)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol produced a significant (p less than 0.01) preventive effect on PAF induced hypotension."( Role of oxygen derived free radicals in platelet activating factor induced bowel necrosis.
Cueva, JP; Hsueh, W, 1988)
"Treatment with allopurinol within the first minutes after coronary occlusion was ineffective in limiting tissue necrosis in this model of permanent coronary occlusion, therefore, long pretreatment with allopurinol is necessary for cardioprotection."( Myocardial salvage with allopurinol during 24 h of permanent coronary occlusion: importance of pretreatment.
Downey, JM; Hearse, DJ; Kingma, JG; Miura, T; Yellon, DM, 1988)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) reduced the absorption of hypoxanthine, increased the retention of label in the tissue 4-fold or more, and elevated nucleotide formation 10-fold or more."( Effect of nutritional state and allopurinol on purine metabolism in the rat small intestine.
Gross, CJ; Savaiano, DA; Stiles, JE, 1988)
"Pretreatment with allopurinol (50.0 mg kg-1 i.v.), 60 min before inducing haemorrhagic shock, had no significant effect upon the haemodynamic response to shock, but did prevent the gradual decline seen following reinfusion in the untreated animals."( The protective action of allopurinol in an experimental model of haemorrhagic shock and reperfusion.
Allan, G; Cambridge, D; Lee-Tsang-Tan, L; Van Way, CW; Whiting, MV, 1986)

Toxicity

Allopurinol is an efficacious urate-lowering therapy (ULT), but is associated with rare serious adverse drug reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) HLA-B*5801 carriers are at higher risk.

ExcerptReference
" However, these conclusions are different from those of a study where 3 was tested in the presence of a generated toxic oxygen species that can cause mutagenic changes of the environment."( A critical evaluation of the present status of toxicity of aminoxyl radicals.
Sosnovsky, G, 1992)
" None of the nonresponders responded to the addition of folinic acid, on the contrary toxicity was increased and 2 toxic deaths were reported."( Continuous 24-hour infusion of folinic acid does not increase the response rate of 5-fluorouracil but only the toxicity.
Karvounis, N; Kosmidis, P; Tsavaris, N; Tzannou, I, 1992)
"We investigated whether or not the generation of reactive oxygens and toxic photoproducts participated in the cutaneous phototoxicity mechanisms induced by the quinolone derivatives, ofloxacin (OFLX), enoxacin, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and DR-3355 (the s-isomer of OFLX) in a mouse model."( Important role of oxygen metabolites in quinolone antibacterial agent-induced cutaneous phototoxicity in mice.
Tawara, K; Wagai, N, 1991)
"It has been suggested that the generation of toxic radicals plays an important role in toxicity by Adriamycin (ADR) on cancer cell lines and in vivo."( Cytotoxic effect of adriamycin and agarose-coupled adriamycin on glomerular epithelial cells: role of free radicals.
Bertelli, R; Ghiggeri, GM; Ginevri, F; Gusmano, R, 1991)
"The toxic potential of sodium orthovanadate towards isolated perfused rat livers was investigated at a dose of 2 mmol/l."( Vanadate-induced toxicity towards isolated perfused rat livers: the role of lipid peroxidation.
Strubelt, O; Younes, M, 1991)
" We conclude that in vitro oxygen metabolites, extracellularly generated, have a direct toxic effect on gastric mucosal cells; hydrogen peroxide is a major mediator of oxygen metabolite-induced gastric cell injury; the oxygen-derived superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are less toxic to gastric mucosal cells than hydrogen peroxide; and intracellular glutathione, which detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, may be involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms."( Oxygen metabolite-induced cytotoxicity to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells.
Hiraishi, H; Ivey, KJ; Ota, S; Sugimoto, T; Terano, A, 1987)
"To provide a systematic analysis of how adverse symptoms of disease and side effects of cancer therapy relate to patient noncompliance with treatment, we interviewed 107 patients with hematologic malignancies at the initiation of therapy and 6 months later to collect information on the type, frequency, and difficulty of unpleasant physical effects experienced."( The influence of symptoms of disease and side effects of treatment on compliance with cancer therapy.
Levine, A; Marks, G; Richardson, JL, 1988)
"In order to elucidate toxic and protective mechanisms responsible for allopurinol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, we investigated changes in plasma creatinine concentration, renal lipid peroxidation, and renal activities of xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, as enzymatic factors in producing and scavenging oxygen radicals."( Possible mechanism responsible for allopurinol-nephrotoxicity: lipid peroxidation and systems of producing- and scavenging oxygen radicals.
Sudo, J; Suzuki, Y, 1987)
" We report a new case of serious toxic manifestations with acute interstitial nephritis."( [Allopurinol toxicity. Apropos of 1 case].
Berthoux, F; Genin, C; Guérin, C; Leroy, G; Sabatier, JC; Toulon, J, 1986)
" Toxic effects are specially considered in this paper, where effects in 20 advanced gastrointestinal patients are evaluated."( [5-fluorouracil in high doses. Principles and toxicity].
Fleischer, I; Milano, MC; Wainstein, R, 1985)
" A 60-min incubation in the presence of the enzyme systems resulted in a dose-dependent toxic effect with evidence of cytolysis (increased LDH release) and cell loss (decrease in DNA and protein content), when these indexes were measured 24 hr after completion of the enzyme reaction."( Effect of variable glutathione peroxidase activity on H2O2-related cytotoxicity in cultured aortic endothelial cells.
Junod, AF; Ody, C, 1985)
" Toxic effects limited the dose of azathioprine in 27 patients (42%) and led to discontinuation of therapy in 13 (20%)."( Azathioprine toxicity in neuromuscular disease.
Griggs, RC; Kissel, JT; Levy, RJ; Mendell, JR, 1986)
" It is concluded that sulfite oxidase is instrumental in counteracting the toxic systemic effects of bisulfite, either injected or derived from respired SO(2)."( Molecular basis of the biological function of molybdenum: the relationship between sulfite oxidase and the acute toxicity of bisulfite and SO2.
Cohen, HJ; Drew, RT; Johnson, JL; Rajagopalan, KV, 1973)
" These results denote that the minimal toxic dose ranges between 10 and 30 mg/kg/day, and that the kidney is more sensitive than the liver."( Allopurinol toxicity: its toxic organ-specificity between the liver and the kidney in the rat.
Sudo, J; Suzuki, Y; Tanabe, T, 1984)
" Gastrointestinal and hematologic toxic effects were mild and infrequent."( High-dose allopurinol modulation of 5-FU toxicity: phase I trial of an outpatient dose schedule.
Campbell, TN; House, BA; Howell, SB; Pfeifle, C, 1982)
" For this reason we rate the development of this disease in both cases as a rare but significant side effect of allopurinol."( [Granuloma anulare disseminatum as a rare side effect of allopurinol].
Becker, D; Bräuninger, W; Enk, A; Knop, J, 1995)
" In summary, in this series, routine human liver procurement using exclusive aortic perfusion seemed to be at least as safe as using a combined aortic and portal perfusion technique."( Liver procurement without in situ portal perfusion. A safe procedure for more flexible multiple organ harvesting.
Barker, A; de Ville de Goyet, J; Hausleithner, V; Jamart, J; Lerut, J; Malaise, J; Otte, JB; Reding, R, 1994)
" Using the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction to generate superoxide radicals, we have attempted to examine the role of the Fenton reaction in SOD toxicity observing that high SOD levels along with micromolar concentrations of Fe2+ greatly increased the production of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical."( Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-catalase conjugates. Role of hydrogen peroxide and the Fenton reaction in SOD toxicity.
Lopaschuk, GD; Mao, GD; Poznansky, MJ; Thomas, PD, 1993)
" Vitamin E neutralized the toxic effect of free radicals in vitro."( Toxicity of free radicals to mesothelial cells and peritoneal membrane.
Breborowicz, A; Martis, L; Oreopoulos, DG; Serkes, KD; Wieczorowska, K; Witowski, J, 1993)
"p injection of the ribosome-inactivating proteins ricin or saporin, or a Ber-H2 (anti-CD30)-saporin immunotoxin at a dose corresponding to three times the LD50 calculated for mice."( Hepatoxicity of ricin, saporin or a saporin immunotoxin: xanthine oxidase activity in rat liver and blood serum.
Battelli, MG; Bolognesi, A; Buonamici, L; Polito, L; Stirpe, F, 1996)
" These results suggest that H2O2 is more toxic to colonic epithelial cells than 02."( Hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity to cultured colonic epithelial cells.
Hata, Y; Hiraishi, H; Ivey, KJ; Kawabe, T; Ota, S; Terano, A, 1997)
" RINm5F cells were also susceptible to butylalloxan, a lipophilic alloxan derivative that is selectively toxic to pancreatic beta-cells."( Complementary action of antioxidant enzymes in the protection of bioengineered insulin-producing RINm5F cells against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species.
Lenzen, S; Lortz, S; Munday, R; Tiedge, M, 1998)
" However, when used in patients with renal insufficiency it may have life-threatening toxic effects known as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS)."( Nephrotoxic effects of allopurinol in dinitrofluorobenzene-sensitized mice: comparative studies on TEI-6720.
Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Komoriya, K; Ohta, T; Ota, M, 1999)
"We investigated the relationship between the toxic effect of allopurinol and pyrimidine metabolism in mice."( Allopurinol induces renal toxicity by impairing pyrimidine metabolism in mice.
Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Komoriya, K; Nishimura, S; Ohta, T; Ota, M, 2000)
" However, it induces nephrotoxicity, a severe side effect in which oxygen free radicals have been implicated to play an important role."( Potentiation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by allopurinol.
Erdinç, L; Erdinç, M; Işik, B; Nergiz, Y, 2000)
"These results suggest that reactive oxygen metabolites can contribute significantly to the development of intestinal lesions, and that R(-)-ketoprofen present in racemic preparations can enhance the toxic intestinal effects of S (+)-enantiomer via modification of neutrophil migration and oxidative stress."( Intestinal toxicity of ketoprofen-trometamol vs its enantiomers in rat. Role of oxidative stress.
Cabré, F; de la Lastra, CA; Herrerías, JM; Martín, MJ; Mauleón, D; Motilva, V; Nieto, A, 2000)
" The potent free radical scavenger erdosteine may have protective potential in this process and it will become a promising drug in the prevention of this undesired side-effect of cisplatin, but further studies are needed to illuminate the exact protection mechanism of erdosteine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity."( In vivo evidence suggesting a role for purine-catabolizing enzymes in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and effect of erdosteine against this toxicity.
Kotuk, M; Ozyurt, H; Söğüt, S; Ulu, R; Yildirim, Z; Yilmaz, HR, )
"Allopurinol is generally considered to be a safe and well tolerated drug."( [Side effects off allopurinol].
Kvande, KT; Rødevand, E; Sletvold, O, 2004)
" Although not uncommon, adverse events were mild and self-limited, and no deaths or serious adverse events were observed."( Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers.
Becker, MA; Hunt, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kisicki, J; MacDonald, P; Mulford, D; Wu, J, 2004)
" A total of five adverse events were reported with all mild in severity."( PK/PD and safety of a single dose of TMX-67 (febuxostat) in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment.
Hoshide, S; Hosoya, T; Ishikawa, T; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Ohno, I; Takahashi, Y; Tsuchimoto, M, 2004)
"Cisplatin ototoxicity has been associated with the generation of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to injury or loss of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti, damage to the stria vascularis, and loss of spiral ganglion cells, resulting in permanent hearing loss."( Reduction of acute cisplatin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats by oral administration of allopurinol and ebselen.
Gu, R; Kil, J; Lynch, ED; Pierce, C, 2005)
" Incidences of treatment-related adverse events were similar in the febuxostat and placebo groups."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)
" Febuxostat therapy was safe and well tolerated."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)
" We now demonstrate that this osteogenic combination of oxysterols prevents the adverse effects of oxidative stress on differentiation of M2 cells into mature osteoblastic cells."( Osteogenic oxysterols inhibit the adverse effects of oxidative stress on osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells.
Amantea, CM; Hahn, TJ; Kha, HT; Parhami, F; Richardson, JA; Shouhed, D, 2005)
"The genotoxicity of benzoquinone (BQ), a toxic benzene metabolite, is greatly enhanced by the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) in the incubation medium."( Involvement of oxygen free radicals in the serum-mediated increase of benzoquinone genotoxicity.
De Bartolomeo, A; Fabiani, R; Morozzi, G, 2005)
" Febuxostat 80 mg once daily appears to be generally safe and well tolerated in mildly and moderately impaired hepatic function groups, and dose adjustment is not required in subjects with mild to moderate hepatic impairment."( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)
"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) were toxic to B lymphoma-derived Raji cells (positive for 8A monoclonal antibody, mAb)."( Toxicity of xanthine oxidoreductase to malignant B lymphocytes.
Battelli, MG; Bolognesi, A; Falà, F; Musiani, S; Polito, L; Stirpe, F; Tazzari, PL, )
" The majority of adverse events were mild-to-moderate in intensity."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
" However, the boundary between cancer-protecting and toxic levels of selenium is extremely narrow."( Extracellular production of hydrogen selenide accounts for thiol-assisted toxicity of selenite against Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Barbier, F; Blanquet, S; Dauplais, M; Grigoras, I; Ha-Duong, NT; Lazard, M; Plateau, P; Tarze, A, 2007)
" Safety was assessed by recording adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of allopurinol in patients with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
Prior, C; Puig, JG; Torres, RJ, 2007)
" Drug adverse effects and the lack of efficacy, however, commonly require withdrawal of therapy."( Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol.
Gearry, RB; Leong, RW; Sparrow, MP, 2008)
"The addition of low dose allopurinol to dose-reduced thiopurine analogue seems safe but careful monitoring for adverse effects and profiling of thiopurine metabolites is essential."( Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol.
Gearry, RB; Leong, RW; Sparrow, MP, 2008)
" It appears safe and effective for long-term use, but requires monitoring for myelotoxicity."( Long-term outcome of using allopurinol co-therapy as a strategy for overcoming thiopurine hepatotoxicity in treating inflammatory bowel disease.
Ansari, A; Baburajan, B; Chocair, P; Duley, J; Elliott, T; Mayhead, P; O'Donohue, J; Sanderson, J, 2008)
" Overall adverse event rates (including cardiovascular adverse event rates), adjusted for 10-fold greater febuxostat than allopurinol exposure, did not differ significantly among treatment groups."( Clinical efficacy and safety of successful longterm urate lowering with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout.
Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)
" Adverse effects of TAM include hepatotoxicity."( Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Abdel-Naim, AB; Albukhari, AA; El-Beshbishy, HA; Gashlan, HM; Nagy, AA, 2009)
" Moreover, the administration of MK-801 to rats as a pretreatment resulted in a complete prevention of the QUIN-induced NAD(P)H activation, suggesting that this toxic event is completely dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overactivation."( NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to neurotoxicity in an excitotoxic/prooxidant model of Huntington's disease in rats: protective role of apocynin.
Galván-Arzate, S; Maldonado, PD; Molina-Jijón, E; Pedraza-Chaverrí, J; Santamaría, A; Villeda-Hernández, J, 2010)
" The safety of miltefosine-allopurinol combination therapy was confirmed by lack of effect on renal and hepatic parameters and adverse reactions."( Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis.
Bianciardi, P; Cañavate, C; Cruz, I; Miró, G; Mortarino, M; Oliva, G; Vischer, C, 2009)
" Safety assessments included blinded adjudication of each cardiovascular (CV) adverse event (AE) and death."( The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial.
Becker, MA; Espinoza, LR; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, P; Schumacher, HR; Wells, AF, 2010)
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)
"Allopurinol has been presented as a safe and effective adjunct to thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."( Combination of thiopurines and allopurinol: adverse events and clinical benefit in IBD.
Govani, SM; Higgins, PD, 2010)
" No serious adverse events were observed."( Using allopurinol above the dose based on creatinine clearance is effective and safe in patients with chronic gout, including those with renal impairment.
Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Frampton, C; James, J; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2011)
" Our results indicated that ZEN induced several toxic effects and significant alterations mediated by oxidative stress mechanism."( Protective effect of aqueous extract of Allium sativum against zearalenone toxicity mediated by oxidative stress.
Abid-Essefi, S; Bacha, H; Bouaziz, C; Kaderi, R; Salem, IB; Zaied, C, 2012)
" Allopurinol is efficacious and safe in most patients, but intolerance is estimated to occur in up to 10% of treated patients."( Safety and efficacy of febuxostat treatment in subjects with gout and severe allopurinol adverse reactions.
Chohan, S, 2011)
" Rates of adverse events (AEs) were low."( Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Chefo, S; Chohan, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)
"Despite an increasing incidence of gout in older age patients with multiple metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, there are limited data addressing whether currently available urate-lowering therapy is comparably effective and safe in older (≥65 years of age) versus younger (<65 years of age) patients."( Treating hyperuricemia of gout: safety and efficacy of febuxostat and allopurinol in older versus younger subjects.
Becker, MA; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA, 2011)
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."( African American patients with gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat vs allopurinol.
Chefo, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA; Wells, AF, 2012)
"0 mg/dL at the final visit, overall and by renal function status, percent change in sUA from baseline to final visit, flare rates, and rates of adverse events (AEs)."( The efficacy and safety of febuxostat for urate lowering in gout patients ≥65 years of age.
Hunt, B; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)
" Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a rare but potentially fatal adverse event."( Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol.
Dalbeth, N; Dockerty, JL; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Jones, PB; Stamp, LK; Taylor, WJ, 2012)
" Adverse events were monitored and therapeutic adherence was assessed."( Safety and effectiveness of long-term allopurinol-thiopurine maintenance treatment in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bouma, G; de Boer, NK; Hanauer, SB; Harrell, LE; Hoentjen, F; Rubin, DT; Seinen, ML; van Bodegraven, AA, 2013)
" VPA is a relatively safe drug, but its use in higher concentrations is associated with idiosyncratic neurotoxicity."( An in vitro approach to assess the neurotoxicity of valproic acid-induced oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of young rats.
Chaudhary, S; Parvez, S, 2012)
" However, few studies have assessed the possible toxic effects of artichoke extracts."( In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of an artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) aqueous extract.
Da Silva, J; de Andrade, HH; Dihl, RR; Ferraz, AB; Lehmann, M; Nunes, E; Picada, JN; Richter, MF; Semedo, J; Zan, MA, 2013)
" Finally, 1000 μg/mL cefazolin showed no adverse effects on porcine kidney endothelial cells."( Antibiotic prophylaxis in (sub)normothermic organ preservation: in vitro efficacy and toxicity of cephalosporins.
Bruinsma, BG; de Boer, L; Heger, M; Post, IC; van Gulik, TM; van Rijssen, LB; Zaat, SA, 2013)
"Allopurinol, one of the most commonly used uric acid-lowering agents, can cause serious adverse events."( Clinical risk factors for adverse events in allopurinol users.
Kim, HW; Kim, JH; Lee, EB; Lee, EY; Lee, YJ; Ryu, HJ; Song, R; Song, YW, 2013)
" Diabetics and non-diabetics reported self-limiting diarrhoea and URIs as the most common adverse events."( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)
"Despite higher co-morbidity rates in diabetic patients, febuxostat and allopurinol were safe in both groups at the doses tested."( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)
"Heavy metals become toxic when they are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissue."( Beneficial effect of sesame oil on heavy metal toxicity.
Chandrasekaran, VR; Hsu, DZ; Liu, MY, 2014)
"Gout management with allopurinol in patients with CKD can be challenging because of the risk of adverse events and uncertain efficacy."( Safety and efficacy of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease.
Bourg, CA; Phillips, BB; Thurston, MM, 2013)
" In inflammatory bowel disease patients who shunt thiopurine metabolism towards more toxic and less desirable pathways, allopurinol is proving to be an effective add on therapy with good resultant disease control and less treatment side effects."( Allopurinol use in pregnancy in three women with inflammatory bowel disease: safety and outcomes: a case series.
Andrews, JM; Bampton, PA; Doogue, MP; Fazal, MW; Leong, RW, 2013)
"We report three cases of safe use of allopurinol in pregnancy for women with inflammatory bowel disease."( Allopurinol use in pregnancy in three women with inflammatory bowel disease: safety and outcomes: a case series.
Andrews, JM; Bampton, PA; Doogue, MP; Fazal, MW; Leong, RW, 2013)
" The patients' comorbidities and concomitant medications may contribute to the risk of adverse drug reactions with anti-gout therapies."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)
" Allopurinol and febuxostat have similar adverse effect profiles."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)
"In general, treatments for gout are well tolerated, although clinicians must keep in mind the potential for drug interactions and the contribution of comorbidities to the potential for adverse effects with gout therapies."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)
"To study the toxic effects of phthalate esters on the aquatic creatures, carps were exposed to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) of six different concentrations for 96 h-LC50 measurements."( Toxicity of phthalate esters exposure to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and antioxidant response by biomarker.
Gao, Y; Qi, M; Zhao, X, 2014)
"The available scientific data indicate that the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the accumulation of endogenous and exogenous toxic substances."( Assessment of the role of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in MPTP neurotoxicity in mice.
Klivényi, P; Plangár, I; Szalárdy, L; Vécsei, L; Zádori, D, 2013)
" The explanation of these findings would be that the stimulation of MRP1- and MRP2-mediated transport of glutathione conjugates of toxic substances may have slight beneficial effects, while stimulation of MRP4-mediated efflux of brain urate, which has an important antioxidant potency, may worsen the effects of oxidative stress."( Assessment of the role of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in MPTP neurotoxicity in mice.
Klivényi, P; Plangár, I; Szalárdy, L; Vécsei, L; Zádori, D, 2013)
"0 mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rates in allografts, and adverse events were retrospectively analyzed in the FX, NFX, and NPTHU groups."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)
" None of the patients in the FX group experienced any severe adverse effects, such as pancytopenia or attacks of gout, throughout the entire study period."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)
"Treatment with febuxostat sufficiently lowered uric acid levels without severe adverse effects in stable kidney transplant recipients with PTHU."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)
" All patients were maintained on febuxostat without serious adverse events, except for 1 patient, who discontinued febuxostat because of numbness in the arms."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in kidney transplant recipients.
Fuchinoue, S; Nakajima, I; Teraoka, S; Tojimbara, T; Yashima, J, 2014)
" None of the extracts are toxic against brine shrimp larvae in the test concentration."( Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts from the root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera.
Barsett, H; Diallo, D; Ho, GT; Inngjerdingen, KT; Le, NH; Malterud, KE; Michaelsen, TE; Paulsen, BS; Zou, YF, 2014)
"To investigate the prevalence of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors prescription at admission and discharge in elderly hospital in-patients, to analyze the appropriateness of their use in relation to evidence-based indications, to evaluate the predictors of inappropriate prescription at discharge and the association with adverse events 3 months after hospital discharge."( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry.
Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)
" Prescription of XO inhibitors was associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical events in univariate and multivariate analysis."( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry.
Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)
"rate of adverse events and death."( Safety of allopurinol compared with other urate-lowering drugs in patients with gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carmona, L; Castrejon, I; Loza, E; Pérez-Ruiz, F; Rosario, MP; Toledano, E, 2015)
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in the three treatment groups."( A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, allopurinol-controlled study assessing the safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat in Chinese gout patients with hyperuricemia.
Chen, S; Ji, H; Ji, Q; Lin, J; Liu, B; Liu, H; Liu, P; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Ming, J; Peng, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)
" Febuxostat, at a daily dose of 40 or 80 mg, was safe and well tolerated."( A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, allopurinol-controlled study assessing the safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat in Chinese gout patients with hyperuricemia.
Chen, S; Ji, H; Ji, Q; Lin, J; Liu, B; Liu, H; Liu, P; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Ming, J; Peng, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)
" The objective of the current study was to test for association of this haplotype with other, less severe adverse effects (AEs) of allopurinol therapy in a large New Zealand gout cohort."( A human leukocyte antigen locus haplotype confers risk for allopurinol-related adverse effects in Caucasian patients with gout.
Dalbeth, N; Harrison, A; Merriman, TR; Roberts, RL; Stamp, LK; Wallace, MC, 2015)
" Treatment-emergent adverse events possibly related to allopurinol occurred in 15."( An open-label, 6-month study of allopurinol safety in gout: The LASSO study.
Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Choi, HK; Cravets, M; Dalbeth, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Storgard, C, 2015)
"Allopurinol is an efficacious urate-lowering therapy (ULT), but is associated with rare serious adverse drug reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), with higher risk among HLA-B*5801 carriers."( Cost-effectiveness analysis of genotyping for HLA-B*5801 and an enhanced safety program in gout patients starting allopurinol in Singapore.
Dong, D; Finkelstein, E; Sung, C; Tan-Koi, WC; Teng, GG, 2015)
"The risk of skin reaction with febuxostat seems moderately increased in patients with a history of cutaneous adverse events with allopurinol."( Risk of cutaneous adverse events with febuxostat treatment in patients with skin reaction to allopurinol. A retrospective, hospital-based study of 101 patients with consecutive allopurinol and febuxostat treatment.
Bardin, T; Chalès, G; Clerson, P; Delayen, A; Flipo, RM; Korng Ea, H; Pascart, T; Roujeau, JC, 2016)
" Following an initial 2-week washout period, over the next 12 weeks we made five measurements of serum urate levels along with assessments of adverse events (AEs)."( Safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat for treatment of HLA-B*5801-negative gout: a randomized, open-label, multicentre, allopurinol-controlled study.
Chen, CJ; Chen, DY; Hsu, PN; Lai, JH; Lin, HY; Yu, KH, 2016)
"Oxidative stress (OS) is thought to play an important role in the pharmacological and toxic effects of various drugs of abuse."( Cardiovascular and Hepatic Toxicity of Cocaine: Potential Beneficial Effects of Modulators of Oxidative Stress.
Antonilli, L; Badiani, A; Grassi, MC; Graziani, M; Saso, L; Togna, AR, 2016)
" There were no meaningful differences in adverse events (AEs) between groups, and there were no serious AEs related to arhalofenate."( A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Safety Study of Arhalofenate for Reducing Flare in Patients With Gout.
Boudes, PF; Choi, YJ; Davis, CS; Martin, RL; McWherter, CA; Poiley, J; Steinberg, AS, 2016)
" Incidences of overall adverse events (AEs) in the topiroxostat groups were comparable to those in the placebo group; however, the incidence of AEs in the 120-mg group was statistically lower than that in the placebo group."( Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese male hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: an exploratory, phase 2a, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Hashimoto, H; Hosoya, T; Ohashi, T; Sakamoto, R; Sasaki, T, 2016)
"HLA-B*5801 allele carriage (a strong determinant of allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome) varies substantially among races, which may lead to racial disparities in the risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in the context of urate-lowering drug adverse events (ULDAEs)."( Racial disparities in the risk of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis as urate-lowering drug adverse events in the United States.
Choi, HK; Kim, SC; Lu, N; Menendez, ME; Rai, SK; Terkeltaub, R, 2016)
" Specific information about the dose, effect on serum urate, adverse effects and liver function tests after commencing benzbromarone was recorded."( The safety and efficacy of benzbromarone in gout in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Cathro, A; Corkill, M; Dalbeth, N; Frampton, C; Gardner, D; Grainger, R; Haslett, J; Kain, T; Kumar, R; Kumar, S; Metcalfe, S; Porter, D; Stamp, LK; Stebbings, S; Taylor, G; White, D; Wyeth, J, 2016)
" Benzbromarone-related adverse events included rash (n = 4), diarrhoea (n = 9), nausea (n = 6) and urate stones (n = 3)."( The safety and efficacy of benzbromarone in gout in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Cathro, A; Corkill, M; Dalbeth, N; Frampton, C; Gardner, D; Grainger, R; Haslett, J; Kain, T; Kumar, R; Kumar, S; Metcalfe, S; Porter, D; Stamp, LK; Stebbings, S; Taylor, G; White, D; Wyeth, J, 2016)
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)
" No significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed among all groups, including the allopurinol group."( Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2b study.
Hosoya, T; Ohashi, T; Sasaki, T, 2017)
" The serum uric acid (UA) concentrations of the patients in each group were recorded and compared from week 2 through week 24 after the treatments, and all adverse events were evaluated to determine the safety of the various treatment regimens."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)
" However, the total number of patients experiencing adverse events was significantly higher in the febuxostat 80-mg group."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)
"Chinese patients treated with the 40-mg dose of febuxostat experienced a treatment effect and total rate of adverse events similar to those produced by allopurinol or benzbromarone."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)
" The primary endpoints were reduction in SU and adverse events (AEs)."( A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of allopurinol dose escalation to achieve target serum urate in people with gout.
Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2017)
" The results of the safety study showed that no organ toxicity and no treatment-related adverse effects were observed in mice treated with high doses of MFEs."( Evaluating the urate-lowering effects of different microbial fermented extracts in hyperuricemic models accompanied with a safety study.
Chen, HM; Chen, MH; Chen, RJ; Chen, SJ; Chen, YL; Hsiao, CM; Wang, YJ; Wu, MD; Yech, YJ; Yuan, GF, 2017)
" No other adverse events were reported."( Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat in Kidney Transplant Patients.
Baek, CH; Han, DJ; Kim, H; Park, SK; Yang, WS, 2018)
"Febuxostat reduced serum uric acid levels effectively in kidney transplant patients without severe adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat in Kidney Transplant Patients.
Baek, CH; Han, DJ; Kim, H; Park, SK; Yang, WS, 2018)
" The effect of baseline kidney function on urate lowering and adverse effects was investigated."( The effect of kidney function on the urate lowering effect and safety of increasing allopurinol above doses based on creatinine clearance: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Barclay, M; Chapman, PT; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2017)
" Adverse events were similar among groups."( The effect of kidney function on the urate lowering effect and safety of increasing allopurinol above doses based on creatinine clearance: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Barclay, M; Chapman, PT; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2017)
"Allopurinol is effective at lowering urate even though and accepting that there were small numbers of participants with CrCL <30 ml/min, these data indicate that allopurinol dose escalation to target SU is safe in people with severe CKD."( The effect of kidney function on the urate lowering effect and safety of increasing allopurinol above doses based on creatinine clearance: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Barclay, M; Chapman, PT; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2017)
" The presence of liver alterations following the introduction of a new drug must suggest an adverse drug reaction."( [A rare case of hepatotoxicity in geriatrics].
El Kahi, C; Martinet, V; Pepersack, T; Praet, JP, )
" To adjust for treatment duration, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were expressed as exposure-adjusted incidence rates (patients with events per 100 person-years)."( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout.
Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)
" Major adverse cardiovascular events were 3, 4 and 9 with XOI, LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI, respectively."( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout.
Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)
"At the approved dose of 200 mg once-daily combined with an XOI, LESU did not increase renal, cardiovascular or other adverse events compared with XOI alone, except for sCr elevations."( Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout.
Baumgartner, S; Goldfarb, DS; Jalal, D; Pillinger, M; Saag, KG; Schechter, BM; Terkeltaub, R; Valiyil, R; White, WB, 2019)
" Liver and blood functions were monitored and other adverse events were recorded."( Comparison of efficacy and safety between febuxostat and allopurinol in early post-renal transplant recipients with new onset of hyperuricemia.
Chen, P; Chen, X; Fu, Q; Gao, X; Li, J; Liu, L; Shen, X; Wang, C, 2019)
"Despite morbidities and fatalities, nationwide epidemiologic data for severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), are not widely available."( Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions in Korea.
Kang, DY; Kang, HR; Kang, MG; Lee, JY; Park, HK; Sohn, KH; Yang, MS, 2019)
"We analyzed individual case safety reports (ICSRs) of SCARs in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System from 1988 to 2013."( Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions in Korea.
Kang, DY; Kang, HR; Kang, MG; Lee, JY; Park, HK; Sohn, KH; Yang, MS, 2019)
" The number of SCAR ICSRs has been increasing with increasing ICSRs for overall adverse drug events."( Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions in Korea.
Kang, DY; Kang, HR; Kang, MG; Lee, JY; Park, HK; Sohn, KH; Yang, MS, 2019)
"Older drugs for ULT like allopurinol are well studied and extensively described from typical adverse effects (mild skin rash) to unusual fatal reactions, while febuxostat seems to be overall well tolerated."( Safety and tolerability of available urate-lowering drugs: a critical review.
Cicero, AF; Fogacci, F; Strilchuk, L, 2019)
" The difference in incidence of adverse events among patients with stage 1-3 CKD, those with stage 4-5 CKD, and those on dialysis was not significant."( Renal safety and urate-lowering efficacy of febuxostat in gout patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis.
Kim, JM; Kim, SH; Lee, SY; Son, CN, 2020)
" The serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine, other biochemical parameters, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and adverse events were measured at baseline as well as at 1, 3, and 6 months after the switch to febuxostat."( Switching from allopurinol to febuxostat: efficacy and safety in the treatment of hyperuricemia in renal transplant recipients.
Li, Y; Liu, M; Lu, Y; Meng, J; Zhang, X, 2019)
" Data on the incidence of clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs), including hepatotoxicity and myelotoxicity resulting in imposing LDTA therapy cessation and associated risk factors were collected."( Real-life study of safety of thiopurine-allopurinol combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity rarely affect maintenance treatment.
de Boer, NK; de Jong, DJ; de Veer, RC; de Vries, AC; Dijkstra, G; Kreijne, JE; Moorsel, SAW; van der Woude, CJ; West, R, 2019)
"LDTA therapy is a safe and beneficial optimisation strategy in IBD patients."( Real-life study of safety of thiopurine-allopurinol combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity rarely affect maintenance treatment.
de Boer, NK; de Jong, DJ; de Veer, RC; de Vries, AC; Dijkstra, G; Kreijne, JE; Moorsel, SAW; van der Woude, CJ; West, R, 2019)
"Febuxostat had the best efficacy and safety results among the tested agents, and topiroxostat and allopurinol appeared to have fewer adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of urate-lowering treatments in patients with hyperuricemia: A comprehensive network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Lin, CJ; Lin, JY; Shi, Y; Sun, SS; Zhang, DH, 2020)
" Safety outcomes included total adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, withdrawals due to AEs, and AEs per organ system."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)
" Allopurinol was well tolerated, without significant adverse events."( Allopurinol use during pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia maintenance therapy safely corrects skewed 6-mercaptopurine metabolism, improving inadequate myelosuppression and reducing gastrointestinal toxicity.
Annesley, C; Bhuiyan, M; Brown, P; Cohen, G; Cooper, S; Sison, EA, 2020)
"Thiopurines are important for treating inflammatory bowel disease, but are often discontinued due to adverse effects."( Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective population-based cohort study.
de Boer, A; Egberts, ACG; Houwen, JPA; Houwen, RHJ; Lalmohamed, A; van Maarseveen, EM, 2021)
" In the febuxostat group, 222 (7·2%) of 3063 patients died and 1720 (57·3%) of 3001 in the safety analysis set had at least one serious adverse event (with 23 events in 19 [0·6%] patients related to treatment)."( Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.
De Caterina, R; Findlay, E; Ford, I; Hallas, J; Hawkey, CJ; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; McMurray, JJV; Nuki, G; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ralston, SH; Robertson, M; Walters, M; Webster, J, 2020)
"Febuxostat is non-inferior to allopurinol therapy with respect to the primary cardiovascular endpoint, and its long-term use is not associated with an increased risk of death or serious adverse events compared with allopurinol."( Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.
De Caterina, R; Findlay, E; Ford, I; Hallas, J; Hawkey, CJ; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; McMurray, JJV; Nuki, G; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ralston, SH; Robertson, M; Walters, M; Webster, J, 2020)
" In terms of the adverse events, the pooling overall adverse events data did achieve advantage in the febuxostat group (RR=0."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)
"A retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis was conducted using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)
"Among 7,305 reports of adverse events associated with XO inhibitors, 64."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)
"The strength of the associations of XO inhibitors with adverse events is variable, and further studies are required to evaluate the identified signals."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)
" Elevated levels of 6MMP have been associated with toxic effects that may interfere with therapy."( Allopurinol to Prevent Mercaptopurine Adverse Effects in Children and Young Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Kamojjala, R, 2021)
" Initiation of febuxostat in patients was not associated with an increased risk of death or serious cardiovascular related adverse events compared with allopurinol."( Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared to allopurinol for the treatment of gout: A systematic and meta-analysis.
Cheng, R; Gao, L; Lu, Y; Pan, Y; Wang, B, 2021)
" The three outcomes used to assess the safety of uric acid lowering medications were treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)."( The association between urate-lowering therapies and treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): A network meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Chen, J; Deng, Q; Guo, J; Xie, Q; Xie, S; Yu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhong, L, 2021)
" We found no statistically significant differences in their effects on treatment-related adverse events and MACE."( The association between urate-lowering therapies and treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): A network meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Chen, J; Deng, Q; Guo, J; Xie, Q; Xie, S; Yu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhong, L, 2021)
" Diagnostic tools, treatment protocols, seroconversion rates and adverse events were investigated."( Monotherapy and combination chemotherapy for Chagas disease treatment: a systematic review of clinical efficacy and safety based on randomized controlled trials.
Cardoso Santos, E; Dias Novaes, R; Lima, GDA; Oliveira Silva, R; Santana Nogueira, S; Vilela Gonçalves, R, 2022)
" We examined the toxic effects of BPS on gastric and renal functions, as well as the efficacy of allopurinol as a treatment."( Evaluation of the therapeutic role of allopurinol on bisphenol S gastric and renal toxicity in adult male albino rats: An in vivo study.
Fattah, AA; Hosny, SA; Khalifa, FN; Matter, LM; Moawad, AM; Ramadan, NM, 2022)
" Besides, the drug-related adverse events (AEs) were recorded."( Low-dose febuxostat exhibits a superior renal-protective effect and non-inferior safety profile compared to allopurinol in chronic kidney disease patients complicated with hyperuricemia: A double-centre, randomized, controlled study.
Cao, B; Yang, N, 2022)
"To evaluate the influence of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)
" An interrupted time series analysis with adjustments for demographics, comorbidities, and comedication by propensity score-based stabilized weights was used to compare the trend of adverse events and mortality before vs after febuxostat was introduced in 2012."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)
" The slope of the 1-year incidence rate of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (per 10 000 patients) significantly reduced after 2012 in those with and without comorbidities (-0."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)
" The latter shows higher efficacy but a higher side effect rate, suggesting the use of split-dose regimen as the first-line approach."( Safety and Efficacy of Split-Dose Thiopurine vs Low-Dose Thiopurine-Allopurinol Cotherapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Borrelli, O; Buckingham, R; Chadokufa, S; Cococcioni, L; El-Kouly, S; Gaynor, E; Kiparissi, F; Pensabene, L; Puoti, MG; Saliakellis, E, 2023)
"To determine the risk of adverse events associated with colchicine or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prophylaxis when initiating allopurinol for gout."( Safety of colchicine and NSAID prophylaxis when initiating urate-lowering therapy for gout: propensity score-matched cohort studies in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
Bajpai, R; Clarson, LE; Forrester, H; Mallen, CD; Muller, S; Padmanabhan, N; Partington, RJ; Roddy, E; Whittle, R, 2023)
" Weighted Cox proportional hazards models investigated associations between colchicine/NSAID and specified adverse events."( Safety of colchicine and NSAID prophylaxis when initiating urate-lowering therapy for gout: propensity score-matched cohort studies in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
Bajpai, R; Clarson, LE; Forrester, H; Mallen, CD; Muller, S; Padmanabhan, N; Partington, RJ; Roddy, E; Whittle, R, 2023)
" Adverse event incidence rates were <200/10 000 patient-years except diarrhoea (784."( Safety of colchicine and NSAID prophylaxis when initiating urate-lowering therapy for gout: propensity score-matched cohort studies in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
Bajpai, R; Clarson, LE; Forrester, H; Mallen, CD; Muller, S; Padmanabhan, N; Partington, RJ; Roddy, E; Whittle, R, 2023)

Pharmacokinetics

Three open-label, multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects investigated possible pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren 300 mg od and three drugs. In this randomized, crossover evaluation in healthy volunteers, probenecid reduces the renal clearance of allopurinol riboside. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetics disposition of intravenous alloparinol in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

ExcerptReference
" This was accomplished by generating parent drug and metabolite plasma level profiles assuming formation and excretion rate-limited pharmacokinetic models with absorption rate constants obtained from bivariate normal distributions and designated random errors."( The role of metabolites in bioequivalency assessment. I. Linear pharmacokinetics without first-pass effect.
Chen, ML; Jackson, AJ, 1991)
"6 hours after administration, has an elimination half-life of 3 hours, and steady-state concentrations in the therapeutic range."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of allopurinol riboside.
Danso, K; Desjardins, RE; Nelson, DJ; Pamplin, CL; Shapiro, TA; Were, JB, 1991)
" Pharmacokinetic absorption behavior of a sustained-release preparation of theophylline after repetitive oral administration was adequately evaluated using MFA-MULTI."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of single- or multiple-dose plasma drug concentration data with a microcomputer using multi-fraction absorption models.
Murata, K; Noda, K; Samejima, M; Tagawa, K, 1989)
" The pharmacokinetic absorption behavior of a sustained-release preparation of diltiazem hydrochloride was studied using a multi-fraction absorption model."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of concentration data of drugs with irregular absorption profiles using multi-fraction absorption models.
Kohno, K; Murata, K; Noda, K; Samejima, M, 1987)
" Furthermore, the plasma oxipurinol half-life was increased from 27."( Sustained reductions in oxipurinol renal clearance during a restricted diet.
Berlinger, WG; Kitt, TM; Park, GD; Spector, R; Tsalikian, E, 1987)
" Allopurinol controlled release tablets (Sigapurol CR), containing 200 mg of the drug characterized by rapid absorption and 100 mg characterized by pH-dependent delivery, were identified as a formulation with advantages pharmacokinetic properties."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. 3. Allopurinol/oxipurinol pharmacokinetics following administration of a controlled release allopurinol preparation].
Fenner, H; Gikalov, I; Radivojevich, F; Schiemann, O, 1986)
"02), and the plasma oxypurinol half-life increased nearly threefold from 17."( The effect of dietary protein on the clearance of allopurinol and oxypurinol.
Berlinger, WG; Park, GD; Spector, R, 1985)
"In a pharmacokinetic study with 6 healthy volunteers the parameters for allopurinol and oxipurinol were compared following a single dose of allopurinol and multiple application of the drug."( [The clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. 2. Allopurinol/oxypurinol pharmacokinetics following allopurinol in single doses and multiple application].
Fenner, H; Gikalov, I; Schiemann, O, 1985)
" The influence of allopurinol on the pharmacokinetic parameters of 6MP was as follows: (a) a 2-fold increase in the half-life and area under the concentration-time curve; (b) a 2-fold decrease in the total body clearance; and (c) an approximate 3-fold decrease in elimination rate constant."( Effect of allopurinol on the pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine in rabbits.
Brown, DA; Day, JL; Schroeder, EC; Tterlikkis, L, 1983)
"The aim of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of five oral allopurinol preparations and evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effect."( [Comparative study of the bioavailability and the pharmacodynamic effect of five allopurinol preparations (author's transl)].
Blome, J; Jaeger, H; Rasper, J; Russmann, D, 1982)
"4 mg/kg, 200 mg/m2, 200 microCi total) was administered to five patients; the radiolabel in the plasma declined with an initial half-life (t1/2) of 14 min and a terminal t1/2 of 19."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine and 6-thioguanine in man.
Benvenuto, JA; Bodey, GP; Gottlieb, JA; Loo, TL; Lu, K; Rosenblum, MG, 1982)
"In a randomized cross-over study with 10 volunteers two different commercial preparations of allopurinol (Remid and standard) were tested by reversed-phase HPLC with respect to their pharmacokinetic behaviour."( [Pharmacokinetic studies on plasma elimination half-life of oxipurinol (author's transl)].
Bader, B; Harries, EH; Lach, HJ; Schnitker, J, 1982)
" The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the anti-viral agent, famciclovir and allopurinol has been investigated in twelve healthy male volunteers following a single oral dose of famciclovir (500 mg) in the presence and absence of steady-state levels of allopurinol (300 mg)."( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between oral famciclovir and allopurinol in healthy volunteers.
Fowles, SE; Laroche, J; Pratt, SK; Prince, WT, 1994)
"The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of intravenous allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and to evaluate the subsequent degree of xanthine oxidase inhibition using serum uric acid as a marker."( The pharmacokinetics of injectable allopurinol in newborns with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Clancy, RR; Davis, LE; Jacobs, ML; Krawczeniuk, MM; McGaurn, SP; Murphy, JD; Norwood, WI, 1994)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for elimination half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, and mean residence time."( The pharmacokinetics of injectable allopurinol in newborns with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Clancy, RR; Davis, LE; Jacobs, ML; Krawczeniuk, MM; McGaurn, SP; Murphy, JD; Norwood, WI, 1994)
" to healthy male volunteers to evaluate its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, BOF-4272, in healthy volunteers.
Nakashima, M; Uematsu, T, 1994)
" In this randomized, crossover evaluation in healthy volunteers, probenecid reduces the renal clearance of allopurinol riboside, extends the half-life of allopurinol riboside in plasma, and triples the levels of allopurinol riboside in plasma."( Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol riboside.
Shapiro, TA; Were, JB, 1993)
"To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Sawchuk, RJ; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
" The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Sawchuk, RJ; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
" From these data, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Influence of two diets on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
"There is no influence of diet on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol or oxypurinol."( Influence of two diets on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
" Similar pharmacokinetic profiles for DXG were observed following either route of administration in serum, liver and brain."( Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of prodrug 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2-aminopurine and its antiviral metabolite 9-(beta-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)guanine in mice.
Boudinot, FD; Chu, CK; Manouilov, KK; Manouilova, LS; Schinazi, RF, 1997)
" The elimination half-life of the distribution phase (t1/2(alpha)) was similar in mice (0."( Pharmacokinetics of BOF-4272, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, after single intravenous or oral administration to male mice and rats.
Naito, S; Nishimura, M; Nogawa, H, 1999)
"25) as was the area under the oxipurinol plasma concentration-time curve, AUC (260+/-46 and 166+/-23 microgram ml-1 h, respectively), the pharmacodynamic effect of oxipurinol was smaller in elderly than young subjects (time-dependent decrease of plasma uric acid 83+/-30 microgram ml-1 h in elderly compared with 176+/-21 in young controls)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol in elderly and young subjects.
Krivanek, P; Oberbauer, R; Turnheim, K, 1999)
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)
" Considering the dose, the AUC(obs) and Cmax of unchanged drug in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia were estimated to be similar to those of healthy male adults."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (NPSIXO) in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia.
Hoshide, S; Kamatani, N; Kobayashi, H; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Nakachi, T; Takeda, K; Tsuchimoto, M; Yamanaka, H, 2004)
" Regression analyses indicated that febuxostat tmax and Cmax,u values were not affected by CLcr."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat, a new non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in subjects with renal impairment.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Mulford, DJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, )
"Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkR) have increasingly been used for the prediction of the pharmacokinetic properties of drug leads."( Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships for drug clearance by using statistical learning methods.
Chen, YZ; Li, ZR; Yap, CW, 2006)
" There were no statistically significant differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for unbound febuxostat and its active metabolites between subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment and those with normal hepatic function."( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
"A simple HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of uric acid (UA), xanthine (X) and hypoxanthine (HX) concentrations in human serum to support pharmacodynamic (PD) studies of a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor during its clinical development."( Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum by HPLC for pharmacodynamic studies.
Cooper, N; Erdmann, C; Fiene, J; Khosravan, R; Lee, JW, 2006)
" In the present study, a population pharmacokinetic model was designed and validated for allopurinol in this specific patient group."( Population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol in full-term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.
Benders, MJ; Groenendaal, F; Rademaker, CM; van Bel, F; van Kesteren, C; Ververs, FF, 2006)
" During the course of the study, blood and urine samples were collected to assess the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat and its metabolites, and its pharmacodynamic effects on uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine concentrations after both single and multiple dose administration."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were analysed using two-way ANOVA."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in healthy subjects.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; McLachlan, AJ; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2008)
" This multiple-dose study investigated the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren and three drugs, each predominantly eliminated by a different clearance/metabolic pathway: allopurinol (glomerular filtration), celecoxib (cytochrome P450 metabolism) and cimetidine (P-glycoprotein and organic anion/cation transporters)."( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects.
Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)
"Three open-label, multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects investigated possible pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren 300 mg od and allopurinol 300 mg od (n = 20), celecoxib 200 mg bid (n = 22), or cimetidine 800 mg od (n = 22)."( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects.
Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)
"In this multiple-dose study, aliskiren showed no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions when co-administered with allopurinol, celecoxib or cimetidine in healthy subjects."( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects.
Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between probenecid and oxypurinol (the active metabolite of allopurinol) in patients with gout."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in patients with gout.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; McLachlan, AJ; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2011)
"The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for allopurinol and oxypurinol and to explore the influence of patient characteristics on allopurinol and oxypurinol pharmacokinetics."( The population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxypurinol in patients with gout.
Barclay, ML; Duffull, SB; Holford, NH; Merriman, TR; Stamp, LK; Wright, DF, 2013)
"The pharmacokinetic model provides a means of predicting the allopurinol dose required to achieve target oxypurinol plasma concentrations for patients with different magnitudes of renal function, different body mass and with or without concomitant diuretic use."( The population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxypurinol in patients with gout.
Barclay, ML; Duffull, SB; Holford, NH; Merriman, TR; Stamp, LK; Wright, DF, 2013)
" The proposed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies in humans."( A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application.
Inamadugu, JK; Katreddi, HR; Pilli, NR; Ramesh, M; Vaka, VR, 2013)
"All pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable between the two formulations The observed mean Cmax, AUC(last), and AUC(∞) values for the reference formulation were 3,670 ng/mL, 12,086 ng x h/mL, and 12,880 ng x h/mL, respectively."( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and uric acid lowering effect between two different strength febuxostat formulations (80 mg vs. 40 mg) in healthy subjects.
Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2015)
" The mean Cmax and AUClast values increased with increasing doses, and exposure to LC350189 was dose proportional."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of LC350189, a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, in healthy subjects.
Jang, IJ; Lee, H; Shin, D; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2015)
" The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of log transformed values of Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUCt-∞ of the two treatments were within the acceptable range (0."( Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of allopurinol formulations in healthy subjects.
El-Bedaiwy, HM; Helmy, SA, 2014)
" In order to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determination the concentration of WSJ-537 in rat plasma was developed."( Development of a selective and fast LC-MS/MS for determination of WSJ-537, an xanthine oxidase inhibitor, in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Lin, J; Yang, T; Zhang, D, 2016)
" Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties."( Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Anderluh, M; Jakopin, Ž; Kocić, G; Petronijević, Ž; Šmelcerović, A; Šmelcerović, Ž; Tomašič, T; Tomović, K, 2017)
" The developed assay was successfully applied in an oral pharmacokinetic study of allopurinol, oxypurinol and lesinurad in rats."( Ultra-performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of allopurinol, oxypurinol and lesinurad in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic study in rats.
Alam, O; Ezzeldin, E; Herqash, RN; Iqbal, M, 2019)
" The validated lesinurad plasma quantification method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic evaluations to support the clinical studies in renal impaired patients."( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS.
Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)
" With the confirmation that there is no impact on quantification from the matrix, the bioanalytical method can be used to support the pharmacokinetic evaluations for clinical studies in special populations."( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS.
Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)
" The purpose of the present study was to standardize and validate a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol in canine urine for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation."( Detection of allopurinol and oxypurinol in canine urine by HPLC/MS-MS: Focus on veterinary clinical pharmacokinetics.
Azeredo, FJ; Barrouin-Melo, SM; de Jesus, C; Godoy, ALPC; Gonçalves, RS; Lanchote, VL; Larangeira, DF; Marques, MP; Rocha, A, 2020)
"The aim of this study was to quantify identifiable sources of variability, including key pharmacogenetic variants in oxypurinol pharmacokinetics and their pharmacodynamic effect on serum urate (SU)."( Population pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics modelling of oxypurinol in Hmong adults with gout and/or hyperuricemia.
Brundage, RC; Culhane-Pera, KA; Roman, YM; Straka, RJ; Wen, YF, 2023)
" A sequential population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamics (PKPD) analysis with non-linear mixed effects modelling was performed."( Population pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics modelling of oxypurinol in Hmong adults with gout and/or hyperuricemia.
Brundage, RC; Culhane-Pera, KA; Roman, YM; Straka, RJ; Wen, YF, 2023)

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allo. In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of azathioprine combined with allopurinol.

ExcerptReference
"Rats with an experimental solitary liver tumor of a nitrosoguanidine-induced colonic adenocarcinoma were subjected to hepatic artery ligation (HAL) alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in three different doses, with or without the addition of allopurinol."( Effect on liver tumor growth in rats of allopurinol and 5-fluorouracil in combination with hepatic artery ligation.
Carlsson, G; Gustavsson, B; Hafström, L, 1989)
"2 per day) combined with a fixed dose of interferon-alpha 2b (5 million units) and allopurinol (300 mg."( 5-fluorouracil and allopurinol combined with recombinant interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer: a phase I/II study.
Amdur, RJ; Ernstoff, MS; Fukui, I; Glazier, DB; Harris, R; Heaney, JA; Schned, AR, 1996)
" Cohorts of patients received a 5-day constant infusion of 5-fluorouracil combined with subcutaneous interferon-alpha 2b 3 times weekly and allopurinol for 1 week during 5-fluorouracil infusion."( 5-fluorouracil and allopurinol combined with recombinant interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer: a phase I/II study.
Amdur, RJ; Ernstoff, MS; Fukui, I; Glazier, DB; Harris, R; Heaney, JA; Schned, AR, 1996)
" In ROP kidneys, however, TAN were less reduced, suggesting that even during CS, TAN can still be regenerated in the injured kidneys when ROP is combined with UW solution."( Retrograde oxygen persufflation in combination with UW solution enhances adenine nucleotide contents in ischemically damaged rat kidney during cold storage.
Booster, MH; Buurman, WA; Kootstra, G; Maessen, JG; van der Vusse, GJ; Yin, M, 1996)
" Two patients with advanced stages of the disease were treated with polychemotherapy (pentamidine and allopurinol) combined with recombinant human interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma)."( The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Becker, I; Berzunza-Cruz, M; Dominguez, JS; Morales-Vargas, A; Perez-Montfort, R; Ruiz-Remigio, A; Salaiza-Suazo, N; Velasco-Castrejon, O; Volkow, P, 1999)
" I show how such biochemical information may be combined with genetic information, thus demonstrating the usefulness of biochemical data."( Biochemical data in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) carrier risk estimation: logistic discrimination and combination with genetic information.
Oexle, K, 2006)
" The potential for drug-drug interactions with febuxostat was examined in the following three in vitro systems: the characteristics of the binding of febuxostat to human plasma proteins; identification of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes participating in the metabolism of febuxostat; and the potential inhibitory effects of febuxostat on typical CYP reactions."( In vitro drug-drug interaction studies with febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: plasma protein binding, identification of metabolic enzymes and cytochrome P450 inhibition.
Hoshide, S; Kanou, M; Mukoyoshi, M; Muroga, H; Nishimura, S; Taniguchi, K; Umeda, S, 2008)
"Electroacupuncture combined with local blocking is an effective method for treatment of acute gouty arthritis and it can decrease blood uric acid level."( [Observation on therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture combined with local blocking therapy on acute gouty arthritis].
Liu, B; Wang, FY; Wang, HM, 2008)
" However, allopurinol drastically induced apoptosis of PC-3 and DU145 in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which is a promising candidate for anticancer agent but its efficacy is limited by the existence of resistant cancer cells."( Anti-gout agent allopurinol exerts cytotoxicity to human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
Goda, AE; Horinaka, M; Miki, T; Mizutani, Y; Sakai, T; Shiraishi, T; Wakada, M; Yano, K; Yasuda, T; Yoshida, T, 2008)
"To study the effect of retention enema of Chinese herbal medicine combined with allopurinol in treating hyperuricaemia (HUE)."( Clinical study on treatment of hyperuricaemia by retention enema of Chinese herbal medicine combined with allopurinol.
Akebaier, W; Chen, Q; Ma, L, 2009)
"Seventy-eight patients with HUE were assigned to two: groups, the 40 patients in the treated group were treated with retention enema of Chinese herbal medicine combined with oral intake of allopurinol, and the 38 patients in the control group were treated with allopurinol alone."( Clinical study on treatment of hyperuricaemia by retention enema of Chinese herbal medicine combined with allopurinol.
Akebaier, W; Chen, Q; Ma, L, 2009)
"Retention enema with: Chinese herbal medicine combined with allopurinol could obviously reduce the uric acid level in blood, improve patients' renal function and lipid metabolism, and alleviate the clinical symptoms in patients with HUE."( Clinical study on treatment of hyperuricaemia by retention enema of Chinese herbal medicine combined with allopurinol.
Akebaier, W; Chen, Q; Ma, L, 2009)
" The efficacy of miltefosine and marbofloxacin alone or in combination with allopurinol against clinical strains of Leishmania infantum was assessed in vitro by incubating increasing concentrations of the drugs with a standard parasite inoculum."( Canine leishmaniosis: in vitro efficacy of miltefosine and marbofloxacin alone or in combination with allopurinol against clinical strains of Leishmania infantum.
Badino, P; Farca, AM; Ferroglio, E; Miniscalco, B; Monticelli, P; Odore, R; Trisciuoglio, A, 2012)
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)
"In this study, a new method based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) combined with enzyme channel blocking (ECB) was developed to discover bioactive components from herbal medicines."( Screening for selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from Flos Chrysanthemum using ultrafiltration LC-MS combined with enzyme channel blocking.
Chen, J; Fu, Y; Li, P; Mo, HY; Song, HP; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)
" Therefore, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography is not only a powerful tool for screening and isolating α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in complex samples but is also a useful platform for discovering bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and gout."( Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography for screening and isolating potential α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Cortex Phellodendri.
Guo, L; Li, S; Liu, C; Ma, B; Qin, Y; Ren, J; Tang, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)
" Probenecid alone or in combination with furosemide reduced XO protein expression significantly."( Molecular mechanism of an adverse drug-drug interaction of allopurinol and furosemide in gout treatment.
Bahn, A; Knake, C; Stamp, L, 2014)
"The aims of this study are to evaluate prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to evaluate the potential contribution of specific medications, therapeutic categories and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in older adults."( Understanding adverse drug reactions in older adults through drug-drug interactions.
Bettoni, D; Brognoli, F; Concoreggi, C; Marengoni, A; Martini, G; Nobili, A; Onder, G; Pasina, L, 2014)
" Thus, application of ursodeoxycholic acid, rosuvastatin and allopurinol in these study patients with NAFLD dosages in combination with hyperuricemia improves the clinical symptoms and normalization of biochemical parameters and normalizes the spectrum of biliary acids."( [CORRECTION OF BILE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH HYPERURICEMIA].
Barabanchyk, OV; Kozak, NP; Svintsits'kyĭ, AS, 2014)
" The results demonstrate that UF-LC-MS combined with HSCCC might provide not only a powerful tool for screening and isolating xanthine oxidase inhibitors in complex samples but also a useful platform for discovering bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of gout."( Development of a method to screen and isolate potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Panax japlcus var via ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with counter-current chromatography.
Guo, L; Li, J; Li, S; Liu, C; Tang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2015)
"To assess the efficacy and tolerability of lesinurad, an oral selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in combination with allopurinol versus allopurinol alone in patients with gout and an inadequate response to allopurinol."( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol.
Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)
"Patients (N=227) with an inadequate response to allopurinol, defined as serum urate (sUA) ≥6 mg/dL on ≥2 occasions ≥2 weeks apart despite ≥6 weeks of allopurinol, were randomised 2:1 to 4 weeks of double-blind treatment with lesinurad (200, 400 or 600 mg/day) or matching placebo in combination with their prestudy allopurinol dose (200-600 mg/day)."( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol.
Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)
" Lesinurad 200, 400 and 600 mg in combination with allopurinol produced significant mean percent reductions from baseline sUA of 16%, 22% and 30%, respectively, versus a mean 3% increase with placebo (p<0."( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol.
Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)
"Lesinurad achieves clinically relevant and statistically significant reductions in sUA in combination with allopurinol in patients who warrant additional therapy on allopurinol alone."( Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol.
Cravets, M; Miner, JN; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Sundy, JS, 2016)
"Lesinurad is a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor used for the treatment of gout in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor."( Lesinurad Combined With Allopurinol: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Gout Patients With an Inadequate Response to Standard-of-Care Allopurinol (a US-Based Study).
Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Bhakta, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Fung, M; Kopicko, J; Saag, KG; Storgard, C, 2017)
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)
"Low-dose thiopurines in combination with allopurinol improved hepatotoxicity and increased 6-TG levels in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of lesinurad, a selective uric acid uptake inhibitor, alone and in combination with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, on serum uric acid and urinary urate excretion in patients with gout and hyperuricemia."( The Effect of Lesinurad in Combination With Allopurinol on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients With Gout.
Baumgartner, S; Kerr, B; Manhard, K; Quart, B; Shen, Z; Yeh, LT, 2018)
"We aimed to assess the relative efficacy and safety of once-daily administration of lesinurad in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) in hyperuricemic patients with gout."( Comparative efficacy and safety of lesinurad 200 mg and 400 mg combined with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor in hyperuricemic patients with gout: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
.
Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)
"A method based on enzyme blocking combined with ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been developed to identify xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors in the roots of Lindera reflexa Hemsl (LR) and determine their binding positions."( Screening, and identification of the binding position, of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in the roots of Lindera reflexa Hemsl using ultrafiltration LC-MS combined with enzyme blocking.
Chen, S; Fu, Y; Sun, X; Xie, Z; Yang, J; Zhao, P, 2019)
"Both tioguanine and low-dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol (LDTA) can be considered for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when conventional thiopurines fail due to adverse events."( A comparative analysis of tioguanine versus low-dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Biemans, VBC; de Boer, NKH; Dijkstra, G; Gabriëls, RY; Hoentjen, F; Pierik, MJ; Savelkoul, E; Simsek, M; West, RL, 2020)
"The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allopurinol combination with that of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs without stage III or IV chronic kidney disease."( A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania inf
Apostolidis, K; Athanasiou, LV; Chatzis, MK; Ikonomopoulos, J; Kasabalis, D; Leontides, LS; Mataragka, A; Petanides, T; Saridomichelakis, MN; Xenoulis, PG, 2020)
" In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of the usual duo of azathioprine combined with allopurinol."( Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo.
Sparrow, MP; Turbayne, AK, 2022)
"Adverse drug events due to drug-drug interactions can be prevented by avoiding concomitant use of causative drugs; therefore, it is important to understand drug combinations that cause drug-drug interactions."( Possibility of Multiple Drug-Drug Interactions in Patients Treated with Statins: Analysis of Data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database and Verification by Animal Experiments.
Horii, N; Inoue, N; Kobayashi, D; Mutoh, M; Negishi, A; Numajiri, S; Ohshima, S; Oshima, S, 2022)

Bioavailability

Allopurinol exhibits good bioavailability (78-90%) after administration of oral dosage forms. It is not absorbed rectally from any of the dosage forms to any significant extent.

ExcerptReference
" Accumulation of caffeine, with its subsequent metabolism to theophylline, in patients, who consume average quantities of caffeine-containing beverages relative to those patients who avoid such drinks could interfere with bioavailability studies in normal volunteers."( The human metabolism of caffeine to theophylline.
Hossie, RD; McGilveray, IJ; Sved, S, 1976)
" This was accomplished by generating parent drug and metabolite plasma level profiles assuming formation and excretion rate-limited pharmacokinetic models with absorption rate constants obtained from bivariate normal distributions and designated random errors."( The role of metabolites in bioequivalency assessment. I. Linear pharmacokinetics without first-pass effect.
Chen, ML; Jackson, AJ, 1991)
" The bioavailability of breast milk Mo seems to be higher than formula Mo according to the Mo levels and to their statistical link with uric acid excretion which could be proposed as a functional index of Mo status."( Molybdenum in the premature infant.
Bougle, D; Bureau, F; Duhamel, JF; Foucault, D; Voirin, J, 1991)
" Recently, wide variability in the bioavailability of oral mercaptopurine has been demonstrated, and there is concern that this may affect the risk of relapse."( Systemic exposure to mercaptopurine as a prognostic factor in acute lymphocytic leukemia in children.
Ferrazini, G; Giesbrecht, E; Greenberg, M; Kapelushnik, J; Klein, J; Koren, G; Langevin, AM; Soldin, S; Sulh, H, 1990)
"The bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) administered orally for maintenance therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is highly variable."( Milk could decrease the bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine.
David, M; Leclerc, JM; Lin, KT; Rivard, GE, 1989)
" The authors conclude that the procedures are useful and effective for potentiating the bioavailability of pharmacologically active natural products."( Activation of antioxidant activity in natural medicinal products by heating, brewing and lipophilization. A new drug delivery system.
Kanoh, T; Kasama, T; Negishi, M; Niwa, Y, 1988)
" Studies of oral 6-MP indicate that, contrary to previous information, the bioavailability of this drug is relatively poor after oral administration, and that plasma 6-MP concentrations achieved after uniform oral dosing are highly variable."( The pharmacology of orally administered chemotherapy. A reappraisal.
Balis, FM; Poplack, DG; Zimm, S, 1986)
" 6-Deoxyacyclovir, an analog of acyclovir, is well absorbed when given orally, and is converted to acyclovir by xanthine oxidase which is present in the gut and liver."( The disposition of 6-deoxyacyclovir, a xanthine oxidase-activated prodrug of acyclovir, in the isolated perfused rat liver.
Hoofnagle, JH; Jones, DB; Jones, EA; Kornhauser, DM; Quinn, R; Rustgi, VK; Woods, A, )
"Nonlinear regression analysis of plasma drug concentration data with irregular or stepwise absorption profiles was studied using multi-fraction absorption models in which drugs in the gastrointestinal tract were assumed to be divided into several fractions each with its respective lag time and absorption rate constant."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of concentration data of drugs with irregular absorption profiles using multi-fraction absorption models.
Kohno, K; Murata, K; Noda, K; Samejima, M, 1987)
"Allopurinol exhibits good bioavailability (78-90%) after administration of oral dosage forms to humans and rabbits; however, it is not absorbed rectally from any of the dosage forms to any significant extent."( Allopurinol absorption from different sites of the rat gastrointestinal tract.
Kramer, WG; Patel, VS, 1986)
"Studies of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Allopurinol/3rd Communication: Allopurinol/oxipurinol bioavailability and pharmacokinetics following the administration of a controlled release allopurinol formulation."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. 3. Allopurinol/oxipurinol pharmacokinetics following administration of a controlled release allopurinol preparation].
Fenner, H; Gikalov, I; Radivojevich, F; Schiemann, O, 1986)
" A capacity limited absorption process for allopurinol, suggested from the results of a study on the allopurinol bioavailability from different formulations, could not be proved in the range of single doses between 200 and 600 mg resp."( [The clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. 1. Allopurinol absorption sites and dose proportionality of allopurinol/oxipurinol bioavailability].
Fenner, H; Gikalov, I; Haertel, M; Hugemann, B; Schiemann, O; Schuster, O, 1985)
" After a single oral dose of 100 mg atenolol combined with 1 gm ampicillin, the bioavailability of atenolol was reduced to 36 +/- 5% compared to 60 +/- 8% after monotherapy."( Atenolol interaction with aspirin, allopurinol, and ampicillin.
Axthelm, T; Kirch, W; Köhler, H; Mutschler, E; Schäfer-Korting, M, 1983)
"The aim of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of five oral allopurinol preparations and evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effect."( [Comparative study of the bioavailability and the pharmacodynamic effect of five allopurinol preparations (author's transl)].
Blome, J; Jaeger, H; Rasper, J; Russmann, D, 1982)
" The absolute systemic bioavailability of the oral tablet was 67% +/- 23%, while the allopurinol rectal suppositories produced no measurable plasma concentrations of allopurinol or oxipurinol in any of the subjects."( Allopurinol kinetics and bioavailability. Intravenous, oral and rectal administration.
Appelbaum, SJ; Dorr, RT; Mayersohn, M; Perrier, D, 1982)
" The bioavailability of oral allopurinol computed from plasma data was 90."( Kinetics of allopurinol after single intravenous and oral doses. Noninteraction with benzbromarone and hydrochlorothiazide.
Breithaupt, B; Tittel, M, 1982)
"The relative bioavailability of two commercial preparations of 100 mg and 300 mg allopurinol tablets was examined in two groups of 16 healthy human subjects, one for each dosage level."( The bioavailability of two commercial preparations of allopurinol tablets.
Kleinberg, SI; Marcus, M; Tse, FL, 1982)
"The bioavailability of allopurinol from orally administered tablets and rectally administered suppositories is reported."( Bioavailability of allopurinol oral and rectal dosage forms.
Ballentine, R; Chang, SL; Feldman, S; Frankel, LS; Kramer, WG, 1981)
" Its high content in soybeans and relatively high bioavailability favor genistein as a promising candidate for the prevention of human cancers."( Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein.
Barnes, S; Bowen, R; Cai, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, H, 1995)
" The bioavailability of the prodrug after oral administration was 60."( Enhanced brain delivery of an anti-HIV nucleoside 2'-F-ara-ddI by xanthine oxidase mediated biotransformation.
Chu, CK; Du, J; Gallo, JM; Koudriakova, T; Nampalli, S; Schinazi, RF; Shanmuganathan, K, 1994)
" The CI of Cmax of allopurinol slightly exceeded the upper limit of 130%, so that bioequivalence was not confirmed with regard to the rate of bioavailability of the parent compound."( Bioequivalence of allopurinol preparations: to be assessed by the parent drug or the active metabolite?
de Vries, JX; Ittensohn, A; Kreiner, C; Stenzhorn, G; Voss, A; Walter-Sack, I; Weber, E, 1993)
" The bioavailability of allopurinol was low (14."( The pharmacokinetics or oral and intravenous allopurinol and intravenous oxypurinol in the horse.
Dunnett, M; Mills, PC; Smith, NC, 1995)
"Oxipurinol is well absorbed and sufficiently effective in hyperuricemic patients when administered as a rapid release preparation of oxipurinol sodium."( Uric acid lowering effect of oxipurinol sodium in hyperuricemic patients - therapeutic equivalence to allopurinol.
de Vries, JX; Ernst, B; Frei, M; Kolb, S; Kosmowski, J; Priebe, U; Schroder, HE; Slotty, C; Voss, A; Walter-Sack, I; Weber, A; Wegscheider, K, 1996)
"To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Sawchuk, RJ; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
" The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Sawchuk, RJ; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
"We studied the effects of 5-MTHF on NO bioavailability in vivo in 10 patients with FH and 10 matched control subjects by venous occlusion plethysmography, using serotonin and nitroprusside as endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators."( 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the active form of folic acid, restores endothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia.
Kastelein, JJ; Koomans, HA; Rabelink, TJ; van Dam, T; Verhaar, MC; Wever, RM, 1998)
" The relative bioavailability with respect to a reference preparation for AUC related to oxipurinol was 98."( [The bioequivalence of a new allopurinol tablet formulation in comparison to a reference formulation].
Buchberger, D; Läuter, J; Metzner, JE; Pech, R, 1997)
" In summary, the bioavailability of components of preservation solutions at 4 degrees C is lower than at physiological temperatures, so that the application of cytoprotectants at 37 degrees C to organ donors, rather than simple addition to the cold storage solution, might improve cold storage preservation of livers and kidneys."( Effect of temperature on hepatic and renal uptake of components from University of Wisconsin solution.
Büchler, MW; Schilling, M; Tian, YH, 1998)
"The relative bioavailability of allopurinol from two tablet preparations (Uribenz vs."( Bioequivalence of allopurinol-containing tablet preparations.
Barthel, W; Haustein, KO; Hüller, G, 1999)
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)
" Nitrate tolerance increased bioavailability of NO in the heart without increasing formation of reactive oxygen species."( Nitrate tolerance does not increase production of peroxynitrite in the heart.
Baxter, GF; CsonkA, C; Csont, T; Dux, L; Ferdinandy, P; Görbe, A; Onody, A; Schulz, R, 2002)
" Because of their unique chemical versatility and unusually high bioavailability these two transition metals have been incorporated into the active sites of enzymes over the course of evolution."( Molybdenum and tungsten in biology.
Hille, R, 2002)
" Thus to further improve the NAC bioavailability a single oral administration of 1200 mg NAC has been recently proposed."( Human neutrophil oxidative bursts and their in vitro modulation by different N-acetylcysteine concentrations.
Allegra, L; Bovio, C; Braga, PC; Dal Sasso, M; Fonti, E; Massoni, C, 2002)
" These results suggest that prolonged exposure of rabbits to oral arsenate may impair the bioavailability of BH(4) in endothelial cells and, as a consequence, disrupt the balance between NO and O2(."( A potential mechanism for the impairment of nitric oxide formation caused by prolonged oral exposure to arsenate in rabbits.
Hayashi, T; Horiguchi, S; Itoh, K; Kumagai, Y; Nikaido, M; Pi, J; Shimojo, N; Sun, G; Sun, Y; Waalkes, MP; Yamamoto, M; Yamauchi, H, 2003)
" Superoxide production in the aorta was reduced by sepiapterin and by L-NAME, suggesting that reduced bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin and uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase were the origin of increased reactive oxygen species in this model."( Effect of hyperhomocystinemia and hypertension on endothelial function in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-deficient mice.
Amiri, F; Iglarz, M; Neves, MF; Rozen, R; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Virdis, A, 2003)
"Mthfr+/- mice show endothelial dysfunction of mesenteric vessels probably attributable to a reduced nitric oxide bioavailability caused by oxidative excess due to uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase without vascular structural alterations."( Effect of hyperhomocystinemia and hypertension on endothelial function in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-deficient mice.
Amiri, F; Iglarz, M; Neves, MF; Rozen, R; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Virdis, A, 2003)
" Y-700 (1 mg/kg) was absorbed rapidly by the oral route with high bioavailability (84."( Y-700 [1-[3-Cyano-4-(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid]: a potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor with hepatic excretion.
Eger, BT; Fukunari, A; Kamezawa, M; Kato, N; Nishino, T; Okamoto, K; Pai, EF; Yamada, I, 2004)
" These results suggested that Y-700 is a new effective inhibitor of XO in rats and humans with high oral bioavailability being predominantly eliminated via the liver unlikely to allopurinol."( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of Y-700, a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, in rats and man.
Fukunari, A; Iwane, J; Kamezawa, M; Mori, H; Osajima, T; Yamada, I, 2004)
" These observations reveal that XO-derived reactive oxygen species significantly contribute to impaired coronary NO bioavailability in CAD and that XO inhibition represents an additional treatment concept for inflammatory vascular diseases that deserves further investigation."( Oxypurinol improves coronary and peripheral endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease.
Baldus, S; Berger, J; Chumley, P; Freeman, BA; Heitzer, T; Koss, K; Köster, R; Meinertz, T; Münzel, T; Ostad, MA; Rudolph, V; Staude, HJ; Thuneke, F; Warnholtz, A, 2005)
"This is the first demonstration in the rat myocardium that 3-NP induces pharmacological preconditioning, thereby limiting infarct size, and that this effect is associated with increased NO bioavailability and reduced peroxynitrite formation due to inhibition of superoxide formation by XO and NADH oxidase."( The role of peroxynitrite in chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid in rat hearts.
Bencsik, P; Cakici, I; Csonka, C; Csont, T; Ferdinandy, P; Fodor, G; Giricz, Z; Gyöngyösi, M; Turan, N, 2006)
" We suggest that potassium depletion and hyperuricemia in rats exacerbates endothelial dysfunction and lowers the bioavailability of nitric oxide, which blocks insulin activity and causes insulin resistance during thiazide usage."( Thiazide diuretics exacerbate fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.
Johnson, RJ; Mu, W; Nakagawa, T; Reungjui, S; Roncal, CA; Sirivongs, D; Srinivas, TR, 2007)
" Since it is inactivated by xanthine oxidase (XO), concurrent intake of substances containing XO may potentially reduce bioavailability of mercaptopurine."( Interaction between mercaptopurine and milk.
de Lemos, ML; Hamata, L; Jennings, S; Leduc, T, 2007)
"In cirrhotic livers, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a major factor increasing intrahepatic vascular tone."( Increased oxidative stress in cirrhotic rat livers: A potential mechanism contributing to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability.
Bosch, J; Fernández, M; García-Calderó, H; García-Pagán, JC; Gracia-Sancho, J; Laviña, B; Rodríguez-Vilarrupla, A, 2008)
"Our data show that oxidative stress may contribute to reduced NO bioavailability in cirrhotic livers, supporting the evaluation of O(2) (-) reduction as a potential mechanism to restore NO content."( Increased oxidative stress in cirrhotic rat livers: A potential mechanism contributing to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability.
Bosch, J; Fernández, M; García-Calderó, H; García-Pagán, JC; Gracia-Sancho, J; Laviña, B; Rodríguez-Vilarrupla, A, 2008)
" Animal studies suggest that (single-dose) allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor with high oral bioavailability and long-lasting active metabolites) may reduce this risk; human study results are conflicting."( Allopurinol to prevent pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Bain, VG; Bass, S; Cole, M; Fedorak, RN; Hilsden, R; Love, J; May, G; McKaigney, J; Romagnuolo, J; Sandha, GS, 2008)
" Diminished antioxidant capacity increases vascular superoxide levels, which reduce NO bioavailability and promote peroxynitrite generation."( Vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide depletion in HIV-1 transgenic rats are reversed by glutathione restoration.
Dikalov, S; Guidot, DM; Hart, CM; Jones, DP; Kleinhenz, DJ; Kline, ER; Liang, B; Sutliff, RL, 2008)
" Bioavailability of thiopurines may be competitively inhibited by dietary purines."( Influence of xanthine oxidase on thiopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease.
Ansari, A; Aslam, Z; De Sica, A; Duley, J; Fairbanks, L; Gilshenan, K; Marinaki, A; Sanderson, J; Smith, M, 2008)
" Thus, ET-1 may augment its vasoconstrictive effects through the formation of superoxide, which may impair the bioavailability of nitric oxide in the retinal microvasculature."( Involvement of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C in endothelin-1-induced superoxide production in retinal microvessels.
Ikeda, T; Kanbara, Y; Kobayashi, T; Matsuo, J; Oku, H; Sugiyama, T, 2009)
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)
"Endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide bioavailability have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sickle cell anemia."( Sickle cell anemia and vascular dysfunction: the nitric oxide connection.
Akinsheye, I; Klings, ES, 2010)
"An abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent decrease in vascular bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) have long been proposed to be the common pathogenetic mechanism of the endothelial dysfunction, resulting from diverse cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic smoking, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension."( Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?
Bruno, RM; Gori, T; Münzel, T; Taddei, S, 2010)
" Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may directly alter vascular function or cause changes in vascular tone by several mechanisms including altered nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability or signaling."( Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.
Gori, T; Münzel, T; Schulz, E, 2011)
" We evaluated the antihypertensive effects of sodium nitrite given in drinking water for 4 weeks in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats and the effects induced by nitrite on NO bioavailability and oxidative stress."( Sodium nitrite downregulates vascular NADPH oxidase and exerts antihypertensive effects in hypertension.
Amaral, JH; Ferreira, GC; Marçal, DM; Montenegro, MF; Pereira, RP; Pinheiro, LC; Reis, RI; Sakamoto, EK; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2011)
"5 μmol/l, 24 h) of DES resulted in a marked reduction in endothelial NO• bioavailability determined by ESR (electron spin resonance), while 17β-oestradiol instead increased NO• production as expected."( Inhibition of XO or NOX attenuates diethylstilbestrol-induced endothelial nitric oxide deficiency without affecting its effects on LNCaP cell invasion and apoptosis.
Cai, H; Nguyen, A; Youn, JY, 2012)
" Thus, in skeletal muscle arterioles, in the presence of ADMA, we investigated the dilator effect of an NO donor and increases in flow and aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, including the role of oxidative stress, which is known to reduce the bioavailability of NO."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine reduces nitric oxide donor-mediated dilation of arterioles by activating the vascular renin-angiotensin system and reactive oxygen species.
Debreczeni, B; Hamar, J; Kaminski, PM; Koller, A; Veresh, Z; Wolin, MS, 2012)
"We suggest that by activating the vascular renin-angiotensin-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway, ADMA elicits oxidative stress, which interferes with the bioavailability of NO and consequently reduces NO-mediated dilations."( Asymmetric dimethylarginine reduces nitric oxide donor-mediated dilation of arterioles by activating the vascular renin-angiotensin system and reactive oxygen species.
Debreczeni, B; Hamar, J; Kaminski, PM; Koller, A; Veresh, Z; Wolin, MS, 2012)
"The unilateral, permanent femoral artery ligation model of hind-limb ischemia was performed in C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial NO synthase-knockout mice to evaluate exogenous H(2)S effects on NO bioavailability and ischemic revascularization."( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis.
Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)
"These data demonstrate that H(2)S differentially regulates NO metabolism during chronic tissue ischemia, highlighting novel biochemical pathways to increase NO bioavailability for ischemic vascular remodeling."( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis.
Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)
" The bioavailability and efficacy of antioxidants in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells were measured to determine whether antioxidants might be beneficial constituents of lubricant eye drops."( Bioavailability of antioxidants applied to stratified human corneal epithelial cells.
Koetje, LR; Mitchell, AK; Schotanus, MP; Stoddard, AR; Ubels, JL, 2013)
" Taken together, the results demonstrated that the studied derivatives had optimal properties for bioavailability and oral absorption."( Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
Alba-Soto, CD; Briñón, MC; Gualdesi, MS; Novoa, MM; Raviolo, MA; Solana, ME, 2013)
" Hydrophobic substitution such as isopropyl at 1-position of the indole moiety without any substitution at 2-position has an essential role for enhancing bioavailability and therefore for high in vivo efficacy."( Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
Choi, SP; Jung, CK; Jung, SH; Kim, GT; Kim, TH; Lee, JY; Song, JU, 2015)
" Of the many processes involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension, vascular damage due to oxidative stress (excess bioavailability of reactive oxygen species [ROS]) is particularly important."( Oxidative stress and human hypertension: vascular mechanisms, biomarkers, and novel therapies.
Briones, AM; Dulak-Lis, M; Harvey, A; Montezano, AC; Touyz, RM; Tsiropoulou, S, 2015)
"The serum CUPRAC level increased after treatment with both concentrations, indicating that there was sufficient bioavailability of the extract which contributed to the total antioxidant capacity."( Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) mycelium enhanced antioxidant status in rat model.
Abdulla, MA; Abdullah, N; Abdullah, S; Kuppusamy, UR; Mhd Omar, NA; Sabaratnam, V, 2015)
" Reductions in NO bioavailability (eNOS), lower anti-oxidant capacity (SOD-1) and higher pro-oxidant capacity (XO) may contribute to the deficits in NOS signaling in skeletal muscle resistance arteries."( Effects of High-LET Radiation Exposure and Hindlimb Unloading on Skeletal Muscle Resistance Artery Vasomotor Properties and Cancellous Bone Microarchitecture in Mice.
Alwood, JS; Behnke, BJ; Delp, MD; Ghosh, P; Globus, RK; Kilar, CR; Narayanan, A; Park, Y; Schreurs, AS; Shirazi-Fard, Y; Stabley, JN, 2016)
" This study was undertaken to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of two brands of allopurinol tablets."( Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of allopurinol formulations in healthy subjects.
El-Bedaiwy, HM; Helmy, SA, 2014)
" According to ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) simulation in silico, flazin had good oral bioavailability in vivo."( Effect of Soy Sauce on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Hyperuricemic Rats and Identification of Flazin as a Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor.
Li, H; Lin, L; Su, G; Wang, Y; Zhao, M, 2016)
"Studies have reported that flavonoids inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) activity; however, poor solubility and stability in lipophilic media limit their bioavailability and applications."( Kinetic study on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by acylated derivatives of flavonoids synthesised enzymatically.
Alberto, TG; Carvalho, PO; de Araújo, MEMB; Franco, YEM; Leme, CW; Messias, MCF; Sawaya, ACHF, 2017)
" In the process of purine metabolism, reactive oxygen species, including superoxide, are generated concomitantly with uric acid production, which may deteriorate endothelial function through the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide (NO), leading to decreased NO bioavailability and increased production of peroxynitrite, a reactive oxidant."( Hyperuricemia and endothelial function: From molecular background to clinical perspectives.
Higashi, Y; Hisatome, I; Kihara, Y; Maruhashi, T, 2018)
" In this study, the hypothesis that inorganic nitrite attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells by modulating NADPH oxidase activity and NO bioavailability were investigated."( NADPH oxidase is a primary target for antioxidant effects by inorganic nitrite in lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells.
Lu, N; Sui, Y; Tian, R, 2019)
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)
" In this study, we used glucosyl hesperidin (GH), which has greater bioavailability than hesperidin, to clarify comprehensive mechanisms underlying the hypouricemic effects of hesperidin in vivo."( Comprehensive analysis of mechanism underlying hypouricemic effect of glucosyl hesperidin.
Harada-Shiba, M; Hirata, H; Ogura, M; Ota-Kontani, A; Tsuchiya, Y, 2020)
" Dose-restricted tioguanine (thioguanine) could expand treatment options by reducing methylated metabolites, increasing the bioavailability of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and ameliorating thiopurine intolerance or resistance."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)
" However, BBR exhibits low bioavailability due to its extensive metabolism and limited absorption."( Berberrubine attenuates potassium oxonate- and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia by regulating urate transporters and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Chen, J; Huang, Z; Jiang, L; Li, Y; Lin, G; Lin, Z; Liu, Y; Mai, L; Su, Z; Xie, J; Xu, L; Yu, Q, 2021)
" The bioavailability of Spartinin F2 was 63."( Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
Jiao, QC; Liu, J; Qin, P; Wang, B; Yang, YS; Zhou, KM, 2022)

Dosage Studied

Allopurinol at higher dosage diminished the noradrenaline-induced decrease of heart rate and increase of blood pressure. Dose-response curves with and without allopur inol pretreatment showed an almost constant 0.5 mg/dl. Plasma oxipurinOL concentrations correlated directly with both alloparinol dosage and with renal glomerular function.

ExcerptReference
" It is concluded that allopurinol should be used only in select patients, and the dosage should be modified if renal disease exists."( Severe hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol.
Lang, PG, 1979)
" Preexisting renal disease was present in 97% of patients, and, in the majority of these, the dosage of allopurinol was not reduced despite instructions contained in the package insert for this drug."( The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome.
Lupton, GP; Odom, RB, 1979)
" It is concluded that the arthralgia was often self-limiting, that aspirin had a small beneficial effect, that allopurinol, in the dosage studied, may have had a slightly deleterious effect, but that it would be worth studying larger dosages of allopurinol because the dosage studied did not affect the serum uric acid concentration."( Double blind controlled comparison of aspirin, allopurinol and placebo in the management of arthralgia during pyrazinamide administration.
Allan, WG; Fox, W; Girling, DJ; Horsfall, PA; Nunn, AJ; Plummer, J, 1979)
"At the high dosage of 600 mg daily, the uric-acid reducing effect of allopurinol depends on the initial level of uric-acid concentration in the same manner as at the usual dosage of 300 mg daily, but is more marked at the entire hyperuricaemic concentration range of 65--71 mumol/l (11--12 mg/l)."( [Uric-acid reduction with high allopurinol dosages (author's transl)].
Loewer, H; Mertz, DP, 1979)
" These results suggest a possible role for superoxide anion in the establishment of IFN-mediated antiviral effect, especially in the dose-response region in which the inverse relationship between the generation of the IFN-alpha-mediated antiviral state and CuZnSOD activity was observed."( The role of superoxide anions in the establishment of an interferon-alpha-mediated antiviral state.
Carlson, EJ; Epstein, CJ; Epstein, LB; Huang, TT, 1992)
" Oral dosing of nilvadipine suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema (ED30:15 mg/kg in rats and 20 mg/kg in mice) at a potency corresponding to that of an anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen."( Inhibition by nilvadipine of ischemic and carrageenan paw edema as well as of superoxide radical production from neutrophils and xanthine oxidase.
Oyanagui, Y; Sato, S, 1991)
"The administration to rats of tryptophan (CAS 73-22-3) in high dosage causes a significant increase in pain threshold values."( Potentiation of the analgesic effects of tryptophan by allopurinol in rats.
Malvezzi, L; Pinelli, A; Trivulzio, S; Zecca, L, 1991)
" The difference in dosage form may partly account for this difference, but the benzbromarone also seems to be involved."( Kinetics of allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol alone or associated with benzbromarone in man. Simultaneous assay of hypoxanthine and xanthine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Bargnoux, H; Berger, JA; Bussiere, JL; Chabard, JL; Lartigue-Mattei, C; Petit, J; Ristori, JM, 1991)
" The dramatic response of our patients to cyclophosphamide, which is known to inhibit cell-mediated cytotoxicity by inhibiting both the recognition and lethal hit stages, together with the rapid regrowth of the epidermis within 4 days to a week in patients who received adequate dosage of the drug, supports the preceding concepts."( Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects.
Allen, SG; Heng, MC, 1991)
" This could be completely blocked by combination dosing with allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase."( Hyperuricemia induced by the uricosuric drug probenecid in rats.
Shinosaki, T; Yonetani, Y, 1991)
"This study was performed to investigate the possible influence of repeated omeprazole dosing on the metabolism of caffeine, which has been shown to reflect the activity of one specific enzyme within the hepatic cytochrome P450 family, P450IA2."( Omeprazole treatment does not affect the metabolism of caffeine.
Andersson, T; Bergstrand, R; Cederberg, C; Eriksson, S; Lagerström, PO; Skånberg, I, 1991)
" In 2 of the remaining 6 patients, the initial improvement disappeared during the course of treatment but control was regained by increasing the dosage of allopurinol."( Clinical effects of allopurinol on intractable epilepsy.
Arimoto, K; Matsuo, T; Morooka, K; Tada, H, )
" Dosing with theophylline was used to produce 1MX as an intermediate metabolite in six healthy volunteers."( 1-Methylxanthine derived from theophylline as an in vivo biochemical probe of allopurinol effect.
Birkett, DJ; Day, RO; Miners, JO, 1991)
"This study examined dosage prescribing patterns and steady-state oxipurinol plasma concentrations in 66 patients receiving chronic allopurinol therapy."( Dosage prescribing and plasma oxipurinol levels in patients receiving allopurinol therapy.
Boyle, RR; Francis, HW; Oliver, NW; Paterson, J; Peterson, GM; Taylor, GR; von Witt, RJ, 1990)
" In other groups of rabbits, the effect of the same dosage of verapamil on the size of myocardial infarct after 20 or 30 min ischaemia and 72 h reperfusion was examined."( Does verapamil limit myocardial infarct size in a heart deficient in xanthine oxidase?
Adachi, T; Goto, M; Iimura, O; Iwamoto, T; Miura, T; Noto, T; Ogawa, T; Ooiwa, H; Tsuchida, A, 1990)
" These corresponded to 600 or 900 mg/day of allopurinol for 60 days and benznidazole or nifurtimox at conventional dosage regimens."( Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in patients with chronic Chagas' disease.
Gallerano, RH; Marr, JJ; Sosa, RR, 1990)
"After a brief review of the history of allopurinol therapy the mechanism of action, interactions with other drugs, side-effects, indications and contra-indications of Milurit (100 mg allopurinol per tab, EGIS Pharmaceuticals, Budapest) in adults and children, and the dosage of the drug have been discussed."( Milurit's place in therapy.
Gömör, B; Szebenyi, B, 1990)
" Animals (donors and recipients) were pretreated with allopurinol given orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg for 4 days."( Response to allopurinol pretreatment in a swine model of heart-lung transplantation.
Germann, E; Godin, DV; Jamieson, WR; Ko, KM; Lam, S; Qayumi, AK; Van den Broek, J, 1990)
" The repeated dosing of allopurinol at higher doses (20 and 50 mg/kg) significantly retarded the elimination of DPH from the circulation and dramatically decreased the urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenytoin (HPPH), a major metabolite of DPH."( Drug interaction between phenytoin and allopurinol.
Ito, Y; Iwaki, M; Ogiso, T; Tsunekawa, K, 1990)
" Cisplatin was administered at a dosage of 100 mg/m2 iv bolus and 5-fluorouracil was continuously infused iv at a dosage of 1000 mg/m2/day for 4 days."( A phase II trial of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with allopurinol for recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Southwest Oncology Group trial.
Alberts, DS; Boutselis, JG; Green, S; Hannigan, EV; Surwit, EA; Wallace, DL; Weiss, GR, 1990)
" In ensuing dose-response studies, the concentrations of lactobionate, glutahione, dexamethasone in UW solution proved to be optimal."( Rat liver preservation. I. The components of UW solution that are essential to its success.
Bitter-Suermann, H; Coddington, D; Yu, WM, 1990)
" Increased OXY dosage (15 mg/kg) or allopurinol (40 mg/kg) had no greater effects."( Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition on ischemic acute renal failure in the rat.
Gmur, DJ; Zager, RA, 1989)
", throughout the experiment) reduced the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF), the dose-response characteristics describing an asymmetric U-shaped curve."( Reperfusion arrhythmias: dose-related protection by anti-free radical interventions.
Bernier, M; Hearse, DJ; Manning, AS, 1989)
" The neutrophil dose-response curve for increase in XO paralleled closely the curve for neutrophil-mediated RPAEC cytotoxicity."( Xanthine oxidase activity in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells and its alteration by activated neutrophils.
Gannon, DE; Phan, SH; Ryan, US; Varani, J; Ward, PA, 1989)
" All rats were fed on a low-Fe diet for 3 d before dosing in order to standardize the Fe status of the intestinal mucosal cells."( Effects of dietary iron deficiency and tungsten supplementation on 59Fe absorption and gastric retention from 59Fe compounds in rats.
Ledward, DA; Neale, RJ; Shears, GE, 1989)
" An ischemia control group received NS, whereas experimental groups were given Nx, SOD, APL, or DEF with the same previous dosage schedule."( Experimental pharmacologic cerebroprotection.
Donovan, DL; Fink, JA; Pigott, JP; Sharp, WV, 1988)
" It was apparent that many patients were taking unnecessarily high daily doses of allopurinol and that renal status was not always considered when deciding dosage regimens of allopurinol."( Allopurinol dosage selection: relationships between dose and plasma oxipurinol and urate concentrations and urinary urate excretion.
Birkett, DJ; Day, RO; Hayes, J; Miners, JO; Naidoo, D; Savdie, E; Whitehead, A, 1988)
" Studies of oral 6-MP indicate that, contrary to previous information, the bioavailability of this drug is relatively poor after oral administration, and that plasma 6-MP concentrations achieved after uniform oral dosing are highly variable."( The pharmacology of orally administered chemotherapy. A reappraisal.
Balis, FM; Poplack, DG; Zimm, S, 1986)
" Allopurinol inhibits the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine, which require dosage modifications."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol.
Murrell, GA; Rapeport, WG, )
" The animals were killed 5 min after dosing to minimize the conversion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate to alpha-tocopherol."( Comparison of the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in newborn rabbit lung.
Cook, J; Knight, M; Roberts, RJ; Wispe, J, 1987)
" Plasma oxipurinol concentrations correlated directly with both allopurinol dosage and with renal glomerular function as reflected by the plasma creatinine concentration."( Plasma oxipurinol concentrations during allopurinol therapy.
Cross, M; Emmerson, BT; Gordon, RB; Thomson, DB, 1987)
"Allopurinol exhibits good bioavailability (78-90%) after administration of oral dosage forms to humans and rabbits; however, it is not absorbed rectally from any of the dosage forms to any significant extent."( Allopurinol absorption from different sites of the rat gastrointestinal tract.
Kramer, WG; Patel, VS, 1986)
" We stress the need to adapt the daily dosage of the drug to the glomerular filtration rate and to interrupt drug administration rapidly if allergic manifestations develop."( [Allopurinol toxicity. Apropos of 1 case].
Berthoux, F; Genin, C; Guérin, C; Leroy, G; Sabatier, JC; Toulon, J, 1986)
" Monitoring of plasma oxipurinol levels (ideally less than 100 mumol/l) by high-pressure liquid chromatography is helpful for adjusting dosage in renal failure."( Allopurinol in renal failure and the tumour lysis syndrome.
Cameron, JS; Davies, PM; Morris, GS; Simmonds, HA, 1986)
" No changes in pharmacokinetics were seen with repeated dosing in mice or with administration of the protective agent phenyl AIC."( CB 1954 revisited. I. Disposition kinetics and metabolism.
Talbot, K; White, RA; Workman, P, 1986)
" 5-FU infusions with allopurinol as used in this regimen appear to offer no therapeutic advantage over a conventional dosing schedule."( Phase II trial of high-dose continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil with allopurinol modulation in colon cancer.
Ahmann, FR; Garewal, H; Greenberg, BR, 1986)
" Each patient was allocated, according to his/her baseline values of serum uric acid or serum creatinine to four different sulphinpyrazone incremental dosage schedules."( Sulphinpyrazone dose schedule in hyperuricemic patients with cardiovascular diseases: tolerability assessment.
Bertoli, L; Borghi, C; Busnardo, I; Zagnoni, P, 1985)
" We studied the dose-response effect of DDS (10-1 mM) on the generation of oxygen intermediates (OI:O2-, H2O2, OH."( Dissociation of the inhibitory effect of dapsone on the generation of oxygen intermediates--in comparison with that of colchicine and various scavengers.
Miyachi, Y; Niwa, Y; Sakane, T, 1984)
" In rats dosed orally with 6- deoxyacyclovir , absorption was extensive and the major urinary metabolite was acyclovir."( 6-Deoxyacyclovir: a xanthine oxidase-activated prodrug of acyclovir.
Beauchamp, LM; de Miranda, P; Hall, WW; Krenitsky, TA; Schaeffer, HJ; Whiteman, PD, 1984)
" at two dosage levels (2."( Effect of allopurinol on the pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine in rabbits.
Brown, DA; Day, JL; Schroeder, EC; Tterlikkis, L, 1983)
" Although the uridine dosage (0."( Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in hereditary orotic aciduria: some unexpected effects of allopurinol.
Becroft, DM; Potter, CF; Simmonds, HA; Webster, DR, 1980)
" Current use of rectal dosage forms as an adjunct in cancer chemotherapy should therefore be re-examined."( Allopurinol kinetics and bioavailability. Intravenous, oral and rectal administration.
Appelbaum, SJ; Dorr, RT; Mayersohn, M; Perrier, D, 1982)
"The relative bioavailability of two commercial preparations of 100 mg and 300 mg allopurinol tablets was examined in two groups of 16 healthy human subjects, one for each dosage level."( The bioavailability of two commercial preparations of allopurinol tablets.
Kleinberg, SI; Marcus, M; Tse, FL, 1982)
" Allopurinol at higher dosage diminished the noradrenaline-induced decrease of heart rate and increase of blood pressure."( [Effect of allopurinol on adrenergically induced changes in serum lipid levels, heart rate and blood pressure in normal and ischemic rabbits (author's transl)].
Förster, W; Lohse, M; Riedel, H; Sziegoleit, W, 1982)
" Muscle relaxants do not cause measurable muscle relaxation following usual oral dosage regimens."( Effects of exercise performance on drugs used in musculoskeletal disorders.
Day, RO, 1981)
" CAT, SOD, or both together, at a dosage of 5,000 U/kg each."( Oxygen radical scavengers are protective against indomethacin-induced intestinal ulceration in the rat.
Dinari, G; Fisher, S; Heckelman, B; Kiro, A; Marcus, H; Zahavi, I, 1995)
" After obtaining dose-response curves to phenylephrine (PE) and carbachol or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), we exposed rings to the FR generating system or H2O2 for 30 min, either with or without a range of potentially protective agents."( Effects of a xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine free radical and reactive oxygen species generating system on endothelial function in New Zealand white rabbit aortic rings.
Dowell, FJ; Hamilton, CA; McMurray, J; Reid, JL, 1993)
" On the other hand, when normal lymphocytes were incubated with the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system (X-XO), a known superoxide anion generator, this elicited a dose-response positive angiogenic reaction in normal recipient mice."( Inhibition of lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis by free radical scavengers.
Davel, LE; de Lustig, ES; Monte, M, 1994)
"To evaluate the appropriateness of allopurinol dosage according to renal function in patients at Dunedin and Wakari hospitals."( A survey of allopurinol dosage prescribing.
Egan, AJ; McClintock, AD; Pillans, PI; Woods, DJ, 1995)
" Dosage prescribed was compared with established guidelines."( A survey of allopurinol dosage prescribing.
Egan, AJ; McClintock, AD; Pillans, PI; Woods, DJ, 1995)
" Although information regarding the allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome and individualised allopurinol dosage is available, it is evident that many practitioners remain unaware of the recommendations."( A survey of allopurinol dosage prescribing.
Egan, AJ; McClintock, AD; Pillans, PI; Woods, DJ, 1995)
" On oral dosing of famciclovir to humans, only penciclovir and BRL 42359 can be detected consistently in the plasma; thus, attention was focused on the oxidation reaction."( Role of aldehyde oxidase in the in vitro conversion of famciclovir to penciclovir in human liver.
Chenery, RJ; Clarke, SE; Harrell, AW, 1995)
" Animals (five per group) were dosed with OOS-TMP at 40 mg/kg and sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd or 7th day after treatment."( Enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase activity in the lung of male Sprague-Dawley rats following treatment with O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate.
Koizumi, A; Ohtaka, K, )
"To perform and evaluate an educational intervention program aimed at improving the dosage prescribing of allopurinol by general practitioners and based on the application of academic detailing."( Educational program to improve the dosage prescribing of allopurinol.
Peterson, GM; Sugden, JE, 1995)
" The area under the concentration time curve (aucH) of BOF-4272 was proportional to the dosing amount, and the mean transit time was constant from 62."( Local disposition of a new xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, BOF-4272, in rat liver.
Naito, S; Nakagawa, T; Nishimura, M; Yamaoka, K; Yasui, H, 1994)
" Allopurinol is more frequently used than uricosuric agents such as probenecid, and toxicity may be largely avoided by tailoring dosage schedules according to renal function."( Risks and benefits of drugs used in the management and prevention of gout.
Conaghan, PG; Day, RO, 1994)
" This study investigates in a canine model of single-lung allotransplantation whether cardiopulmonary bypass adversely affects early graft function and whether a heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with reduced systemic heparin dosage improves results compared with standard uncoated cardiopulmonary bypass systems."( Deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on early graft function after single lung allotransplantation: evaluation of a heparin-coated bypass circuit.
Aeba, R; Francalancia, NA; Griffith, BP; Marrone, GC; Yousem, SA, )
" The vessels were resuspended in Krebs buffer and cumulative dose-response curves to norepinephrine reevaluated."( Effects of reactive oxygen metabolites on norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction.
Benoit, JN; Gao, H; Korthuis, RJ, 1994)
" Allopurinol dosage was 150 mg daily for children weighing < 20 kg and 300 mg daily for other patients."( Allopurinol as add-on therapy in refractory epilepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study.
Bianchi, A; Canger, R; Cornaggia, C; D'Alessandro, P; DeMarco, P; Gianelli, M; Pisani, F; Verzé, L; Zagnoni, PG; Zolo, P, )
" However, plasma UN and creatinine levels decreased inversely with the dose of 4APP when a different dosage of 4APP was administered together with adenine."( Nephrotoxicity induced by a single dose of adenine: effects of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and allopurinol.
Ichii, M; Kadota, E; Minami, T; Nakagawa, H; Okazaki, Y, 1994)
" Unfortunately a bell-shaped dose-response curve has been observed, whereby SOD at higher concentrations loses its effectiveness and may even enhance the extent of reperfusion injury."( Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-catalase conjugates. Role of hydrogen peroxide and the Fenton reaction in SOD toxicity.
Lopaschuk, GD; Mao, GD; Poznansky, MJ; Thomas, PD, 1993)
" The following information, when available, was analyzed: (1) patient data (age, gender, medical history), (2) treatment data (daily dosage of allopurinol, duration of treatment, indications, concomitant medications, and (3) adverse-event data."( Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a review.
Arellano, F; Sacristán, JA, 1993)
" We present the case of a 72 year-old woman with erythema multiforme, liver and renal failure due to a unknown dosage of allopurinol self-medication for two weeks."( [Hypersensitivity syndrome caused by allopurinol. A case of massive hepatic necrosis].
González, U; Kershenovich, J; Orozco-Topete, RL; Reyes, E, )
"It is widely recommended that, during concurrent therapy with allopurinol, the azathioprine dosage should be decreased by at least two thirds."( Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation.
Banner, N; Cummins, D; Halil, O; Sekar, M, 1996)
"The stability of drugs commonly prescribed for use in oral liquid dosage forms but not commercially available as such was studied."( Stability of acetazolamide, allopurinol, azathioprine, clonazepam, and flucytosine in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
Allen, LV; Erickson, MA, 1996)
" The dosage was titrated to 200 mg/d over the following 2 weeks."( Azathioprine and allopurinol: the price of an avoidable drug interaction.
Hayney, MS; Kennedy, DT; Lake, KD, 1996)
" However, Pt was detected in the cerebral cortex of mice pretreated with either a low dosage of allopurinol or heat-denatured catalase."( Free radical scavengers suppress the accumulation of platinum in the cerebral cortex.
Ichii, M; Kawaki, H; Minami, T; Okazaki, J; Okazaki, Y, )
" In renal insufficiency, the drug must be used cautiously and in reduced dosage because increased serum concentration of oxipurinol, active metabolite of allopurinol, may induce severe side effect."( [Metabolic disorder of purine nucleotide in patients with renal disease].
Hosoya, T; Ichida, K; Ohno, I; Sakai, O, 1996)
" In the group composed of patients with normal kidney function (CCr > or = 80 ml/min), increase in the dosage of allopurinol was associated with a linear increase in the serum concentration of oxipurinol."( [A study of serum oxipurinol concentration and renal function in patients administered allopurinol].
Saji, M, 1996)
" To clarify the actions of SAM during different stages of ischemia/ reperfusion, we have compared its benefit in five dosage regimens, using perfused rat livers after sequential periods of 24 hr cold and 20 min rewarming ischemia."( Treatment of experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury with S-adenyosylmethionine: evidence that donor pretreatment complements other regimens.
Dunne, JB; Piratvisuth, T; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1997)
" orally in divided dosage for 30 days."( Combination therapy in Kala-azar.
Jha, S; Jha, TK; Singh, IJ; Singh, NK, 1995)
"In the first part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to 3 dogs and 5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed."( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
Bartges, JW; Bird, KA; Chen, M; Felice, LJ; Koehler, LA; Osborne, CA; Sawchuk, RJ; Ulrich, LK, 1997)
" They were fed the diets containing 100 or 200 ppm ACA for 5 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."( A xanthine oxidase inhibitor 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate inhibits azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats.
Hara, A; Kawabata, K; Kawamori, T; Koshimizu, K; Makita, H; Mori, H; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H; Satoh, K; Tanaka, T, 1997)
" Although up to approximately 15% of the EHS matrix proteins were released into the supernatant in a ROS dose-response relationship, the residual insoluble matrix was partially cross-linked by ROS."( Reactive oxygen species cause direct damage of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matrix.
Kerjaschki, D; Riedle, B, 1997)
" Preincubation with the antithyroid drug methimazole, at concentrations ranging from 0-25 microM, prevented superoxide-induced fibroblast proliferation in a dose-response pattern."( Superoxide radical production stimulates retroocular fibroblast proliferation in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Bahn, RS; Barnes, S; Burch, HB; Lahiri, S, 1997)
" Moreover, the assessment of cellular functions in parasites treated with increasing concentrations of drugs certified the capacity of these techniques to establish dose-response curves and to permit the detection of side effects."( Leishmania infantum promastigotes: flow cytometry as a possible tool for assessing the effects of drugs on cellular functions.
Azas, N; Delmas, F; Di Giorgio, C; Gasquet, M; Timon-David, P, 1997)
" They were fed diet containing 100 or 500 ppm ACA for 4 weeks, starting one week before the first dosing of AOM (the initiation feeding)."( Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate.
Hara, A; Kakumoto, M; Kawabata, K; Koshimizu, K; Makita, H; Matsunaga, K; Mori, H; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H; Satoh, K; Tanaka, T, 1997)
"To study the effect of a safe dosage of allopurinol on ischemia-reperfusion damage following aortic surgery, 24 patients undergoing either elective or acute aortic reconstruction, were randomized to receive allopurinol or placebo, yielding four groups: elective/placebo (EP), elective/allopurinol (EA), acute/placebo (AP) and acute/allopurinol (AA)."( Allopurinol dosage and effect on ischemia-reperfusion damage in elective and acute aortic surgery.
Berger, HM; Camps, J; Dulfer, FT; Hermans, J; Kievit, J; Smeets, HJ; Van Bockel, JH; van Milligen de Wit, AW, )
"A dosage of 300 mg/d of allopurinol was not effective in reducing pain or improving activities of daily living in chronic pancreatitis."( Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis?
Banks, PA; Ferrante, M; Hughes, M; Noordhoek, EC; Ramagopal, V; Slivka, A, 1997)
" A daily dosage of 300 mg allopurinol was given over a period of 4-7 months as single drug therapy."( [Allopurinol in treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis].
Karrer, S; Landthaler, M; Pfau, A; Stolz, W; Szeimies, RM, 1998)
" The same dosage of caffeine was given to 10 premenopausal white women during the midfollicular and midluteal phases of three complete menstrual cycles."( Quantitation of three-month intraindividual variability and influence of sex and menstrual cycle phase on CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase activity determined with caffeine phenotyping.
Bertino, JS; Gotschall, R; James, AW; Kashuba, AD; Kearns, GL; Leeder, JS; Nafziger, AN, 1998)
" As there is no way to identify the risk group of patients or to make effective treatment for AHS, the only means of minimizing the incidence of AHS is to limit the allopurinol therapy to accepted indications and to adjust the dosage for the patient's renal function."( Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome.
Lee, SS; Lin, HY; Tsai, YY; Wang, SR, 1994)
" Allopurinol was used at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day PO to treat 10 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum for a period of 2-24 months."( Clinical, serologic, and parasitologic follow-up after long-term allopurinol therapy of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.
Arnold, P; Cavaliero, T; Deplazes, P; Glaus, T; Hofmann-Lehmann, R; Mathis, A, )
" Four of these individuals were additionally dosed with 200 mg allopurinol intravenously."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol in elderly and young subjects.
Krivanek, P; Oberbauer, R; Turnheim, K, 1999)
"Allopurinol was formulated into injectable and suppository dosage forms."( Formulation development of allopurinol suppositories and injectables.
Lee, DK; Wang, DP, 1999)
" The addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), 100 U/ml produced a shift to the left in the antiaggregant dose-response curve for XOR."( Inhibition of platelet aggregation with glyceryl trinitrate and xanthine oxidoreductase.
Benjamin, N; Blake, D; Millar, T; O'Byrne, S; Shirodaria, C; Stevens, C, 2000)
" Stone prevention is based on drug withdrawal or change in dosage with additional measures including an increase of diuresis and, if necessary, changes in the urine pH."( [Drug-induced urinary calculi in 1999].
Daudon, M, 1999)
" In addition, TEI-6720 and allopurinol showed similar dose-response curves for the decrease in uric acid or allantoin concentration, and the associated increase in xanthine concentration, indicating that TEI-6720 and allopurinol have similar pharmacological characteristics although the dosage required differs."( A comparative study on the hypouricemic activity and potency in renal xanthine calculus formation of two xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors: TEI-6720 and allopurinol in rats.
Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Kobayashi, M; Komoriya, K; Kondo, S; Nishimura, S; Ota, M, 1999)
" Allopurinol dosing guidelines and a therapeutic range for plasma oxypurinol levels have been published."( The optimal use of allopurinol: an audit of allopurinol use in South Auckland.
Gow, P; Raill, B; Sharples, K; Stamp, L, 2000)
"We aimed to determine the appropriateness of allopurinol dosing according to current guidelines and to assess the relationship between plasma creatinine, oxypurinol and urate."( The optimal use of allopurinol: an audit of allopurinol use in South Auckland.
Gow, P; Raill, B; Sharples, K; Stamp, L, 2000)
"There is poor adherence to the current recommended dosing guidelines for allopurinol."( The optimal use of allopurinol: an audit of allopurinol use in South Auckland.
Gow, P; Raill, B; Sharples, K; Stamp, L, 2000)
"The pharmaceutical utility of the allopurinol gel (APNgel) which consists of allopurinol (APN), carrageenan (kappa-CG or iota-CG) and polyethylene (oxide) (Alkox) was investigated as a possible material for an oral dosage preparation for ease in handling and/or swallowing."( [Development of patient-friendly preparations(II): Preparation and characterization of carrageenan gel containing polyethylene (oxide)].
Hanawa, K; Hanawa, T; Ito, A; Kasai, I; Kawata, K; Mohri, K; Nakajima, S; Suzuki, M; Tsuchiya, T, 2000)
" After drug-induced hepatitis, a caffeine test might be used to check the total recovery or to choose an adapted dosage of medicines."( Caffeine metabolism differences in acute hepatitis of viral and drug origin.
Bechtel, PR; Bechtel, YC; Brientini, MP; David-Laroche, M; Lelouët, H; Miguet, JP; Paintaud, G, )
" Twenty-eight patients completed the desensitization procedure to a target allopurinol dosage of 50-100 mg/day, 21 without deviation from the protocol for a mean of 30."( Efficacy and safety of desensitization to allopurinol following cutaneous reactions.
Dunne, SM; Fam, AG; Iazzetta, J; Paton, TW, 2001)
" Although pruritic skin eruptions may recur both during and after desensitization, most of these cutaneous reactions can be managed by temporary withdrawal of allopurinol and dosage adjustment."( Efficacy and safety of desensitization to allopurinol following cutaneous reactions.
Dunne, SM; Fam, AG; Iazzetta, J; Paton, TW, 2001)
"A randomized clinical trial of low dosage combination of pentamidine and allopurinol was carried out with objectives to assess the efficacy and toxicity as compared to full dosage of pentamidine in antimony unresponsive visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients."( A randomized clinical trial of low dosage combination of pentamidine and allopurinol in the treatment of antimony unresponsive cases of visceral leishmaniasis.
Das, VN; Gupta, AK; Kar, SK; Lal, CS; Ranjan, A; Siddiqui, NA; Sinha, AN; Verma, N, 2001)
" After constricting the vessels with phenylephrine, an acetylcholine dose-response curve was obtained while monitoring changes in diameter by videomicroscopy."( Perivascular superoxide anion contributes to impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation: role of gp91(phox).
Carretero, OA; Garvin, JL; Li, XC; Pagano, PJ; Rey, FE, 2002)
" The dose-response effects of HA on the viability of normal cultures were identified."( The effect of hyaluronan on CD44-mediated survival of normal and hydroxyl radical-damaged chondrocytes.
Abatangelo, G; Brun, P; Cortivo, R; Daga Gordini, D; Panfilo, S, 2003)
" Dogs of group 1 were treated by use of meglumine antimonate (100 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) administered concurrently with allopurinol (15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 20 days and then with allopurinol alone at the same dosage for the subsequent 30 days."( Serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with leishmaniosis during short-term treatment.
Bernal, LJ; Cerón, JJ; Martínez-Subiela, S, 2003)
" The presence of lipoperoxides in the guinea pig cochleae exposed to noise-induced oxidative stress was determined by means of the dosage of malondialdhyde, evaluated by measuring the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in perilymph samples."( Effect of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol on impulse noise-exposed guinea pigs--electrophysiological and biochemical study.
Attanasio, G; Barbara, M; Cassandro, E; Filipo, R; Mondola, P; Sequino, L, 2003)
"Stomatitis is a harmful side effect induced by high and/or multiple dosing of cytotoxic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil."( Development of patient-friendly preparations: preparation of a new allopurinol mouthwash containing polyethylene(oxide) and carrageenan.
Hanawa, T; Kawata, K; Masuda, N; Mohri, K; Nakajima, S; Suzuki, M, 2004)
" No statistically significant difference was observed in the activity of the three enzymes between those at baseline, and on day 1 after dosing with TJ-29 or placebo."( The in-vivo effect of bakumondo-to (TJ-29), a traditional Japanese medicine used for treatment of chronic airway disease, on cytochrome P450 1A2, xanthine oxidase and N-acetyltransferase 2 activity in man.
Higa, Y; Hisaeda, S; Ishizaki, T; Nakagawa, K; Saruwatari, J; Tomiyasu, Y, 2004)
" A single oral dosing of Y-700 (5, 20 or 80 mg) to volunteers caused a dose-dependent reduction of serum uric acid levels indicating close relationship to plasma concentrations of the compound."( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of Y-700, a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, in rats and man.
Fukunari, A; Iwane, J; Kamezawa, M; Mori, H; Osajima, T; Yamada, I, 2004)
" Gout flares occurred with similar frequency in the placebo (37%) and 40-mg febuxostat (35%) groups and with increased frequency in the higher dosage febuxostat groups (43% taking 80 mg; 55% taking 120 mg)."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)
"This investigation involved the evaluation of the effect of hexacosanol (HC, ceryl alcohol), a new hydrophobic wax modifier (WM) in comparison with conventional modifiers, on the development of sustained-release allopurinol (AP) solid lipospheres (SLS) intended for use in a suspension formulation and other oral dosage forms."( Effect of hexacosanol on the characteristics of novel sustained-release allopurinol solid lipospheres (SLS): factorial design application and product evaluation.
Abdel-Ghaffar, SK; El-Gibaly, I, 2005)
" These indicators were developed to assess: (i) dosing in renal impairment; (ii) concomitant use with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine; and (iii) use in the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia."( Suboptimal physician adherence to quality indicators for the management of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: results from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD).
Bilker, WB; Farrar, JT; Fernandes, S; Mikuls, TR; Saag, KG, 2005)
"Approved dosage regimens for prescription drug products are developed with a view to obtaining a favourable therapeutic index in the overall exposed population."( Appropriate dosing regimen of allopurinol in Japanese patients.
Gunji, T; Kawato, N; Kotake, T; Nakai, M; Okada, H; Saito, M; Shibakawa, M; Takada, M, 2005)
" Prescription information, including mean dose and the distribution of doses, was extracted for each hospital and the data compared with the dosage recommended in the approved labelling for the product."( Appropriate dosing regimen of allopurinol in Japanese patients.
Gunji, T; Kawato, N; Kotake, T; Nakai, M; Okada, H; Saito, M; Shibakawa, M; Takada, M, 2005)
"7 mg/day, was lower than the approved dosage of 200-300 mg/day."( Appropriate dosing regimen of allopurinol in Japanese patients.
Gunji, T; Kawato, N; Kotake, T; Nakai, M; Okada, H; Saito, M; Shibakawa, M; Takada, M, 2005)
"Dose of 100-300 mg/day was an effective and commonly used dosing regimen for allopurinol in Japanese patients."( Appropriate dosing regimen of allopurinol in Japanese patients.
Gunji, T; Kawato, N; Kotake, T; Nakai, M; Okada, H; Saito, M; Shibakawa, M; Takada, M, 2005)
"To minimize serious DHS, proper indications for treatment and dosage adjustment should be closely observed when starting allopurinol therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease."( Hypersensitivity syndrome and pure red cell aplasia following allopurinol therapy in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Chao, SC; Lee, JY; Yang, CC, 2005)
"Data from a cohort database of 484 gouty patients were used to calculate estimated allopurinol doses using CrCl and estimation of the clearance of creatinine using the equation of Cockroft and Gault (CrCl-CG) if, as a hypothesis, a dosage of 300 mg/d would be prescribed in any patient with Pcr <2."( Correction of allopurinol dosing should be based on clearance of creatinine, but not plasma creatinine levels: another insight to allopurinol-related toxicity.
Hernando, I; Nolla, JM; Perez-Ruiz, F; Villar, I, 2005)
" Animals in Groups V and VI were treated exactly the same as those in Groups III and IV, respectively except that they were pretreated with oral GE for 5 days at a dosage of 5 ml/kg."( Protective role of natural antioxidant supplementation on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion.
Avci, A; Cimentepe, E; Derya Balbay, M; Durak, I; Eroglu, M; Guven, C; Unsal, A, 2006)
"Allopurinol dosage reduction is recommended in patients with renal dysfunction because drug toxicity risk is increased."( Frequency of serum creatinine monitoring during allopurinol therapy in ambulatory patients.
Chan, KA; Feldstein, AC; Gunter, MJ; Harrold, L; Lafata, JE; McClure, DL; Nelson, WW; Platt, R; Raebel, MA; Simon, SR, 2006)
" Lack of monitoring and lack of subsequent possible dosage adjustment put patients at increased risk of allopurinol toxicity."( Frequency of serum creatinine monitoring during allopurinol therapy in ambulatory patients.
Chan, KA; Feldstein, AC; Gunter, MJ; Harrold, L; Lafata, JE; McClure, DL; Nelson, WW; Platt, R; Raebel, MA; Simon, SR, 2006)
" Quality control samples were prepared in control serum from individuals not dosed with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor."( Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum by HPLC for pharmacodynamic studies.
Cooper, N; Erdmann, C; Fiene, J; Khosravan, R; Lee, JW, 2006)
" To develop rational dosing schemes for future studies, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics in this patient group is essential."( Population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol in full-term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.
Benders, MJ; Groenendaal, F; Rademaker, CM; van Bel, F; van Kesteren, C; Ververs, FF, 2006)
" We investigated whether such dosing provides adequate control of hyperuricemia."( Dose adjustment of allopurinol according to creatinine clearance does not provide adequate control of hyperuricemia in patients with gout.
Dalbeth, N; Gow, P; Kumar, S; Stamp, L, 2006)
"9% were taking recommended doses, based on published allopurinol dosing guidelines."( Dose adjustment of allopurinol according to creatinine clearance does not provide adequate control of hyperuricemia in patients with gout.
Dalbeth, N; Gow, P; Kumar, S; Stamp, L, 2006)
"Adherence to published allopurinol dosing guidelines led to suboptimal control of hyperuricemia in this population of patients with gout."( Dose adjustment of allopurinol according to creatinine clearance does not provide adequate control of hyperuricemia in patients with gout.
Dalbeth, N; Gow, P; Kumar, S; Stamp, L, 2006)
"88 mg/dL) for all doses and was dose linear for the 10-120 mg/day dosage range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)
" Future studies involving different doses and the dose-response relationship could promise better results."( Neuroprotection by resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in rats.
Altinoz, E; Ates, O; Cayli, S; Gurses, I; Kocak, A; Sener, M; Yologlu, S; Yucel, N, 2007)
" Allopurinal dosage should be reduced or discontinued if xanthine nephropathy is suspected."( Acute renal failure from xanthine nephropathy during management of acute leukemia.
Bakdash, S; Ellis, D; Krishnamurti, L; LaRosa, C; McMullen, L; Moritz, ML; Wu, HY, 2007)
" This study aimed to establish its mechanism of action and to construct a dose-response curve for the effect of allopurinol."( High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid.
Belch, JJ; Carr, E; Davies, J; George, J; Struthers, A, 2006)
"For the first time, we have shown that a steep dose-response relationship exists between allopurinol and its effect on endothelial function."( High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid.
Belch, JJ; Carr, E; Davies, J; George, J; Struthers, A, 2006)
" The addition of allopurinol enabled a reduction in mean daily prednisone dosage from 17."( Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine.
Cao, D; Friedman, S; Hanauer, SB; Hande, SA; Sparrow, MP, 2007)
"Our results indicate that TJ-19 at the generally recommended dosage is unlikely to cause pharmacokinetic interaction with co-administered medications primarily dependent on the CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A, XO, and NAT2 pathways for elimination."( The effect of Shoseiryuto, a traditional Japanese medicine, on cytochrome P450s, N-acetyltransferase 2 and xanthine oxidase, in extensive or intermediate metabolizers of CYP2D6.
Fukushima, Y; Hisadome, M; Muramoto, Y; Nakagawa, K; Nakao, M; Saruwatari, J; Shoji, M; Yamano, N, 2007)
" This article reviews the clinical efficacy, side effect profile, dosing and administration of rasburicase, an intravenous recombinant urate oxidase used in patients at risk of Tumour lysis syndrome due to a high tumour burden or where treatment is required."( Rasburicase in the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome.
Keady, S; Mayne, N; Thacker, M, 2008)
" Aim of our study was to assess the effect of low dosage of recombinant urate oxidase on hyperuricemia in renal failure patients that already receiving allopurinol."( Is rasburicase an effective alternative to allopurinol for management of hyperuricemia in renal failure patients? A double blind-randomized study.
Cianci, R; De Angelis, S; De Lorenzo, A; Di Renzo, L; Giarrizzo, GF; Giordano, F; Naticchia, A; Noce, A; Splendiani, G; Tozzo, C, )
" There is now sufficient evidence to justify dedicated studies to determine the clinical benefits, dosing and duration of XO inhibition before and after gastrointestinal surgery."( The potential role for xanthine oxidase inhibition in major intra-abdominal surgery.
Loveday, B; Mittal, A; Phillips, AR; Windsor, JA, 2008)
" Venous blood samples were collected predose (at 0 hours) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after dosage for determination of oxypurinol and/or probenecid concentrations."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in healthy subjects.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; McLachlan, AJ; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2008)
" Multiple factors contribute to refractory gout, and they often relate to delayed or insufficient dosing with allopurinol."( Refractory gout: what is it and what to do about it?
Fels, E; Sundy, JS, 2008)
" Brandis is an important component of commonly dispensed traditional dosage forms."( Pharmacological basis for use of Pistacia integerrima leaves in hyperuricemia and gout.
Ahmad, NS; Farman, M; Hasan, A; Mian, KB; Najmi, MH, 2008)
"The increased uptake of allopurinol 100 mg suggests greater adherence to dosing guidelines and that there is value in educational programmes to optimize drug usage."( Utilization of allopurinol in the Australian community.
Chung, Y; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Lu, CY; Mant, A, 2008)
" The dosage of allopurinol in the D group was significantly lower than in the A and B groups."( [Usefulness of combination treatment using allopurinol and benzbromarone for gout and hyperuricemia accompanying renal dysfunction: kinetic analysis of oxypurinol].
Gomi, H; Hikita, M; Hosoya, T; Ichida, K; Ohno, I; Okabe, H; Saikawa, H; Uetake, D; Yamaguchi, Y, 2008)
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)
"Any sampling interval at least 4 h after caffeine dosing is suitable for NAT2 and XO activity assessments."( Phenotyping of N-acetyltransferase type 2 and xanthine oxidase with caffeine: when should urine samples be collected?
Fuhr, U; Jetter, A; Kinzig, M; Rodamer, M; Sörgel, F; Tomalik-Scharte, D, 2009)
" Limiting allopurinol dosing to < or = 300 mg/d suboptimally controls hyperuricemia and fails to adequately prevent hypersensitivity reactions."( A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing, safety, and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout.
Chao, J; Terkeltaub, R, 2009)
" After a 20-week 4-n-NP treatment orally at the dosage of 10 and 50 muM in the drinking water, phenylephrine- and potassium chloride-induced concentration-dependent responsiveness assessed by wire myograph were both significantly higher in aorta isolated from 4-n-NP-treated rats compared with control rats, but acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was similar between these two groups."( Effects of chronic 4-n-nonylphenol treatment on aortic vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation in rats.
Hsieh, CC; Hsieh, CY; Miaw, CL; Tseng, HC; Yang, YH; Yen, CH, 2009)
" The allopurinol dosage must be adjusted to achieve therapeutic fetal allopurinol/oxypurinol concentrations."( Maternal allopurinol during fetal hypoxia lowers cord blood levels of the brain injury marker S-100B.
Baquero, H; Benders, MJ; Bos, AF; Buonocore, G; Derks, JB; Longini, M; Rademaker, CM; Torrance, HL; Van Bel, F; Van Den Berg, P; Venegas, M; Visser, GH, 2009)
" The dosage schedule of these patients was recorded."( Drug dosage protocol for calcium oxalate stone.
Marickar, YM; Salim, A, 2009)
" Shorter courses or smaller doses of rasburicase than those recommended may be effective in reducing hyperuricemia in some patients, but it is important to recognize that the alternative dosing still awaits validation."( Rasburicase for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in tumor lysis syndrome.
Ajiboye, VO; Kennedy, LD, 2010)
" Dosing was guided by measuring thiopurine methyltransferase (for UK patients) or thioguanine nucleotides and methyl-6MP (Australian patients)."( Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can bypass many adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Ansari, A; Duley, JA; Florin, TH; O'Donohue, J; Patel, N; Sanderson, J, 2010)
" The 1 mM dosage of homocysteine in staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells also did not induce cell death above control levels, although 18 hr treatment of non-differentiated RGC-5 cells with 5 mM homocysteine decreased survival by 50%."( Sensitivity of staurosporine-induced differentiated RGC-5 cells to homocysteine.
Allen, JB; Bozard, BR; Dun, Y; Duplantier, J; Farooq, A; Ganapathy, PS; Ha, Y; Smith, SB, 2010)
" Clinical trials found that 40 mg/d of febuxostat was noninferior to conventionally dosed allopurinol (300 mg/d) in the percentage of subjects achieving the primary end point of serum urate <6."( Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout.
Ernst, ME; Fravel, MA, 2009)
" New recommendations have been presented on appropriate dosing of colchicine for acute gout flares and potential toxicities of combining colchicine with medications such as clarithromycin."( Progress in the pharmacotherapy of gout.
Sundy, JS, 2010)
" HaCaT cells treatment with a cocaine concentration of 2 mM for 24 h (as was chosen by dose-response experiments) markedly enhanced superoxide radicals and peroxides formation."( Cocaine induces oxidative damage to skin via xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase.
Kohen, R; Numa, R; Portugal-Cohen, M; Yaka, R, 2010)
" Dosage adjustment in mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency is unnecessary; however, data are lacking on the safety of febuxostat in patients with severe renal impairment."( Urate-lowering therapy for gout: focus on febuxostat.
Barrons, R; Love, BL; Snider, KM; Veverka, A, 2010)
" The purpose of this study was to examine a simple method to evaluate whether optional variables are appropriate as factors to improve dosing algorithms."( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm.
Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)
" Dosing algorithms were constructed by multivariate linear regression analyses and were evaluated by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)."( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm.
Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)
" We evaluated the adequacy of these variables as factors to improve the dosing algorithm using the AIC."( Application of Akaike information criterion to evaluate warfarin dosing algorithm.
Ariyoshi, N; Harada, T; Imamaki, M; Ishii, I; Kitada, M; Kobayashi, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sato, Y; Shimura, H; Takahashi, K; Yamagata, S; Yokoyama, I, 2010)
" To prevent severe bone marrow depletion, the dosage of azathioprine, an immunosupressant drug, was reduced by 50% to prevent interaction with allopurinol."( Gout in pediatric renal transplant recipients.
Goetschel, P; Laube, GF; Trück, J; von Vigier, RO, 2010)
" All treatments at the same dosage (100 mmol/kg) were administered to the abdominal cavity of PO-induced hyperuricemic mice, and serum uric acid level was measured at 3 h after administration."( Phytochemicals from Acacia confusa heartwood extracts reduce serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice: their potential use as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
Chang, ST; Chen, CS; Hsu, CA; Huang, CC; Tung, YT; Yang, SC, 2010)
" Furthermore, after reviewing allopurinol dosing and administration, it was found that 50 mg/kg is statistically the most effective dose in attenuating liver ischemia reperfusion injury."( Allopurinol and xanthine oxidase inhibition in liver ischemia reperfusion.
Anaya-Prado, R; Lopez-Neblina, F; Peglow, S; Toledo, AH; Toledo-Pereyra, LH, 2011)
" The goals when treating gout are no different in these patients, but the choice and dosage of drugs may need to be modified."( Managing gout: how is it different in patients with chronic kidney disease?
El-Zawawy, H; Mandell, BF, 2010)
" The effect of chronic aspirin and HCTZ dosing taken together upon the efficacy of chronic allopurinol therapy in patients with hyperuricaemia needs to be investigated."( Lack of effect of hydrochlorothiazide and low-dose aspirin on the renal clearance of urate and oxypurinol after a single dose of allopurinol in normal volunteers.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; Ng, DY; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2011)
" A dose-response relationship between serum uric acid and early decline in renal function has recently been demonstrated in patients with type-1 diabetes."( Serum uric acid as a new player in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Hovind, P; Johnson, RJ; Parving, HH; Rossing, P, 2011)
" Dosage of allopurinol prescription(s) and number of gout flares were determined from claims data."( Relationship between physician specialty and allopurinol prescribing patterns: a study of patients with gout in managed care settings.
Becker, LK; Dabbous, O; Hariri, A; Krishnan, E; Pandya, BJ; Riedel, AA; Swindle, JP, 2011)
" Change in allopurinol dosage from initial to final dose was more frequent among patients prescribed by rheumatologists and nephrologists."( Relationship between physician specialty and allopurinol prescribing patterns: a study of patients with gout in managed care settings.
Becker, LK; Dabbous, O; Hariri, A; Krishnan, E; Pandya, BJ; Riedel, AA; Swindle, JP, 2011)
" Data were analyzed using the dosage of allopurinol (mg/day) greater than the recommended dosage, as defined by the Hande criteria."( Using allopurinol above the dose based on creatinine clearance is effective and safe in patients with chronic gout, including those with renal impairment.
Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Frampton, C; James, J; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2011)
" All doses except the 250 mg daily dose were divided and dosing was twice daily."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in patients with gout.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; McLachlan, AJ; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2011)
" The recommended starting dosage is 40 mg orally once daily."( Febuxostat for treatment of chronic gout.
Gray, CL; Walters-Smith, NE, 2011)
"A dose-response for canakinumab was not apparent with any of the four predefined dose-response models."( Canakinumab reduces the risk of acute gouty arthritis flares during initiation of allopurinol treatment: results of a double-blind, randomised study.
Arulmani, U; Balfour, A; De Meulemeester, M; Krammer, G; Lin, HY; Mysler, E; Rovensky, J; Sallstig, P; Schlesinger, N; So, A, 2011)
" The better results of lowering serum uric acid and protecting against renal failure were at the dosage of Que between 10 and 20 mg/kg."( [Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on hyperuricemia and renal injury in rats].
Fu, R; He, W; Yao, F; Zhang, R, 2011)
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)
"A multicenter study with randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel, intergroup comparison was carried out to evaluate the dose-response relationship, efficacy, and safety of febuxostat in 202 patients with hyperuricemia (including patients with gout) in Japan."( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)
" A statistically significant dose-response relationship was found."( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)
"In a 52-week, multicenter, open-label trial, febuxostat was initially administered at 10 mg/d; then, the dosage was increased in a stepwise fashion to 40 mg/d."( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)
" There was no marked difference between the 2 dosage groups in terms of the incidence of adverse events."( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)
" Almost all gastroenterologists (97%) used weight-based dosing that was gradually escalated."( How are thiopurines used and monitored by Swedish gastroenterologists when treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
Andersson, P; Hindorf, U, 2011)
"To study the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its impact on allopurinol dosing and uric acid control among patients with gout."( Chronic kidney disease in gout in a managed care setting.
Dabbous, O; Fuldeore, MJ; Krishnan, E; Pandya, BJ; Riedel, AA; Zarotsky, V, 2011)
" During preservation, in the periods of zero, 12, 18 and 24 hours, were conducted evaluating the degree of mucosal injury and dosage of malondialdehyde acid (MDA)."( Effects of ischemic preconditioning associated to different preservation solutions in protecting the intestinal graft.
Abrahão, Mde S; Gonzalez, AM; Montero, EF; Neves, Jde S; Salzedas Netto, AA, 2011)
" Twelve patients were under allopurinol dosage adjustment according to creatinine clearance."( Cutaneous adverse drug reactions to allopurinol: 10 year observational survey of the dermatology department--Cagliari University (Italy).
Aste, N; Atzori, L; Ferreli, C; Mantovani, L; Mulargia, M; Pau, M; Pinna, AL, 2012)
" 13 adverse events occurred, including 6 specific to co-therapy (3 rash, 2 abnormal liver function tests, 1 dosing error)."( Optimising outcome on thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease by co-prescription of allopurinol.
Anderson, SH; Blaker, P; Irving, PM; Marinaki, AM; Sanderson, JD; Smith, MA, 2012)
" Dosing guidelines based on creatinine clearance have been proposed based on the recognition that dosages of ≥300 mg/day may be associated with AHS, particularly in patients with renal impairment."( Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol.
Dalbeth, N; Dockerty, JL; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Jones, PB; Stamp, LK; Taylor, WJ, 2012)
" Allopurinol can be used for the prophylactic management of chronic hyperuricemia in patients with CKD, but the recommended decreased dosage may limit efficacy and serious hypersensitivity reactions may preclude its use."( Challenges associated with the management of gouty arthritis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.
Curiel, RV; Guzman, NJ, 2012)
" Exposure of BAECs (bovine aortic endothelial cells) to pharmacologically relevant dosage (12."( Inhibition of XO or NOX attenuates diethylstilbestrol-induced endothelial nitric oxide deficiency without affecting its effects on LNCaP cell invasion and apoptosis.
Cai, H; Nguyen, A; Youn, JY, 2012)
" In the dose-response experiment, ACN accelerated the conversion of XD to XO, with a significant depletion of gastric GSH in a dose-related manner."( Acrylonitrile-induced gastric toxicity in rats: the role of xanthine oxidase.
Al-Abbasi, FA, 2012)
"ULT prescription and dosing are key modifiable factors associated with achieving SU target."( Prescription and dosing of urate-lowering therapy, rather than patient behaviours, are the key modifiable factors associated with targeting serum urate in gout.
Dalbeth, N; Horne, A; House, ME; McQueen, FM; Petrie, KJ; Taylor, WJ, 2012)
" No dose-response relationship was noted, except for NF-κB expression in normal tissue."( A randomized, placebo-controlled, preoperative trial of allopurinol in subjects with colorectal adenoma.
Argusti, A; Bandelloni, R; Benelli, R; Boccardo, S; Branchi, D; Coccia, G; Crosta, C; De Roberto, G; DeCensi, A; Gatteschi, B; Meroni, E; Michetti, P; Minetti, E; Mori, M; Munizzi, F; Puntoni, M; Salvi, S; Sonzogni, A; Turbino, L; Zanardi, S, 2013)
" As the dosage was increased (40, 80, 120 mg/d), the proportion of patients who achieved target sUA in the febuxostat-treated group increased gradually (50."( Efficacy and tolerability of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, S; Cheng, Q; Li, Q; Liu, L; Luo, T; Lv, Q; Mei, M; Yang, S; Ye, P; Zhang, W, 2013)
" The model provides a basis for the rational dosing of allopurinol in clinical practice."( The population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxypurinol in patients with gout.
Barclay, ML; Duffull, SB; Holford, NH; Merriman, TR; Stamp, LK; Wright, DF, 2013)
" This meta-analysis study evaluated the efficacy and cost savings of a single-dose rasburicase (SDR) regimen compared with the Food and Drug Administration-approved daily dosing of rasburicase (DDR) for 5 days or the traditional treatment with allopurinol in adult cancer patients with hyperuricaemia or at high risk for TLS."( Efficacy and cost of single-dose rasburicase in prevention and treatment of adult tumour lysis syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Bhutada, NS; Dong, K; Feng, X; Inciardi, J; Pence, S; Pham, D, 2013)
" To date, however, optimal dosing has not been established."( Low allopurinol doses are sufficient to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with inadequate thiopurine metabolite concentrations.
Curkovic, I; Frei, P; Fried, M; Jetter, A; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Rentsch, KM; Rogler, G, 2013)
" A low dosage of allopurinol over 12 days also stimulated cell growth and increased their number in culture."( Dependence of cell survival on correlative activities of xanthine oxidase and dihydopyrimidine dehydrogenase in human brain-derived cell culture.
Danielyan, KE, 2013)
"A modest dosage of vitamin C (500 mg/day) for 8 weeks had no clinically significant urate-lowering effects in patients with gout, despite the fact that plasma ascorbate levels increased."( Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Chapman, PT; Drake, JM; Frampton, C; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2013)
"The incidence of aberrant cells and aberration types (mostly chromatids, breaks and fragments) was reduced with curcumin dosage as compared to irradiated group."( Curcumin protection activities against γ-rays-induced molecular and biochemical lesions.
Abouelella, AM; Shahein, YE; Tawfik, SS, 2013)
" Literature regarding the safety and efficacy of dosing allopurinol in CKD has shown inconsistent results and is based primarily on retrospective, case cohort or observational data."( Safety and efficacy of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease.
Bourg, CA; Phillips, BB; Thurston, MM, 2013)
" On 48% of occasions, the time of allopurinol dosing was recorded, while just 79 (19%) blood samples were collected 6-9 hours postdosing, the time window used to establish the therapeutic range for oxypurinol."( An audit of a therapeutic drug monitoring service for allopurinol therapy.
Day, RO; Graham, GG; Jones, G; Kannangara, DR; Ramasamy, SN; Ray, JE; Williams, KM, 2013)
" Quercetin was administered by gavage daily for 10 days at dosage 50 mg kg(-1) ."( Evaluation of the protective effect of quercetin against cisplatin-induced renal and testis tissue damage and sperm parameters in rats.
Aldemir, M; Avcı, A; Ener, K; Evirgen, O; Gürleyik, E; Kösemehmetoğlu, K; Okulu, E; Topal, F, 2014)
" However, inadequate dosing and patient nonadherence or intolerance to therapy often lead to treatment failure."( CaseBook challenges: Managing gout, hyperuricemia and comorbidities -- dialogue with the experts.
Bakris, GL; Doghramji, PP; Keenan, RT; Silber, SH, 2014)
"Following the intraperitoneal administration of silymarin (with MRP1, 2, 4 and 5 inhibitory effects), naringenin (with MRP1, 2 and 4 stimulatory effects), sulfinpyrazone (with MRP1, 4 and 5 inhibitory and MRP2 stimulatory effects) and allopurinol (with MRP4 stimulatory effect in doses of 100 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively, for one week before and after the administration of MPTP in C57B/6 mice in acute dosing regimen the striatal concentrations of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid has been measured using high-performance liquid chromatography."( Assessment of the role of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in MPTP neurotoxicity in mice.
Klivényi, P; Plangár, I; Szalárdy, L; Vécsei, L; Zádori, D, 2013)
" Among the TCM patents, 84% contain various dosage formulae for different Chinese medicines, 13% are herbal extracts and only 7 patents are from herbal extract derivatives."( Analysis of patents on anti-gout therapies issued in China.
Meng, L; Wei, JF; Yuan, HY; Zhang, XH; Zhang, XL, 2014)
"0 mg/dL, despite the low dosage of febuxostat."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in kidney transplant recipients.
Fuchinoue, S; Nakajima, I; Teraoka, S; Tojimbara, T; Yashima, J, 2014)
" Conventional weight based dosing of thiopurines in IBD leads to intolerance or inefficacy in many patients."( The role of thiopurine metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Sparrow, MP, 2014)
" The high and low dosage of chicory inulin also decreased serum UA levels on days 7, 14, and 28."( Effects of chicory inulin on serum metabolites of uric acid, lipids, glucose, and abdominal fat deposition in quails induced by purine-rich diets.
Jin, R; Lin, Z; Liu, X; Zhang, B; Zhu, W, 2014)
"In both dosing scenarios, allopurinol-only therapy was cost-saving."( Cost-effectiveness of allopurinol and febuxostat for the management of gout.
Choi, HK; Jutkowitz, E; Kuntz, KM; Pizzi, LT, 2014)
"-Some of the reasons identified for poor adherence to anti-gout medications include the risk of flare of acute gout with the initiation of urate-lowering therapy (ULT), poor response to ULT and persistence of attacks of acute gout, suboptimal dosing of allopurinol therapy and intolerance of allopurinol."( Adherence and persistence to urate-lowering therapies in the Irish setting.
Bennett, K; McGowan, B; Silke, C; Whelan, B, 2016)
"The objective of the study was to develop gastroretentive dosage form (GRDF) for allopurinol (ALP) using combined approaches of mucoadhesion and floating systems."( Formulation optimization of gastroretentive drug delivery system for allopurinol using experimental design.
Mehta, TA; Parikh, DC; Shah, MV; Sharma, OP, 2015)
" Potentially modifiable factors associated with treatment adherence and obtaining the SUA goal in the multivariable analysis included concomitant diuretic use, prescriber specialty, and allopurinol dosing practices."( Modifiable factors associated with allopurinol adherence and outcomes among patients with gout in an integrated healthcare system.
Cheetham, TC; Coburn, BW; Curtis, JR; Mikuls, TR; Rashid, N; Saag, KG; Wu, YL, 2015)
" Studies have identified the safe and effective dosing strategies for 'old' drugs such as allopurinol and colchicine."( Advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of gout.
Dalbeth, N; Robinson, PC, 2015)
" Dosage change during admission was rarely observed."( Understanding and improving the use of allopurinol in a teaching hospital.
Baysari, MT; Day, RO; Hmar, RC; Kannangara, DR; Ramasamy, SN; Williams, KM, 2015)
" The dosage of cinacalcet was optimized for each patient in order to obtain a reduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) within normal limits while enabling the maintenance of adequate calcemic values."( Use of cinacalcet in nephrolithiasis associated with normocalcemic or hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: results of a prospective randomized pilot study.
Brardi, S; Cevenini, G; Ponchietti, R; Romano, G; Verdacchi, T, 2015)
" d-1 ) to prepare the hyperuricemia model, and divided into normal, model, Allopurinol, LE high dosage, middle dosage and low dose (200, 100, 50 mg ."( [Regulatory effect of leonurus extracts on hyperuricemia in rats].
An, YT; Li, J; Wang, T; Wu, ZZ; Yan, M, 2014)
" Urine voided within 7 h after dosing was collected for a high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites, and the urinary molar ratio of metabolites was used as marker for enzyme activity."( Distribution of xanthine oxidase activity in a Nigerian population.
Adehin, A; Bolaji, OO, 2015)
"The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for HLA-B*58:01 Genotype and Allopurinol Dosing was originally published in February 2013."( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) genotype and allopurinol dosing: 2015 update.
Callaghan, JT; Caudle, KE; Goldspiel, BR; Hershfield, MS; Kamatani, N; Klein, TE; Lee, MT; McDonagh, EM; Mushiroda, T; Phillips, EJ; Saito, Y; Stamp, LK; Tassaneeyakul, W, 2016)
" Suboptimal dosing is a key contributor to poor clinical outcomes, but few data are available on the safety and efficacy of dose-titrated allopurinol, particularly at doses > 300 mg/d."( An open-label, 6-month study of allopurinol safety in gout: The LASSO study.
Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Choi, HK; Cravets, M; Dalbeth, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Storgard, C, 2015)
"2% of patients; dosing duration was 115."( An open-label, 6-month study of allopurinol safety in gout: The LASSO study.
Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Choi, HK; Cravets, M; Dalbeth, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Storgard, C, 2015)
" Risk factors for allopurinol hypersensitivity included female sex, age 60 years or older, initial allopurinol dosage exceeding 100 mg/d, renal or cardiovascular comorbidities, and use for treating asymptomatic hyperuricemia."( Allopurinol Use and Risk of Fatal Hypersensitivity Reactions: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan.
Chen, CH; Chen, YJ; Chung, WH; Deng, ST; Huang, CS; Hung, SI; Lin, YJ; Wu, CY; Yang, CY, 2015)
"5% of patients were followed-up > 1 month for second evaluation of uric acid and most of them not receiving dosage up-titration even though not achieving the target."( Outcome of Treatment in Gouty Arthritis Patients: A Retrospective Study.
Hanvivadhanakul, P; Wongdet, R, 2015)
" The aim of this study was to assess whether appropriate dosage adjustments were made in hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)
" Data regarding serum creatinine level, age, sex and prescribed drugs and their dosage was collected from the patients' medical records."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)
"The findings indicate that dosing errors were common among hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)
" Despite the fact that it has been available for over 40 years there is ongoing debate about optimal allopurinol dosing in gout patients with chronic kidney disease."( Allopurinol and kidney function: An update.
Chapman, PT; Palmer, SC; Stamp, LK, 2016)
"To determine how many ambulatory older adults with chronic kidney disease receive medications that are contraindicated or dosed excessively given their level of renal function."( Use of Renally Inappropriate Medications in Older Veterans: A National Study.
Chang, F; Miao, Y; O'Hare, AM; Steinman, MA, 2015)
" It remains to be seen whether allopurinol has a dose-response relationship with cardiovascular events at higher doses."( Impact of Urate Level on Cardiovascular Risk in Allopurinol Treated Patients. A Nested Case-Control Study.
Hallas, J; Lindegaard, HM; Pottegård, A; Søltoft Larsen, K, 2016)
"Arhalofenate at a dosage of 800 mg decreased gout flares significantly compared to allopurinol at a dosage of 300 mg."( A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Safety Study of Arhalofenate for Reducing Flare in Patients With Gout.
Boudes, PF; Choi, YJ; Davis, CS; Martin, RL; McWherter, CA; Poiley, J; Steinberg, AS, 2016)
" The gene dosage effect of HLA-B*58:01 also influenced the development of allopurinol-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (OR = 15."( Impact of the HLA-B(*)58:01 Allele and Renal Impairment on Allopurinol-Induced Cutaneous Adverse Reactions.
Chang, CJ; Chang, WC; Chang, YC; Chen, DY; Chung, WH; Fan, WL; Hui, RC; Hung, SI; Lin, YJ; Ng, CY; Su, SC; Tian, YC; Wang, CW; Wu, YJ; Yang, CH; Yeh, YT, 2016)
" Although dosing was otherwise well tolerated, two subjects experienced serious adverse events of acute kidney injury."( Acute kidney injury observed during phase 1 clinical trials of a novel xanthine oxidase/URAT1 dual inhibitor PF-06743649.
Dua, P; Gurrell, R; Kirby, S; Loudon, PT; Sudworth, M, 2016)
" In post-AMI rats, XO activity and UA concentrations were increased, while SalA dosing palliated this increase."( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of salvianolic acid A effects on plasma xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid levels in acute myocardial infarction rats.
He, H; Li, X; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, H; Wang, S; Zhang, W, 2017)
"27 mg/dl, and were receiving an allopurinol dosage of 306."( Lesinurad Combined With Allopurinol: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Gout Patients With an Inadequate Response to Standard-of-Care Allopurinol (a US-Based Study).
Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Becker, MA; Bhakta, N; Fitz-Patrick, D; Fung, M; Kopicko, J; Saag, KG; Storgard, C, 2017)
"85]) Conclusions: This study indicated that by changing the treatment strategy from standard weight-based dosing of azathioprine to weight-based low-dose azathioprine in combination with allopurinol, we can increase remission rates in patients with IBD."( Randomized clinical trial: a pilot study comparing efficacy of low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol to azathioprine on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease.
Kiszka-Kanowitz, M; Mertz-Nielsen, A; Theede, K, 2016)
" In terms of the effectiveness of topiroxostat in lowering serum urate levels, the dose-response relationship has been evaluated; however, it remains to be verified."( Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2b study.
Hosoya, T; Ohashi, T; Sasaki, T, 2017)
" Expert opinion: The initial dosage of allopurinol should be low, particularly in patients with renal impairment."( Allopurinol: insights from studies of dose-response relationships.
Carland, JE; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Kannangara, DR; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2017)
" This study examined the changes in risk of CAD in gout patients taking allopurinol and/or benzbromarone, and analyzed the dose-response relationship of both drugs with CAD incidence."( Allopurinol, benzbromarone and risk of coronary heart disease in gout patients: A population-based study.
Chiang, SJ; Daimon, M; Ho, Y; Lin, HC; Uang, YS; Wang, CH; Wang, LH, 2017)
" However, after adjustment for covariates in dose-response analyses, treatment with over 270 defined daily doses (DDDs) of allopurinol, and over 360 DDDs of benzbromarone, was associated with a significantly reduced risk of CAD."( Allopurinol, benzbromarone and risk of coronary heart disease in gout patients: A population-based study.
Chiang, SJ; Daimon, M; Ho, Y; Lin, HC; Uang, YS; Wang, CH; Wang, LH, 2017)
"We found that the use of allopurinol and benzbromarone, whether alone or in combination, had a linear dose-response relationship between the numbers of defined daily doses and the risk of CAD, especially in higher DDDs."( Allopurinol, benzbromarone and risk of coronary heart disease in gout patients: A population-based study.
Chiang, SJ; Daimon, M; Ho, Y; Lin, HC; Uang, YS; Wang, CH; Wang, LH, 2017)
"2%) 19 patients received the recommended starting dosage of 100mg/day."( GOSPEL 3: Management of gout by primary-care physicians and office-based rheumatologists in France in the early 21st century - comparison with 2006 EULAR Recommendations.
Delva, C; Ea, HK; Goossens, J; Guggenbuhl, P; Lambert, C; Lancrenon, S; Lanz, S; Lioté, F; Sahbane, S; Saraux, A, 2017)
" Genetic data may inform assessment of disease prognosis in individuals with hyperuricaemia or established gout, personalised lifestyle advice, selection and dosing of urate-lowering therapy, and prevention of serious medication adverse effects."( The genetics of gout: towards personalised medicine?
Dalbeth, N; Merriman, TR; Stamp, LK, 2017)
" Drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics have increasingly played a role in determining dosing and dose optimisation and we review the rationale for this in both thiopurine monotherapy and in combination with biologic agents."( Optimising use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease.
Dart, RJ; Irving, PM, 2017)
"Simulation results showed a surge in urinary uric acid occurring when dosing is restarted following missed doses."( Impact of non-adherence on the safety and efficacy of uric acid-lowering therapies in the treatment of gout.
Hill-McManus, D; Hughes, D; Lane, S; Marshall, S; Soto, E, 2018)
"This research aims to evaluate the predictive performance of a published allopurinol dosing tool."( The impact of diuretic use and ABCG2 genotype on the predictive performance of a published allopurinol dosing tool.
Barclay, ML; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Horne, A; Merriman, TR; Phipps-Green, AJ; Stamp, LK; Tan, P; Wright, DFB, 2018)
"The dosing tool produced acceptable maintenance dose predictions for patients not taking diuretics."( The impact of diuretic use and ABCG2 genotype on the predictive performance of a published allopurinol dosing tool.
Barclay, ML; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Horne, A; Merriman, TR; Phipps-Green, AJ; Stamp, LK; Tan, P; Wright, DFB, 2018)
" Indications for switch, dosing and subsequent clinical outcomes (including thiopurine persistence) were recorded."( Low-dose thiopurine with allopurinol co-therapy overcomes thiopurine intolerance and allows thiopurine continuation in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Haridy, J; Moltzen, A; Raghunath, A; Sparrow, M; van Langenberg, D; Vasudevan, A, 2018)
" The main management issues are related to patient adherence, because gout patients have the lowest rate of medication possession ratio at 1 year, but they also include clinical inertia by physicians, meaning XOI dosage is not titrated according to regular serum uric acid level measurements for targeting serum uric acid levels for uncomplicated (6."( Gout: state of the art after a decade of developments.
Lioté, F; Pascart, T, 2019)
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)
" When considering allopurinol for elderly patients with impaired kidney function, a full risk-benefit assessment, dosage adjustments, and careful monitoring may be warranted."( Examining the use of allopurinol: Perspectives from recent drug injury relief applications.
Chen, WW; Chu, MP; Huang, CH, 2019)
" Underutilization of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is thought to be common, via both suboptimal dosing and poor medication adherence."( Gout prevalence and predictors of urate-lowering therapy use: results from a population-based study.
Dal Grande, E; Gill, TK; Gonzalez-Chica, D; Hill, CL; Lester, S; Longo, M; Pisaniello, HL; Sharplin, GR; Stocks, N; Whittle, SL, 2018)
" The use of allopurinol has been researched extensively and newer strategies for safer effective dosing are now recommended."( Gout - An update of aetiology, genetics, co-morbidities and management.
Robinson, PC, 2018)
" Lack of adherence and insufficient dosing contributed to stone recurrence and AKI during pharmacotherapy."( Long-term renal outcomes of APRT deficiency presenting in childhood.
Agustsdottir, IM; Edvardsson, VO; Indridason, OS; Palsson, R; Runolfsdottir, HL, 2019)
"Allopurinol dosing has frequently been limited based on creatinine clearance (CrCL), resulting in failure to achieve target serum urate (SU)."( How much allopurinol does it take to get to target urate? Comparison of actual dose with creatinine clearance-based dose.
Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Dalbeth, N; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2018)
" We have previously shown that switching 6MP dosing from evening to morning resolved hypoglycemia by reducing 6MMP; however, the reduction of 6MMP was only transient, potentially resulting in return of hypoglycemia."( Allopurinol reverses mercaptopurine-induced hypoglycemia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Zhang, M, 2019)
" We have previously shown that switching 6MP dosing from evening to morning resolved hypoglycemia by reducing 6MMP; however, the reduction of 6MMP was only transient, potentially resulting in return of hypoglycemia."( Allopurinol reverses mercaptopurine-induced hypoglycemia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Zhang, M, 2019)
" Challenges include timing, dosing and administration route for each neuroprotectant."( Novel interventions to reduce oxidative-stress related brain injury in neonatal asphyxia.
Cheung, PY; Schmölzer, GM; Solevåg, AL, 2019)
"We conducted an imaging study of a 2-year randomized clinical trial that compared immediate allopurinol dose escalation to SU target with conventional dosing for 1 year followed by dose escalation to target, in gout patients who were receiving allopurinol and who had an SU level of ≥0."( Effects of Allopurinol Dose Escalation on Bone Erosion and Urate Volume in Gout: A Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Imaging Study Within a Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Aati, O; Allan, J; Billington, K; Dalbeth, N; Doyle, A; Drake, J; Frampton, C; Horne, A; Stamp, LK; Tan, P, 2019)
" Mean sU decrement by dosing per CKD groups was determined by CKD stage."( Low-Dose Allopurinol Promotes Greater Serum Urate Lowering in Gout Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Compared with Normal Kidney Function.
Crittenden, DB; Fisher, MC; Keenan, RT; Krasnokutsky, S; Modjinou, DV; Oh, C; Pillinger, MH; Toprover, M, 2019)
" The dose-response relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibitor use and adverse CV outcomes were also determined."( Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in the Real World: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
Hsieh, SC; Lin, FJ; Lin, LY; Shen, LJ; Su, CY, 2019)
" We used World Health Organization's defined daily dose (DDD) as a measure to assess the dosage of colchicine, allopurinol and benzbromarone exposure."( Association of gout medications and risk of cataract: a population-based case-control study.
Li, YJ; Perng, WT; Tseng, KY; Wang, YH; Wei, JC, 2019)
" Patients with heart disease and chronic kidney disease who were started on an allopurinol dosage of greater than 100 mg/d had an 11-fold higher risk."( Heart disease and the risk of allopurinol-associated severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a general population-based cohort study.
Aviña-Zubieta, JA; Choi, HK; Li, L; Lu, N; McCormick, N; Rai, SK; Xie, H; Yokose, C; Zheng, Y, 2019)
" There is paucity of data on the dosing of ULT for managing hyperuricaemia in gout patients with chronic kidney disease."( Debates in gout management.
Abhishek, A, 2020)
" There were significant differences in the maximum dosage, time to corticosteroid tapering, and the total dosage of corticosteroid between the SJS group and the TEN group, as well as among the three groups (P = 0."( Retrospective study of 213 cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis from China.
Li, F; Shou, YH; Xu, JH; Yang, L; Yang, YS; Zhu, XH, 2020)
" Two articles found allopurinol to be protective in patients with gout, 1 found no statistically significant association, and 1 found no statistically significant effect of escalation of allopurinol dosage on all-cause or cardiovascular-related mortality."( Mortality in Patients With Gout Treated With Allopurinol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Belcher, J; Hay, CA; Mallen, CD; Prior, JA; Roddy, E, 2021)
" Allopurinol, a urate synthesis inhibitor, is generally administered at a reduced dosage to patients with renal impairment."( Recent approaches to gout drug discovery: an update.
Anzai, N; Hisatome, I; Kudo, H; Otani, N; Ouchi, M; Tsuruoka, S, 2020)
"To describe the metabolic pathways and key factors implicated in the efficacy and toxicity of the thiopurine drugs and to indicate the opportunities to improve outcomes by monitoring and manipulating metabolic pathways, individualising dosage and strengthening the response."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)
" Universal pre-treatment assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and individualisation of dosage to manipulate metabolite thresholds could improve outcomes."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)
" The effect of uricosuric agents on the decrease in hospitalized stroke risk indicated a dose-response relationship."( Urate-lowering therapy may mitigate the risks of hospitalized stroke and mortality in patients with gout.
Hsu, CC; Hwu, CM; Li, HL; Wei, JC; Yen, FS, 2020)
" And as febuxostat dosage increased, more patients achieved the target SU level."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)
" And as febuxostat dosage increased, more patients achieved the target SU level."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)
" The dosage of allopurinol to accomplish full control of gout and to lower serum uric acid to normal or near-normal levels varies with the severity of the disease, and needs to be flexible to permit precise, customized dose titration for individual patients."( Physicochemical Stability of Compounded Allopurinol Suspensions in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.
Bostanian, LA; Graves, RA; Le, G; Mandal, TK; Morris, TC; Pramar, YV, )
" In the present work, two different highly sensitive, selective and accurate fluorescence spectroscopic methods were developed for quantitative analysis of lesinurad and allopurinol in their pharmaceutical dosage form without any tedious operation procedure."( Application of different spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of lesinurad and allopurinol in pharmaceutical preparation and human plasma.
Abdelazim, AH; Attia, KAM; El-Olemy, A; Hasan, MA; Omar, MKM; Ramzy, S; Shahin, M, 2021)
"Patients in maintenance were considered for allopurinol treatment who had the following features: (a) Grade ≥3 hepatotoxicity; (b) Grade ≥2 nonhepatic gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity; or (c) persistently elevated absolute neutrophil count (ANC) despite >150% protocol dosing of oral chemotherapy."( Allopurinol use during pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia maintenance therapy safely corrects skewed 6-mercaptopurine metabolism, improving inadequate myelosuppression and reducing gastrointestinal toxicity.
Annesley, C; Bhuiyan, M; Brown, P; Cohen, G; Cooper, S; Sison, EA, 2020)
"Different spectrophotometic quantitative analytical methods have been developed and applied for quantitative determination of lesinurad and allopurinol in their newly FDA approved pharmaceutical dosage form."( Spectrophotometric determination of lesinurad and allopurinol in recently approved FDA pharmaceutical preparation.
Abdelazim, AH; El-Olemy, A; Mohamed, AA; Omar, MKM; Ramzy, S; Shahin, M, 2021)
" In addition, daily dosing of febuxostat 80 mg had greater efficacy to that of febuxostat 40 mg (RR=1."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)
" Moreover, our result suggested that dose titration to febuxostat 120 mg daily was superior to other daily dosing with regard to urate-lowering efficacy."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)
" Every 3 weeks, the dosage of the drug was increased by 50 mg to 300 mg per day under the control of the level of serum uric acid (sUA)."( [Evaluation of a 12-week allopurinol-lowering therapy in combination with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam in patients with gout].
Gromova, MA; Kislyak, OA; Malysheva, NV; Tsurko, VV, 2020)
" From these findings, a strategic SR formulation approach might be an efficacious dosage option for ALP to avoid severe nephrotoxicity in patients with nephropathy."( Biopharmaceutical characterization of a novel sustained-release formulation of allopurinol with reduced nephrotoxicity.
Nihei, T; Onoue, S; Sato, H, 2021)
"Three chemometric assisted spectrophotometric approaches were designed for precise quantitative analysis of lesinurad and allopurinol, in their recently FDA approved combination pharmaceutical dosage form."( Different chemometric assisted approaches for spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of lesinurad and allopurinol.
Abdelazim, AH; Shahin, M, 2021)
" The results indicated a dose-response relationship between allopurinol usage and CRC risk (P for trend < ."( Exploring the Relationship Between Colorectal Cancer and Allopurinol: A Taiwanese Population-Based Propensity-Matched Case-Control Study.
Hsieh, YW; Hsu, FG; Huang, CY; Lai, JN; Lin, MC, 2021)
" Simulations based on the uric acid model were performed to assess dose-response of verinurad in combination with XOI, and to investigate the impact of covariates."( A semi-mechanistic exposure-response model to assess the effects of verinurad, a potent URAT1 inhibitor, on serum and urine uric acid in patients with hyperuricemia-associated diseases.
Aksenov, S; Eriksson, UG; Johansson, S; Leander, J; Parkinson, J; Rekić, D; Sunnåker, M, 2021)
" The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of both drugs in their tablet dosage forms."( Development and greenness assessment of a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of allopurinol and benzbromarone.
Abdel-Khalek, MM; Abdelhamid, AG; Belal, TS; El-Kafrawy, DS, 2021)
" The dosage used and the effect of allopurinol in this population, either or not undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH), were evaluated."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Allopurinol, its Active Metabolite Oxypurinol, and Biomarkers Hypoxanthine, Xanthine and Uric Acid in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Neonates.
Allegaert, K; Annink, KV; Bakkali, LE; Benders, MJNL; Chu, WY; Dorlo, TPC; Franz, AR; Hagen, A; Huitema, ADR; Maiwald, CA; Nijstad, AL; Schroth, M; van Bel, F; van Weissenbruch, MM, 2022)
" The dosing regimen applied in the ALBINO trial leads to the targeted XO inhibition in neonates treated with or without TH."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Allopurinol, its Active Metabolite Oxypurinol, and Biomarkers Hypoxanthine, Xanthine and Uric Acid in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Neonates.
Allegaert, K; Annink, KV; Bakkali, LE; Benders, MJNL; Chu, WY; Dorlo, TPC; Franz, AR; Hagen, A; Huitema, ADR; Maiwald, CA; Nijstad, AL; Schroth, M; van Bel, F; van Weissenbruch, MM, 2022)
"1% split its dosage but increase administration frequency."( Xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis: Current perspectives of the Iberian veterinary community.
Arenas, C; Domínguez-Ruiz, M; Englar, RE; Jesus, L; Leal, RO; Roura, X; Silvestrini, P, 2022)
" The top hit Spartinin F2 exhibited inhibition percentages at 10 μM dosage as high as 84."( Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
Jiao, QC; Liu, J; Qin, P; Wang, B; Yang, YS; Zhou, KM, 2022)
" Drug dose titration (DT) is the process by which dosage is progressively adjusted to the patient till a steady dose is reached."( Modelling and assessing one- and two-drug dose titrations.
Alonso, JR; Kamišalić, A; Pečnik, Š; Riaño, D, 2022)
"Lesinurad and allopurinol have been formulated in a combined dosage form providing a new challenge for the treatment of gout attacks."( Different spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of lesinurad and allopurinol in the new FDA approved pharmaceutical preparation; additional greenness evaluation.
Abd Elhalim, LM; Abdelazim, AH; Abourehab, MAS; Almrasy, AA; Ramzy, S, 2023)
"Advantageous application of the validated HPLC method for the concurrent analysis of ALO/THA in their tablet dosage form was accomplished."( Forced Degradation and Stability-Indicating Study for the Binary Mixture of Allopurinol and Thioctic Acid Using Validated HPLC-DAD Method.
Abdel-Khalek, MM; Abdelhamid, AG; Belal, TS; El-Kafrawy, DS, 2023)
" The aim of this study was to investigate whether anthropometric and socioeconomic factors and comorbidities could explain sex-related differences in concentrations and dosing for metoprolol and oxypurinol, the active metabolite of allopurinol."( Females present higher dose-adjusted drug concentrations of metoprolol and allopurinol/oxypurinol than males.
Busseuil, D; de Denus, S; Dubé, MP; Gaulin, MJ; Hindi, J; Jutras, M; Leclair, G; Meloche, M; Mongrain, I; Oussaïd, E; Pilon, MO; Rouleau, JL; St-Jean, I; Tardif, JC, 2023)
" The available medications for stone prevention, namely thiazide diuretics, alkali, and allopurinol, are not always prescribed consistently, dosed correctly, or tolerated well by patients."( Breaking the Cycle of Recurrent Calcium Stone Disease.
Ganesan, C; Malieckal, DA; Mendez, DA; Pao, AC, 2023)
"The proposed allopurinol dosing guide uses individuals' fat-free mass, renal function and SLC22A12 rs505802 and PDZK1 rs12129861 genotypes to achieve target SU."( Population pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics modelling of oxypurinol in Hmong adults with gout and/or hyperuricemia.
Brundage, RC; Culhane-Pera, KA; Roman, YM; Straka, RJ; Wen, YF, 2023)
" ULT dosage is also limited by formularies and clinical inertia."( Mechanisms and rationale for uricase use in patients with gout.
Lioté, F; Pérez-Ruiz, F; Schlesinger, N, 2023)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
antimetaboliteA substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitorAn EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2).
radical scavengerA role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
gout suppressantA drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
organic heterobicyclic compound
nucleobase analogueA molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (6)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
guanosine nucleotides degradation II125
adenosine nucleotides degradation I327
superpathway of purines degradation in plants745
superpathway of guanosine nucleotides degradation (plants)227
guanosine nucleotides degradation I226
purine nucleotides degradation I (plants)334

Protein Targets (37)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
interleukin 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency74.97800.047349.480674.9780AID651758
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.80480.000811.382244.6684AID686979
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.55180.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259381
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.01190.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.19830.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259378
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.94590.000417.946075.1148AID1346784
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.08900.000214.376460.0339AID720691
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.98190.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency40.38960.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID743069; AID743075
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.92900.005210.865235.4813AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.02510.035520.977089.1251AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.39810.540617.639296.1227AID2364; AID2528
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.79430.794321.275750.1187AID624246
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency16.45770.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
ras-related protein Rab-9AHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.00000.00022.621531.4954AID485297
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency74.97800.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.09200.004611.374133.4983AID624296
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.00000.125912.234435.4813AID1458
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency70.19700.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.002319.595674.0614AID651743
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency70.19700.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48131.778316.208135.4813AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusIC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.03403.987110.0000AID1082239
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)116.50000.11007.190310.0000AID1443986; AID1473738
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)9.31770.00402.25236.0000AID449301; AID552786; AID722986
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.99680.00132.81389.8200AID1234421; AID1272635; AID1310994; AID1330574; AID1348944; AID1389558; AID1405945; AID1433308; AID1453375; AID1485271; AID1485273; AID1485280; AID1485284; AID1485285; AID1502932; AID1651286; AID1799669; AID1865993; AID1888100; AID1900625; AID219595; AID219739; AID287937; AID295041; AID341681; AID351098; AID378013; AID378145; AID380589; AID384287; AID384323; AID387151; AID387152; AID398996; AID399340; AID406380; AID467250; AID479084; AID590702; AID717724
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki2.89170.00011.38097.3000AID1183551; AID1185461; AID1269361; AID1649918; AID1900627; AID219741
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)11.10000.02500.02500.0250AID1064493
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)13.75200.00303.10159.8000AID1064493; AID1072541; AID1146435; AID1150142; AID1298770; AID1369117; AID1379542; AID1402016; AID1424732; AID1435053; AID1444510; AID1444593; AID1461517; AID1485269; AID1485276; AID1485278; AID1485281; AID1485283; AID1487713; AID1503694; AID1537337; AID1570304; AID1594173; AID1608483; AID1637837; AID1695067; AID1736372; AID1762453; AID1800155; AID1800197; AID1800440; AID1867877; AID1878316; AID219599; AID355479; AID469633; AID552787; AID578685; AID614370; AID660255; AID682403; AID728035
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)Ki1.80000.00010.83862.6000AID1146441; AID1146443
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Histamine H3 receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)8.69000.00102.90708.6900AID1637837
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Adenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)Kd77.00000.00020.47319.6000AID1874229
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)Kd0.00050.00050.00050.0005AID1485264
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Km91.45001.15002.75635.9000AID274549; AID274562
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)Km58.37501.80002.78003.7000AID424718; AID424719; AID424720; AID424721
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (272)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
T cell mediated cytotoxicityHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide biosynthetic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
purine ribonucleoside salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
guanine salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex neuron differentiationHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
central nervous system neuron developmentHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
GMP salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
IMP salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
AMP salvageHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
IMP metabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
adenine metabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine metabolic processHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
lymphocyte proliferationHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite morphogenesisHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerizationHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic neuron differentiationHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
phagocytosisAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
cellular defense responseAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
central nervous system developmentAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perceptionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
blood circulationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glutamate secretionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmissionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of norepinephrine secretionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
response to purine-containing compoundAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
response to caffeineAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volumeAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular permeabilityAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic processAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection morphogenesisAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responseAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potentialAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transportAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathwayAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
allantoin metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
guanine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
inosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyinosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
adenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyadenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyguanosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
AMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
IMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
lactationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron-sulfur cluster assemblyXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
amide catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dGMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dAMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascadeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathwayXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vasculogenesisXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stabilityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stressTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcriptionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (82)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
nucleotide bindingHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion bindingHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activityHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activityHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activityAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
lipid bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-actinin bindingAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
molybdopterin cofactor bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
FAD bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
xanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
iron ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
molybdenum ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
protein homodimerization activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
molybdopterin cofactor bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
FAD bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
lipid bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (53)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
intermediate filamentAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
axolemmaAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zoneAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAdenosine receptor A2aHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
peroxisomeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaMus musculus (house mouse)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
peroxisomeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
xanthine dehydrogenase complexXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrilsTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (497)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1867888Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in connective tissue hyperplasia at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days by hematoxylin-eosin and Ma2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID409954Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID614371Antihyperuricemic activity in Swiss mouse assessed as decrease of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 50 mg/kg, ip after 3 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 7.80 +/- 0.34 uM)2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
N-(1,3-Diaryl-3-oxopropyl)amides as a new template for xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1888102Anti-hyperuricemic activity against potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as reduction in serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with potassium oxonate for 1 hr followed by compound treatment and measure2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5/6-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamides and 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID7783Unbound fraction (plasma)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID1082231Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol at IC50 concentration2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9
Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1867911Cytoprotective activity in human HK-2 cells assessed as reduction in uric acid-induced increase in branches and intracellular space at 25 uM by inverted light microscopic analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID722717Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition DPPH radical production after 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1
Trisubstituted thiophene analogues of 1-thiazolyl-2-pyrazoline, super oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers.
AID568568Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion radical production2011Journal of natural products, Jan-28, Volume: 74, Issue:1
Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of isocoumarins and a phthalide from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1851311Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) at 10 uM relative to control2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID552787Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives.
AID1753482Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human MRC-5 SV2 cells to IC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against nifurtimox-sensitive Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen CL2 infected in human MRC-5 SV2 cells2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID27580Partition coefficient (logP)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 43, Issue:15
ElogPoct: a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery.
AID179366Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 20 mg/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1461523Anti-hyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Kun-Ming mouse assessed as serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg/day, ig for 7 days and measured 1 hr post last dose (Rvb = 5.89 +/- 0.36 mg/dl)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxychalcones as multifunctional non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID588208Literature-mined public compounds from Lowe et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2010Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-04, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Predicting phospholipidosis using machine learning.
AID1867896Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in serum uric acid level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 4 weeks (Rvb = 356.15 +/- 3.31 uM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1637841Anti-hyperuricemic effect in Swiss albino mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model assessed as serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, po treated 1 hr post potassium oxonate addition and measured after 30 mins by ERBA method (Rvb = 5.9 +/- 2019MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 10, Issue:1
Benzoflavone derivatives as potent antihyperuricemic agents.
AID1330574Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of xanthine substrate measured every minute up to 8 mins2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID424729Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of cytochrome c at 50 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID717694Antihyperuricemic activity in fasted rat assessed as reduction in potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge relative to vehicle-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1389566In vivo inhibition of XOD activity in liver of Kunming mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia at 10 mg/kg, po treated 1 hr post potassium oxonate addition measured after 1 hr relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Development of benzoxazole deoxybenzoin oxime and acyloxylamine derivatives targeting innate immune sensors and xanthine oxidase for treatment of gout.
AID19424Partition coefficient (logD7.4)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 44, Issue:15
ElogD(oct): a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery. 2. Basic and neutral compounds.
AID378145Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2005Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 68, Issue:2
Bioactive constituents from Boswellia papyrifera.
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1330572Uricosuric activity in potassium oxonate-induced Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia assessed as increase in uric acid excretion in urine at 10 mg/kg qd administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 days via oral gavage measured up to 24 hrs 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID179375Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 20 mg/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID8002Observed volume of distribution2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID168363Superoxide dismutase activity measured as inhibition of Cytochrome C reduction by 50% in isolated rat heart muscle subjected to global ischemia2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-08, Volume: 11, Issue:1
Beneficial effects of different flavonoids, on functional recovery after ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart.
AID1878316Inhibition of bovine XO assessed as inhibition of uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured for 2 mins by spectrophotometry2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 60Discovery of 4-(phenoxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1874227Binding affinity to human wild type adenosine A2A receptor expressed in Expi293F cells assessed as affinity on-rate by surface plasmon resonance assay2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7
Surface Plasmon Resonance Screening to Identify Active and Selective Adenosine Receptor Binding Fragments.
AID1608483Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured at 30 sec interval for 2 mins by spectrophotometrically2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives.
AID295041Inhibition of Xanthine oxidase2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Quercinol, an anti-inflammatory chromene from the wood-rotting fungus Daedalea quercina (Oak Mazegill).
AID1389570Hypouricemic effect in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of hepatic XOD activity at 10 mg/kg, po measured after 1 hr relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Development of benzoxazole deoxybenzoin oxime and acyloxylamine derivatives targeting innate immune sensors and xanthine oxidase for treatment of gout.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1753481Cytotoxicity against human MRC-5 SV2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorometric analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1485267Inhibition of butter milk xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1868686Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for Cytotoxicity against Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages to EC50 for intracellular Leishmania infantum MHOM/MA(BE)/67 ITMAP263 amastigotes infected in Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Exploration of 6-methyl-7-(Hetero)Aryl-7-Deazapurine ribonucleosides as antileishmanial agents.
AID1651290Antiarthritic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mouse model assessed as reduction in uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4
Development of novel NLRP3-XOD dual inhibitors for the treatment of gout.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1348941Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 30 uM after 60 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID1150142Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 20, Issue:9
2-pyridylimidazoles as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID496823Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1900625Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxid
AID590702Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity assessed as uric acid formation pretreated for 15 mins before substrate addition measured after 5 mins2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 46, Issue:4
Antioxidant xanthone derivatives induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and enhance cell death induced by cisplatin in NTUB1 cells associated with ROS.
AID424721Activity at bovine xanthine oxidase at 25 uM preincubated for 10 mins2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1636357Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1453375Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 25, Issue:13
Potential anti-gout constituents as xanthine oxidase inhibitor from the fruits of Stauntonia brachyanthera.
AID776267Stability of the compound in simulated gastric fluid assessed as retention time by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID681386TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in mOat3-expressing oocytes2004Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 32, Issue:5
Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3.
AID28233Fraction ionized (pH 7.4)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID670364Inhibition of xanthine oxidase- mediated uric acid formation after 5 mins by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of constituents of Cinnamomum cassia twigs.
AID1695067Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate measured for 20 mins by microplate assay2020RSC medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 11, Issue:4
Arylsulfonyl histamine derivatives as powerful and selective α-glucosidase inhibitors.
AID1874229Binding affinity to human wild type adenosine A2A receptor expressed in Expi293F cells assessed as dissociation constant by surface plasmon resonance assay2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7
Surface Plasmon Resonance Screening to Identify Active and Selective Adenosine Receptor Binding Fragments.
AID1500520Inhibition of butter milk XOD (unknown origin) at 1 uM using xanthine as substrate after 8 mins relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Structure-activity relations of rosmarinic acid derivatives for the amyloid β aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.
AID768702Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate assessed as uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute up to 8 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 67Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine analogues.
AID1389563Anti-hyperuricemic effect in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of potassium oxonate-induced serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, po treated 1 hr post potassium oxonate addition measured after 1 hr by phosphotungstic acid method relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Development of benzoxazole deoxybenzoin oxime and acyloxylamine derivatives targeting innate immune sensors and xanthine oxidase for treatment of gout.
AID1867922Renal protective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in hyperuricemia-induced renal fibrosis by measuring tubular dilation with epithelial atrophy at 20 mg/kg, po administered via 2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1762453Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured for every 30 sec by spectrophotometric analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenylpyrimidine derivatives with 4-amino or 4-hydroxy as a pharmacophore element binding with xanthine oxidase active site.
AID776277Stability of the compound in 0.05 M SDS-0.01 M NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 3.5 x 10'-7 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1143922Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide ion scavenging activity measured as formazone formation at 200 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 81Design and synthesis of novel indole-chalcone fibrates as lipid lowering agents.
AID776265Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at 25 degC2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1272732Inhibition of butter milk xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as initial velocity of uric acid formation pre-incubated for 3 mins by spectrophotometry analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Structure-based design and biological evaluation of novel 2-(indol-2-yl) thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1900627Competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as inhibitory constant of enzyme-substrate complex using xanthine as substrate at varying concentrations preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric 2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxid
AID660255Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits.
AID660259Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate at 10 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits.
AID770340Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 200 ug/mL after 30 mins by NBT reduction assay relative to control2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68Hybrid benzofuran-bisindole derivatives: new prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities.
AID1075874Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease of uric acid level in serum at 30 mg/kg, po measured after 2 hrs relative to vehicle-treated control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1487713Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid production using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16
Synthesis and evaluation of 1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID424719Activity at bovine xanthine oxidase at 25 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID384288Inhibition of xanthine oxidase at 100 uM2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 43, Issue:4
Synthesis of N-aryl-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazole derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID219739Inhibitory activity against Xanthine Oxidase1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-21, Volume: 39, Issue:13
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new imidazole, pyrimidine, and purine derivatives and analogs as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1330571Antihyperuricemic activity in fasted Kun Ming mouse assessed as inhibition of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg qd administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 days via oral gavage measured 1 hr post last dose by p2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID1234421Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 25, Issue:14
Discovery of xanthine oxidase inhibitors and/or α-glucosidase inhibitors by carboxyalkyl derivatization based on the flavonoid of apigenin.
AID1330576Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia assessed as reduction in uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered via oral gavage 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 consecutive days by2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID334218Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes infected in human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of amastigotes proliferation at 1 ug/mL after 4 days by HeLa cell-infection assay2002Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 65, Issue:4
Monoterpene hydroperoxides with trypanocidal activity from Chenopodium ambrosioides.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID496827Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1485281Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 hrs followed by substrate addition by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID424725Ratio of kcat to km for bovine xanthine oxidase at 25 uM preincubated for 10 mins2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1183551Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84Flavones: an important scaffold for medicinal chemistry.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1867890Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in tubular-interstitial lesion development at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days by hematoxylin-eo2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1146436Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate at 10 times I50 preincubated for 1 hr at 4 degC measured after 10 fold dilution relative to control1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID1082237Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9
Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1867889Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in neutrophils infiltrations at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID396344Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide at 20 ug/mL2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11
Novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo[h] chromene-8,10-dicarbaldehyde as potential antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID418489Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as chemical mediators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1348939Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured every min for 10 mins by spectrophotometric method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID341681Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Synthesis and cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities of 2',5'-dialkoxylchalcones as cancer chemopreventive agents.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID19262Aqueous solubility2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11
Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID351094Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell death in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 16 ug/ml preincubated 2 hrs before H2O2 challenge measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID1485278Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed using xanthine as substrate after 10 mins by fluorometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1649925Half life in human2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID1324539Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID449301Inhibition of rat liver xanthine oxidase after 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23
Design, synthesis, and examination of neuron protective properties of alkenylated and amidated dehydro-silybin derivatives.
AID776278Stability of the compound in 0.05 M SDS-0.01 M NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 7.5 x 10'-9 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID1444596Invivo inhibition of xanthine oxidase in Wistar rat assessed as peak area of 6-MP at 50 mg/kg, ip using 6-mercaptopurine as substrate after 6 hrs by UPLC method (Rvb = 7.3 mAU)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides: A systematic approach from in vitro, in silico to in vivo studies.
AID614334Antihyperuricemic activity in Swiss mouse assessed as decrease of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, ip after 3 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 7.80 +/- 0.34 uM)2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
N-(1,3-Diaryl-3-oxopropyl)amides as a new template for xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID681371TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2002Molecular pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 62, Issue:1
Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice.
AID481286Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion radical production assessed as formazone formation at 20 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 20, Issue:10
Synthesis of novel benzocoumarin derivatives as lipid lowering agents.
AID29925Volume of distribution in man (IV dose)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID424722Ratio of kcat to km for bovine xanthine oxidase at 10 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID351093Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell death in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 8 ug/ml preincubated 2 hrs before H2O2 challenge measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1867923Renal protective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in extracellular matrix protein deposition by measuring interstitial expansion with collagen accumulation at 20 mg/kg, po admin2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID776295Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi RA amastigotes infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as growth inhibition at 1 ug/ml after 72 hrs by Giemsa staining-based light microscopy2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1485271Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate after 4 mins by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1867883Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as blood urea nitrogen level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 2 weeks (Rvb = 9.88 +/- 1.21 mM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID424718Activity at bovine xanthine oxidase at 10 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1348945Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells at 30 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID699540Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID173963Tested for hypouricemic effect in potassium oxonate (uricase inhibitor) treated (po)rats for 0-6 hr expressed as ED202001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 11, Issue:7
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-phenylpyrazoles as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID409956Inhibition of mouse brain MAOB2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID1651325In vivo inhibition of xanthine oxidase in mouse assessed as reduction in enzyme activity in liver at 10 mg/kg relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4
Development of novel NLRP3-XOD dual inhibitors for the treatment of gout.
AID1310994Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate assessed as inhibition of uric acid formation after 30 mins by spectrophotometric method2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119On the vasoprotective mechanisms underlying novel β-phosphorylated nitrones: Focus on free radical characterization, scavenging and NO-donation in a biological model of oxidative stress.
AID1636440Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1594173Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins followed by xanthine addition and measured after 20 mins by spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9
Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID28236Unbound fraction (tissues)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496828Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1165425Inhibition of buttermilk xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
Substituted thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes and related congeners: Synthesis, β-glucuronidase inhibition activity, crystal structure, and POM analyses.
AID776279Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound by RP-HPLC analysis2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID607703Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion radical production assessed as formazone formation at 20 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel biscoumarin-chalcone hybrids.
AID1444593Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured for 15 mins by spectrophotometric method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides: A systematic approach from in vitro, in silico to in vivo studies.
AID1330578Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia assessed as uricosuric activity by measuring increase in urinary uric acid excretion at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered via oral gavage 1 hr post potassium oxonate-2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID1146437Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate at 10 times I50 preincubated for 20 mins at 25 degC measured after 10 fold dilution relative to control1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID174770Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF),arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 20 mg/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID717724Inhibition of xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate at 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1146439Activity at bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID1537337Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid production using xanthine as substrate after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2019Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2
Propolis Components from Stingless Bees Collected on South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and Their Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity.
AID1867917Renal protective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in urate accumulation in kidney at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage for 2 weeks by polarization microscopic analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1753483Antileishmanial activity against amastigote form of Leishmania infantum MHOM/MA(BE)/67 infected in Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as reduction in parasite growth treated at 2 hrs post-infection and measured after 5 days by Giemsa staining bas2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID1851314Anti-hyperuricemic activity against hypoxanthine and oteracil potassium induced hyperuricemia in Kunming mouse model assessed as alanine aminotransferase level at 5 mg/kg, IG administered daily (Rvb = 28.05 +/- 8.478 U/L)2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID496820Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID496830Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1324551Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip dosed 1 after toxin injection measured after 24 to 48 hrs2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID27575HPLC capacity factor (k)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 43, Issue:15
ElogPoct: a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery.
AID1637837Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition by UV-visible spectrophotometry2019MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 10, Issue:1
Benzoflavone derivatives as potent antihyperuricemic agents.
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID699541Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID399340Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as decrease in uric acid production by spectrophotometry1998Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 61, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers.
AID170002Effect of AOS scavenger on premeture ventricular complexes PVCs, arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 20 mg/kg; PVSc/min1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID219599In vitro inhibitory concentration against Xanthine oxidase2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 11, Issue:7
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-phenylpyrazoles as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID682403Inhibition of bovine milk XO assessed as decrease in uric acid formation after 5 mins by UV-spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 20, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of N-{3-[3-(9-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-acryloyl]-phenyl}-benzamide/amide derivatives as xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors.
AID26380Dissociation constant (pKa)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID776275Stability of the compound in 0.1 M SDS-0.01 M 7.5% (v/v) 1-propanol-NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 7.5 x 10'-9 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID274547Inhibition of [3H]hypoxanthine uptake in Plasmodium falciparum 3D72006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1502932Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured every 2 mins for 6 mins2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
Berchemiosides A-C, 2-Acetoxy-ω-phenylpentaene Fatty Acid Triglycosides from the Unripe Fruits of Berchemia berchemiifolia.
AID776273Stability of the compound in 0.1 M SDS-0.01 M 7.5% (v/v) 1-propanol-NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 3.5 x 10'-7 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID584550Cytotoxicity against mouse J774A1 cells2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Testing nucleoside analogues as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vitro and in macrophage cell culture.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID27167Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1082238Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9
Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1868685Cytotoxicity against Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 5 days by microscopic analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Exploration of 6-methyl-7-(Hetero)Aryl-7-Deazapurine ribonucleosides as antileishmanial agents.
AID418488Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as chemical mediators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID687692Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide anion radical generation at 200 ug/ml by spectrophotometry2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 57Discovery of amide based fibrates as possible antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID173961Tested for hypouricemic effect in potassium oxonate (uricase inhibitor) treated (po) rats for 0-24 hr expressed as ED202001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 11, Issue:7
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-phenylpyrazoles as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1435053Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid levels using xanthine as substrate after 120 mins by spectrophotometry2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Discovery and biological evaluation of some (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxybenzaldehyde derivatives containing an anthraquinone moiety as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID29344Ionisation constant (pKa)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID614335Antihyperuricemic activity in Swiss mouse assessed as decrease of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 20 mg/kg, ip after 3 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 7.80 +/- 0.34 uM)2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
N-(1,3-Diaryl-3-oxopropyl)amides as a new template for xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID334215Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes infected in human HeLa cells assessed as number of amastigotes per infected cell at 1 ug/mL after 4 days by HeLa cell-infection assay2002Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 65, Issue:4
Monoterpene hydroperoxides with trypanocidal activity from Chenopodium ambrosioides.
AID1867912Cytoprotective activity in human HK-2 cells assessed as reduction in uric acid-induced cell remodeling at 25 uM by inverted light microscopic analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1348940Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 30 uM after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID1485264Binding affinity to bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in conversion of 4-HPP to 4,6-diHPP by measuring cytochrome c reduction by spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1146449Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID584546Inhibition of inosine/L-alanine-induced Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2 spore germination pretreated for 15 mins before inosine/L-alanine challenge2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Testing nucleoside analogues as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vitro and in macrophage cell culture.
AID491531Binding affinity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis purine nucleoside phosphorylase by spectrophotometric analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 18, Issue:13
Crystallographic and docking studies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID398996Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2005Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 68, Issue:11
Free-radical-scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory constituents from Stereospermum personatum.
AID1433308Inhibition of Xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 mins followed by substrate addition measured every 15 secs for 7 mins by spectrophotometry2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 2-arylbenzo[b]furan derivatives based on salvianolic acid C.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID384287Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 43, Issue:4
Synthesis of N-aryl-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazole derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1867879Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in serum uric acid level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 2 weeks (Rvb = 318.16 +/- 3.31 uM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1485276Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID776290Metabolic stability of the compound in human plasma2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1651286Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4
Development of novel NLRP3-XOD dual inhibitors for the treatment of gout.
AID355479Inhibition of cow milk xanthine oxidase
AID1485285Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate after 30 mins by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID274550Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT at pH 7.42006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1867887Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as appearance of clear tubular structures at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID496832Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID424730Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of cytochrome c at 25 uM preincubated for 10 mins2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID274562Inhibition of human HGPRT at pH 8.52006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID1851315Anti-hyperuricemic activity against hypoxanthine and oteracil potassium induced hyperuricemia in Kunming mouse model assessed as total bilirubin level at 5 mg/kg, IG administered daily (Rvb = 12.05 +/- 4.92 uM)2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID1234423Hypouricemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as decrease in potassium oxonate-induced serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr by Uricase colorimetric method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 25, Issue:14
Discovery of xanthine oxidase inhibitors and/or α-glucosidase inhibitors by carboxyalkyl derivatization based on the flavonoid of apigenin.
AID380589Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by spectrophotometry1999Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 62, Issue:7
New guaianolides and xanthine oxidase inhibitory flavonols from ajania fruticulosa
AID274560Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID776294Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi RA amastigotes infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by Giemsa staining-based light microscopy2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1868684Antileishmanial activity against intracellular Leishmania infantum MHOM/MA(BE)/67 ITMAP263 amastigotes infected in Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophage assessed as inhibition of parasite growth measured after 5 days by geimsa staining based microscopic analy2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Exploration of 6-methyl-7-(Hetero)Aryl-7-Deazapurine ribonucleosides as antileishmanial agents.
AID496825Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID722986Inhibition of Wistar albino rat xanthine oxidase isolated from liver using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition by spectrophotometric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1
Trisubstituted thiophene analogues of 1-thiazolyl-2-pyrazoline, super oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers.
AID584547Antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2 infected in mouse J774A.1 cells assessed as protection against bacteria-induced cytotoxicity using propidium iodide staining after 3 hrs measured every hours for up to 7 hrs2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Testing nucleoside analogues as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vitro and in macrophage cell culture.
AID1649924Tmax in human2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1324549Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as reduction in symptomatic effects of toxin at 2 mM, ip preincubated with Stx for 1 hr measured after 0 to 14 days2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID479084Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2010Journal of natural products, May-28, Volume: 73, Issue:5
Glutarimide alkaloids and a terpenoid benzoquinone from Cordia globifera.
AID424724Ratio of kcat to km for bovine xanthine oxidase at 50 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1146443Mixed-type inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID776276Stability of the compound in 0.05 M SDS-0.01 M NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 6 x 10'-8 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID699539Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1500521Inhibition of butter milk XOD (unknown origin) at 10 uM using xanthine as substrate after 8 mins relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Structure-activity relations of rosmarinic acid derivatives for the amyloid β aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.
AID399341Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide-scavenging activity by nitrite method1998Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 61, Issue:1
Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers.
AID274549Inhibition of human HGPRT at pH 7.42006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID497005Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID443181Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity at 200 ug/ml2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as novel antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID274563Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT at pH 8.52006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Lead compounds for antimalarial chemotherapy: purine base analogs discriminate between human and P. falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases.
AID1503694Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)isonicotinamide/nicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1865993Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) at 10 uM using xanthine as substrate2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 54Isolation and biological activity of azocine and azocane alkaloids.
AID1146438Activity at bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of cytochrome c and phenazine methosulfate1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID1424732Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 mins followed by substrate addition and measured for every 15 secs for 7 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 151Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors bearing a 2-arylbenzo[b]furan scaffold.
AID1753485Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against amastigote form of Leishmania infantum MHOM/MA(BE)/67 infected in Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID227718Binding energy by using the equation deltaG obsd = -RT ln KD1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Functional group contributions to drug-receptor interactions.
AID496821Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID776274Stability of the compound in 0.1 M SDS-0.01 M 7.5% (v/v) 1-propanol-NaH2PO4/H3PO4 assessed as compound recovery at 6 x 10'-8 mol/ml by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1608490Hypouricemic activity in Kunming mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia assessed as decrease in serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, ig administered after 3 hrs of potassium oxonate challenge and measured after 3 hrs2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives.
AID1485269Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine-oxygen reductase using xanthine as substrate by spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1272635Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Hydroxylated chalcones with dual properties: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors and radical scavengers.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1330584Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia assessed as oxonate-induced hepatic XOD activity at 10 mg/ kg, po qd administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 consecutive days via oral gavage re2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1324542Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by LDH release assay relative to u2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID29363Dissociation constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1444510Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate pretreated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured by UV-vis spectrophotometric method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 131Synthesis, screening and docking of fused pyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1324536Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip preincubated with Stx for 1 hr measured after 0 to 14 days2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID29423HPLC capacity factor (k')2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1851316Anti-hyperuricemic activity against hypoxanthine and oteracil potassium induced hyperuricemia in Kunming mouse model assessed as blood urea nitrogen level at 5 mg/kg, IG administered daily (Rvb = 53.09 +/- 1.937 mg/dl)2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID1649918Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID552788Inhibition of microbial xanthine oxidase by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives.
AID29421Partition coefficient (logP) (HPLC)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 43, Issue:15
ElogPoct: a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery.
AID489931Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated superoxide anion at 20 ug/ml by spectrophotometry2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Novel coumarin derivatives as potential antidyslipidemic agents.
AID287937Inhibition of human xanthine oxidase2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10
The screening and characterization of 6-aminopurine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1348944Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) at 30 uM using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured every min for 10 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID1461521Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins at 2000 uM2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxychalcones as multifunctional non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1736372Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 25 mins followed by substrate addition measured at first 2 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 190Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1435052Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid levels at 50 uM using xanthine as substrate after 120 mins by spectrophotometry2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Discovery and biological evaluation of some (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxybenzaldehyde derivatives containing an anthraquinone moiety as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1867874In vivo inhibition of XOD in adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in XOD activity in liver at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 2 weeks2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1485274Inhibition of butter milk xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate by spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID351097Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as formation of formazan after 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID1753480Antitrypanosomal activity against nifurtimox-sensitive Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen CL2 infected in human MRC-5 SV2 cells assessed as inhibition of parasite growth measured after 7 days by spectrophotometric analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID1298770Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 26, Issue:12
Anti-gout nor-oleanane triterpenoids from the leaves of Stauntonia brachyanthera.
AID170014Effect of compound on catalase measured as disappearance of H2O2 in isolated rat heart muscle subjected to global ischemia2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-08, Volume: 11, Issue:1
Beneficial effects of different flavonoids, on functional recovery after ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart.
AID1146441Mixed-type inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using hypoxanthine as substrate by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID392225Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in generation of superoxide radicals at 100 ug/mL measured as formazone formation by spectrophotometry relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Syntheses and evaluation of glucosyl aryl thiosemicarbazide and glucosyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic agents.
AID1324540Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay relati2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1867881Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in serum creatinine level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 2 weeks (Rvb = 87.62 +/- 0.67 uM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID351098Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as formation of formazan at 16 ug/ml after 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID496824Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1485273Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate measured at every 1 mins up to 5 mins2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID288650Inhibition of superoxide production by xanthine/xanthine oxidase method2007Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 70, Issue:6
Anti-inflammatory thiazine alkaloids isolated from the New Zealand ascidian Aplidium sp.: inhibitors of the neutrophil respiratory burst in a model of gouty arthritis.
AID348893Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion radical production at 0.5 mM2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
Synthesis and free radical scavenging activity of some new spiropyranocoumarins.
AID776292Intrinsic solubility of the compound in standard phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 at 25 degC after 24 hrs by shake-flask method2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1405945Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1851317Anti-hyperuricemic activity against hypoxanthine and oteracil potassium induced hyperuricemia in Kunming mouse model assessed as creatinine level at 5 mg/kg, IG administered daily (Rvb = 59.12 +/- 7.198 uM)2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID496817Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID29811Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1324544Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by neutral red uptake assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1444595Invivo inhibition of xanthine oxidase in Wistar rat assessed as retention time of 6-MP at 50 mg/kg, ip using 6-mercaptopurine as substrate after 6 hrs by UPLC method (Rvb = 4.912 min)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides: A systematic approach from in vitro, in silico to in vivo studies.
AID219595Inhibition of Xanthine oxidase2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 13, Issue:16
Novel 3-O-acyl mesquitol analogues as free-radical scavengers and enzyme inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship.
AID717696Antihyperuricemic activity in fasted rat assessed as reduction in potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge relative to vehicle-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1878317In vivo Hypouricemic activity against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia rat model assessed as reduction in serum uric acid production at 8 mg/kg, po measured after 2 hrs2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 60Discovery of 4-(phenoxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID670363Inhibition of xanthine oxidase- mediated uric acid formation at 50 ug/mL after 5 mins by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of constituents of Cinnamomum cassia twigs.
AID1082239Inhibition of Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) tyrosinase2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9
Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1867885Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in renal tubule dilation at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson tri2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID183793Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT),arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 20 mg/kg; 8/81988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID776268Stability of the compound in simulated intestinal fluid assessed as retention time by micellar liquid chromatography2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID174778Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT),arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 20 mg/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1461517Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase pre-incubated for 30 mins followed by xanthine addition and measured every 30 secs for 5 mins by spectrophotometry2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxychalcones as multifunctional non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
AID219741Inhibitory activity against Xanthine Oxidase1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-21, Volume: 39, Issue:13
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new imidazole, pyrimidine, and purine derivatives and analogs as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID614370Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as decrease of uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
N-(1,3-Diaryl-3-oxopropyl)amides as a new template for xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1389558Inhibition of Xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 1 to 5 mins followed by substrate addition2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Development of benzoxazole deoxybenzoin oxime and acyloxylamine derivatives targeting innate immune sensors and xanthine oxidase for treatment of gout.
AID1330587Decrease in potassium oxonate-induced renal URAT1 expression in Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia at 10 mg/ kg, po qd administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 consecutive days via oral gavage by Western blot method relative to oxonate-2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID1269361Non-competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 24, Issue:2
9-Benzoyl 9-deazaguanines as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1324550Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga toxin-induced mortality in Balb/c mouse exposed to 5 x LD50 Shigella toxin assessed as increase in mouse survival at 2 mM, ip dosed 1 hr before toxin injection measured after 24 to 48 hrs2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1330588Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia assessed as reduction in hepatic uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered via oral gavage 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 consecutive days by 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID626109Antioxidant activity assessed as xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion scavenging at 200 mg/ml after 30 mins by NBT reduction assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Synthesis of novel N-(2-hydroxy-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide and N-(2-oxo-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide derivatives and their antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity.
AID1146448Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate assessed as increase of I50 at pH 6.6 to 7.51976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID387152Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as decrease of uric acid generation2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 18, Issue:18
ortho-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from aged Doenjang (Korean fermented soypaste) and its radical scavenging activity.
AID1402016Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of natural and hemisynthetic flavonoids from Gardenia oudiepe (Rubiaceae) in vitro and molecular docking studies.
AID1867902Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as blood urea nitrogen level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 4 weeks (Rvb = 15.25 +/- 1.21 mM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1867877Inhibition of bovine XOD assessed as inhibition of uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 5 mins followed by substrate addition and measured for 30 mins by microplate reader analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1444597Invivo inhibition of xanthine oxidase in Wistar rat at 50 mg/kg, ip using 6-mercaptopurine as substrate after 6 hrs by UPLC method relative to control2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides: A systematic approach from in vitro, in silico to in vivo studies.
AID467250Inhibition of XOD2009Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 72, Issue:6
Chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Artemisia minor.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1851312Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID1868687Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by resazurin dye based fluorescence analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Exploration of 6-methyl-7-(Hetero)Aryl-7-Deazapurine ribonucleosides as antileishmanial agents.
AID424723Ratio of kcat to km for bovine xanthine oxidase at 25 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1753484Cytotoxicity against Swiss mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as cell detachment, lysis and granulation measured after 5 days by microscopic analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Revisiting Pyrazolo[3,4-
AID1324537Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID424720Activity at bovine xanthine oxidase at 50 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID496818Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID660258Antihyperuricemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as decrease of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate challenge measured after 4 hrs by photometric analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID351095Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell death in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 32 ug/ml preincubated 2 hrs before H2O2 challenge measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID496826Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1324545Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for nhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1867899Anti-hyperuricemic activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in creatinine level at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage once daily for 4 weeks (Rvb = 76.87 +/- 0.67 uM)2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1082233Inhibition of Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) tyrosinase at IC50 concentration2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9
Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1324543Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as protection of cell membrane integrity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by LDH release assay relative to un2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID469638Reduction of uric acid level in rat serum at 0.3 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by phosphotungstic acid method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Discovery of 3-(2-cyano-4-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole, FYX-051 - a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia [corrected].
AID578685Inhibition of bovine Xanthine oxidase assessed as decrease in uric acid production preincubated at 293 nM of compound for 5 mins by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A rational approach for the design and synthesis of 1-acetyl-3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro(1H)pyrazoles as a new class of potential non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1185461Inhibition of human xanthine oxidase2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
X-ray crystal structure of a xanthine oxidase complex with the flavonoid inhibitor quercetin.
AID496829Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID387151Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as decrease of superoxide generation2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 18, Issue:18
ortho-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from aged Doenjang (Korean fermented soypaste) and its radical scavenging activity.
AID1485284Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) by SAR analysis2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID28681Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID183781Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF),arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 20 mg/kg; 4/81988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID338970Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes infected in human HeLa cells assessed as infection rate at 1 ug/mL after 4 days by HeLa cell-infection assay2002Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 65, Issue:4
Monoterpene hydroperoxides with trypanocidal activity from Chenopodium ambrosioides.
AID1379542Inhibition of cow milk xanthine oxidoreductase using hypoxanthine by spectrophotometry2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors.
AID378013Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2006Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 69, Issue:7
An apigenin-derived xanthine oxidase inhibitor from Palhinhaea cernua.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID552786Inhibition of rat liver xanthine oxidase by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1461525Anti-hyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Kun-Ming mouse assessed as xanthine oxidase activity per gram of protein at 10 mg/kg/day, ig for 7 days and measured 1 hr post last dose (Rvb = 81.5 +/- 1.4 U/g protein)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxychalcones as multifunctional non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
AID28235Unbound fraction (plasma)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1348946Antiproliferative activity against NHDF at 30 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents.
AID469634Reduction of uric acid level in rat serum at 0.3 mg/kg, po after 6 hrs by phosphotungstic acid method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Discovery of 3-(2-cyano-4-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole, FYX-051 - a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia [corrected].
AID1651292In vivo inhibition of xanthine oxidase in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mouse model assessed as reduction enzyme activity in liver at 10 mg/kg relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4
Development of novel NLRP3-XOD dual inhibitors for the treatment of gout.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1485280Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate after 10 mins2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID776293Cytotoxicity against mouse splenocytes assessed as cell viability at 50 times IC50 after 32 hrs by Alamar Blue assay2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID678721Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as GSH adduct formation at 100 uM after 90 mins by HPLC-MS analysis2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1424739Hypouricemic effect in ICR mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia assessed as reduction in serum uric acid levels at 10 mg/kg, iv measured at 1 hr post dose2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 151Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors bearing a 2-arylbenzo[b]furan scaffold.
AID776229Antioxidant activity assessed as decrease in superoxide anions level by measuring formation of formazone at 200 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis of new andrographolide derivatives and evaluation of their antidyslipidemic, LDL-oxidation and antioxidant activity.
AID1324552Toxicity in Balb/c mouse at 2 mM, ip measured after 0 to 14 days2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1210795Inhibition of human liver cytosolic aldehyde oxidase using DACA as substrate by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evidence for substrate-dependent inhibition profiles for human liver aldehyde oxidase.
AID469633Inhibition of bovine milk XOR-mediated uric acid formation after 15 mins by spectrophotometer2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Discovery of 3-(2-cyano-4-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole, FYX-051 - a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia [corrected].
AID170013Effect of compound on Glutathione peroxidase measured as disappearance of NADPH in isolated rat heart muscle subjected to global ischemia2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-08, Volume: 11, Issue:1
Beneficial effects of different flavonoids, on functional recovery after ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart.
AID287938Inhibition of human xanthine oxidase at 30 uM2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10
The screening and characterization of 6-aminopurine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID496831Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1851313Anti-hyperuricemic activity against hypoxanthine and oteracil potassium induced hyperuricemia in Kunming mouse model assessed as uric acid level at 5 mg/kg, IG administered daily (Rvb = 631.6 +/- 103.1 uM)2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 73Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.
AID384323Inhibition of xanthine oxidase assessed as uric acid formation by spectrophotometry2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 43, Issue:4
Schiff base transition metal complexes as novel inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID776266Drug degradation in 0.1 M NaOH at 1 mg/ml at 90 degC after 16 hrs2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID728035Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase-mediated uric acid production after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Lead optimization of isocytosine-derived xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID406380Inhibition of xanthine oxidase2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Phloroglucinols with antioxidant activity and xanthonolignoids from the heartwood of Hypericum geminiflorum.
AID1146435Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and enzymic activity of some novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Substituted 5,7-dihydroxypyrazolo(1,5-alpha)pyrimidines.
AID443180Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as novel antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID1443986Inhibition of recombinant human BSEP expressed in baculovirus infected sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP or AMP-dependent [3H]-taurocholic acid uptake in to vesicles preincubated for 5 mins followed by ATP/AMP addition measured after2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID374056Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion radical production at 20 ug/ml by spectrophotometry2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Antidyslipidemic and antioxidative activities of 8-hydroxyquinoline derived novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases.
AID1330581In vivo inhibition of potassium oxonate-induced hepatic XOD activity in Kun Ming mouse model of hyperuricemia at 10 mg/ kg, po qd administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge for 7 consecutive days via oral gavage relative to control2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1461520Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS free radical scavenging activity by measuring trolox equivalents after 6 mins2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxychalcones as multifunctional non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
AID424728Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of cytochrome c at 20 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1064493Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate assessed as decrease in uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 24, Issue:2
Microwave assisted synthesis of naphthopyrans catalysed by silica supported fluoroboric acid as a new class of non purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1369117Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 8 mins2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic studies of 5-arylazo-tropolone derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors.
AID1570304Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured every 30 secs for 2 mins by spectrophotometric method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1075876Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease of uric acid level in serum at 30 mg/kg, po measured after 1 hr relative to vehicle-treated control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1324541Inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 Shiga toxin A subunit in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of Stx-induced cytotoxicity pre-treated with compound for 1 hr followed by Stx exposure for 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to untreated2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
In Silico Discovery and Validation of Amide Based Small Molecule Targeting the Enzymatic Site of Shiga Toxin.
AID1570307Anti-hyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as reduction in AUC of uric acid in serum at 10 mg/kg, ig pretreated for 1 hr followed by potassium oxonate challenge and measured at 2 hrs post2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID424727Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction of cytochrome c at 10 uM2009Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 72, Issue:4
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.
AID1874228Binding affinity to human wild type adenosine A2A receptor expressed in Expi293F cells assessed as affinity off-rate by surface plasmon resonance assay2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7
Surface Plasmon Resonance Screening to Identify Active and Selective Adenosine Receptor Binding Fragments.
AID776291Intrinsic solubility of the compound in standard phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 at 37 degC after 24 hrs by shake-flask method2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AID1485283Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 hrs followed by substrate addition measured after 1 min by UV spectrophotometric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1867886Nephroprotective activity against adenine and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia Kunming mouse model assessed as reduction in cytoplasmic vacuolation of renal tubular epithelial cells at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage and measured after 21 days2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as inhibitors of hyperuricemia, inflammatory and fibrosis.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1874230Binding affinity to human wild type adenosine A2A receptor expressed in Expi293F cells assessed as inhibition constant by surface plasmon resonance assay2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7
Surface Plasmon Resonance Screening to Identify Active and Selective Adenosine Receptor Binding Fragments.
AID1888100Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5/6-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamides and 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1072541Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate measured for 6 mins at 25 degC by spectrophotometry2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75Design, synthesis and molecular modeling of aloe-emodin derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1346020Human xanthine dehydrogenase (Nucleoside synthesis and metabolism)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-21, Volume: 39, Issue:13
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new imidazole, pyrimidine, and purine derivatives and analogs as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1800197Xanthine Oxidase Activity from Article 10.1111/cbdd.12205: \\Antioxidant, a-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds from maize (Zea mays L.).\\2014Chemical biology & drug design, Jan, Volume: 83, Issue:1
Antioxidant, α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds from maize (Zea mays L.).
AID1800155XO inhibitory activity from Article 10.1111/cbdd.12141: \\In vitro evaluation of selected benzimidazole derivatives as an antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.\\2013Chemical biology & drug design, Sep, Volume: 82, Issue:3
In vitro evaluation of selected benzimidazole derivatives as an antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1799669Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1080/14756360290019944: \\2-styrylchromones as novel inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. A structure-activity study.\\2002Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 17, Issue:1
2-styrylchromones as novel inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. A structure-activity study.
AID1800440XO inhibitory assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.08.007: \\Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives.\\2014Bioorganic chemistry, Dec, Volume: 57Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1224864HCS microscopy assay (F508del-CFTR)2016PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:10
Increasing the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pool of the F508del Allele of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Leads to Greater Folding Correction by Small Molecule Therapeutics.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (14,279)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904200 (29.41)18.7374
1990's3616 (25.32)18.2507
2000's2795 (19.57)29.6817
2010's2822 (19.76)24.3611
2020's846 (5.92)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials743 (4.92%)5.53%
Reviews1,098 (7.27%)6.00%
Case Studies953 (6.31%)4.05%
Observational45 (0.30%)0.25%
Other12,257 (81.19%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (175)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tranilast in Combination With Allopurinol in Patients With Moderate to Severe Gout (TAnGO)[NCT01109121]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
PERL (Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes) Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Study[NCT03334318]175 participants (Actual)Observational2017-10-01Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Tranilast in Combination With Allopurinol Compared With Tranilast Alone and Allopurinol Alone in Healthy Subjects With Hyperuricemia[NCT01052987]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Effect of Hyperuricemia Treatment on Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome[NCT01157936]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) With Post-Transplant Cytoxan (PTCy) for the Treatment of Hematological Diseases[NCT05805605]Phase 256 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-01Recruiting
Effect of Allopurinol on Left Ventricular Function in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy[NCT05193838]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-05-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Allopurinol or Febuxostat to Prevent Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury (CI-AKI)[NCT03767322]Phase 2558 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-05Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Antioxidants on Skin Blood Flow During Local Heating[NCT03680638]Phase 144 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-07Completed
Prednisone in Uric Acid Lowering in Symptomatic Heart Failure PATients With Hyperuricemia (PUSH-PATH Study 2)[NCT02129764]Phase 2/Phase 3205 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Evaluation of a Treatment With Allopurinol on Autistic Disorders and Epilepsy in Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency (ADSL)[NCT03776656]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-14Completed
The Effects of BCRP Q141K on Allopurinol Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics[NCT02956278]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
To Examine the Percentage of Cases of Acute Treatment With Allopurinol in Gout Patients as Secondary Treatment[NCT03601260]700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-31Not yet recruiting
The Potential Role of Allopurinol Versus Atorvastatin to Prevent Complications of Liver Cirrhosis: A Quadruple Blind Clinical Study[NCT05511766]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-15Recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout[NCT00102440]Phase 3760 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Evaluation of Single Agent Rasburicase for 5 Days Versus Sequential Treatment With Rasburicase From Day 1 Through 3 Followed by Oral Allopurinol From Day 3 Through 5 (Overlap on Day 3) Versus Single Agent Oral Allopurinol for 5 Days in the Management of P[NCT00230178]Phase 3280 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Patients With Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer in Combination With Allopurinol and MycoPhenolate (CLAMP Trial)[NCT05049863]Phase 1/Phase 236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-27Recruiting
In Vitro-In Vivo Relationship Study to Assess the Impact of the In Vitro Dissolution Profile on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters Used to Establish Bioequivalence[NCT02398448]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Comparative Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Coded Polyherbal Medicine Arthitec 1 and Arthitec 2 With Allopathic Medicine for the Management of Arthritis[NCT03506919]Phase 1/Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-01Recruiting
The Effect of Antioxidants on Skin Blood Flow-BH4[NCT03680573]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-08Completed
Allopurinol in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Trial Administering Allopurinol vs Placebo as add-on Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia[NCT00864825]Phase 4248 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Does Allopurinol Regress Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients With Treated Essential Hypertension?[NCT02237339]Phase 472 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Treat-to-Target Serum Urate Versus Treat-to-Avoid Symptoms in Gout: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04875702]650 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-15Not yet recruiting
A Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Period, Cross-Over Phase I Study to Investigate the Effect on the QTcF Interval of a Single Dose of 2 Different Doses of Verinurad, Each in Combination With Allopurinol 300 mg, Compared With[NCT04256629]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-03Completed
Uric Acid, Klotho and Salt Sensitivity in Young Adults Born Preterm[NCT04026776]Early Phase 1165 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-02Recruiting
Low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol- Versus Azathioprine Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: An Investigator-initiated, Open, Multicentre, Parallel-arm, Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT03101800]Phase 384 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-14Recruiting
Gender Differences in the Metabolic Effects of Uric Acid[NCT03076684]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-03Withdrawn(stopped due to Preliminary data collected and diets developed. Funding has ended and data used to support a larger application to test the hypothesis.)
Crossover Clinical Trial, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial. Modulation of Cellular Mediators and Repair Endothelial Damage in Patients With Chronic Renal Disease Through Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase[NCT04983160]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-26Completed
Allopurinol in the Treatment of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease Treated by Either PCI or CABG: Pilot Study[NCT03700645]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Allopurinol on Markers of Mineral and Bone Metabolism in Patients in With Chronic Kidney Disease: a Randomized Double-blind Study[NCT05601271]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-01Active, not recruiting
A Multicentre, Randomized, Double-blind, Allopurinol Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SHR4640 in Subjects With Gout[NCT04956432]Phase 3780 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-15Active, not recruiting
Sarcoma Alliance for Research Through Collaboration (SARC) Multicenter Trial: A Phase II Trial of Perifosine in Patients With Chemo-Insensitive Sarcomas[NCT00401388]Phase 272 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
The Effect of Local Antioxidant Therapy on Racial Differences in Vasoconstriction[NCT03680404]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
A Phase3, Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Allopurinol and Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SHR4640 Monotherapy in Subjects With Gout[NCT04052932]Phase 3594 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-16Completed
Allopurinol for Mania: A Randomized Trial Administering Allopurinol vs. Placebo as add-on to Mood Stabilizers and/or Antipsychotics in Patients in a Bipolar Manic Episode.[NCT01092221]Phase 3180 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy and Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction of RDEA594 and Allopurinol in Gout Patients With an Inadequate Hypouricemic Response With Standard Dose[NCT01001338]Phase 2227 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-center, Placebo-Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Urate-Lowering Activity, Safety, and Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Oral BCX4208 and Allopurinol Administered in Subjects With Gout[NCT01129648]Phase 287 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Allopurinol as a Possible Oxygen Sparing Agent During Exercise in Peripheral Arterial Disease[NCT01147705]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Study of Sequential Perfusion of Liver Grafts With Low-viscosity and High-viscosity Preservation Solutions to Decrease the Incidence of Nonanastomotic Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation[NCT01271179]141 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Inflammatory Mediators in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome; Mechanisms of Production and the Effect of Long Term Antioxidants Administration[NCT01188005]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Recruiting
Optimal Administration of Allopurinol in Dialysis Patients : A Chronotherapy Trial[NCT02477488]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Phase 2/3 Study of Effect of AT1RB Versus ACE Inhibitor in Addition to XO Inhibitor on Progression of LV Remodeling and Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients With Acute MI.[NCT01052272]Phase 2/Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Augmentation Study With Allopurinol for Treatment Resistant Mania[NCT00643123]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Allopurinol Impact on Cirrhosis Related Complications[NCT05545670]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-15Completed
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition for Improvement of Long-term Outcomes Following Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack[NCT02122718]Phase 4464 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
A Phase II Study of Double Induction Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Non-L3 Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Investigation of Minimal Residual Disease and Risk of Relapse Following Maintenance Chemotherapy[NCT00109837]Phase 279 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Effect of Allopurinol on Mono and Co-administration With Statins on Platelets Reactivity on Diabetic Patiets Treated With Aspirin and Insulin[NCT03195153]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-28Recruiting
the Impact of Allopurinol of HRQOL in Cirrhotic Patients[NCT05828836]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-15Completed
CSP #594 - Comparative Effectiveness in Gout: Allopurinol vs. Febuxostat[NCT02579096]Phase 4950 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-06Completed
A Novel Assay for the Determination of Urinary 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine and Other Key Urinary Purine Metabolites: Effect of Allopurinol and Febuxostat on Urinary 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Excretion in APRT Deficient Patients[NCT02752633]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Multi-regional, Double-blind, Double-dummy Parallel-group, Placebo and Allopurinol-controlled Phase 3 Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Tigulixostat in Gout Patients With Hyperuricemia[NCT05586971]Phase 32,542 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-30Recruiting
Uric Acid Reduction as a Novel Treatment for Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease[NCT03865407]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-10Terminated(stopped due to inability to achieve recruitment goals at a single center and given the current pandemic conditions)
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Allopurinol and Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout.[NCT00174915]Phase 31,072 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Time-limited Triplet Combination of Pirtobrutinib, Venetoclax, and Obinutuzumab for Patients With Treatment-naïve Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) or Richter Transformation (RT)[NCT05536349]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-20Recruiting
A Phase I/II Dose Escalation Study of Subcutaneous Campath-1H (NSC #715969, IND #10864) During Intensification Therapy in Adults With Untreated Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)[NCT00061945]Phase 1/Phase 2302 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Study of the Effects of Allopurinol on Oxidative Metabolism, Peripheral Blood Flow and Immune Function in Patients With Advanced Chronic Heart Failure (CHF).[NCT00997542]Phase 416 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Phase I Study of Infusion of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Derived CD25+CD4+ T-Regulatory (Treg) Cells After Nonmyeloablative Cord Blood Transplantation[NCT00602693]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-23Completed
[NCT02797028]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
Allopurinol Improves Diastolic Function in African Americans With Resistant Hypertension[NCT05888233]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-02Recruiting
Phase 2 Study to Determine if Allopurinol Blocks Features of Metabolic Syndrome Induced by Fructose Ingestion[NCT00639756]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Phase 2a, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of AR882 Administered Alone or in Combination With Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Gout Patients[NCT04155918]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-03Completed
Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by the Xanthine Oxidase in Mitochondrial Alterations in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Patients[NCT02533648]Phase 331 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-16Completed
Rasburicase to Prevent Graft -Versus-Host Disease[NCT00513474]Phase 146 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Prospective Study of Allopurinol Treatment That Improves Endothelial Function by Decreasing Uric Acid Levels of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease[NCT00978653]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Therapy for Acute Gout: Does Initial Use of Allopurinol Effect Duration and/or Recurrence Rate of Acute Attacks[NCT01310673]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-01-31Completed
A 24-week, Dose-ranging, Multicenter, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-controlled Core Study to Evaluate Canakinumab for Prophylaxis of Signs and Symptoms of Acute Flares in Chronic Gout Patients Initiating Allopurinol Therapy and a 24-week Open-label, [NCT00819585]Phase 2432 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Does Antenatal Allopurinol Administration Improve Maternal and Neonatal Outcome in Intrauterine Growth Restriction?[NCT00346463]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-07-31Not yet recruiting
Febuxostat (Zurig) Efficacy & Safety Trial in Comparison With Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic Subjects With or Without Gout[NCT02600780]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
A Randomized Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Rasburicase in Patients at Risk for TLS During Two Cycles of Chemotherapy[NCT01200485]Phase 255 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
MT2007-19R: WCC #53 Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer[NCT00652899]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Withdrawn due to toxicity)
A Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Allopurinol in Improving Ischemic Symptoms in Patients With Refractory Angina.[NCT04368819]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-03Recruiting
Effects of Allopurinol on Inflammatory Markers and Morphostructural Changes Evidenced by Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Individuals With Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia. A Proof of Concept[NCT04012294]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-30Recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled 4-week Study on the Efficacy and Safety of the Purinergic Agents Allopurinol and Dipyridamole in Acute Bipolar Mania.[NCT00560079]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover Study to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of Lesinurad/Allopurinol Fixed Dose Combination Tablets and Coadministered Lesinurad and Allopurinol Tablets and the Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Lesinu[NCT02581553]Phase 1116 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study of Uric Acid on the Progression of IgA Nephropathy[NCT00793585]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Allopurinol Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate Febuxostat in the Medical Management of Subjects With Hyperuricosuria and Calcium Oxalate Stones[NCT01077284]Phase 299 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Allopurinol in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria[NCT02829177]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Randomised Phase III Trial of Effectivity and Safety of Rasburicase Compared With Allopurinol for Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia or High-Grade NHL With High Risk of Tumorlysis Syndrome (> 15 Yrs)[NCT00199043]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
An Open Label, Naturalistic Study With Allopurinol Augmentation for Prevention of Mania in Bipolar Disorder[NCT00732251]Phase 415 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Terminated(stopped due to The outpatient area of the department of psychiatry at CSMC closed.)
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Allopurinol-Controlled Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout.[NCT00430248]Phase 32,269 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition on Mechano-Energetic Coupling in Heart Failure[NCT00181155]Phase 218 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
The Effect of Allopurinol on Malondialdehyde, Nitric Oxide, Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Urine Levels, Resistive Index and Renal Elastography in Kidney Stone Patients After Extra Corporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy[NCT05414669]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-06Completed
Does ALlopurinol Regress lefT Ventricular Hypertrophy in End Stage REnal Disease: The ALTERED Study[NCT01951404]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Effect of Allopurinol Administration on the Prevention of Muscle Mass Loss in Subject Immobilized.[NCT01987570]Phase 353 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Allopurinol Versus Febuxostat: A New Approach for Management of Hepatic Steatosis in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease[NCT05474560]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
[NCT02008968]130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Recruiting
A Phase 3, Open-Label, Randomized, Allopurinol-Controlled Study to Assess the Long-Term Safety of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout[NCT00175019]Phase 31,086 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Allopurinol on the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With High and Very High Cardiovascular Risk, Including the Presence of Long-COVID Syndrome.[NCT05943821]Phase 31,116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-01Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled, Phase 2b/3 Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of ABP-671 in Participants With Gout[NCT05818085]Phase 2/Phase 3580 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-11Recruiting
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) for the Treatment of Hematological Diseases [MT2015-32][NCT02661035]Phase 2156 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-09Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Two-Period, Two-Treatment, Two-Sequence, Single Dose, Crossover Comparative Bioequivalence Study of Allopurinol 300 mg Tablets USP With Zyloprim® 300 mg in Normal, Healthy, Adult, Human Male Subjects Under Fasting Condition.[NCT01603134]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Placebo-controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a 3% Allopurinol-base Topical Agent for Prevention of Capecitabine-induced Hand-foot Syndrome[NCT01609166]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Modifiable Effectors of Renin System Activation: Treatment Evaluation (MODERATE)[NCT01320722]Phase 3242 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Evaluating Pharmacokinetics and Whole Blood Bactericidal Activity Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis of Pyrazinamide Boosted With Allopurinol in Healthy Volunteers[NCT02700347]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Control, Phase 3B Study to Evaluate the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout and Cardiovascular Comorbidities[NCT01101035]Phase 36,198 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-23Completed
A Phase I, Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Potential Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between D-0120 and Allopurinol in Healthy Adult Subjects[NCT05360628]Early Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-11-01Completed
Nonmyeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation With or Without Lenalidomide for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (RV-CLL-PI-0294)[NCT00899431]Phase 239 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-06Terminated(stopped due to Terminated per PI's request at the time of continuing review)
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Replicate, Crossover Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of Lesinurad/Allopurinol Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets and Coadministered Lesinurad and Allopurinol Tablets in Fed Healthy Adult Subjects[NCT02888054]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-30Completed
Dose-effect Relationship Between Allopurinol, Azathioprine and 6-thioguanine Nucleotide Levels (6-TGN) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.[NCT00849368]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Do Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Reduce Both Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Patients With Renal Dysfunction?[NCT00688480]Phase 467 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rasburicase (Fasturtec®) in the Prevention and Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Patients With Hematological Malignancies[NCT00607152]Phase 310 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Terminated(stopped due to the patient enrollment is too difficult)
Cerebrum and Cardiac Protection With Allopurinol in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease Requiring Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass[NCT04217421]Phase 3236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Recruiting
Prednisone Versus Allopurinol for Symptomatic Heart Failure Patients With Hyperuricemia[NCT00919243]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Effects of Allopurinol on Diastolic Function in Chronic Heart Failure Patients[NCT00477789]Phase 40 participants InterventionalCompleted
APEX Study: Effects of Allopurinol on Coronary and Peripheral Endothelial Function in Patients With Cardiac Syndrome X[NCT00512057]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Trial Comparing Single Agent Melphalan to Carmustine, Etoposide, Cytarabine and Melphalan (BEAM) as a Preparative Regimen for Patients With Multiple Myeloma Undergoing High Dose Therapy Followed by Autologous Stem Cell Reinfusion[NCT03570983]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-05Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active and Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Arhalofenate for Preventing Flares and Reducing Serum Uric Acid in Gout Patients[NCT02063997]Phase 2248 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Rilonacept Treatment for the Prevention of Gout Flares[NCT01459796]Phase 3220 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Terminated
Randomized Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Trial of Allopurinol for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension in Adolescents[NCT00288184]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Multiple-Dose Phase II Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of D-0120 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout[NCT05665699]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-17Recruiting
Phase II Study Of Rituximab And Short Duration, High Intensity Chemotherapy With G-CSF Support In Previously Untreated Patients With Burkitt Lymphoma/Leukemia[NCT00039130]Phase 2105 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-05-31Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Open-Label, Allopurinol-Controlled, Multicenter Study With Optional Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of AR882 Alone or in Combination With Allopurinol in Tophaceous Gout Patients[NCT05253833]Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-12Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Open-label, Replicate, Crossover, 4-period Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of Lesinurad/Allopurinol Fixed-dose Combination 200/300 mg Tablets From Ardea Biosciences, Inc. (Test Drug) Versus Lesinurad, 200 mg Tablet From AstraZeneca (Compa[NCT03272425]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-14Completed
Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis With Meglumine Antimoniate 20 Mg/Kg/Day Versus Meglumine Antimoniate 10 Mg/Kg/Day And Tablet Allopurinol 20 Mg/Kg/Day[NCT00480883]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MBX-102 in Combination With Allopurinol in Gout Patients With an Inadequate Hypouricemic Response to Allopurinol Alone[NCT01399008]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Effect of ALlopurinol in Addition to Hypothermia for Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury on Neurocognitive Outcome - a Blinded Randomized Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Multicenter Trial for Superiority (Phase III)[NCT03162653]Phase 3760 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-25Recruiting
An Open-label, 3-Treatment, 3-Period, Fixed Sequence Study in Healthy Subjects to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Verinurad and Allopurinol When Administered Alone, and in Combination With Single Doses of Cyclosporine or Rifampicin[NCT04532918]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-10Completed
A Pilot Study of Allopurinol As A Modifier of 6-MP Metabolism in Pediatric ALL[NCT02046694]Early Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-06Completed
A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Effect of Allopurinol on Muscle Energetics in Primary Sarcopenia[NCT01550107]Phase 4124 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-01Completed
The Impact of Urate-lowering Therapy on Kidney Function in Patients With/Without Gout[NCT03336203]Phase 42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-30Enrolling by invitation
INST Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine and Irinotecan in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma.[NCT00276003]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-08-31Completed
Non-Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation For Patients With Disease Relapse Or Myelodysplasia After Prior Autologous Transplantation[NCT00053196]Phase 282 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
Influence of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition on Vascular Function in Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT00214084]0 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn
Does Antenatal Allopurinol Administration Reduce Post-hypoxic-ischemic Reperfusion Damage During Fetal Hypoxia in the Newborn?[NCT00189007]Phase 3222 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Active, not recruiting
Data Analysis for Drug Repurposing for Effective Alzheimer's Medicines- Probenecid vs Allopurinol[NCT04746989]294,878 participants (Actual)Observational2021-02-01Active, not recruiting
University of Alabama at Birmingham CORT Project 2: The Effects of Urate Lowing Therapy (ULT) in Inflammation, Endothelial Function, and Blood Pressure[NCT02038179]Phase 2/Phase 399 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Phase I Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study With 2 Separate Cohorts to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Verinurad and Allopurinol in Healthy Asian and Chinese Subjects[NCT03836599]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-16Completed
A Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of the Addition of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin (a Conjugated Anti-CD22 Monoclonal Antibody) to Frontline Therapy in Young Adults (Ages 18-39 Years) With Newly Diagnosed Precursor B-Cell ALL[NCT03150693]Phase 3310 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-01Suspended(stopped due to Unacceptable Toxicity)
Randomized Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Trial of Allopurinol for the Treatment of Post-renal-transplant Hypertension in Children[NCT00288171]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to insufficient number of eligible subjects)
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition in Renal Transplant Recipients[NCT01332799]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Study was not funded)
Allopurinol and Cardiac Function Pilot Study in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy[NCT00281255]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Infeasible)
[NCT00288158]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Role of Allopurinol in Prevention of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis[NCT02992652]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Multicenter, Allopurinol- Controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Patients With Gout[NCT01736514]Phase 3109 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Allopurinol in Acute Gout The Title Will Not be Change as the Study as Been Closed.[NCT01775098]0 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to because of a lack of funding)
Genomic Guided Assessment of Drug Therapy Effectiveness in Managing Hmong Adults With Hyperuricemia or Gout.[NCT02371421]80 participants (Actual)Observational2014-06-30Completed
A Phase 4, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Lesinurad 200 mg in Combination With a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor (XOI), Compared With an XOI Alone, in Subjects With Gout and Estimated Creatinine Clearance (eCrCl) 30 to <60 mL/Min Who Have Not Ach[NCT03226899]Phase 4242 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-19Terminated(stopped due to This action was a business decision & not related to any efficacy, safety or clinical concerns with lesinurad.)
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lesinurad and Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Alone in Subjects With Gout Who Have Had an Inadequate Hypouricemic Response to[NCT01510158]Phase 3607 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Febuxostat for Tumor Lysis Syndrome Prevention in Hematologic Malignancies: a Randomized, Double Blind, Phase III Study Versus Allopurinol[NCT01724528]Phase 3346 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Documentation of Patient Outcomes for the Combination Treatment of Sodium Stibogluconate and Allopurinol in Complicated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia[NCT04699383]105 participants (Actual)Observational2021-02-15Completed
A Phase 2b, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Verinurad and Allopurinol in Patients With Chronic KIdney Disease and Hyperuricaemia[NCT03990363]Phase 2861 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-23Completed
Phase II Randomized Study of Allopurinol Versus Glucantime Versus Allopurinol/Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil[NCT00004755]Phase 2375 participants Interventional1995-09-30Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Rising Dose Study of AR882, a Potent Uricosuric Agent, in Healthy Adult Male Volunteers[NCT04347005]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-22Completed
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition for Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients[NCT00987415]Phase 2253 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Is Uric Acid a Mediator of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease?[NCT01228903]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
A Phase III Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Versus Standard-Dose mBACOD Chemotherapy With rGM-CSF for Treatment of AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma[NCT00000658]Phase 3250 participants InterventionalCompleted
Phase II Study in Adults With Untreated Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Testing Increased Doses of Daunorubicin During Induction, and Cytarabine During Consolidation, Followed by High-Dose Methotrexate and Intrathecal Methotrexate in Place of Cranial Irradia[NCT00003700]Phase 2163 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-01-31Completed
A Randomised, Single Dose, 5-period, 5-treatment, Crossover Study to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of 4 Different Formulations of Verinurad and Allopurinol in Healthy Subjects[NCT04550234]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-13Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, 24-Week Phase II Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of RDEA3170 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg and 15 mg Versus Placebo and Open-Label Allopurinol 200 mg as a Reference Arm in J[NCT02078219]Phase 2204 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-05Completed
Long-term Allopurinol Safety Study Evaluating Outcomes in Gout Patients (LASSO)[NCT01391325]Phase 41,735 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Denervation in Diabetes: An Interventional Trial[NCT00116207]Phase 344 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-01-31Completed
The Effect of Intensive Urate Lowering Therapy (ULT) With Febuxostat in Comparison With Allopurinol on Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Gout Using Surrogate Markers: a Randomized, Controlled Trial[NCT02500641]Phase 4196 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-17Completed
Allopurinol and Trimetazidine as a Preventive of Contrast-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention[NCT05540184]Phase 4124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-19Recruiting
Allopurinol as a Possible New Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndromes:The Next Steps[NCT01457820]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Terminated(stopped due to slow recruitment: stopped early)
Chemotherapy and Azidothymidine, With or Without Radiotherapy, for High Grade Lymphoma in AIDS-Risk Group Members[NCT00000703]45 participants InterventionalCompleted
Pharmacologic Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT01637623]Phase 287 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
A Phase 1b, Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Potential Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between RDEA3170 and Allopurinol in Adult Male Subjects With Gout[NCT02279641]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-01Completed
A Phase 2, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo and Active Control Efficacy and Safety Study to Evaluate Verinurad Combined With Allopurinol in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction[NCT04327024]Phase 2159 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-19Completed
The Predictors of Successful Oral Dissolution Therapy in Radiolucent Renal Stones; A Prospective Evaluation[NCT02373384]Phase 4182 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo- Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lesinurad and Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Alone in Subjects With Gout Who Have Had an Inadequate Hypouricemic Response t[NCT01493531]Phase 3610 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
[NCT01451645]Phase 482 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
T-Cell Depleted Double UCB With Post Transplant IL-2 for Refractory Myeloid Leukemia[NCT01464359]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual)
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamic Effects and Safety of RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol Compared With Allopurinol Administered Alone in Adult Subjects With Gout[NCT02498652]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-28Completed
Busulfan and Cyclophosphamide Followed By Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation In Patients With Hematological Malignancies[NCT01685411]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Terminated
Sex-related Differences in Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetics: Role of Uric Acid[NCT03648996]Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-01Completed
A Phase 1B Open Label Evaluation of the PK and PD of Dotinurad and Drug-Drug Interaction of Dotinurad and Allopurinol in U.S. Patients With Gout and Hyperuricemia[NCT06056570]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Recruiting
Phentermine/tOpiramate to eND Obesity and Uric Acid Stones Trial (POuND OUT)[NCT04621929]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 9-month, Parallel Group Study of Allopurinol to Reduce Left Ventricular Mass in Living Kidney Donors (AL-DON)[NCT03353298]Phase 271 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-17Completed
Impact of ALLopurInol on Endothelial fuNCtion in diabEtic Patients Affected With Coronary Artery Disease[NCT03385135]58 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-31Recruiting
Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine Therapy in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Using Allopurinol Clinical Study in Children 1-19 Years on Maintenance Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.[NCT03022747]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Allopurinol-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout[NCT02082769]Phase 3504 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Single-center, Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial for the Effect of Allopurinol Sustained-release Capsules on the Stability of Coronary Plaques in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome[NCT03745729]Phase 4162 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Completed
Uric Acid and Hypertension in African Americans[NCT00241839]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
PERL: A Multicenter Clinical Trial of Allopurinol to Prevent GFR Loss in T1D[NCT02017171]Phase 3530 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Does Allopurinol Prolong a Treated, Acute Gout Flare?[NCT01988402]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Two Comparable Single Low Doses of Rasburicase Followed by Allopurinol in Adult Patients With Malignancy[NCT01564277]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-29Terminated(stopped due to low accrual)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00039130 (3) [back to overview]2 Year Event Free Survival
NCT00039130 (3) [back to overview]2 Year Overall Survival
NCT00039130 (3) [back to overview]Complete Response Rate
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Proceed to Course V Within 2-6 Weeks of the Last Dose of Alemtuzumab (Phase II)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) During Treatment With Alemtuzumab (Phase II)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Disease-free Survival, for Only Complete Response Patients
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Alemtuzumab (Phase I)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With the Last 3 Serum Urate Levels <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL)
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 52 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 52.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 52, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flares Between Weeks 8 and 52.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28 Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 52 Visit
NCT00109837 (2) [back to overview]Continuous Complete Remission at 1 Year
NCT00109837 (2) [back to overview]Toxicity
NCT00116207 (4) [back to overview]Global [11C]HED Retention Index (RI)
NCT00116207 (4) [back to overview]Global Coronary Flow Reserve as a Measure of Endothelial Function
NCT00116207 (4) [back to overview]Inflammation
NCT00116207 (4) [back to overview]Systemic Oxidative Stress
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL).
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for a Gout Flare Between Weeks 8 and 28 of the Double-Blind Treatment Period.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 24.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 36.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Last Visit on Treatment.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 1.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare up to Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 36 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare After Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Last Visit on Treatment.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in the Total Number of Tophi for Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Final Visit.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 24 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 12 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00181155 (4) [back to overview]Myocardial Creatine Kinase (CK) Flux Pre Intravenous Allopurinol Infusion
NCT00181155 (4) [back to overview]Cardiac PCr/ATP Post Intravenous Infusion
NCT00181155 (4) [back to overview]Cardiac PCr/ATP Pre Intravenous Infusion
NCT00181155 (4) [back to overview]Myocardial CK Flux Post Intravenous Allopurinol Infusion.
NCT00230178 (3) [back to overview]Plasma Uric Acid Responder
NCT00230178 (3) [back to overview]Time to Uric Acid Control
NCT00230178 (3) [back to overview]Plasma Uric Acid
NCT00241839 (4) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure by Cuff After 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline
NCT00241839 (4) [back to overview]Change in Uric Acid (UA) Levels: Baseline Less End of Treatment
NCT00241839 (4) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure by Cuff 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline
NCT00241839 (4) [back to overview]Change in Overall Mean BP From Those Obtained by 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements (ABPM) 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 4 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level is <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Final Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Renal Impairment Subjects Whose Final Visit Serum Urate Level is <6.0 mg/dl
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.
NCT00513474 (3) [back to overview]Uric Acid Levels
NCT00513474 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participant With Adverse Events (AE)
NCT00513474 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Grades II to IV Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (aGVHD)
NCT00643123 (1) [back to overview]Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
NCT00652899 (4) [back to overview]Median Overall Survival Number of Days Patients Alive After Treatment
NCT00652899 (4) [back to overview]Median Number of Days to Progression
NCT00652899 (4) [back to overview]Number of Patients With In Vivo Expansion of Infused Allogeneic Natural Killer (NK) Cell Product
NCT00652899 (4) [back to overview]Number of Patients Per Disease Response
NCT00732251 (2) [back to overview]Number of Depressive Episodes Per Patient Visit According to the Hamilton Depression Scale
NCT00732251 (2) [back to overview]Number of Manic Episodes According to the Young Mania Rating Scale
NCT00793585 (2) [back to overview]Change in Renal Function as Measured With eGFR
NCT00793585 (2) [back to overview]The Longitudinal Change in Proteinuria and Blood Pressure(Including Changes in Antihypertensive Drugs Dosing).
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Mean Number of Gout Flares Per Participant
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 Gout Flare Within 16 Weeks After Randomization
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 0-100 mm Visual Analog Scale up to Day 7 of All Gout Flares
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 5-point Likert Scale up to Day 7 of All Gout Flares
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Percentage of Participants With Gout Flare at Different Time Points
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Extension Study: Amount of Rescue Medication Taken
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Extension Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale During the First Flare
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Extension Study: Participant's Global Assessment of Response to Treatment on a 5-point Likert Scale
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Extension Study: Physician's Assessment of Tenderness, Swelling, and Erythema in the Most Affected Joint During the First Flare
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Extension Study: Physician's Global Assessment of Response to Treatment on a 5-point Likert Scale
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Mean Number of Gout Flares for the Repeat Dose Regimen of Canakinumab as Compared to the Single Doses of Canakinumab
NCT00819585 (12) [back to overview]Core Study: Physician's Global Assessment of Response to Therapy on a 5-point Likert Scale
NCT00899431 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With GVHD (Graft Versus Host Disease)
NCT00987415 (5) [back to overview]Change in Submaximal Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)
NCT00987415 (5) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life (KCCQ)
NCT00987415 (5) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life (KCCQ).
NCT00987415 (5) [back to overview]Change in Submaximal Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)
NCT00987415 (5) [back to overview]A Composite Clinical Endpoint (CCE) That Classifies Subject's Clinical Status as Improved, Worsened, or Unchanged.
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Peak Early Filling Rate Normalized to EDV
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]LV End Systolic Maximum Shortening (LVES Max Shortening)
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Left Ventricular End-diastolic Mass Indexed to Left Ventricular End-diastolic Volume (LVED Mass/LVEDV)
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Indexed to Body Surface Area (LVEDV/BSA)
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Indexed to Body Surface Area (LVESV/BSA)
NCT01052272 (7) [back to overview]Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Radius to Wall Thickness (LVED Radius/Wall Thickness)
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid (uUA) Excretion
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Number of Calcium Oxalate Stones
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Measured Creatinine Clearance
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the In-plane Diameter of the Largest Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stone
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative (APTC) Event
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Unstable Angina With Urgent Coronary Revascularization
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Primary Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) Composite (75% Interim Analysis)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Primary MACE Composite (Final Analysis)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Cardiovascular (CV) Death
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Stroke
NCT01200485 (2) [back to overview]Number of Cycle 2 Participants Normalizing Uric Acid Levels (UAL) Within 24 Hours of Treatment
NCT01200485 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants (Incidence) of LTLS (Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome)
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in Serum Interleukin-6 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in Endothelial Dependent Dilation From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01228903 (6) [back to overview]Change in C-reactive Protein From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Uric Acid]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Uric Acid]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) in Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Vitamin D]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Vitamin D]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Uric Acid]
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP) Nocturnal Dipping
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Change in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation (EDV)
NCT01320722 (9) [back to overview]Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Vitamin D]
NCT01391325 (4) [back to overview]Safety of Allopurinol
NCT01391325 (4) [back to overview]Proportion of Subjects With Serum Urate (sUA) Less Than 6.0 mg/dL
NCT01391325 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Gout Flares
NCT01391325 (4) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 6 in SF-36 PCS+MCS
NCT01399008 (1) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid
NCT01451645 (4) [back to overview]Mean Number of Gout Flare Days Per Participant Assessed From Day 1 to Week 16
NCT01451645 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 2 Gout Flares From Day 1 to Week 16
NCT01451645 (4) [back to overview]Number of Gout Flares Per Participant From Day 1 to Week 16
NCT01451645 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 Gout Flare From Day 1 to Week 16
NCT01459796 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Rescue Medication From Day 1 to Day 364 (Week 52)
NCT01459796 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Survival
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Survival
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Transplant-Related Mortality
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of Graft Failure
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Survival
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Clinical Disease Response
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Clinical Disease Response
NCT01464359 (9) [back to overview]Disease Free Survival
NCT01493531 (3) [back to overview]Gout Flares
NCT01493531 (3) [back to overview]Subjects With ≥ 1 Target Tophus at Baseline Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least 1 Target Tophus by Month 12
NCT01493531 (3) [back to overview]Subjects With a Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL by Month 6.
NCT01510158 (3) [back to overview]Proportion of Subjects With an sUA Level That is < 6.0 mg/dL
NCT01510158 (3) [back to overview]Gout Flares
NCT01510158 (3) [back to overview]Tophus
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Safety of Low Single-doses of Rasburicase.
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Probability of Obtaining a Uric Acid Level =< 7.5mg/dL
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Requiring Additional Doses of Rasburicase to Maintain a Uric Acid Level =< 7.5mg/dL
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Uric Acid Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 7
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Baseline White Blood Cell Count by Response
NCT01564277 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing a Doubling of Serum Creatinine
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Apnea-Hypopnea Index
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Aortic Augmentation Index
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change in PERCENT Vasodilation
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Change in Mean 24-Hour Blood Pressure (Mean Arterial Pressure)
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Change in Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Change in Minute Ventilation at Normoxia
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]PERCENT Time Spent Below 88 PERCENT Oxygen Saturation
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Forearm Vascular Conductance
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Change in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity Responses During Hypoxia
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Change in Minute Ventilation During Hypoxia
NCT01637623 (11) [back to overview]Cerebrovascular Conductance
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Counts of Participants With Disease Free Survival
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Count of Participants Who Achieved Neutrophil Engraftment
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Disease Free Survival
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Engraftment Failure
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Disease Free Survival
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Grade
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 7 Years Post Transplant
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 5 Years Post Transplant
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 2 Years Post Transplant
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Related Toxicity
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Related Toxicity
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Relapse
NCT01685411 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Relapse
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Assessment of Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome (LTLS)
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Assessment of Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome (CTLS)
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Preservation of Renal Function
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Level Control
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Treatment Responder Rate
NCT01988402 (4) [back to overview]Resolution of the Acute Gout Attack
NCT01988402 (4) [back to overview]Pain Day 28
NCT01988402 (4) [back to overview]Physician Global Assessment of Gout Activity at Day 28
NCT01988402 (4) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid Level
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]AER at the End of the Treatment Period
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]AER at the End of the Wash-out Period
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]eGFR at 4 Months of Treatment
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]eGFR Time Trajectory
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]Fatal or Non-fatal Cardiovascular Events
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]iGFR at the End of the Wash-out Period
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]iGFR the End of Treatment Period
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]iGFR Time Trajectory
NCT02017171 (9) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine Doubling or End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
NCT02038179 (3) [back to overview]Change in Flow-mediated Arterial Vasodilation
NCT02038179 (3) [back to overview]Change in Serum Levels of High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein
NCT02038179 (3) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT02078219 (4) [back to overview]Absolute Change of Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline Levels
NCT02078219 (4) [back to overview]Percent Changes of Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline Levels
NCT02078219 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in sUA
NCT02078219 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With a Serum Uric Acid Level ≤6.0 mg/dL
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Absolute Change in the Serum Urate Level at the Final Visit Relative to Baseline
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL)
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Renal Clearance of the Drug From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (CRL0-24)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Amount Excreted in Urine as Unchanged Drug or Metabolite (Ae0-24)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Amount Excreted in Urine as Unchanged Drug or Metabolite (Ae0-24)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)
NCT02279641 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacodynamics (PD) Profile of Uric Acid From Serum and Urine
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 2 - Concentration of Serum Urate at 24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol.
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 2 - Maximum Percentage (%) Change in Serum Urate of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (Emax, CB (%))
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 2 - Renal Hypoxanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeHXO, CB (%))
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 2 - Renal Xanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeXO, CB (%))
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 1 - Concentration of Serum Urate at 24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol.
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 1 - Maximum Percentage (%) Change in Serum Urate of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (Emax, CB (%))
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 1 - Renal Hypoxanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeHXO, CB (%))
NCT02498652 (14) [back to overview]Cohort 1 - Renal Xanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeXO, CB (%))
NCT02500641 (1) [back to overview]Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT02579096 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing ≥ 1 Gout Flare During Phase 3
NCT02752633 (1) [back to overview]Urinary 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Excretion
NCT02956278 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change Uric Acid
NCT02956278 (3) [back to overview]Oxypurinol AUC
NCT02956278 (3) [back to overview]Oxypurinol Renal Clearance
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Meeting Criteria (eg, Based on sCr or eCrCl Criteria) for Treatment Discontinuations Over the Study Period
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Creatinine (sCr) Elevations (≥1.5 × Baseline) Over the Study Period
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Renal-Related and Kidney Stone Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03648996 (3) [back to overview]Brachial Artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD)
NCT03648996 (3) [back to overview]Insulin-stimulated Leg Blood Flow
NCT03648996 (3) [back to overview]Carotid Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (cfPWV)
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid Change
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]eGFR Change
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]eGFR Change
NCT03865407 (6) [back to overview]Serum High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]P-cystatin C (mg/L) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]P-cystatin C (mg/L) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (mL/Min/1.73 m²) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (mL/Min/1.73 m²) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (uACR) (mg/g) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (Visit 8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (uACR) (mg/g) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid (sUA) (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (Visit 8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]S-creatinine (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)
NCT03990363 (10) [back to overview]S-creatinine (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Model Predicted Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QT Interval Corrected for Heart Rate (HR) Using Fridericia's Formula (QTcF)(ΔΔQTcF) (Derived From Concentration-QTcF Analysis) at Geometric Mean of Cmax of Verinurad
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (CL/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (Vss/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase After Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (Vz/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life (t½λz) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Time Delay Between Drug Administration and the First Observed Concentration in Plasma (Tlag) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QTcF Interval (ΔΔQTcF Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Time of Last Quantifiable Plasma Concentration (Tlast) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected QTcF Interval (ΔQTcF Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted Heart Rate (ΔΔHR)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted PR Interval (ΔΔPR Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted RR Interval (ΔΔRR Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QRS Interval (ΔΔQRS Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QT Interval (ΔΔQT Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected Heart Rate (ΔHR)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected PR Interval (ΔPR Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected QRS Interval (ΔQRS Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected QT Interval (ΔQT Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Baseline-corrected RR Interval (ΔRR Interval)
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol
NCT04256629 (25) [back to overview]Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation From Zero to Infinity (MRT) for Verinurad and Oxypurinol
NCT04327024 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 32 in Peak V02 Consumption in Verinurad + Allopurinol Compared to Placebo (ANCOVA Model)
NCT04327024 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 32 in KCCQ-TSS in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Placebo (MMRM)
NCT04327024 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 32 in KCCQ-TSS in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Monotherapy (MMRM)
NCT04327024 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 32 in Peak V02 Consumption in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Monotherapy (ANCOVA Model)
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to 24 Hours Post-dose AUC(0-24) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCinf) for Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Time of Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUClast) for Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of AUClast for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of AUCinf for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of AUCinf for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious AEs (SAEs)
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Metabolite:Parent (MP) AUClast Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Metabolite:Parent (MP) AUCinf Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Metabolite:Parent (MP) Cmax Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation (MRTinf) for Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration (CL/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Maximum Observed Plasma Peak Concentration (Cmax) for Verinurad
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of AUClast for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Cmax for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Ratio of Cmax for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Half-life Associated With Terminal Slope (λz) of a Semi-logarithmic Concentration Time Curve (t½λz) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution (Apparent) at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Based on the Terminal Phase) (Vz/F) of Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04532918 (21) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution (Apparent) at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Vss/F) of Verinurad and Allopurinol
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Vz/F: Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase After Extravascular Administration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Vss/F: Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]MRTinf: Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation From Zero to Infinity
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Tmax: Time to Reach Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration Following Drug Administration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Tlag: Time Delay Between Drug Administration and First Observed Concentration in Plasma
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]CL/F: Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]AUClast: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration in Fasted Condition
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]AUCinf: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Infinity in Fasted Condition
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]AUClast: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]tEmax, CB: Time of Maximum Percentage CB Change From Baseline (CB)
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]λz: Terminal Elimination Rate Constant
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]t½λz: Half-life Associated With Terminal Slope (λz) of Semi-logarithmic Concentration-time Curve
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration in Fasted State
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]Emax, CB: Maximum Percentage Change From Baseline (CB)
NCT04550234 (17) [back to overview]AUCinf: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Infinity

2 Year Event Free Survival

Percentage of patients who were event free at 2 years. The 2-year event free rate was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. An event is defined as death, progression or treatment failure. (NCT00039130)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rituximab With High Intensity Chemotherapy78

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2 Year Overall Survival

Percentage of participants who were alive at 2 years. The 2 year survival, with 95% confidence interval, was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. (NCT00039130)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rituximab With High Intensity Chemotherapy80

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Complete Response Rate

Response is assessed by investigator according to Revised Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma. Complete response requires disappearance of all evidence of disease. (NCT00039130)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rituximab With High Intensity Chemotherapy83

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Number of Participants Who Proceed to Course V Within 2-6 Weeks of the Last Dose of Alemtuzumab (Phase II)

The primary endpoint is the number of participants who are able to proceed to course V within two - six weeks of completion of course IV. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 8 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy30

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Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission

A complete remission (CR) requires the following: an absolute neutrophil count (segs and bands) > 1500/μl, no circulating blasts, platelets > 100,000/μl; bone marrow cellularity > 20% with trilineage hematopoiesis, and < 5% marrow blast cells, none of which appear neoplastic. All previous extramedullary manifestations of disease must be absent (e.g., lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, skin or gum infiltration, testicular masses, or CNS involvement). (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy92
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy145

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Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) During Treatment With Alemtuzumab (Phase II)

Minimal Residual Disease measures the presence of of circulating leukemia cells in the body. Patients that report a Complete Response (CR) during treatment are further tested to determine the presence of small amounts of circulating leukemia cells. Here we report the number of patients who were MRD negative. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy16

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Disease-free Survival, for Only Complete Response Patients

Disease Free Survival (DFS) is defined as the time from a Complete Response (CR) until death or relapse. The date of last clinical assesment will be used as the censor date for patients with no death or relapse. The DFS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with confidence intervals presented. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy58.6
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy19.8

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Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Alemtuzumab (Phase I)

The maximum tolerated dose is defined as the highest alemtuzumab dose at which less than 40% of patients develop the dose limiting toxicity (DLT), where DLT is defined as the inability to proceed (due to medical complications) with the protocol treatment within six weeks of receiving the last dose of alemtuzumab. Groups of six patients will be enrolled into each cohort at the time of re-registration prior to starting Course IV. After a cohort has accrued 6 patients and at least 3 have completed the 2-6 week post alemtuzumab observation period without DLT, the incoming patients will be assigned to the next cohort in the table while the DLT and other toxicities continue to be assessed for the newly closed cohort. If less than 3 out of 6 enrolled patients in a cohort have completed the 2-6 week post alemtuzumab observation period without DLT, additional patients may continue to enroll in that same cohort, i.e., accrual will not be suspended while waiting for patient follow-up data. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg (Number)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy30

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Overall Survival

Overall Survival is defines as the time from registration to death due to any cause. It is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with confidence intervals presented. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy33.6
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy23.1

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Percentage of Subjects With the Last 3 Serum Urate Levels <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL)

Each subject's serum urate at the last 3 visits determined the subject's response for the primary efficacy variable. A subject who prematurely discontinued without least 3 postbaseline serum urate levels was considered a nonresponder; if at least 3 serum urate were obtained postbaseline, those 3 visits were used. The last 3 visits used may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Last 3 Visits (up to 52 weeks)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD53
Febuxostat 120 mg QD62
Allopurinol 300 mg QD21

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

Change in number of tophi/subject calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at Screening. If the tophi were not palpable at the Final Visit, total count was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

The change from baseline at Week 28 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the total count was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 52 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

The change from baseline at Week 52 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were no longer palpable at the Week 52 visit, the total count was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-1.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. The Final visit was the last visit with a serum urate value. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-44.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-51.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-33.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(week 28 - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-34.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 52.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 52 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(week 52 - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-47.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-34.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

Percent change in primary tophus size was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at Screening. If tophus was not palpable at Final visit, the size was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-51.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-43.8
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-39.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-29.5
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-49.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-28.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 52, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 52 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 52 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-83.4
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-65.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-49.7

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flares Between Weeks 8 and 52.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for a gout flare between Weeks 8 and 52 of the double-blind treatment period was summarized. A subject who reported more than 1 gout flare during this period was counted only once. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 through 52

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD64
Febuxostat 120 mg QD70
Allopurinol 300 mg QD64

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD74
Febuxostat 120 mg QD80
Allopurinol 300 mg QD36

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Week 28

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD72
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82
Allopurinol 300 mg QD42

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 52 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 52 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 52 visit was summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD81
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82
Allopurinol 300 mg QD39

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Continuous Complete Remission at 1 Year

A patient has a continuous complete remission at 1 year if they achieve a CR and are alive 365 days after registering to the study. (NCT00109837)
Timeframe: After induction, after consolidation, every 3 months during maintenance, and every three months after off treatment for up to a year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Treatment21

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Toxicity

Number of patients with Grade 3-5 adverse events that are related to study drug by given type of adverse event (NCT00109837)
Timeframe: Patients were assessed for adverse events after the induction cycle

InterventionParticipants with a given type of AE (Number)
ALT, SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)AST, SGOT (serum glut oxaloacetic transaminase)Albumin, serum-low (hypoalbuminemia)Alkaline phosphataseAnorexiaAscites (non-malignant)Bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia)Calcium, serum-low (hypocalcemia)CholecystitisCholesterol, serum-high (hypercholesterolemia)Coagulation-Other (Specify)Colitis, infectious (e.g., Clostridium difficile)ConstipationDIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)Death not assoc with CTCAE term-Multi-organ failEdema: limbFatigue (asthenia, lethargy, malaise)Febrile neutropeniaFever (in the abs of neutropenia)FibrinogenGlucose, serum-high (hyperglycemia)Glucose, serum-low (hypoglycemia)HemoglobinHypertensionHypotensionHypoxiaIleus, GI (functional obstruction of bowel)Infec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-AnalInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BladderInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BloodInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BronchusIInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-CatheterInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-Eye NOSInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-LungInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-NoseInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-PharynxInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-Ur tractInfec with nor ANC or Gr 1/2 neut-Lung (pneumonia)Infection-Other (Specify)Leukocytes (total WBC)LipaseLiver dysfunction/failure (clinical)LymphopeniaMagnesium, serum-high (hypermagnesemia)Mucositis/stomatitis (clinical exam) - Oral cavityMucositis/stomatitis (funct/symp) - Oral cavityMucositis/stomatitis (func/symp) - PharynxMuscle weak,gen spec area-Whole bodyNauseaNeuropathy: motorNeutrophils/granulocytes (ANC/AGC)Pain - Abdomen NOSPain - BonePain - NeckPancreatic endocrine: glucose intolerancePancreatitisPhosphate, serum-low (hypophosphatemia)PlateletsPotassium, serum-high (hyperkalemia)Potassium, serum-low (hypokalemia)Rash/desquamationRenal failureSodium, serum-low (hyponatremia)Thrombosis/thrombus/embolismThrombotic microangiopathyTriglyceride, serum-high (hypertriglyceridemia)Tumor lysis syndromeTyphlitis (cecal inflammation)Uric acid, serum-high (hyperuricemia)Vomiting
Induction171332216712111211318111161332321111111111122143121912112314711111144171261215111

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Global [11C]HED Retention Index (RI)

"Distal defects in [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine ([11C]HED) retention involving at least 10 % of the left ventricle was used to define Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN). The retention index (RI) is the unit of measure and is expressed as [11C]HEDblood min -1[ml tissue]-1~PET Data of Randomized Subjects at Baseline and 24-Months~The primary outcome was the change in the global [11C]HED RI = measure of cardiac innervation at 24 months in participants taking the active drug compared with those on placebo." (NCT00116207)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 months

,
InterventionRetention index (Mean)
BASELINE24 MONTHS
ORAL ANTIOXIDANT0.0810.070
Placebo0.0730.074

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Global Coronary Flow Reserve as a Measure of Endothelial Function

global myocardial blood flow reserve as a measure of endothelial function. Measured by PET using [13N]ammonia at rest and during adenosine stimulated coronary vasodilation. (NCT00116207)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 months

,
Interventionratio (rest:stress) (Mean)
BASELINE24 MONTH
ORAL ANTIOXIDANT2.953.02
Placebo2.943.22

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Inflammation

High Sensitivity CRP (nmol/L) (NCT00116207)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
ORAL ANTIOXIDANT17.51
Placebo16.95

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Systemic Oxidative Stress

ng of 8-epi prostaglandin F2alpha /G creatinine assessed in 24 hour urine collection (NCT00116207)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionng/G creatinine (Mean)
ORAL ANTIOXIDANT2.92
Placebo2.09

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL).

Each subject's serum urate at the last 3 visits determined the subject's response for the primary efficacy variable. A subject who prematurely discontinued without least 3 postbaseline serum urate levels was considered a nonresponder; if at least 3 serum urate were obtained postbaseline, those 3 visits were used. The last 3 visits used may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Last 3 visits (any last 3 visits up to week 28)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD48
Febuxostat 120 mg QD65
Febuxostat 240 mg QD69
Allopurinol QD22
Placebo QD0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was summarized. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(Final visit - baseline levels)/baseline]*100. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.2
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-51.9
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-66.3
Allopurinol QD-33.7
Placebo QD-3.0

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Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.6
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-54.2
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-53.2
Allopurinol QD-31.5
Placebo QD-52.0

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Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

Percent change in primary tophus size was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at Screening. If tophus was not palpable at Final visit, the size was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-33.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-42.4
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-47.0
Allopurinol QD-22.6
Placebo QD-40.3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Week 28

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD76
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87
Febuxostat 240 mg QD94
Allopurinol QD41
Placebo QD1

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Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

Change from baseline at Week 28 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were not palpable at the Week 28 visit, the total count was assumed to be 0. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 240 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol QD0.0
Placebo QD0.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected and may have differed by subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 28 weeks).

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD72
Febuxostat 120 mg QD79
Febuxostat 240 mg QD92
Allopurinol QD39
Placebo QD1

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for a Gout Flare Between Weeks 8 and 28 of the Double-Blind Treatment Period.

Percentage of subjects requiring treatment for a gout flare between Weeks 8 and 28 of the double-blind treatment period was summarized. A subject who reported more than 1 gout flare during this period was counted only once. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 through 28

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD55
Febuxostat 120 mg QD54
Febuxostat 240 mg QD57
Allopurinol QD46
Placebo QD52

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline levels)/baseline]*100 and summarized. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-47.6
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-54.9
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-67.8
Allopurinol QD-34.4
Placebo QD-3.6

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Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit

Change in number of tophi/subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening. If the tophi were not palpable at the Final Visit, total count was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 240 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol QD0.0
Placebo QD0.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 24.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 24 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 24

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD89.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87.2
Allopurinol QD78.6

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 36.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 36 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 36

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD90.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD91.5
Allopurinol QD90.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 12.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 12 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD88.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD86.3
Allopurinol QD82.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Last Visit on Treatment.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the last visit on treatment was summarized. The last visit on treatment was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected prior to any changes in drug and/or dose from the initial treatment assignment. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD70.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82.0
Allopurinol QD32.6

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 1.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 1 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 1 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 1

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD80.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87.0
Allopurinol QD46.0

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare up to Month 12.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for gout flare during the first twelve months of final stable treatment was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD29.4
Febuxostat 120 mg QD42.5
Allopurinol QD28.3

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 36 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and Month 36 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 36

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-83

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare After Month 12.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for gout flare after the first 12 months of final stable treatment was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: After Month 12 to Final Visit

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD15.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD19.8
Allopurinol QD23.2

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Last Visit on Treatment.

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the last visit on treatment was summarized. The last visit on treatment was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected prior to any changes in drug and/or dose from the initial treatment assignment. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.69
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-52.99
Allopurinol QD-32.17

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Percent Change From Baseline in the Total Number of Tophi for Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Final Visit.

The number of tophi were counted at baseline and final visits. The percent change from baseline in the number of tophi to the final visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-59.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-58.3
Allopurinol QD-48.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 24 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and Month 24 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 24

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-100
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-96
Allopurinol QD-87

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 12 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at the Month 12 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-82
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-79
Allopurinol QD-56

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and final visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the final visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-96
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-84
Allopurinol QD-67

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Myocardial Creatine Kinase (CK) Flux Pre Intravenous Allopurinol Infusion

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Measurement of Myocardial CK Flux Pre Intravenous Allopurinol Infusion (NCT00181155)
Timeframe: Onset of imaging acquisition.

Interventionumol/g/sec (Mean)
Baseline2.07

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Cardiac PCr/ATP Post Intravenous Infusion

The mean ratio of creatine phosphate (PCr) to ATP in the heart. This measure, as a ratio, is unitless. (NCT00181155)
Timeframe: acute (within 15 minutes of single infusion)

Interventionratio (Mean)
Intravenous Allopurinol1.75

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Cardiac PCr/ATP Pre Intravenous Infusion

The mean ratio of creatine phosphate (PCr) to ATP in the heart. This measure, as a ratio, is unitless. (NCT00181155)
Timeframe: Onset of image acquisition.

Interventionratio (Mean)
Baseline1.58

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Myocardial CK Flux Post Intravenous Allopurinol Infusion.

The mean rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) flux through the creatine kinase reaction in the heart. (NCT00181155)
Timeframe: acute (within 15 minutes of single infusion)

Interventionumol/g/sec (Mean)
Intravenous Allopurinol2.87

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Plasma Uric Acid Responder

Number of patients responding to treatment defined as plasma uric acid levels at Day 3 through Day 7 <7.5 mg/dl. (NCT00230178)
Timeframe: Day 3 through Day 7

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Allopurinol6031
Rasburicase8012
Rasburicase + Allopurinol7220

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Time to Uric Acid Control

Time from the first dose of study drug to the time at which plasma uric acid concentrations were determined <=7.5 mg/dl, measured -4, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours after infusion. (NCT00230178)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 7

InterventionHours (Median)
Rasburicase4.1
Rasburicase + Allopurinol4.1
Allopurinol27.0

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Plasma Uric Acid

Area under the curve concentration versus time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC) of plasma uric acid values (NCT00230178)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 7

Interventionmg*h/dL (Mean)
Rasburicase77.25
Rasburicase + Allopurinol108.05
Allopurinol646.22

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure by Cuff After 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline

"The systolic BP was taken at Baseline and after 8-10 weeks of treatment on placebo, while on chlorthalidone and potassium chloride. The blood pressure was measured according to Shared Care protocol: 15 minutes of quiet, undisturbed rest with three BP measurements obtained subsequently at 5 minute intervals.~The mean of the second and third reading was the value used for analysis for both the Baseline measurement and the measurement after 8 - 10 weeks of treatment. The dependent variable is baseline value minus ending value.~Measures are in millimeters of mercury (mm hg)" (NCT00241839)
Timeframe: Measured at 8-10 weeks on allopurinol or placebo

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
A (Allopurinol)0.21
B (Placebo)-0.95

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Change in Uric Acid (UA) Levels: Baseline Less End of Treatment

Subjects on allopurinol are expected to lower their uric acid levels relative to placebo. (NCT00241839)
Timeframe: Baseline UA levels compared to end of treatment levels (8-10 weeks on allopurinol / placebo)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
A (Allopurinol)2.29
B (Placebo)0.14

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure by Cuff 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline

"The Diastolic BP was taken at Baseline and after 8-10 weeks of treatment or placebo while on chlorthalidone and potassium chloride. The blood pressure was measured according to Shared Care protocol: 15 minutes of quiet, undisturbed rest with three BP measurements obtained subsequently at 5 minute intervals.~The mean of the second and third reading was the value used for analysis for both the Baseline measurement and the measurement after 8 - 10 weeks of treatment. The dependent variable is baseline value minus ending value.~Measures are in millimeters of mercury (mm hg)" (NCT00241839)
Timeframe: Measured at 8-10 weeks on allopurinol / placebo

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
A (Allopurinol)3.44
B (Placebo)-0.83

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Change in Overall Mean BP From Those Obtained by 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements (ABPM) 8-10 Weeks Minus Baseline.

Subjects had 24 hr blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) at baseline and treatment end. The readings were averaged and the changes from baseline to treatment end were compared. (NCT00241839)
Timeframe: Baseline and end of treatment (8-10 weeks on allopurinol / placebo)

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
A (Allopurinol)-5.9
B (Placebo)0.90

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 4 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-34.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-34.5

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.6
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-34.4

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit.

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-33.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-40.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-31.3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level is <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Final Visit.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <6.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD45.2
Febuxostat 80 mg QD67.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD42.1

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <4.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate values was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD17.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD17.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD18.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.4

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD3.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD20.3
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.8

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Percentage of Renal Impairment Subjects Whose Final Visit Serum Urate Level is <6.0 mg/dl

The percentage of subjects with mild-to-moderate renal impairment whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD49.7
Febuxostat 80 mg QD71.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD42.3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD15.4
Febuxostat 80 mg QD45.9
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD11.7

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD15.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD51.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD13.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD19.3
Febuxostat 80 mg QD49.7
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD14.8

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD49.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD74.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD43.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD47.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD75.2
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD45.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD48.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD75.3
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD46.6

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 2

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-44.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-33.8

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <5.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate values was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD16.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD44.0
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD13.2

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Uric Acid Levels

Blood was collected and analyzed at a laboratory for serum uric acid levels reported in milligrams(mg)/deciliter(dL). Data is presented for those participants who experienced Grade II to IV aGVHD and those participants who did not experience Grade II to IV aGVHD at pre-transplant and post-transplant. (NCT00513474)
Timeframe: Pre-transplant Day -7 to Day -1 and Post-transplant Day 0 to Day 6

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Day -7Day -6Day -5Day -4Day -3Day -2Day -1Day 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6
Control Group4.1573.4192.9672.5792.3581.8671.712.1632.6712.7782.8052.7582.5792.653
Rasburicase Group0.10.0750.0860.10.0670.0810.4380.9381.6242.0762.2712.5482.5952.705

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Number of Participant With Adverse Events (AE)

An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. (NCT00513474)
Timeframe: Up to 71 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rasburicase Group21
Control Group21

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Percentage of Participants With Grades II to IV Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (aGVHD)

"aGVHD severity was determined using International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) scale stage and grade of the skin, liver and gut. Stage 1: Skin=maculopapular rash <25% of body surface; Liver=Bilirubin 2-3 mg/dL and Gut=500-999 mL diarrhea/day or peristent nausea with histologic evidence of GvHD. Stage 2: Skin=maculopapular rash 25-50% of body surface; Liver=Bilirubin 3.1-6 mg/dL and Gut=1000-1499 mL diarrhea/day. Stage 3: Skin=maculopapular rash >50% of body surface; Liver=Bilirubin 6.1-15 mg/dL and Gut=≥1500 mL diarrhea/day. Stage 4: Skin=generalized erythroderma with bulla formation; Liver=Bilirubin >15 mg/dL and Gut=severe abdominal pain.~Grade 1: Stage 1-2 rash; no liver or gut involvement. Grade II: Stage 3 rash, or stage 1 liver involvement, or stage 1 gut involvement. Grade III: None to stage 3 skin rash with stage 2-3 liver, or stage 2-4 gut involvement. Grade IV: Stage 4 skin rash, or stage 4 liver involvement." (NCT00513474)
Timeframe: Up to 71 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rasburicase Group24
Control Group57

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Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

"The YMRS is an 11-item, clinician-administered rating scale to assess the severity of manic symptoms before, during and after treatment. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/aggressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale. A score of 0 indicates the behavior is absent, whereas a score of 4 or 8 indicates the behavior is present and severe.~The change in score between Baseline and the Completion Visit will be reported. Ideally, the two time points will be Baseline and 6 Weeks after Baseline, but, if a subject terminates early, his/her last YMRS score will be carried forward to the final visit.~The scores from each question are added together to form a total score ranging from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of symptoms. A score of 0-12 indicates the absence of mania or a very mild manic state, a score of 13-20 or higher indicates a mild man" (NCT00643123)
Timeframe: 7 weeks (Baseline and 6 weeks (or last visit date) after baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Allopurinol-12.3
Placebo-9.6

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Median Overall Survival Number of Days Patients Alive After Treatment

Median number of days patients alive from date of treatment to date of death or date of last follow-up if censored. (NCT00652899)
Timeframe: From first date on-study (treatment) to date of death

InterventionDays (Median)
Total Body Irradiation171.5
No Total Body Irradiation291

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Median Number of Days to Progression

Median number of days from first date of treatment to date of disease progression (appearance of new metastatic lesions or objective tumor progression). Defined by computated tomography (CT) imaging based on Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST): Progressive Disease (PD) > or = 20% increase in sum of all target or any new lesions. (NCT00652899)
Timeframe: From date of first treatment to disease progression

InterventionDays (Median)
No Total Body Irradiation107
Total Body Irradiation90

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Number of Patients With In Vivo Expansion of Infused Allogeneic Natural Killer (NK) Cell Product

Detection of an absolute donor derived cell count of > or = 100 cells/mL after NK cell infusion. (NCT00652899)
Timeframe: Day 12-14

InterventionPatients (Number)
Ovarian/Fallopian Tube/Peritoneal Cancer Patients0

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Number of Patients Per Disease Response

Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR)-Disappearance of all target lesions (TL); Partial Response (PR)-< or = 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of TL, reference baseline sum LD; Stable Disease (SD)-Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started; Progressive Disease (PD)- < or = 20% increase in the sum of the LD of TL, reference the smallest sum LD recorded since treatment started or appearance of < or = 1 new lesion. (NCT00652899)
Timeframe: 1 Month After Natural Killer Cell Infusion (Day 30)

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
Complete ResponsePartial ResponseStable DiseaseProgressive Disease
No Total Body Irradiation0241
Total Body Irradiation0140

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Number of Depressive Episodes Per Patient Visit According to the Hamilton Depression Scale

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a tool used to determine a patient's level of depression before, during, and after treatment. The Hamilton Depression Scale form lists 21 items, but the scoring is based on the first 17 questions. Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (min) = not present to 4 (max) = severe. Nine are scored from 0 (min) to 2 (max). The sum of the scores from the first 17 questions is: 0 (min) to 7 (max) = normal, 8 (min) to 13 (max) = mild depression, 14 (min) to 18 (max) = moderate depression, 19 (min) to 22 (max) = severe depression and ≥ 23=very severe depression. A score of 11 or more indicates a depressive episode in terms of this outcome measure. (NCT00732251)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionpatient visits (Count of Units)
Allopurinol7

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Number of Manic Episodes According to the Young Mania Rating Scale

"Young Mania Rating Scale is an 11-item, clinician-administered scale to assess severity of manic symptoms before, during and after treatment. Four items are graded on a min. 0 to max. 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content and disruptive/aggressive behavior) while the remaining 7 items are graded on a min. 0 to max. 4 scale. A score of 0 indicates behavior is absent and score of 4 or 8 indicates the behavior is present and severe.~The change in score between Baseline and the Completion Visit will be reported. Ideally, the two time points will be Baseline and 6 Weeks after Baseline, but if a subject terminates early, the last Young Mania Rating Scale score will be used. The scores from each question are added for a total score ranging from min. 0 to max 60; higher scores indicate greater severity of symptoms. A score of 0-12 indicates the absence of mania or a very mild manic state, a score of 13-20 or higher indicates a mild manic episode, and over 20 indicates a manic state. (NCT00732251)
Timeframe: 2 Years

Interventionpatient visits (Count of Units)
Allopurinol3

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Change in Renal Function as Measured With eGFR

(NCT00793585)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

InterventioneGFR(min/ml) (Mean)
Control Group68.9
Allopurinol Group73.2

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The Longitudinal Change in Proteinuria and Blood Pressure(Including Changes in Antihypertensive Drugs Dosing).

(NCT00793585)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

InterventionUpro/cr (mg/g) (Mean)
Control Group1170.4
Allopurinol Group1219.3

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Core Study: Mean Number of Gout Flares Per Participant

A gout flare was defined as an increase in participant-reported gout pain in the most affected joint during a gout attack. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the core study to Week 16

InterventionGout flares (Mean)
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg0.5
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg0.4
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg0.2
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg0.4
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg0.2
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk0.7
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg0.7

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Core Study: Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 Gout Flare Within 16 Weeks After Randomization

The percentage of participants experiencing at least 1 gout flare within 16 weeks after randomization. A gout flare was defined as an increase in participant-reported gout pain in the most affected joint during a gout attack. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the core study to Week 16

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg27.3
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg16.7
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg14.8
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg18.5
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg15.1
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk16.7
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg44.4

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Core Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 0-100 mm Visual Analog Scale up to Day 7 of All Gout Flares

Participants rated the intensity of pain in the most affected joint on a 0-100 mm visual analog scale, which ranged from no pain (left end, 0) to unbearable pain (right end, 100). Participants assessed pain intensity on the day of onset of the gout flare and in the morning of the 6 following days. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the core study to Week 16

,,,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Day 1 (n=15, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 48)Day 2 (n=12, 7, 6, 5, 5, 7, 44)Day 3 (n=10, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 38)Day 4 (n=7, 3, 2, 3, 3, 6, 31)Day 5 (n=7, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 22)Day 6 (n=6, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 18)Day 7 (n=6, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 16)
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg56.346.249.516.50.00.00.0
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg53.019.856.763.554.857.535.0
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg41.144.831.531.819.319.620.9
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg52.243.126.311.013.012.00.0
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg44.640.149.546.348.044.0NA
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk66.159.358.049.441.443.552.0
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg53.142.838.130.531.833.733.0

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Core Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 5-point Likert Scale up to Day 7 of All Gout Flares

Participants assessed the intensity of pain in the most affected joint on a 5-point Likert scale, which ranged from 1 to 5 (1=None, 2=Mild, 3=Moderate, 4=Severe, 5=Extreme). Participants assessed pain intensity on the day of onset of the gout flare and in the morning of the 6 following days. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the core study to Week 16

,,,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Day 1 (n=15, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, 48)Day 2 (n=12, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 44)Day 3 (n=10, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 38)Day 4 (n=7, 3, 2, 3, 3, 7, 31)Day 5 (n=7, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 22)Day 6 (n=6, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 18)Day 7 (n=6, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 16)
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg3.53.32.31.51.01.01.0
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg3.22.23.03.03.23.52.5
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg2.82.92.42.62.22.42.4
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg3.12.92.31.71.51.51.0
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg3.12.63.12.72.53.0NA
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk3.83.53.43.22.72.93.3
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg3.23.02.72.42.62.52.4

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Core Study: Percentage of Participants With Gout Flare at Different Time Points

A gout flare was defined as an increase in participant-reported gout pain in the most affected joint during a gout attack. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Days 2, 4, 6, and Weeks 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16 of the core study

,,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
2 days post-dose4 days post-dose6 days post-dose2 weeks post-dose4 weeks post-dose6 weeks post-dose10 weeks post-dose16 weeks post-dose
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg3.73.73.77.47.49.311.215.1
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg3.73.77.411.113.013.016.818.8
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg5.510.912.714.514.516.522.528.7
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg0.05.75.77.511.411.411.415.3
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg3.73.75.67.49.311.113.117.3
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk3.83.83.811.315.127.9217.017.0
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg5.610.211.116.725.132.637.545.8

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Extension Study: Amount of Rescue Medication Taken

The amount of naproxen and prednisolone taken after receiving treatment for each of the first 3 flares was recorded. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the extension study until the end of the study (up to 24 weeks)

,
Interventionmg (Mean)
Gout Flare 1: Naproxen (n=68, 24)Gout Flare 1: Prednisolone (68, 24)Gout Flare 2: Naproxen (n=12, 5)Gout Flare 2: Prednisolone (12, 5)Gout Flare 3: Naproxen (n=4, 1)Gout Flare 3: Prednisolone (4, 1)
Extension Study: Group A1086.84.6650.01.3250.00.0
Extension Study: Group C954.64.2200.00.00.00.0

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Extension Study: Participant's Assessment of Gout Pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale During the First Flare

Participant's rated the intensity of pain in the most affected joint during the first flare on a 0-100 mm visual analog scale, which ranged from no pain (left end, 0) to unbearable pain (right end, 100). Assessments were made pre-dose and 24 hours, 3 days, 4 days, and an average of 5-7 days post-dose (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the extension study until 7 days after the onset of the first gout flare (up to 24 weeks)

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Pre-dose (n=65, 19)24 hours (n=65, 18)3 days (n=54, 15)4 days (n=54, 15)5-7 days (n=52, 13)
Extension Study: Group A61.323.812.48.88.1
Extension Study: Group C71.829.06.82.72.1

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Extension Study: Participant's Global Assessment of Response to Treatment on a 5-point Likert Scale

Study participants made a global assessment of their response to treatment on a 5-point Likert scale (Excellent, Good, Acceptable, Slight, Poor) at the control visit 7±2 days following each of their first 3 flares. The number of participants in each of the 5 categories of the Likert scale are reported. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the extension study until the end of the study (up to 24 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Gout Flare 1: Excellent (63, 21)Gout Flare 1: Good (63, 21)Gout Flare 1: Acceptable (63, 21)Gout Flare 1: Slight (63, 21)Gout Flare 1: Poor (63, 21)Gout Flare 2: Excellent (11, 5)Gout Flare 2: Good (11, 5)Gout Flare 2: Acceptable (11, 5)Gout Flare 2: Slight (11, 5)Gout Flare 2: Poor (11, 5)Gout Flare 3: Excellent (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Good (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Acceptable (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Slight (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Poor (3, 1)
Extension Study: Group A40175104610021000
Extension Study: Group C7140004100001000

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Extension Study: Physician's Assessment of Tenderness, Swelling, and Erythema in the Most Affected Joint During the First Flare

"Tenderness was rated on a 0-3 point scale: 0=no pain, 1=patient states that there is pain, 2=patient states there is pain and winces, and 3=patient states there is pain, winces and withdraws on palpation or passive movement of the most affected joint. Swelling was rated on a 0-3 point scale: 0=no swelling, 1=palpable, 2=visible, and 3=bulging beyond the joint margins. Erythema was rated as present, absent, or not assessable. Assessments were performed at the flare and control visits." (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the extension study until the end of the study (up to 24 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Tenderness Flare Visit: No painTenderness Flare Visit: PainTenderness Flare Visit: Pain and wincesTenderness Flare Visit: Pain, winces and withdrawsTenderness Control Visit: No painTenderness Control Visit: PainTenderness Control Visit: Pain and wincesTenderness Control Visit: Pain, winces and withdraJoint Swelling Flare Visit: No swellingJoint Swelling Flare Visit: PalpableJoint Swelling Flare Visit: VisibleJoint Swelling Flare Visit: Bulging beyond jointJoint Swelling Control Visit: No swellingJoint Swelling Control Visit: PalpableJoint Swelling Control Visit: VisibleJoint Swelling Control Visit: Bulging beyond jointErythema Flare Visit: AbsentErythema Flare Visit: PresentErythema Flare Visit: Not assessedErythema Control Visit: AbsentErythema Control Visit: PresentErythema Control Visit: Not assessed
Extension Study: Group A227231760810520311361620214406630
Extension Study: Group C02101221300021752220042002400

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Extension Study: Physician's Global Assessment of Response to Treatment on a 5-point Likert Scale

The study physician made a global assessment of the participant's response to treatment on a 5-point Likert scale (Very good, Good, Fair, Poor, Very poor) at the control visit 7±2 days following each of the first 3 flares. The category 'Not assessed' includes missing data and 'not done'. The number of participants in each of the 5 categories of the Likert scale are reported. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Baseline of the extension study until the end of the study (up to 24 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Gout Flare 1: Very Good (69, 23)Gout Flare 1: Good (69, 23)Gout Flare 1: Fair (69, 23)Gout Flare 1: Poor (69, 23)Gout Flare 1: Very Poor (69, 23)Gout Flare 2: Very Good (12, 5)Gout Flare 2: Good (12, 5)Gout Flare 2: Fair (12, 5)Gout Flare 2: Poor (12, 5)Gout Flare 2: Very Poor (12, 5)Gout Flare 3: Very Good (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Good (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Fair (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Poor (3, 1)Gout Flare 3: Very Poor (3, 1)
Extension Study: Group A37282205700012000
Extension Study: Group C13100003200001000

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Core Study: Mean Number of Gout Flares for the Repeat Dose Regimen of Canakinumab as Compared to the Single Doses of Canakinumab

(NCT00819585)
Timeframe: up to 16 weeks after randomization

Interventiongout flares per patient (Least Squares Mean)
Canakinumab 25 mg0.48
Canakinumab 50 mg0.43
Canakinumab 100 mg0.22
Canakinumab 200 mg0.38
Canakinumab 300 mg0.21
Canakinumab q4wk0.68

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Core Study: Physician's Global Assessment of Response to Therapy on a 5-point Likert Scale

The study physician made a global assessment of the participant's response to treatment on a 5-point Likert scale (Very good, Good, Fair, Poor, Very poor) at Days 15, 29, 57, 85, 113, and 141. The category 'Not assessed' includes missing data and 'not done'. The number of participants in each of the 5 categories of the Likert scale are reported. (NCT00819585)
Timeframe: Days 15, 29, 57, 85, 113, and 141 of the core study

,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Day 15: Very goodDay 15 - GoodDay 15 - FairDay 15 - PoorDay 15 - Very poorDay 15 - Not assessedDay 29: Very goodDay 29- GoodDay 29 - FairDay 29 - PoorDay 29 - Very poorDay 29 - Not assessedDay 57: Very goodDay 57- GoodDay 57 - FairDay 57 - PoorDay 57 - Very poorDay 57 - Not assessedDay 85: Very goodDay 85 - GoodDay 85 - FairDay 85 - - PoorDay 85 - Very poorDay 85 - Not assessedDay 113 : Very goodDay 113 - GoodDay 113 - FairDay 113 - PoorDay 113 - Very poorDay 113 - Not AssessedDay 141 : Very goodDay 141 - GoodDay 141 - FairDay 141 - PoorDay 141 - Very poorDay 141 - Not Assessed
Core Study: Canakinumab 100 mg242332012522510028166201321551003018210024193301
Core Study: Canakinumab 200 mg232640012426300027214000321640002620310031126010
Core Study: Canakinumab 25 mg192850032623200025215000272030012418520026166100
Core Study: Canakinumab 300 mg272103012723200030184000311721012920110032142011
Core Study: Canakinumab 50 mg232440112422401327203012311720022918300225202103
Core Study: Canakinumab q4wk252034022722220128203201291732113215320232143211
Core Study: Colchicine 0.5 mg4042166223942192134643931443411220550367218413616205

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Percentage of Participants With GVHD (Graft Versus Host Disease)

Acute grade 2 to 4 Graft versus host disease( GVHD )for patients who were able to be analyzed by measuring the T cell counts for increased CD3+ before and after lenalidomide. (NCT00899431)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months after allotransplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group 10
Group 23
Group 31

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Change in Submaximal Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)

6-Minute Walk Test (NCT00987415)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Allopurinol18.1
Sugar Pill20.7

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Change in Quality of Life (KCCQ)

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy (KCCQ) overall summary score - The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire is a 23-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. In the KCCQ, an overall summary score can be derived from the physical function, symptom (frequency and severity), social function and quality of life domains. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. (NCT00987415)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Allopurinol1.13
Sugar Pill4.68

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Change in Quality of Life (KCCQ).

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy (KCCQ) overall summary score - The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire is a 23-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. In the KCCQ, an overall summary score can be derived from the physical function, symptom (frequency and severity), social function and quality of life domains. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. (NCT00987415)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Allopurinol4.45
Sugar Pill3.38

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Change in Submaximal Exercise Capacity (6-MWT)

6-Minute Walk Test (NCT00987415)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Allopurinol9.5
Sugar Pill9.5

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A Composite Clinical Endpoint (CCE) That Classifies Subject's Clinical Status as Improved, Worsened, or Unchanged.

CCE composed of 3-level categorical variable with options that include worsened, unchanged or improved (NCT00987415)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
WorsenedUnchangedImproved
Allopurinol585416
Sugar Pill584324

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Peak Early Filling Rate Normalized to EDV

The Peak Early Filling Rate Normalized to EDV is calculated from the slope of the volume during the early filling of the heart with respect to time. The higher values indicate a very healthy heart muscle and lower values are indicative of a very stiff muscle. This is a measure of LV Diastolic Function. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals for reporting purposes. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Intervention1/sec (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil2.012.021.131.901.481.93NA1.651.10
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol2.01.98NA1.772.282.052.501.822.15
Ramipril1.931.742.501.802.021.911.692.051.34
Ramipril and Allopurinol2.112.03NA1.931.561.89NA1.88NA

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LV End Systolic Maximum Shortening (LVES Max Shortening)

By identifying three points in three different planes in the heart muscle, the maximum shortening is the average of the difference between the distance between these three points at the end of filling of the heart and the end of contraction divided by the length at the end of filling times 100. The maximum shortening is a three dimensional analysis. The higher values indicate a healthy heart. This is a measure of LV Systolic Function. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals for reporting purposes. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventionpercent of length at end of filling (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,17,18)Month 6(n=14,11,10,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=11,11,10,10)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,7,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil16.6817.5019.0817.1316.2817.55NA16.6220.38
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol16.0018.50NA18.5116.3617.5217.8917.8516.59
Ramipril15.8116.8818.4314.5717.0617.2616.6815.6713.70
Ramipril and Allopurinol15.8418.72NA17.9614.2217.46NA17.52NA

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Left Ventricular End-diastolic Mass Indexed to Left Ventricular End-diastolic Volume (LVED Mass/LVEDV)

LVED Mass/LVEDV: As an indicator of heart muscle mass and heart blood volume, the mass indexed to end diastolic volume determines whether there is an adequate amount of heart muscle to pump the heart blood volume obtained from a three-dimensional analysis. The values that are too high or too low indicate a diseased myocardium. This is a measure of LV Geometry. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals for reporting purposes. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventiong/ml (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil0.950.830.670.780.700.79NA0.800.64
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol0.870.82NA0.860.680.800.690.820.69
Ramipril0.920.870.750.840.810.790.950.840.93
Ramipril and Allopurinol0.860.71NA0.720.570.83NA0.80NA

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Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Indexed to Body Surface Area (LVEDV/BSA)

LVEDV/BSA: As an indicator of heart size, the blood volume of the heart is related to the body size. The relation of heart blood volume to body size is more accurate in determining pathology because larger people require a larger heart blood volume. The values that are too high or too low indicate a diseased myocardium. This is a measure of LV Diastolic Function. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventionml/m^2 (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil78.0678.6093.5785.4490.2082.74NA84.2876.65
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol79.0378.01NA79.7563.184.9575.2779.7275.05
Ramipril73.0374.1073.2375.3481.1975.2871.9970.4648.68
Ramipril and Allopurinol78.5286.13NA83.95108.2567.96NA71.63NA

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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

LVEF is a calculation of heart pump function determined from the volume after complete filling minus the volume after complete contraction divided by the volume after complete filling. A value of 55% or greater is normal. This is a measure of LV Systolic Function. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals for reporting purposes (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil56.3656.8242.6252.3739.8856.33NA51.7054.17
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol52.6857.28NA56.1154.4657.8256.1755.7954.40
Ramipril52.1954.2064.9852.7652.1355.0251.2757.1850.73
Ramipril and Allopurinol53.3752.80NA51.7434.8954.05NA55.59NA

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Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Indexed to Body Surface Area (LVESV/BSA)

LVESV/BSA: The end systolic volume is the blood volume of the heart at the end of contraction and is an index of the pump function of the heart. This relation to body size is more accurate in determining pathology because larger people require a larger heart blood volume. The values that are too high or too low indicate a diseased myocardium. This is a measure of LV Systolic Function. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventionml/m^2 (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil35.2635.2653.8742.2754.0437.76NA41.7235.13
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol39.4934.15NA36.0728.7437.1832.9935.9934.22
Ramipril36.2034.7725.6436.8239.4235.3035.2331.1723.98
Ramipril and Allopurinol37.9142.88NA42.3470.4830.39NA31.56NA

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Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Radius to Wall Thickness (LVED Radius/Wall Thickness)

LVED Radius/Wall thickness As an indicator of heart muscle mass and heart volume chamber diameter, the end-diastolic radius indexed to end diastolic wall thickness determines whether there is an adequate amount of heart muscle to pump the heart blood volume obtained from a two-dimensional analysis. The values that are too high or too low indicate a diseased myocardium. This is a measure of LV Geometry. Since some visits did not occur at the scheduled 6 month intervals, the results have been divided into 3-month visit intervals for reporting purposes. (NCT01052272)
Timeframe: 5 visits per Participant over 2 years (about every 6 months)

,,,
Interventionunitless (Mean)
Month 0 (n=17,17,18,18)Month 6(n=14,11,11,12)Month 9(n=1,2,0,0)Month 12(n=12,11,11,11)Month 15(n=3,2,1,1)Month 18(n=10,12,8,8)Month 21(n=3,0,0,1)Month 24 (n=11,9,8,10)Month 27 (n=1,1,0,1)
Candesartan Cilexetil3.143.394.143.684.103.71NA3.584.04
Candesartan Cilexetil and Allopurinol3.453.63NA3.423.903.564.243.564.29
Ramipril3.233.323.423.433.443.602.923.463.12
Ramipril and Allopurinol3.574.04NA4.014.573.60NA3.61NA

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid (uUA) Excretion

The change from Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour urine uric acid is expressed as a percentage of the Baseline uUA value. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat-58.6
Allopurinol-36.4
Placebo-12.7

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Number of Calcium Oxalate Stones

Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) was used to visualize and count calcium oxalate kidney stones at Baseline and after 6 months of treatment. All MDCT images were analyzed independently by a Central Reader. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,,
Interventionstones (Mean)
Baseline (n=28, 24, 30)Change from Baseline (n=26, 23, 26)
Allopurinol6.600.28
Febuxostat4.84-0.06
Placebo5.570.10

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Measured Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine clearance is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering creatinine, a waste product produced by the muscles. Measured creatinine clearance was calculated according to the following: Urine 24 hour Creatinine/Serum Creatinine x (total Urine volume/elapsed time) x (1.73/body surface area). (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m² (Mean)
Baseline (n=33, 33, 33)Change from Baseline (n=30, 29, 30)
Allopurinol146.0-7.7
Febuxostat146.9-9.0
Placebo147.1-19.0

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the In-plane Diameter of the Largest Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stone

Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) was used to visualize and measure calcium oxalate kidney stones at Baseline and after 6 months of treatment. All MDCT images were analyzed independently by a Central Reader. The change from Baseline to month 6 is expressed as a percentage of the Baseline largest in-plane diameter. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat-6.50
Allopurinol0.63
Placebo3.20

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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal MI. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat3.6
Allopurinol3.8

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Percentage of Participants With Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative (APTC) Event

APTC events were defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat9.6
Allopurinol8.8

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Percentage of Participants With Unstable Angina With Urgent Coronary Revascularization

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat1.6
Allopurinol1.8

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Percentage of Participants With Primary Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) Composite (75% Interim Analysis)

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat8.0
Allopurinol8.0

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Percentage of Participants With Primary MACE Composite (Final Analysis)

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat10.8
Allopurinol10.4

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Percentage of Participants With Cardiovascular (CV) Death

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as CV death. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat4.3
Allopurinol3.2

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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Stroke

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal stroke. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat2.3
Allopurinol2.3

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Number of Cycle 2 Participants Normalizing Uric Acid Levels (UAL) Within 24 Hours of Treatment

Number of participants with normalized UAL as determined by a uric acid blood test at either 24 hours. A uric acid blood test, also known as a serum uric acid measurement, determines how much uric acid is present in the blood where normal levels are 2.4-6.0 mg/dL (female) and 3.4-7.0 mg/dL (male). (NCT01200485)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours of cycle 2 dose delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm A (Rasburicase)20
Arm B (Allopurinol)25

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Number of Participants (Incidence) of LTLS (Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome)

"Number of participants (incidence) of LTLS in the two arms, as defined by the Cairo-Bishop criteria , during cycle 2.~Cairo-Bishop criteria:~Uric acid x ≥ 476 μmol/l or 25% increase from baseline Potassium x ≥ 6·0 mmol/l or 25% increase from baseline Phosphorous x ≥ 2·1 mmol/l (children), x ≥1·45 mmol/l (adults) or 25% increase from baseline Calcium x ≤ 1·75 mmol/l or 25% decrease from baseline Laboratory tumour lysis syndrome (LTLS) is defined as either a 25% change or level above or below normal, as defined above, for any two or more serum values of uric acid, potassium, phosphate, and calcium within 3d before or 7d after the initiation of chemotherapy." (NCT01200485)
Timeframe: Up to two 3-week cycles, 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm A (Rasburicase)1
Arm B (Allopurinol)1

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Change in Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 From Baseline to Week 12

(NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Control-4.7
Allopurinol3.6

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Change in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein From Baseline to Week 12

(NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionu/L (Mean)
Control-0.08
Allopurinol-2.97

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Change in Serum Interleukin-6 From Baseline to Week 12

(NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Control0.15
Allopurinol0.37

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Change in Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline to Week 12

Serum uric acid levels were measured both at baseline and after 12 weeks (NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Control0.05
Allopurinol3.24

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Change in Endothelial Dependent Dilation From Baseline to Week 12

Change in Endothelial Dependent Dilation measured by Flow Mediated Dilation at baseline and week 12 (NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Intervention% change (Mean)
Control0.2
Allopurinol0.9

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Change in C-reactive Protein From Baseline to Week 12

(NCT01228903)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Control0.7
Allopurinol00.42

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Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Uric Acid]

PRA is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma PRA was analyzed using a competitive binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionng/mL per hour (Median)
Probenecid0.4
Allopurinol0.3
Placebo- Uric Acid0.2

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Uric Acid]

RPF in response to captopril iis a measure of the vasodilator effect from inhibiting angiotensin II (AngII)- mediated vascular tone and therefore the degree of kidney specific Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) activity. Participants consumed a high sodium diet 3 days prior to the test. Following an 8 hour fast, participants remained in a supine (lying down) position and had an intravenous (IV) catheter inserted in each arm, one for infusion and one for blood collection. An 8 milligrams (mg)/kilogram(kg) loading dose of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was given, immediately followed by a continuous PAH infusion at 12 mg/minute. After 60 minutes a single dose of 25 mg of captopril was administered. Three pre-captopril measurements and three post-captopril measurements of RPF were made. RPF was normalized to body surface area of 1.73 meters squared (m^2). The change in RPF was calculated as post-captopril RPF- pre-captopril RPF. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8 (pre and post captopril)

InterventionmL/min per 1.73 m^2 (Median)
Probenecid33
Allopurinol36
Placebo- Uric Acid30

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) in Response to Captopril in High Sodium Balance [Vitamin D]

Change in RPF in response to captopril is a measure of the vasodilator effect from inhibiting angiotensin II (AngII)- mediated vascular tone and therefore the degree of kidney specific Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) activity. Participants consumed a high sodium diet 3 days prior to the test. Following an 8 hour fast, participants remained in a supine (lying down) position and had an intravenous (IV) catheter inserted in each arm, one for infusion and one for blood collection. An 8 milligrams (mg)/kilogram(kg) loading dose of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was given, immediately followed by a continuous PAH infusion at 12 mg/minute. After 60 minutes a single dose of 25 mg of captopril was administered. Three pre-captopril measurements and three post-captopril measurements of RPF were made. RPF was normalized to body surface area of 1.73 meters squared (m^2). The change in RPF was calculated as post-captopril RPF- pre-captopril RPF. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8 (pre and post captopril)

InterventionmL/min per 1.73 m^2 (Mean)
Vitamin D35.7
Placebo- Vitamin D35.9

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Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Vitamin D]

ATII concentration is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma ATII was analyzed using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Vitamin D19.5
Placebo- Vitamin D19.7

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Angiotensin II (ATII) Concentration [Uric Acid]

ATII concentration is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma ATII was analyzed using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Probenecid20.3
Allopurinol21.4
Placebo- Uric Acid19.1

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Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP) Nocturnal Dipping

A 24-hour mean ambulatory blood pressure was monitored using a 24 hour ABP device. The ABP device is a small box that is worn on the belt or pant/skirt line with a line that connect under the clothing to the cuff on the upper arm. Blood Pressure was recorded every 30 minutes during the day and every 60 minutes during the night for 24 hours. Nocturnal dipping is the percent change lower between the daytime and nighttime values. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Allopurinol7.55.2
Placebo- Uric Acid9.46.9
Placebo- Vitamin D7.88.1
Probenecid8.49.2
Vitamin D7.37.5

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Mean 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)

A 24-hour mean ambulatory blood pressure was monitored using a 24 hour ABP device. The ABP device is a small box that is worn on the belt or pant/skirt line with a line that connect under the clothing to the cuff on the upper arm. Blood Pressure was recorded every 30 minutes during the day and every 60 minutes during the night for 24 hours. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Overall Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), BaselineOverall Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), BaselineAwake SBP, BaselineAsleep SBP, BaselineOverall SBP, Week 8Overall DBP, Week 8Awake SBP, Week 8Asleep SBP, Week 8
Allopurinol124.172.1126.7117.1123.772.0125.1118.6
Placebo- Uric Acid122.471.9125.5113.9122.972.6124.9116.2
Placebo- Vitamin D123.773.7126.4116.5124.774.7127.6117.4
Probenecid126.973.3130.0119.2125.273.8128.1116.2
Vitamin D120.471.6122.4113.9121.672.0124.2114.7

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Change in Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation (EDV)

Endothelial function was assessed by EDV using brachial artery ultrasonography. Measurements of brachial artery diameter were made under basal conditions and reactive hyperemia following ischaemic stimulus. A blood pressure cuff on the forearm was pumped up for 5 minutes then released. Images were taken at baseline and after reactive hyperemia (increased blood flow). The maximum diameter was determined by the investigator. Change in EDV was expressed as a percent of brachial luminal diameter calculated as post-ischaemic brachial artery diameter - pre-ischaemic brachial artery diameter/pre-ischaemic brachial artery diameter * 100. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 (pre and post ischaemic stimulus)

,,,,
Interventionpercent of brachial luminal diameter (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Allopurinol7.66.2
Placebo- Uric Acid6.57.1
Placebo- Vitamin D7.96.8
Probenecid7.48.3
Vitamin D6.36.1

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Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) [Vitamin D]

PRA is a measure of systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) activation. Blood was collected and plasma PRA was analyzed using a competitive binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory test. (NCT01320722)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionng/mL per hour (Mean)
Vitamin D0.36
Placebo- Vitamin D0.44

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Safety of Allopurinol

Proportion of subjects who experienced at least one Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) during the study. (NCT01391325)
Timeframe: Every month for 6 months.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Allopurinol55.1

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Proportion of Subjects With Serum Urate (sUA) Less Than 6.0 mg/dL

Proportion of subjects with serum urate (sUA) less than 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) for subjects with missing values at Month 6. (NCT01391325)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Allopurinol43.4

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Incidence of Gout Flares

Proportion of subjects who experienced at least one gout flare requiring treatment during the study. (NCT01391325)
Timeframe: Every month for 6 months.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Allopurinol33.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 6 in SF-36 PCS+MCS

The SF-36 is a short-form health survey with 36 questions that yields an 8-scale profile of functional health and well-being scores as well as psychometrically-based physical (PCS) and mental health (MCS) summary. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale. The lower the score the more disability. The higher the score the less disability. The component scores (PCS and MCS) are norm-based to a standard population with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. (NCT01391325)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SF-36 Physical Component SummarySF-36 Mental Health Component Summary
Allopurinol3.880.71

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Serum Uric Acid

Percent change from baseline in serum uric acid in Per Protocol population (NCT01399008)
Timeframe: Percent change from baseline in serum uric acid at Week 4

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Arhalofenate 400 mg-16.0
Arhalofenate 600 mg-9.9
Placebo-9.5

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Mean Number of Gout Flare Days Per Participant Assessed From Day 1 to Week 16

(NCT01451645)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 16

Interventiondays (Mean)
Placebo6.6
Colchicine (Colcrys®) 0.6mg1.6

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 2 Gout Flares From Day 1 to Week 16

(NCT01451645)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 16

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Placebo24.4
Colchicine (Colcrys®) 0.6mg4.9

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Number of Gout Flares Per Participant From Day 1 to Week 16

(NCT01451645)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 16

Interventiongout flares (Mean)
Placebo1.1
Colchicine (Colcrys®) 0.6mg0.3

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 Gout Flare From Day 1 to Week 16

(NCT01451645)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 16

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Placebo43.9
Colchicine (Colcrys®) 0.6mg24.4

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Percentage of Participants With Rescue Medication From Day 1 to Day 364 (Week 52)

Participants who required rescue medication after having 2 or more gout flares during the treatment period were evaluated. (NCT01459796)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 364 (Week 52)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo22.3
Rilonacept 80 mg8.7

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received investigational medicinal product (IMP) was considered an AE without regard to possibility of causal relationship with this treatment. TEAEs were defined as AEs that developed or worsened or became serious during on-treatment period (time from the administration of first dose of study drug up to and including 35 days after the last dose of study drug). A serious adverse event (SAE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that resulted in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening, required initial or prolonged in-patient hospitalization, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect, or considered as medically important event. Any TEAE included participants with both serious and non-serious AEs. (NCT01459796)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 392 (Week 56)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
With at least one TEAEWith TEAEs related to study drugWith serious TEAEsWith TEAEs resulting in study drug discontinuationWith TEAEs resulting in death
Placebo68.112.85.310.60.0
Rilonacept 80 mg68.319.04.06.30.0

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Duration of Survival

(NCT01464359)
Timeframe: 2 years after Transplantation.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia0

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Duration of Survival

(NCT01464359)
Timeframe: 6 months after Transplantation.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia1

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Incidence of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

(NCT01464359)
Timeframe: Day 60

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia0

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Incidence of Graft Failure

Incidence of graft failure defined as an absolute neutrophil count of less than 500/uL and a bone marrow that is less than 5% cellular (marrow aplasia) (NCT01464359)
Timeframe: Day 42

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia0

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Duration of Survival

(NCT01464359)
Timeframe: 1 year after Transplantation.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia0

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Clinical Disease Response

Defined as leukemia clearance and complete remission. Patients will be followed for disease response for 1 year from transplantation unless: consent is withdrawal, patient is unevaluable - if a patient is not evaluable, follow only until the resolution or stabilization of treatment related toxicity, new anti-cancer treatment is started, patient is discharged to hospice (terminal) care. (NCT01464359)
Timeframe: 1 Year from Transplantation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia2

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Clinical Disease Response

Defined as leukemia clearance and complete remission. Patients will be followed for disease response for 2 years from transplantation unless: consent is withdrawal, patient is unevaluable - if a patient is not evaluable, follow only untilthe resolution or stabilization of treatment related toxicity, new anti-cancer treatment is started, patient is discharged to hospice (terminal) care. (NCT01464359)
Timeframe: 2 Years from Transplantation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia2

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Disease Free Survival

The primary endpoint is a disease free survival at 3 months in patients with chemotherapy refractory AML after a double T-cell depleted (TCD) umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation where one TCD unit is activated overnight in IL-2 followed by the administration of two courses of IL-2 three times a week for 6 doses beginning on day +3 and on day +60 to expand UCB-derived NK cells in vivo. (NCT01464359)
Timeframe: At 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia1

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Gout Flares

Mean rate of gout flares requiring treatment for the 6-month period from the end of Month 6 to the end of Month 12. (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionGout Flares (Mean)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol0.7
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol0.8
Placebo + Allopurinol0.9

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Subjects With ≥ 1 Target Tophus at Baseline Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least 1 Target Tophus by Month 12

Proportion of subjects with ≥ 1 target tophus at Baseline who experience complete resolution of at least 1 target tophus by Month 12 (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol0.314
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol0.276
Placebo + Allopurinol0.333

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Subjects With a Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL by Month 6.

Proportion of subjects with an sUA level that is < 6.0 mg/dL by Month 6. (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol0.554
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol0.665
Placebo + Allopurinol0.233

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Proportion of Subjects With an sUA Level That is < 6.0 mg/dL

(NCT01510158)
Timeframe: 6 Months, analysis after all subjects complete 12 months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol0.542
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol0.592
Placebo + Allopurinol0.279

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Gout Flares

Mean rate of gout flares requiring treatment for the 6-month period from the end of Month 6 to the end of Month 12 (NCT01510158)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionGout Flares (Mean)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol.60
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol.50
Placebo + Allopurinol.60

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Tophus

Proportion of subjects with ≥ 1 target tophus at Baseline who experience complete resolution of at least 1 target tophus by Month 12 (NCT01510158)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol0
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol0.211
Placebo + Allopurinol0.294

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Safety of Low Single-doses of Rasburicase.

The number of patients with any adverse events . (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: up to day 7

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)12
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)12

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Probability of Obtaining a Uric Acid Level =< 7.5mg/dL

The proportion of patients able to achieve and/or maintain a uric acid level =< 7.5mg/dL for each treatment arm. (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: Within 24 hours of rasburicase treatment

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)0.83
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)0.67

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Number of Patients Requiring Additional Doses of Rasburicase to Maintain a Uric Acid Level =< 7.5mg/dL

Count of partcicpants requiring additional doses of rasburicase to maintain a uric acid level =< 7.5mg/dL by treatment arm. (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: Up to day 7

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)1
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)3

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Area Under the Plasma Uric Acid Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 7

The mean area under the plasma uric acid concentration-time curve (AUC) from baseline (Day 1) to Day 7 (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: Up to day 7

Interventiondays*mg/dL (Mean)
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)12.5
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)3.5

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Baseline White Blood Cell Count by Response

The mean baseline white blood cell count of patients with a complete response (CR) (patients who achieved uric acid level =< 7.5mg/dL) and no CR (patients with uric acid level > 7.5mg/dL). (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: Up to day 7

,
Interventioncells x 10^9/L (Mean)
Complete ResponseNo Complete Response
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)62.113.9
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)29.033.3

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Number of Patients Experiencing a Doubling of Serum Creatinine

Count of participants experiencing a doubling of serum creatinine (NCT01564277)
Timeframe: up to day 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (1.5mg Rasburicase)0
Arm II (3 mg Rasburicase)0

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Apnea-Hypopnea Index

Severity of sleep apnea assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionevents/hour (Median)
baselineafter six weeks of treatment
Allopurinol3345
Losartan4644
Placebo3526

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Aortic Augmentation Index

assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
InterventionPERCENT of the pulse pressure (Mean)
baselinefollowing six weeks of therapy
Allopurinol18.816.7
Losartan17.316.1
Placebo21.522.5

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Mean Change in PERCENT Vasodilation

Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) (measurement of vascular endothelial function) assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

Intervention% change in Max relative FMD (Mean)
Losartan1.38
Allopurinol0.18
Placebo-1.06

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Change in Mean 24-Hour Blood Pressure (Mean Arterial Pressure)

Change in mean 24 hour blood pressure (mean arterial pressure) (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Losartan-4.73
Allopurinol-2.58
Placebo1.02

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Change in Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity

measurement of vascular stiffness assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Losartan-0.6
Allopurinol-0.03
Placebo0.2

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Change in Minute Ventilation at Normoxia

assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionnormoxia - L/min (Mean)
baseline - normoxia in L/minsix weeks - normoxia in L/min
Allopurinol9.39.8
Losartan8.98.9
Placebo9.38.8

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PERCENT Time Spent Below 88 PERCENT Oxygen Saturation

assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Median)
baselinefollowing six weeks of therapy
Allopurinol58
Losartan1012
Placebo53

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Forearm Vascular Conductance

Assessment measurements of forearm vascular conductance during basal conditions and during graded hypoxia before and after study drug treatment. (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionml/min^-1 dL^-1 mmHg^-1 (Mean)
baselineAfter 6 weeks of treatment
Allopurinol0.430.55
Losartan0.410.42
Placebo0.490.51

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Change in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity Responses During Hypoxia

The primary outcome variable is the change in the individual slope of the MSNA - SaO2 response curve at 6 weeks and baseline between treatment groups. (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionbursts/minute*%SaO2 (Mean)
BaselineFollowing 6 weeks of therapy
Allopurinol-0.84-0.66
Losartan-0.54-0.69
Placebo-0.71-0.61

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Change in Minute Ventilation During Hypoxia

assessed before and after study drug treatment (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventionhypoxia - L/min*%SaO2 (Mean)
hypoxia - baseline in L/min*PERCENTSaO2hypoxia - after six weeks treatment in L/min*%SaO2
Allopurinol-0.53-0.43
Losartan-0.41-0.37
Placebo-0.44-0.48

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Cerebrovascular Conductance

Assessment measures of cerebral blood flow during basal conditions and during graded hypoxia before and after study drug treatment. Cerebrovascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as velocity-time integral/mean arterial pressure. (NCT01637623)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 weeks

,,
Interventioncm/sec/mmHg (Mean)
baselineAfter six weeks treatment
Allopurinol0.270.31
Losartan0.320.36
Placebo0.330.34

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Counts of Participants With Disease Free Survival

The length of time after treatment ends that a patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer or any other type of cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring the disease-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Patients with leukemia involving the BM and myelodysplastic syndrome will have this assessed by BM biopsy and additional special studies such as cytogenetics or flow cytometry as appropriate. Patients will also have radiology studies such as plain X-rays or CT scans and/or other studies such as blood tumor markers to document presence or absence of disease as clinically indicated. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 2 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant3

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Count of Participants Who Achieved Neutrophil Engraftment

Neutrophil engraftment is defined as the first day of three consecutive days where the neutrophil count (absolute neutrophil count) is 500 cells/mm^3 (0.5 x 10^9/L) or greater. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: By Day 42

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant5

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Count of Participants With Disease Free Survival

The length of time after treatment ends that a patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer or any other type of cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring the disease-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Patients with leukemia involving the BM and myelodysplastic syndrome will have this done by BM biopsy and additional special studies such as cytogenetics or flow cytometry as appropriate. Patients will also have radiology studies such as plain X-rays or CT scans and/or other studies such as blood tumor markers to document presence or absence of disease as clinically indicated. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 7 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant1

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Percentage of Participants With Engraftment Failure

Graft failure is defined as not accepting donated cells. The donated cells do not make the new white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: Day 42

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant0

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Percentage of Participants With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease is a severe long-term complication created by infusion of donor cells into a foreign host. Patients will be staged weekly between days 0 and 100 after transplantation using standard criteria used for staging. Patients will be assigned an overall GVHD score based on extent of skin rash, volume of diarrhea and maximum bilirubin level. The stages of individual organ involvement are combined to produce an overall grade. Grade I GVHD is characterized as mild disease, grade II GVHD as moderate, grade III as severe, and grade IV life-threatening. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 1 Year

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant0

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Count of Participants With Disease Free Survival

The length of time after treatment ends that a patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer or any other type of cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring the disease-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Patients with leukemia involving the BM and myelodysplastic syndrome will have this done by BM biopsy and additional special studies such as cytogenetics or flow cytometry as appropriate. Patients will also have radiology studies such as plain X-rays or CT scans and/or other studies such as blood tumor markers to document presence or absence of disease as clinically indicated. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 5 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant1

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Percentage of Participants With Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Grade

Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease is a severe short-term complication created by infusion of donor cells into a foreign host. Patients will be staged weekly between days 0 and 100 after transplantation using standard criteria used for staging. Patients will be assigned an overall GVHD score based on extent of skin rash, volume of diarrhea and maximum bilirubin level. The stages of individual organ involvement are combined to produce an overall grade. Grade I GVHD is characterized as mild disease, grade II GVHD as moderate, grade III as severe, and grade IV life-threatening. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: Day 100

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 2-4Grade 3-4
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant4020

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Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 7 Years Post Transplant

Overall survival will be defined as time from date of enrollment to date of death or censored at the date of last documented contact for patients still alive. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 7 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant1

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Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 5 Years Post Transplant

Overall survival will be defined as time from date of enrollment to date of death or censored at the date of last documented contact for patients still alive. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 5 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant3

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Number of Participant Who Were Alive at 2 Years Post Transplant

Overall survival will be defined as time from date of enrollment to date of death or censored at the date of last documented contact for patients still alive. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 2 Years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant4

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Percentage of Participants With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease is a severe long-term complication created by infusion of donor cells into a foreign host. Patients will be assigned an overall GVHD score based on extent of skin rash, volume of diarrhea and maximum bilirubin level. The stages of individual organ involvement are combined to produce an overall grade. Grade I GVHD is characterized as mild disease, grade II GVHD as moderate, grade III as severe, and grade IV life-threatening. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 6 Months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant0

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Percentage of Participants With Relapse

The return of disease after its apparent recovery/cessation. Patients with leukemia involving the BM and myelodysplastic syndrome will have this assessed by BM biopsy and additional special studies such as cytogenetics or flow cytometry as appropriate. Patients will also have radiology studies such as plain X-rays or CT scans and/or other studies such as blood tumor markers to document presence or absence of disease as clinically indicated. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 2 Years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant40

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Percentage of Participants With Relapse

The return of disease after its apparent recovery/cessation. Patients with leukemia involving the BM and myelodysplastic syndrome will have this assessed by BM biopsy and additional special studies such as cytogenetics or flow cytometry as appropriate. Patients will also have radiology studies such as plain X-rays or CT scans and/or other studies such as blood tumor markers to document presence or absence of disease as clinically indicated. (NCT01685411)
Timeframe: 1 Year

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant40

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Assessment of Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome (LTLS)

Assessment of LTLS, from Day 3 to Day 8. According to Cairo-Bishop definition LTLS is defined by the presence of 2 or more laboratory abnormalities including: a 25% increase or levels above normal for serum uric acid, potassium, and phosphate or a 25% decrease or levels below normal for calcium. (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients with LTLS occurrence (Number)
Febuxostat8.1
Allopurinol9.2

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Assessment of Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome (CTLS)

Assessment of CTLS, from Day 3 to Day 8. According to Cairo-Bishop definition, CTLS is defined by the presence of LTLS in addition to 1 or more of the following significant clinical complications: renal insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death and seizures. The grade of CTLS is defined by the maximal grade of the clinical manifestation (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients with CTLS occurrence (Number)
Febuxostat1.7
Allopurinol1.2

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Preservation of Renal Function

Change in serum creatinine level from baseline (Day 1) to the evaluation visit (Day 8) (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 8 days

Interventionchange % (Mean)
Febuxostat-0.83
Allopurinol-4.92

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Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Level Control

Area under the curve of sUA from baseline (Day 1) to the evaluation visit (Day 8) (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 8 days

Interventionmg x hour/dL (Mean)
Febuxostat514.0
Allopurinol708.0

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Treatment Responder Rate

Assessment of treatment responder rate, where treatment response is defined as the maintenance of sUA ≤ 7.5 mg/dL from Day 3 to Day 8 (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients who fail to respond (Number)
Febuxostat1.7
Allopurinol4.0

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Resolution of the Acute Gout Attack

The primary outcome unit of measurement is time (in days) to resolution of the acute gout attack (NCT01988402)
Timeframe: 1-28 Days

Interventiondays (Mean)
Allopurinol15.4
Sugar Pill (Placebo)13.4

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Pain Day 28

Patient rated pain on a Likert pain score of 0-10 (NCT01988402)
Timeframe: Pateints are assessed at five time intervals over 28 days: days 1, 3-4, 10-15, 20-25, and 28; Day 28 reported

Interventionunits on a Likert scale (Mean)
Allopurinol1.79
Sugar Pill (Placebo)2.0

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Physician Global Assessment of Gout Activity at Day 28

Physician rated gout activity is measured on a Likert scale 0-10. (NCT01988402)
Timeframe: Pateints are assessed at five time intervals over 28 days: days 1, 3-4, 10-15, 20-25, and 28; Day 28 reported

Interventionunits on a Likert scale (Mean)
Allopurinol0
Sugar Pill (Placebo)0

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Serum Uric Acid Level

Blood test (serum) for uric acid level (NCT01988402)
Timeframe: day 28

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Allopurinol6.4
Sugar Pill (Placebo)8.2

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AER at the End of the Treatment Period

Geometric mean of urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) during the last three months of the treatment period (Visits 15 and 16), adjusted for the mean urinary AER at baseline. Results are expressed as least square means of the geometric means in each subject in each group. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: Last three months of treatment period (Weeks 142 and 156)

Interventionug/min (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol47.9
Placebo37.4

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AER at the End of the Wash-out Period

Geometric mean of two urinary albumin excretion (AER) measurements at the end of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period, adjusted for the mean urinary AER at baseline. Results are expressed as least square means of the geometric means in each subject in each group. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: End of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period (week 164)

Interventionug/min (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol42.9
Placebo31.7

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eGFR at 4 Months of Treatment

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 4 months after randomization, estimated from serum creatinine and cystatin C and adjusted for the eGFR at baseline. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: 4 months after randomization (week 16)

Interventionml/min/1.73 m2 (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol70.3
Placebo70.0

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eGFR Time Trajectory

Glomerular filtration rate time trajectory from baseline to end of the 2-month wash-out period (week 164) estimated from quarterly serum creatinine measurements (eGFR). eGFR slopes were estimated by a linear mixed-effects model for longitudinal eGFR measures using a multiple imputation technique for missing values. Positive values denote increasing eGFR over time, negative values denote declining eGFR over time. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 156, and 164 (from baseline to the end of washout period)

Interventionml/min/1.73 m2/year (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol-2.4
Placebo-2.1

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Fatal or Non-fatal Cardiovascular Events

Risk of cardiovascular events defined as the composite of CVD death (ICD-10 code I10 to I74.9), myocardial infarction, stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention in the allopurinol arm as compared to placebo.Results are expressed as the number of participants who experienced an event in each treatment group. The risk of an event in the allopurinol group as compared to the risk in the placebo group is expressed as hazard ratio (estimated by means of proportional hazard regression). (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: Up to the end of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period (week 0 to 164)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allopurinol15
Placebo9

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iGFR at the End of the Wash-out Period

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the end of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period, measured by the plasma disappearance of non-radioactive iohexol (iGFR) and adjusted for the iGFR at baseline. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: End of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period (week 164)

Interventionml/min/1.73 m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol61.2
Placebo61.2

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iGFR the End of Treatment Period

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the end of the 3-year treatment period, measured by the plasma disappearance of non-radioactive iohexol (iGFR) and adjusted for the iGFR at baseline. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: End of the 3-yr treatment period (week 156)

Interventionml/min/1.73 m2 (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol61.3
Placebo61.0

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iGFR Time Trajectory

Glomerular filtration rate time trajectory estimated from iohexol disappearance GFR (iGFR) measurements at weeks 0, 80, 156, and 164. iGFR slopes were estimated by a linear mixed-effects model for longitudinal iGFR measures using a multiple imputation technique for missing values. Positive values denote increasing GFR over time, negative values denote declining iGFR over time. (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 80, 156, and 164 (from baseline to the end of washout period)

Interventionml/min/1.73 m2/year (Least Squares Mean)
Allopurinol-3.0
Placebo-2.5

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Serum Creatinine Doubling or End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Risk of serum creatinine doubling or end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the allopurinol arm as compared to placebo. Results are expressed as the number of participants who experienced an event in each treatment group. The risk of an event in the allopurinol group as compared to the risk in the placebo group is expressed as hazard ratio (estimated by means of proportional hazard regression). (NCT02017171)
Timeframe: Up to the end of the 2-month wash-out period following the 3-year treatment period (Week 0 to Week 164)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allopurinol13
Placebo11

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Change in Flow-mediated Arterial Vasodilation

Compare endothelial function as indexed by flow-mediated arterial vasodilation (FMD) within each phase of treatment (allopurinol 300 mg/day PO or placebo). Percent (%) change in FMD is calculated by comparing FMD (%) at the end of each treatment phase to pre-treatment values. (NCT02038179)
Timeframe: 4 weeks (pre-treatment vs. post-treatment FMD Values (%))

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Allopurinol Phase2.5
Placebo Phase-0.1

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Change in Serum Levels of High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein

Serum level of high sensitivity C-reactive protein will be reported as a change during treatment phase (allopurinol 300 mg/day PO or placebo). Change in serum level of C-reactive protein is calculated by comparing serum values at the end of each treatment phase to pre-treatment levels. (NCT02038179)
Timeframe: 4 weeks (pre-treatment vs. post-treatment serum levels)

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Allopurinol Phase0.6
Placebo Phase0.8

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Compare systolic blood pressure (SBP) captured by wearing a 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor during each phase of treatment (allopurinol 300 mg/day PO or placebo). Change in systolic blood pressure is calculated by comparing SBP at the end of each treatment phase to pre-treatment values. (NCT02038179)
Timeframe: 4 weeks (pre-treatment vs. post-treatment SBP)

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Allopurinol Phase-1.39
Placebo Phase-1.06

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Absolute Change of Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline Levels

To compare the absolute change of serum uric acid levels from baseline levels (NCT02078219)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 1,2,4,6,8,10,12,16,18,20,24

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12Week 16Week 18Week 20Week 24
Allopurinol 200 mg Treatment Group-1.82-1.83-1.83-3.26-3.22-2.96-3.35-3.44-3.40-3.35-3.31
RDEA3170 Placebo Treatment Group-0.05-0.070.06-0.040.02-0.060.02-0.22-0.27-0.22-0.42
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 1-1.68-1.81-2.01-2.78-2.44-2.19-2.44-2.67-2.86-2.87-3.10
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 2-1.74-1.75-1.72-2.66-2.61-3.22-3.85-4.24-4.17-3.98-3.99
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 3-1.68-1.78-2.07-3.00-2.74-3.75-4.33-4.57-4.62-4.52-4.57

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Percent Changes of Serum Uric Acid Levels From Baseline Levels

The primary objective of the study is to compare percent changes of serum uric acid levels from baseline levels after 16 weeks of dosing between RDEA3170 treatment groups and the placebo treatment group. (NCT02078219)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 1-30.93
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 2-49.91
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 3-54.32
RDEA3170 Placebo Treatment Group-2.05
Allopurinol 200 mg Treatment Group-39.09

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Percent Change in sUA

To compare percent change in sUA at each study visit. (NCT02078219)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 1,2,4,6,8,10,12,16,18,20,24

,,,,
Intervention% Change (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12Week 16Week 18Week 20Week 24
Allopurinol 200 mg Treatment Group-20.74-20.80-20.60-37.06-36.51-33.42-37.96-39.09-38.59-38.00-37.77
RDEA3170 Placebo Treatment Group-0.25-0.530.97-0.010.55-0.270.43-2.05-2.86-2.27-4.67
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 1-19.72-21.03-22.95-32.05-27.94-24.69-28.08-30.93-32.94-32.96-35.73
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 2-20.29-20.28-19.66-31.26-30.19-37.61-45.77-49.91-49.04-47.20-47.34
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 3-19.93-20.93-24.21-35.24-32.11-44.38-51.17-54.32-54.70-53.60-54.46

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Percentage of Subjects With a Serum Uric Acid Level ≤6.0 mg/dL

To compare the percentage of subjects whose serum uric acid levels are ≤ 6.0 mg/dL between RDEA3170 treatment groups and the placebo treatment group at each study visit (NCT02078219)
Timeframe: Weeks 1,2,4,6,8,10,12,16,18,20,24

,,,,
Intervention% subjects (Number)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12Week 16Week 18Week 20Week 24
Allopurinol 200 mg Treatment Group19.519.517.173.265.961.075.678.073.278.075.6
RDEA3170 Placebo Treatment Group00000000000
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 126.829.326.870.753.746.353.751.263.461.068.3
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 231.734.131.761.056.178.085.495.192.782.982.9
RDEA3170 Treatment Group 339.034.139.082.978.092.792.797.695.192.787.8

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Absolute Change in the Serum Urate Level at the Final Visit Relative to Baseline

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 26 weeks)

Interventionumol/l (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD182.2
Febuxostat 80 mg QD216.0
Allopurinol 100mg QD170.4

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL)

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Last 3 visits (any last 3 visits up to week 26)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD22.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD33.5
Allopurinol 100mg QD17.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 26 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD45.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD58.9
Allopurinol 100mg QD34.6

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Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)

Tmax of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol and RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionhr (Median)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone1.50
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol1.25
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone4.00
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol3.50
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone3.00
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol3.00

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Renal Clearance of the Drug From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (CRL0-24)

CLR0-24 of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol and RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone120
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol103
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone15.1
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol29.2
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone9.28
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol9.75

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Cmax of RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination with Allopurinol (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone14.6
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol14.5

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Cmax of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol Alone and In Combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionμg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone1.13
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol1.51
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone12.8
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol8.68

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Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events

(NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone2
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol1
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone3

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)

AUC 0-24 of RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination with Allopurinol (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionμg*hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone120
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol115

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)

AUC last of RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination with Allopurinol (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionng·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone120
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol115

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)

AUC last of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol Alone and In Combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionμg·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone3.50
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol3.61
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone255
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol157

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Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)

t1/2 of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol and RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone1.06
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol0.992
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone43.2
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol29.1
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone11.5
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol12.5

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Amount Excreted in Urine as Unchanged Drug or Metabolite (Ae0-24)

Ae0-24 of RDEA3170 Alone and In Combination with Allopurinol (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionug (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone66.8
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol67.2

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Amount Excreted in Urine as Unchanged Drug or Metabolite (Ae0-24)

Ae0-24 of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol Alone and In Combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionmg (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone25.4
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol22.7
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone231
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol275

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)

AUC 0-24 of Allopurinol/Oxypurinol Alone and In Combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

Interventionμg·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone3.69
Allopurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol3.68
Oxypurinol: Allopurinol Alone255
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol157
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol115

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Pharmacodynamics (PD) Profile of Uric Acid From Serum and Urine

(NCT02279641)
Timeframe: 22 days

,,
InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Serum Urate Maximum % ChangeUrine Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)
Allopurinol: Allopurinol Alone-43.0-47.4-8.50-12.0
Oxypurinol: RDEA3170 + Allopurinol-65.2-21.612578.4
RDEA3170: RDEA3170 Alone-50.59.8812277.4

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Cohort 2 - Concentration of Serum Urate at 24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol.

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 2) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Treatment A16.2
Treatment A2q5.0
Treatment A2b4.6
Treatment R24.8
Treatment R44.1
Treatment R63.5

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Cohort 2 - Maximum Percentage (%) Change in Serum Urate of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (Emax, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 2) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionMaximum Percentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A1-39.3
Treatment A2q-54.4
Treatment A2b-50.3
Treatment R2-57.8
Treatment R4-66.0
Treatment R6-73.2

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Cohort 2 - Renal Hypoxanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeHXO, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 2) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionPercentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A1372
Treatment A2q645
Treatment A2b681
Treatment R2268
Treatment R4267
Treatment R6286

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Cohort 2 - Renal Xanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeXO, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 2) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionPercentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A1952
Treatment A2q2027
Treatment A2b2138
Treatment R2812
Treatment R4797
Treatment R6816

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Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax)

Cmax of Allopurinol alone or in combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (predose through 24 hours postdose)

Interventionµg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A11.18
Treatment A2q2.43
Treatment A2b1.19
Treatment R11.16
Treatment R21.16
Treatment R31.14
Treatment R41.11
Treatment R51.12
Treatment R61.26

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Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)

Tmax of Allopurinol alone or in combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (predose through 24 hours postdose)

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A11.50
Treatment A2q2.98
Treatment A2b2.02
Treatment R12.01
Treatment R22.49
Treatment R31.73
Treatment R42.98
Treatment R51.73
Treatment R61.97

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events

(NCT02498652)
Timeframe: 11 weeks

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
Cohort 16
Cohort 26

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Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)

t1/2 of Allopurinol alone or in combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (predose through 24 hours postdose)

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A11.21
Treatment A2q1.47
Treatment A2b1.25
Treatment R11.20
Treatment R21.14
Treatment R31.17
Treatment R41.16
Treatment R51.13
Treatment R61.13

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)

AUC last of Allopurinol alone or in combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (predose through 24 hours postdose)

Interventionµg·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A13.70
Treatment A2q10.9
Treatment A2b4.25
Treatment R13.59
Treatment R23.76
Treatment R33.71
Treatment R43.53
Treatment R53.74
Treatment R63.74

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)

AUC 0-24 of Allopurinol alone or in combination with RDEA3170 (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (predose through 24 hours postdose)

Interventionµg·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A13.94
Treatment A2q11.0
Treatment A2b8.64
Treatment R14.06
Treatment R24.10
Treatment R33.81
Treatment R43.83
Treatment R53.88
Treatment R63.82

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Cohort 1 - Concentration of Serum Urate at 24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol.

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 1) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Treatment A15.8
Treatment A2q4.8
Treatment A2b4.0
Treatment R15.5
Treatment R34.6
Treatment R53.8

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Cohort 1 - Maximum Percentage (%) Change in Serum Urate of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (Emax, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 1) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionMaximum Percentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A1-40.2
Treatment A2q-55.0
Treatment A2b-56.8
Treatment R1-48.1
Treatment R3-61.0
Treatment R5-69.5

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Cohort 1 - Renal Hypoxanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeHXO, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 1) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionPercentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A1400
Treatment A2q517
Treatment A2b827
Treatment R1310
Treatment R3311
Treatment R5305

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Cohort 1 - Renal Xanthine Excretion at 0-24hr of Multiple-dose RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Allopurinol (AeXO, CB (%))

Pharmacodynamics (PD) profile of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with allopurinol (Cohort 1) (NCT02498652)
Timeframe: Screening, Days -1 , 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (Pre-dose and Post-dose)

InterventionPercentage (%) Change (Mean)
Treatment A11065
Treatment A2q1827
Treatment A2b2633
Treatment R1899
Treatment R3958
Treatment R5827

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Pulse Wave Velocity

Comparison of the effects of Febuxostat and Allopurinol on Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) after 36 weeks of treatment. (NCT02500641)
Timeframe: 36 weeks of treatment

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Febuxostat 80/120 mg/Day9.0
Allopurinol 100 up to 600 mg/Day9.05

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Percentage of Participants Experiencing ≥ 1 Gout Flare During Phase 3

"Participants were defined as flaring in Phase 3 if they:~-1) met 3 of 4 following participant-reported criteria:~a) warm joint(s)~b) swollen joint(s)~c) pain (>3) at rest on a scale of 0-10 (10 being the worst pain)~d) self-identified gout flare~OR~-2) reported use of medications to treat flare" (NCT02579096)
Timeframe: Phase III of the study (weeks 49-72 of study duration)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allopurinol / Sham Comparator (Febuxostat)135
Febuxostat / Sham Comparator (Allopurinol)165

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Urinary 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Excretion

(NCT02752633)
Timeframe: 0, 14 and 28 days

Interventionmg/24-h (Median)
BaselineOn allopurinol treatmentOn febuxostat treatment
Allopurinol/Febuxostat Treatment1164513

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Percent Change Uric Acid

Maximum percent change in uric acid after a single dose of allopurinol (NCT02956278)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionPercent Change from Baseline (Mean)
BCRP Q141K CC Genotype26.8
BCRP Q141K CA Genotype23.8
BCRP Q141K AA Genotype21.4

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Oxypurinol AUC

Area under the concentration time curve from 0-24 hours following a single dose of allopurinol (i.e. Day 1 of both protocols) (NCT02956278)
Timeframe: 24 hours (Collections at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 24 hours post-dose)

Interventionmcg*hr/mL (Mean)
BCRP Q141K CC Genotype95.9
BCRP Q141K CA Genotype99.1
BCRP Q141K AA Genotype108.5

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Oxypurinol Renal Clearance

Renal clearance as defined by amount excreted in 24 hours/AUC from 0-24 hours (NCT02956278)
Timeframe: 24 hours (Urine collected 0-4 hrs,4-8 hrs,8-10 hrs,10-24 hrs post-dose)

InterventionL/hr (Mean)
BCRP Q141K CC Genotype1.9
BCRP Q141K CA Genotype1.4
BCRP Q141K AA Genotype1.6

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Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI0.13-0.69-1.84-0.78-2.140.36-19.0-1.032.33

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Percentage of Participants Meeting Criteria (eg, Based on sCr or eCrCl Criteria) for Treatment Discontinuations Over the Study Period

Kidney function was monitored throughout the study by measuring sCr and calculating eCrCl by Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. Treatment discontinuations were required if a participant experienced an absolute sCr ≥4.0 mg/dL or an eCrCl <20 mL/min (based on central laboratory results). (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI0.0
Lesinurad + XOI0.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI33.8
Lesinurad + XOI58.8

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Creatinine (sCr) Elevations (≥1.5 × Baseline) Over the Study Period

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI5.2
Lesinurad + XOI7.3

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Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-1.29-1.53-1.80-2.10-4.30-6.00-1.91-2.45

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12Month 15Month 18
Placebo + XOI10.335.136.433.834.042.945.50.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12Month 15
Lesinurad + XOI10.658.852.558.842.956.562.5

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Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI-11.3-11.4-10.0-12.6-15.2-18.90.00-10.6-16.1

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Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-24.0-21.2-23.9-18.6-14.7-26.1-24.8-27.3

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Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI1.16-0.18-2.49-0.26-3.383.67-31.7-1.134.14

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Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-2.07-2.14-3.01-3.42-8.1-11.0-3.04-5.35

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Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI-57.0-59.8-54.6-70.6-78.7-92.60.00-57.0-70.7

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Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-120.3-106.8-125.8-95.9-69.6-116.6-125.5-156.6

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Brachial Artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD)

Brachial artery FMD will be assessed at baseline and final. FMD is a measurement of conduit artery endothelial function. FMD is assessed immediately after each PWV measurement. Shear rate AUC until peak diameter is calculated as stimulus for FMD and used in covariate analysis as described. All measurements will be performed, under co-I supervision by the same blinded technician. (NCT03648996)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months (final). The goal is to assess changes from baseline when compared to final time point.

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Allopurinol5.03
Placebo4.4
Low-fructose Diet, Hypocaloric7.10

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Insulin-stimulated Leg Blood Flow

We will perform a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to evaluate insulin-stimulated leg blood flow (to be assessed via Doppler ultrasound). Insulin will be infused at a constant rate to mimic postprandial insulin concentrations and glucose maintained at fasting values via a variable 20% dextrose infusion. Femoral artery blood flow will be assessed at the beginning and at end of the 60-minute insulin infusion, and data are presented as percent of change from pre-insulin infusion values. (NCT03648996)
Timeframe: The goal is to assess insulin stimulated responses in blood flow after 6 mo of intervention.

InterventionPercetage (%) change (Mean)
Allopurinol-7.68
Placebo68.18
Low-fructose Diet, Hypocaloric42.65

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Carotid Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (cfPWV)

It is the gold standard non-invasive index of arterial stiffness. Transit time between carotid and femoral pressure waves is calculated using the foot-to-foot method. cfPWV is calculated as distance traveled by the pulse wave (i.e., femoral location-sternal notch minus sternal notch-carotid location) divided by pulse transit time. All the measurements will be done by the same blinded technician (NCT03648996)
Timeframe: This will be assessed at baseline and 6 months (final). The goal is to assess changes from baseline when compared to final time point.

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Allopurinol8.71
Placebo7.8
Low-fructose Diet, Hypocaloric8.28

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Serum Uric Acid Change

Change in Serum Uric Acid (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: The difference in Serum Uric Acid between baseline and 6 months will be measured

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Allopurinol-3.33
Standard of Care Control-0.46

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Systolic Blood Pressure

Change in systolic blood pressure (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: The difference in clinic systolic blood pressure between baseline and 6 months will be measured

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Allopurinol-6.5
Standard of Care Control2.29

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Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change in diastolic blood pressure (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: The difference in clinic diastolic blood pressure between baseline and 6 months will be measured

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Allopurinol-7.33
Standard of Care Control3.983

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eGFR Change

Change in Creatinine eGFR over time (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: The difference in Creatinine eGFR between baseline and 6 months will be measured

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
Allopurinol3.86
Standard of Care Control0

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eGFR Change

Change in Cys-C eGFR over time (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: The difference in Cystatin C eGFR between baseline and 6 months will be measured

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
Allopurinol3.14
Standard of Care Control-0.29

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Serum High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)

Compare the mean difference of serum hs-CRP from baseline to 6 months between groups (NCT03865407)
Timeframe: Serum hs-CRP will be measured at baseline and 6 months

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Allopurinol1.66
Standard of Care Control-7.64

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P-cystatin C (mg/L) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Change from baseline in P-cystatin C at 6 months (Visit 8), there were 7 comparisons requested for this endpoint, namely:~High dose vs Placebo~Inter. dose vs Placebo~Low dose vs Placebo~High dose vs Allopurinol~Inter. dose vs Allopurinol~Low dose vs Allopurinol~Allopurinol vs Placebo." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 9 months (Visit 9); analysis at 6 months (Visit 8)

InterventionGeometric Mean Ratio (Geometric Mean)
High Dose Versus Placebo1.009
Intermediate Dose Versus Placebo1.038
Low Dose Versus Placebo1.018
High Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9849
Interemdiate Dose Versus Allopurinol1.014
Low Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9946
Allopurinol Versus Placebo1.024

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P-cystatin C (mg/L) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)

"Change from baseline in S-creatinine at 12 months (Visit 10) for the following treatments:~High Dose~Inter. Dose~Low Dose (a)~Switch Dose protocol version 5.0 (PA5) (b)~Allopurinol~Placebo~Subjects that switched from Verinurad 3 mg to Verinurad 24 mg at Visit 9 are not included in this group for Visit 10.~Contains all subjects randomized to the low dose group that later switched to Verinurad 24 mg plus Allopurinol 300 mg." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 12 months (Visit 10)

Interventionmg/L (Geometric Mean)
High Dose1.070
Intermediate Dose1.079
Low Dose1.065
Switch Dose PA51.018
Allopurinol1.083
Placebo1.048

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (mL/Min/1.73 m²) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Change from baseline in eGFR at 6 months (Visit 8), there were 7 comparisons requested for this endpoint, namely:~High dose vs Placebo~Inter. dose vs Placebo~Low dose vs Placebo~High dose vs Allopurinol~Inter. dose vs Allopurinol~Low dose vs Allopurinol~Allopurinol vs Placebo." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 9 months (Visit 9); analysis at 6 months (Visit 8)

InterventionmL/min/1.73 m² (Geometric Mean)
High Dose Versus Placebo1.009
Intermediate Dose Versus Placebo0.9730
Low Dose Versus Placebo1.010
High Dose Versus Allopurinol1.023
Interemdiate Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9859
Low Dose Versus Allopurinol1.024
Allopurinol Versus Placebo0.9868

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (mL/Min/1.73 m²) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)

"Change from baseline in eGFR at 12 months (Visit 10) for the following treatments:~High Dose~Inter. Dose~Low Dose (a)~Switch Dose protocol version 5.0 (PA5) (b)~Allopurinol~Placebo~Subjects that switched from Verinurad 3 mg to Verinurad 24 mg at Visit 9 are not included in this group for Visit 10.~Contains all subjects randomized to the low dose group that later switched to Verinurad 24 mg plus Allopurinol 300 mg." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 12 months (Visit 10)

InterventionmL/min/1.73 m² (Geometric Mean)
High Dose0.9809
Intermediate Dose0.9454
Low Dose0.9613
Switch Dose PA51.101
Allopurinol0.9593
Placebo0.9469

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Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

Change from baseline in sUA at 12 months (Visit 10) for comparison of Switch dose protocol version 5.0 (PA5) versus double-capsule Placebo. (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months (Visit 10); analysis at 12 months (Visit 10)

Interventionmg/dL (Geometric Mean)
Switch Dose PA5 Versus Placebo0.5540

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Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (uACR) (mg/g) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (Visit 8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Analyses of change from baseline in uACR at 6 months (Visit 8) focused on:~High dose vs Placebo~High dose and Inter. dose combined vs Allopurinol alone~Inter. dose vs Placebo~Low dose vs Placebo~High dose vs Allopurinol~Inter. dose vs Allopurinol~Low dose vs Allopurinol~Allopurinol vs Placebo~For High dose and Inter. dose combined the 2 categories merged forming 1 new temporary category." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 9 months (Visit 9); analysis at 6 months (Visit 8)

Interventionmg/g (Geometric Mean)
High Dose Versus Placebo0.8300
High Dose and Intermediate Dose Combined Versus Allopurinol1.043
Intermediate Dose Versus Placebo0.8369
Low Dose Versus Placebo0.8499
High Dose Versus Allopurinol1.037
Intermediate Dose Versus Allopurinol1.046
Low Dose Versus Allopurinol1.062
Allopurinol Versus Placebo0.8001

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Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (uACR) (mg/g) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Change from baseline in uACR at 12 months (Visit 10) for comparison of Switch dose protocol version 5.0 (PA5) versus double-capsule Placebo.~The statistical model applied was an MMRM, which was basically the same as the one applied in the primary analysis but adjusted for a 12 month horizon and adapted to the double-capsule regimen from Visit 9 on." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months (Visit 10); analysis at 12 months (Visit 10)

Interventionmg/g (Geometric Mean)
Switch Dose PA5 Versus Placebo1.016

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Serum Uric Acid (sUA) (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (Visit 8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Change from baseline in sUA at 6 months (Visit 8), there were 7 comparisons requested for each endpoint, namely:~High dose vs Placebo~Inter. dose vs Placebo~Low dose vs Placebo~High dose vs Allopurinol~Inter. dose vs Allopurinol~Low dose vs Allopurinol~Allopurinol vs Placebo." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 9 months (Visit 9); analysis at 6 months (Visit 8)

Interventionmg/dL (Geometric Mean)
High Dose Versus Placebo0.5098
Intermediate Dose Versus Placebo0.5810
Low Dose Versus Placebo0.6096
High Dose Versus Allopurinol0.8184
Interemdiate Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9327
Low Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9786
Allopurinol Versus Placebo0.6229

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S-creatinine (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 6 Months (V8), Repeated Measures Mixed Model (MMRM)

"Change from baseline in S-creatinine at 6 months (Visit 8), there were 7 comparisons requested for this endpoint, namely:~High dose vs Placebo~Inter. dose vs Placebo~Low dose vs Placebo~High dose vs Allopurinol~Inter. dose vs Allopurinol~Low dose vs Allopurinol~Allopurinol vs Placebo." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Baseline to 9 months (Visit 9); analysis at 6 months (Visit 8)

InterventionGeometric Mean Ratio (Geometric Mean)
High Dose Versus Placebo0.9888
Intermediate Dose Versus Placebo1.023
Low Dose Versus Placebo0.9901
High Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9801
Interemdiate Dose Versus Allopurinol1.014
Low Dose Versus Allopurinol0.9814
Allopurinol Versus Placebo1.009

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S-creatinine (mg/dL) Change From Baseline at 12 Months (Visit 10)

"Change from baseline in S-creatinine at 12 months (Visit 10) for the following treatments:~High Dose~Inter. Dose~Low Dose (a)~Switch Dose protocol version 5.0 (PA5) (b)~Allopurinol~Placebo~Subjects that switched from Verinurad 3 mg to Verinurad 24 mg at Visit 9 are not included in this group for Visit 10.~Contains all subjects randomized to the low dose group that later switched to Verinurad 24 mg plus Allopurinol 300 mg." (NCT03990363)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 12 months (Visit 10)

Interventionmg/dL (Geometric Mean)
High Dose1.011
Intermediate Dose1.038
Low Dose1.026
Switch Dose PA50.9078
Allopurinol1.028
Placebo1.043

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Model Predicted Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QT Interval Corrected for Heart Rate (HR) Using Fridericia's Formula (QTcF)(ΔΔQTcF) (Derived From Concentration-QTcF Analysis) at Geometric Mean of Cmax of Verinurad

"Assessment of the effect of a single dose of verinurad given as either a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of International Council for Harmonisation Guideline E14 and associated Questions and Answers [ICH E14 Q&A]), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on the QTcF interval compared to placebo using a concentration-QTcF analysis.~A linear mixed-effect concentration-QTcF model was used as the primary analysis. This is a result of the statistical model so it does not have values for every timepoint, it is just one set of numbers - summarizes data across all timepoints. No non-placebo-corrected QTcF data values were collected or could be obtained for each Arm/Group at Cmax of Verinurad." (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

Interventionmsec (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A-2.8
Treatment B-0.3

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Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (CL/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and allopurinol in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionLiter/Hour (Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment A64.0771.03
Treatment B45.0968.08

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Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (Vss/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and allopurinol in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionLiter (Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment A1060182.9
Treatment B448.6165.3

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Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase After Extravascular Administration (Parent Drug Only) (Vz/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and allopurinol in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionLiter (Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment A1342103.6
Treatment B856.197.96

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Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionHour (Median)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A5.005.005.001.505.00
Treatment B1.021.501.501.503.00

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)

Examination of the safety and tolerability of verinurad and allopurinol. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: From Screening (Day -28 to Day -2) until the Follow-up visit (7 to 10 Days After the Last Dose)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Any AEAny AE with outcome = deathAny Serious adverse events (including events with outcome = death)Any AE leading to discontinuation of study drugAny AE leading to withdrawal from study
Treatment A80000
Treatment B40011
Treatment C50000

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Terminal Half-life (t½λz) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionHour (Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A14.9214.3016.891.02014.27
Treatment B13.3312.6513.961.01213.41

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Time Delay Between Drug Administration and the First Observed Concentration in Plasma (Tlag) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionHour (Median)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A0.500.500.500.000.00
Treatment B0.000.000.000.000.00

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QTcF Interval (ΔΔQTcF Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QTcF). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-1.2-3.4-3.7-4.1-2.8-3.6-3.7-6.1-5.4-5.2-4.8-4.4-6.4
Treatment B-0.0-0.9-0.1-2.1-2.2-0.9-0.3-1.3-3.0-3.40.3-2.2-2.1

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Time of Last Quantifiable Plasma Concentration (Tlast) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionHour (Median)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A48.0548.0548.058.0048.05
Treatment B48.0748.0748.077.0348.07

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Baseline-corrected QTcF Interval (ΔQTcF Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QTcF). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-1.7-0.4-1.00.50.7-0.6-6.3-10.0-12.10.2-4.8-7.6-5.8
Treatment B-0.32.32.72.51.22.3-2.5-5.7-10.02.20.2-6.1-2.0
Treatment C-0.53.12.94.63.32.7-2.5-4.0-7.05.30.0-3.70.3

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Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the pharmacokinetic (PK) of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A393.8413.7447.24501151100
Treatment B918.7904.8895.04617145000

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A360.2383.2394.54408136000
Treatment B880.4865.4847.84524131400

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted Heart Rate (ΔΔHR)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on HR. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionbpm (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.4-0.9-1.6-1.3-1.50.50.1-1.21.0-2.1-0.9-0.5-0.4
Treatment B-1.4-1.1-0.7-1.8-2.2-1.4-0.3-1.6-2.0-1.40.70.5-1.1

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted PR Interval (ΔΔPR Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (PR). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.50.3-0.7-1.31.7-0.30.1-1.7-0.1-0.0-0.03.10.2
Treatment B0.0-0.30.5-1.70.40.2-0.30.40.20.30.52.80.9

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-adjusted RR Interval (ΔΔRR Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (RR). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A6.722.238.926.925.1-3.44.621.0-12.836.515.15.76.5
Treatment B20.723.313.026.935.118.817.819.725.922.1-6.8-7.114.8

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QRS Interval (ΔΔQRS Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QRS). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.4-0.9-0.8-0.4-0.2-0.4-0.4-0.5-1.00.0-0.10.1-0.2
Treatment B-0.7-1.1-0.8-1.2-0.4-0.7-0.8-0.6-0.9-0.6-0.3-0.00.0

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Baseline-corrected and Placebo-corrected QT Interval (ΔΔQT Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QT). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.3-0.71.0-0.70.3-4.3-3.4-3.6-7.2-0.8-2.5-3.3-5.7
Treatment B3.02.11.71.72.32.11.41.70.8-0.4-0.5-3.00.3

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Baseline-corrected Heart Rate (ΔHR)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on heart rate (HR). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 hour (h) post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
InterventionBeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.8-0.9-2.3-1.9-0.89.36.42.89.60.30.09.14.9
Treatment B-2.0-1.0-1.3-2.5-1.77.25.82.36.50.81.49.63.9
Treatment C-0.50.1-0.6-0.50.68.76.24.18.52.30.99.55.3

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Baseline-corrected PR Interval (ΔPR Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (PR). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-1.3-0.4-1.8-1.20.1-3.5-4.0-4.6-6.1-1.0-1.00.5-0.7
Treatment B-0.9-1.3-0.6-1.7-1.3-3.2-4.5-2.2-5.8-0.9-0.50.80.4
Treatment C-0.8-0.7-0.80.2-1.6-2.7-3.6-2.6-5.6-1.0-1.0-2.4-0.7

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Baseline-corrected QRS Interval (ΔQRS Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QRS). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A-0.5-0.7-0.50.0-0.61.3-0.3-1.2-2.6-0.5-1.1-0.6-1.0
Treatment B-0.6-0.9-0.5-0.8-0.81.2-0.6-1.3-2.5-0.9-1.3-0.8-0.7
Treatment C0.00.10.30.3-0.41.70.1-0.7-1.7-0.4-0.9-0.7-0.7

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Baseline-corrected QT Interval (ΔQT Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (QT). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A0.21.54.85.02.1-19.9-19.5-16.0-31.1-0.7-4.9-24.8-16.0
Treatment B3.84.55.47.34.5-12.7-14.1-11.0-22.90.3-2.7-24.1-10.0
Treatment C0.42.13.75.31.8-15.6-15.9-12.7-23.90.3-2.5-21.6-10.7

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Baseline-corrected RR Interval (ΔRR Interval)

Investigation of the effect of verinurad given either as a 24 mg ER8 formulation (clinical exposure) or a 40 mg IR formulation (exposure needed to waive positive control as per question 5.1 of ICH E14 Q&A), both in combination with allopurinol 300 mg, on additional dECG variable (RR). (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Baseline; Day 1: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 h post-dose; Day 3: 48 h post-dose

,,
InterventionMilli second (msec) (Mean)
Day 1/ 0.5 hDay 1/ 1 hDay 1/ 1.5 hDay 1/ 2 hDay 1/ 3 hDay 1/ 4 hDay 1/ 5 hDay 1/ 6 hDay 1/ 8 hDay 1/ 12 hDay 2/ 24 hDay 2/ 36 hDay 3/ 48 h
Treatment A13.614.847.135.611.3-139.7-98.8-45.4-143.9-5.0-1.8-129.2-76.0
Treatment B28.215.820.336.524.4-111.7-82.6-44.6-100.6-16.3-20.9-134.1-63.2
Treatment C6.7-8.36.46.9-12.2-133.8-101.9-66.7-128.7-39.9-17.4-132.0-81.3

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol, and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and its metabolites (M1 and M8) and allopurinol and its metabolite (oxypurinol) in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment A56.5754.9254.8016107591
Treatment B459.7364.4297.817807528

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Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation From Zero to Infinity (MRT) for Verinurad and Oxypurinol

Assessment of the PK of verinurad and allopurinol in healthy participants. (NCT04256629)
Timeframe: Day 1: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose; Day 2: 24 and 36 hours post-dose; Day 3: 48 hours post-dose

,
InterventionHour (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment A16.472.517
Treatment B9.3202.383

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Change From Baseline at Week 32 in Peak V02 Consumption in Verinurad + Allopurinol Compared to Placebo (ANCOVA Model)

"Mean change from baseline in peak VO2 at Week 32 between the treatment groups was compared using change from baseline (i.e., week 32 value - baseline value) as the dependent variable, treatment as the independent variable and baseline peak VO2 included as covariate.~H0: Difference in mean change from baseline in peak VO2 (verinurad + allopurinol vs placebo) = 0 Ha: Difference in mean change from baseline in peak VO2 (verinurad + allopurinol vs placebo) ≠ 0~A hierarchical test sequence was used for the confirmatory analysis of the primary and secondary objectives in order to address the issue of multiple testing and control the Type I error rate at an overall two-sided 0.05 level.~Since this was the first test in the hierarchical test sequence and endpoint was not rejected at a two-sided 0.05 level, the testing sequence did not continue." (NCT04327024)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 32

InterventionmL/kg/min (Least Squares Mean)
Verinurad + Allopurinol0.27
Placebo0.37

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Change From Baseline at Week 32 in KCCQ-TSS in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Placebo (MMRM)

"The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item assessment that measures the patient's perception of their health status, which includes heart failure-related symptoms (frequency, burden, recent change), impact on physical and social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and how the patient's heart failure affects their quality of life. The Total Symptom Score (TSS) averages the frequency domain and the symptom burden domain subscales, which each range from 0 to 100. The TSS ranges from 0-100 (higher scores = better health status).~Mean change from baseline in KCCQ-TSS at Week 32 between the treatment groups was compared using MMRM analysis, with change from baseline (i.e., week 32 value - baseline value) as the dependent variable, treatment as the independent variable and visit, visit by treatment, and baseline KCCQ-TSS included as covariates.~The number analyzed at each timepoint represents the number of subjects with data at each visit." (NCT04327024)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 22 and Week 32

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 22Week 32
Placebo3.551.16
Verinurad + Allopurinol0.504.31

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Change From Baseline at Week 32 in KCCQ-TSS in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Monotherapy (MMRM)

"The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item assessment that measures the patient's perception of their health status, which includes heart failure-related symptoms (frequency, burden, recent change), impact on physical and social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and how the patient's heart failure affects their quality of life. The Total Symptom Score (TSS) averages the frequency domain and the symptom burden domain subscales, which each range from 0 to 100. The TSS ranges from 0-100 (higher scores = better health status).~Mean change from baseline in KCCQ-TSS at Week 32 between the treatment groups was compared using MMRM analysis, with change from baseline (i.e., week 32 value - baseline value) as the dependent variable, treatment as the independent variable and visit, visit by treatment, and baseline KCCQ-TSS included as covariates.~The number analyzed at each timepoint represents the number of subjects with data at each visit." (NCT04327024)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 22 and Week 32

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 22Week 32
Allopurinol Monotherapy2.854.45
Verinurad + Allopurinol0.504.31

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Change From Baseline at Week 32 in Peak V02 Consumption in Verinurad+ Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Monotherapy (ANCOVA Model)

"Mean change from baseline in peak VO2 at Week 32 between the treatment groups was compared using change from baseline (i.e., week 32 value - baseline value) as the dependent variable, treatment as the independent variable and baseline peak VO2 included as covariate.~H0: Difference in mean change from baseline in peak VO2 (verinurad + allopurinol vs allopurinol) = 0 Ha: Difference in mean change from baseline in peak VO2 (verinurad + allopurinol vs allopurinol) ≠ 0~A hierarchical test sequence was used for the confirmatory analysis of the primary and secondary objectives in order to address the issue of multiple testing and control the Type I error rate at an overall two-sided 0.05 level." (NCT04327024)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 32

InterventionmL/Kg/min (Least Squares Mean)
Verinurad + Allopurinol0.27
Allopurinol Monotherapy-0.17

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Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to 24 Hours Post-dose AUC(0-24) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

AUC(0-24) of verinurad, M1, M8, allopurinol and oxypurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol62.0286.2379.803982100700
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine192.2314.438.02391495080
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin118.4242.948.81416398460

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCinf) for Verinurad

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad. Verinurad AUCinf ratio of geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol90.25
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine215.1
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin138.0

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Time of Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUClast) for Verinurad

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad. Verinurad AUClast ratio of geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol79.67
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine208.6
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin133.4

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Geometric Mean Ratio of AUClast for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of allopurinol and oxypurinol. AUClast ratio of geometric means of test geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period is reported. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol3889183600
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine3821170600
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin4080182100

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Geometric Mean Ratio of AUCinf for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad metabolites M1 and M8. AUCinf ratio of geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
M1M8
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol119.5110.3
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine348.760.98
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin264.977.35

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Geometric Mean Ratio of AUCinf for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of allopurinol and oxypurinol. AUCinf ratio of geometric means of test geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period is reported. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol3982196500
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine3914181900
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin4163195500

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious AEs (SAEs)

Assessment the safety and tolerability of verinurad and allopurinol in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: From screening (Day -28 to -2) until Follow-up or Early Termination (7-14 days after last verinurad dose)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any AEAny AE with outcome = deathAny SAEAny AE leading to discontinuation of study drugAny AE leading to withdrawal from study
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol20000
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine100011
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin30100

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Metabolite:Parent (MP) AUClast Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad

Metabolite:parent (MP) AUClast ratios for M1 and M8: verinurad when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionRatio (Geometric Mean)
M1:verinuradM8:verinurad
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol1.4001.278
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine1.6390.2491
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin1.9550.5491

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Metabolite:Parent (MP) AUCinf Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad

Metabolite:parent (MP) AUCinf ratios for M1 and M8: verinurad when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionRatio (Geometric Mean)
M1:verinuradM8:verinurad
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol1.3241.222
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine1.6210.2834
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin1.9190.5604

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Metabolite:Parent (MP) Cmax Ratios for M1 and M8: Verinurad

Metabolite:parent (MP) Cmax ratios for M1 and M8: verinurad when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionRatio (Geometric Mean)
M1: verinuradM8: verinurad
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol1.2961.171
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine1.3880.1130
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin1.8660.2300

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Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation (MRTinf) for Verinurad and Allopurinol

MRTinf for verinurad and allopurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionHours (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol21.282.316
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine11.052.713
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin12.602.496

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Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

tmax of verinurad, M1, M8, allopurinol and oxypurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionHours (Median)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol4.034.024.520.504.00
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine5.005.988.001.004.00
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin4.004.005.001.003.00

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Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration (CL/F) for Verinurad and Allopurinol

CL/F for verinurad and allopurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionLiter/Hours (Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol92.3077.12
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine36.3278.09
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin55.9973.29

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Maximum Observed Plasma Peak Concentration (Cmax) for Verinurad

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad. Verinurad Cmax ratio of geometric mean of test treatment (verinurad+allopurinol with [cyclosporine or rifampicin], relative to reference treatment (verinurad+allopurinol alone) in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol13.30
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine33.96
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin26.09

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Geometric Mean Ratio of AUClast for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad metabolites M1 and M8. AUClast ratio of geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period is reported. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
M1M8
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol111.6101.8
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine341.951.95
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin260.673.23

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Cmax for Verinurad Metabolites: M1 and M8

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of verinurad metabolites M1 and M8. Cmax ratio of geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
M1M8
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol17.2415.57
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine47.143.839
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin48.706.002

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Geometric Mean Ratio of Cmax for Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

Evaluation of a single dose of cyclosporine or rifampicin on the PK of allopurinol and oxypurinol. Cmax ratio of geometric means of test geometric means of test treatment, relative to reference treatment in each treatment period is reported. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol19476064
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine14575876
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin15976051

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Half-life Associated With Terminal Slope (λz) of a Semi-logarithmic Concentration Time Curve (t½λz) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

t½λz of verinurad, M1, M8, allopurinol and oxypurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionHours (Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol20.3118.0418.251.21023.19
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine14.7313.0521.901.26122.36
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin15.0312.5214.891.17023.76

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Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Verinurad, M1, M8, Allopurinol and Oxypurinol

λz of verinurad, M1, M8, allopurinol and oxypurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
Intervention1/Hours (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8AllopurinolOxypurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol0.038420.042930.041630.57700.03086
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine0.061010.065180.044970.56160.03169
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin0.055570.064170.051330.59500.02990

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Volume of Distribution (Apparent) at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Based on the Terminal Phase) (Vz/F) of Verinurad and Allopurinol

Vz/F of verinurad and allopurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionLiters (Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol2455133.5
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine721.8137.9
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin1153122.6

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Volume of Distribution (Apparent) at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration (Vss/F) of Verinurad and Allopurinol

Vss/F of verinurad and allopurinol when verinurad+allopurinol administered alone or in combination with cyclosporine or rifampicin in each treatment period. (NCT04532918)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 5 (pre-dose and post-dose)

,,
InterventionLiters (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Period 1: Verinurad + Allopurinol1768174.5
Period 2: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Cyclosporine385.2208.0
Period 3: Verinurad + Allopurinol + Rifampicin685.0179.9

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Vz/F: Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase After Extravascular Administration

The Vz/F of verinurad and allopurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
InterventionLiter (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment 11495112.4
Treatment 21256114.2
Treatment 31184206.7
Treatment 41723114.1
Treatment 51356NA

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Vss/F: Apparent Volume of Distribution at Steady State Following Extravascular Administration

The Vss/F of verinurad and allopurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
InterventionLiter (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment 11264175.8
Treatment 2939.3204.3
Treatment 31134390.7
Treatment 41578206.1
Treatment 51018NA

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MRTinf: Mean Residence Time of the Unchanged Drug in the Systemic Circulation From Zero to Infinity

The MRTinf of verinurad and allopurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment 118.992.629
Treatment 215.282.950
Treatment 318.914.626
Treatment 418.192.827
Treatment 515.94NA

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration

The Cmax of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionnanogram/millilitre (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 126.6215266376
Treatment 234.9514716066
Treatment 320.1810795269
Treatment 413.8616275709
Treatment 535.35NANA

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Tmax: Time to Reach Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration Following Drug Administration

The tmax of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour (Median)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 15.001.504.00
Treatment 24.001.504.00
Treatment 39.983.006.02
Treatment 45.031.504.00
Treatment 54.00NANA

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Number of Subjects With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events

The safety of single doses of verinurad and allopurinol were assessed (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: From screening (Day -28 to -3) until follow-up visit (7 to 14 days post final dose) (approximately 52 to 59 days)

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any AEAny SAEAny SAE with outcome of deathAny AE leading to discontinuation of IPAny possibly related AEAny possibly related SAE
Treatment 1800030
Treatment 2200010
Treatment 3200010
Treatment 4600030
Treatment 5200010

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Tlag: Time Delay Between Drug Administration and First Observed Concentration in Plasma

The tlag of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour (Median)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 10.000.000.00
Treatment 20.000.000.00
Treatment 31.001.020.00
Treatment 41.020.000.00
Treatment 50.00NANA

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CL/F: Apparent Total Body Clearance of Drug Clearance of Drug From Plasma After Extravascular Administration

The CL/F of verinurad and allopurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
InterventionLiter/hour (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinol
Treatment 166.5466.88
Treatment 261.4669.25
Treatment 359.9784.47
Treatment 486.7372.93
Treatment 563.90NA

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AUClast: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration in Fasted Condition

The AUClast of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed in fasted condition as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,
Interventionhour*nanogram/milliliter (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 1169.34407157100
Treatment 2185.04251153100

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AUCinf: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Infinity in Fasted Condition

The AUCinf of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed in fasted state as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,
Interventionhour*nanogram/millilitre (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 1180.44486170100
Treatment 2195.24332167900

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AUClast: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration

The AUClast of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour*nanogram/milliliter (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 1169.34407157100
Treatment 2185.04251153100
Treatment 3190.33512139200
Treatment 4129.94030140100
Treatment 5176.4NANA

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tEmax, CB: Time of Maximum Percentage CB Change From Baseline (CB)

The tEmax, CB in serum uric acid (sUA) concentration (time-matched, Day -1) was assessed as PD parameter. (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day -1, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

Interventionhour (Median)
Treatment 18.00
Treatment 26.00
Treatment 312.00
Treatment 412.00
Treatment 512.00

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λz: Terminal Elimination Rate Constant

The λz of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionper hour (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 10.044370.59510.03653
Treatment 20.048760.60650.03309
Treatment 30.049570.40750.03512
Treatment 40.050630.63840.03425
Treatment 50.04651NANA

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t½λz: Half-life Associated With Terminal Slope (λz) of Semi-logarithmic Concentration-time Curve

The t½λz of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 115.571.16419.06
Treatment 214.171.14220.45
Treatment 313.691.69620.14
Treatment 413.771.08520.21
Treatment 514.71NANA

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration in Fasted State

The Cmax of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed in fasted state as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,
Interventionnanogram/millilitre (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 126.6215266376
Treatment 234.9514716066

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Emax, CB: Maximum Percentage Change From Baseline (CB)

The Emax, CB in serum uric acid (sUA) concentration (time-matched, Day -1) was assessed as PD parameter. (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day -1, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

Interventionpercentage (%) (Mean)
Treatment 1-50.44
Treatment 2-53.84
Treatment 3-56.63
Treatment 4-54.43
Treatment 5-38.15

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AUCinf: Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Infinity

The AUCinf of verinurad, allopurinol and oxypurinol were assessed as PK parameters (NCT04550234)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 of each Treatment Period

,,,,
Interventionhour*nanogram/millilitre (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradAllopurinolOxypurinol
Treatment 1180.44486170100
Treatment 2195.24332167900
Treatment 3200.13551153200
Treatment 4138.44114153300
Treatment 5187.8NANA

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.3820O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		3.0950C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.7230chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		3.3870dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene chlorohydrin
Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.		1.9910chloroethanolxenobiotic metabolite
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.		2.0110oxo dicarboxylic acidfundamental metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		1.9910bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.9440catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		2.3920aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine
3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.		2.420hydroxykynureninehuman metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		1.97103-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.3720non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		1.9610benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.580amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0610hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.01104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.3720hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.7430ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.95130monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		7.88660aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.7230acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		8.5990ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		9.3316606-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
9-xylosyladenine
9-xylosyladenine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.1310purine nucleoside
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoic acid
allantoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allantoic acid : A member of the class of ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively.		2.0410ureasmouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		12.61561imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		7.5411azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.4220arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		4.43220acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		3.1550benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		2.6530aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.77110benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0410benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.5670amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		2.3820halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol
2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.		2.940butanediol;
glycol;
secondary alcohol
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		3.5180alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		2.7430amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		5.59171carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.8940monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.0510amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		8.47142amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.0310catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		3.81110alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
choline
[no description available]		3.0750cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid
Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.		1.9810tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		9.79335tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		6.94402halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.2260chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.4670coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.3190monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
digallic acid
digallic acid: structure given in first source		2.0510benzoate ester;
gallate ester
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.9940benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde
2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9610amino aldehyde;
omega-aminoaldehyde		Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		4.23170trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-nitropropane
2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).		1.9610secondary nitroalkanecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		4.4460gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.4220aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		1.9810thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
nicotine imine
nicotine imine: RN given refers to 11C-labeled (S)-isomer		2.0210citraconoyl group
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.6930(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.6780aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.940pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.420guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.42203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.		3.76110omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		7.6752alpha-amino acid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.13102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		2.4120alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoglycolate
phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.		1.9610carboxyalkyl phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrogen selenide
hydrogen selenide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310mononuclear parent hydride;
selenium hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4720monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		3.2660catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.84100amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		210dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		4.9691glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		8.69100aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.15552-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		3.86120alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		2.3920ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.4120methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.4420dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		12.0511315sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		4.32200aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		1.9610carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
3-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.		1.9910monophosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		algal metabolite;
fundamental metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		3.1150chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.0110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		11.91550alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.0110aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.2170alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0410glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		1.97102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.96102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		10.32763carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		4.97390aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydantoin-5-propionic acid
hydantoin-5-propionic acid: metabolite of histidine. hydantoin-5-propionic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 4.		1.9310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		6.28110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.1150benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		3.2460hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.5720imidazole
indole
[no description available]		2.4420indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde
indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.110indoleacetaldehydebacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.4580diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.8840hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		4.94120aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		7.9140dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.79320alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		4.1850inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.2560cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		12.7370acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		210N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		210acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.9240naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
naringenin
[no description available]		2.13104'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.3770metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		8.37473pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.77160pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		11.69932monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.0110nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.9340nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		12.42992monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		3.0950gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0410octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.6730oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		11.11893pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.0110C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		5.0980alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		4.5780dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		1.97104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		1.9710long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.3720C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		3.72100phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0210alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
phenylacetaldehydes		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4420benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.6730alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		1.9610phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		7.42182phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		3.1110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		1.9510aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		1.9310acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor
PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.		1.9710orthoquinones;
pyrroloquinoline cofactor;
tricarboxylic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9910glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.8940propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.3820saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		8.951020azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		9.95632purine
putrescine
[no description available]		1.9510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		8.89402monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.940pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		3.690pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.3620azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		1.9910hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.8940methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		4.1320aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		11.84280hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.81110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.27602-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.730pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		210aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.6730divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		5.14150sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9810N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.3820selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		4.66290divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.3720polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.6190polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.2660alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.3620sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		4.96120amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		4.4770primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		4.1550pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		210methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		3.0950tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		210methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		1.9610aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tungstic(vi) acid
tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820tungsten coordination entity
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		7.67290pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		27.112,370258uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		13.06721isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.9540benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		17.3485310xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.6830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.0210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.4120benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.0310
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		3.86120phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.420hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.7530oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4320
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.0310aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.4220
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		6.4320aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		7.9140methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		2.9740aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13,17-eicosapentaenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13,17-eicosapentaenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.7130oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
hoe 33342
BXI-72: structure in first source		2.0710bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		3.150bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
beta-resorcylic acid
beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.5820
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		3.150dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		2.0110
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.91130alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		2.0110organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.0310isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		1.9710benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.1510amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		4140aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		3.4980benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile
Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.		2.610aminopropionitrileantineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
collagen cross-linking inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.4880ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.7330oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.4420C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		2.1310
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		3.1250
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.0310benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.4720aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		2.3820chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.9240guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.4320phenolsenvironmental contaminant
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.03101,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		6.475801-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		7.18380imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		2.6930long-chain fatty acid
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.0310aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.0310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.4720indolyl carboxylic acid
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		2.7230medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		4.05150indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.0310lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.0310
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
etofylline
etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)		2.1310oxopurine
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.7430
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0310
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.420
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0810monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.83110acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.13101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		3.7100monoazo compound
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		5.08130aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.03420acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.1310acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		11.71240monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		3.2860acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.7750acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
6-acetylaminocaproic acid
6-acetylaminocaproic acid: wound-healing agent component of plasmutan		210medium-chain fatty acid
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.0310nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.0310catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.0310benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.5670aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		5.17140phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		4.68801,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.8640tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.83100organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.6290secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.4160triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		5.16140adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.7430aromatic amine
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		5.6151acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		4.5270diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.6490dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		3.88120guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.2150N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		9.55602dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		5.532101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.7530aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		6.34190carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		5.89180dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.4320barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		1.9510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.5570dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		3.2860acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.0840nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.4320methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.4720N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
anisindione
anisindione: structure. anisindione : A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant;
vitamin K antagonist
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.4720anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		6.24270pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		4.98370acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.3920dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		1.9610enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.9140aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		11.58613benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.4270benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		10.43190ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
atrazine
[no description available]		210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.6730monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		14.571379aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.9440alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2660monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		4.5270amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.9340barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.9240(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		5.7461benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		1.9710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		3.1450benzamides
benzamidine
benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.		2.940benzenes;
carboxamidine		serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		15.84145281-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.9240ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.7230benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		3.95130pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		3.4970alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		2.940extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.7490propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.5920carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7230propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		1.9810hydroquinones
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.87100(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		3.2860biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.2750piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		4.140diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		5.02120secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.0310N-acylindole
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0510quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.7430imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		3.6290organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.9640organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.7230organic molecular entity
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		2.1310aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		5.16140amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		5.9691aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		5.11130azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		7.47231methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.1310benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.1310amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		2.0110organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		14.2510514purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.32540aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.7330monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.3820imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		6.9710benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.5470benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		11.61742dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		4.0440monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.96101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.420organic molecular entity
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.3760carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		6.51141N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.4720carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.9440quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		5.07130carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.420hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		11.77101organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		10.0470ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ion
cgp 37157
CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange		210benzothiazepine
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.0310aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.0710benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		4.1750aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		6.26190aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.8630diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.83100benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.39601,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		6.76250aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		11.96132benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		5.07130monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		10.36483organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		6.02210monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.2110chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		6.44131isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		6.341111,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		3.1450diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		3.360cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.9640aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.0310quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		4.2850lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		9.56475aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.9640cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		3.4470cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.09130aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.2960benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		5.161402-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4520amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.2660monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.73301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		3.1550monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		10.9190aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.0940tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		10.15140dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		9.61801,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		5.83170clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.5120sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		4.06401,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		5.1130conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.420cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.7530chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.8630organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3920non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopenthiazide
Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.3411benzothiadiazine
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.4220benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		710aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		5.7161piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		2.420organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		7.7930hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4220indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		5.36180substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.9340carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.13104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		9.061420acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		6.07220dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.71301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		4.8660primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4520alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		5.512101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		5.19150benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.4120aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.110diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.59251amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.9140benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.1310bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.8530dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.5820carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.7430N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		5.27170pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		5.71150monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		4.3660dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		5.7150ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		4.54240organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.110benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		8.32202piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		5.15140monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		6.77260organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		12.06241branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.420
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		1.9810
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.42201,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		8.98130benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.4260aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		4.0840morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.5470aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.6380dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.5820pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.3960aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine
[no description available]		2.1310piperazines
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		4.2750oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		7.01130benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.9440dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		7.9240
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.4720indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.0310trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.7130ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.96401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.4420aromatic ether
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.8320
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		5.42110aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
myambutol
[no description available]		2.1310amino alcohol
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		7.730ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.6580dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.4920aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.7430organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.0110alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		4.22501,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.9540phenols
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.6680monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.72902-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.39201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		3.2660aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.86100carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.5120biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.43190dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.44204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.730diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.9440(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		14.44222aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.5320benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		4.2350monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		3.2960resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.73100anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.2550piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.2850benzodioxoles
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		7.2110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		5.15140aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.9740difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		5.57220conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		10.21150aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		3.2760aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.2450N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		5.16140ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.4203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.72301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8730benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		13.269317nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		10.24150(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.4320decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4320phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		5.65140fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.9340diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		5.41180(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		4.0140pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.0310formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.5470carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.0310carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4620oxopurine
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		2.3520nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furegrelate
furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d		1.9810benzofurans
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		8.86372chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.7590gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		3.4980benzoate ester
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		3.2310ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		5.64230aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.5990
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.6930dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.5270aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.1550N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.95110sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.94110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.9240dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		9.5980piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		6.03210monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.420
granisetron
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic amide;
indazoles
fluorometholone
[no description available]		2.1310
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.0240methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.6180azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.5170acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		4.3360carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.1250isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.7730isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		12.56232aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		3.4880haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.5920harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.9840bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		7.95213phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.9540barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.1310acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		4.11150phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520diarylmethane
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.9940thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		6.44230azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		10.57464benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		4.5170benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		7.4390one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.7790hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
mk 473
MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.110
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		6.87360monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.6680primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		5.83290benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.92401,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		5.94130ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		5.51210dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		5.09130bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		6.6591indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0310
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		13.641567aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		2.4420gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.7130organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.420
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.4420organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		2.1310aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.7890carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.5570azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
irsogladine
irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt		3.1310dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.9403-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		4.2150benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.9240organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		5.56220carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.9140secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
propyphenazone
propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.		2.0310pyrazolonenon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		12.93370catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8630alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.6580benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.94110piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.0310
juglone
juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.		2.0110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinonegeroprotector;
herbicide;
reactive oxygen species generator
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.4520indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.6480cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.4170aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		6.92290dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
kebuzone
kebuzone: proposed antirheumatic agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYLBUTAZONE/AA. kebuzone : A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone in which the two methylene hydrogens at postion 3 on the butyl chain are replaced by an oxo group.		1.9610methyl ketone;
pyrazolidines		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		5.22150benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.6580amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		8.4170cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.7630furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		1.93106-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
kojic acid
[no description available]		4.13404-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		3.0850monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		2.0510alpha-amino acid
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		5.29160benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.691401,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		5.02120benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4520benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		5.96130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.2650nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		2.6730diarylmethane
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.0310indoles
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.9640aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		4.2650N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.2750monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		10.45110benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		5.12140benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		7.07270biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.8430dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.4820cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.1310acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		2.420aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		5.16140anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.4620organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		4.85100pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.94110aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.620primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.8660nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.4260diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.1950aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.9840organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.92110aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		5.0670adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		3.991301,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		6.1191ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		1.9510aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.2650imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.2650piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		4.4160organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		6.3111amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		1.9610methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.8630phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.3760aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		11.01200guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.7390benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		3.1550ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
metharbital
metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants		1.9610organic molecular entity
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		5.5441sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		4.140aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		4.0240aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.9240ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.5820benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.7430benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		5.2590beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		6.59151benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.5470organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		10.95190aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		7.74301C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		4.2150aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		6.59151aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.6390dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.9340dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		8.19172imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.8530amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.3960bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.86100dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.7590benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.8530diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		6.89121dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.4520N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		3.5580benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		4.7750monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		4.49230ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		4.0840monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		1.9610alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		3.1650acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		3.77110maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.0310beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.4120aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.5420purine nucleoside
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.460methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		3.2460benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		5.341001,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		1.9610naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0840heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		5.35170aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.4620benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.7130quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		6.71180cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		4.570organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		5.01120benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.3820benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		8.52441C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.1450aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		4.2550(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.3920dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		5.12130aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		5.331702-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.32170C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		1.9610aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		3.53801,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		4.09150C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		10.13333nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.921101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.93110isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		4.0740catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.4260fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cm 7116
norflutoprazepam: structure		2.1310benzodiazepine
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		5.82170organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.4620nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.4420aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0410alkylbenzene
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.4520
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.231503-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.45202,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		9.17254aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.7590carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.0840ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		12.369901,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.65801,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.7130benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.74901,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.4620benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0510benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.7330organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.4420aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		1.9610N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.1350aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.7990acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		1.9610carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		10130phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.7890aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		3.931301,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.420phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.0310endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.5470phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		6.0481aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		10.96130benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.7430dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		3.150dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		3.3870aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.4420aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.54701,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		8.43231aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.2250barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		7.38380oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.6780piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		5.15140N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.4420acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		5.06130acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.6930diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		3.2960aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		11.95310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.9640phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		1.98102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		5.54130aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.6480primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.6320monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.4120arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0310guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		10.45841pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		3.0750acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.9640organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.0310benzamides
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		2.0710organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		3.82110pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		5.21150indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.03120aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		1.9610aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.4920amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		7.4120N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.7730organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.4120pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.5820benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		15.4923619inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		4.5680potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.6930acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.6680isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		5.06130aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4420amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.7690aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		5.6130pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		3.0550diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		17.3519319benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		5.31170dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		6.1230benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		15.1819117benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		5.0270benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.6680N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.460pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.4420benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		3.2860phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.93110phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.7490aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.4120oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4120phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		8.08152phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.55370naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		3.150trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.6630
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		4.0240carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.730oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.2650pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.420aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.6480aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.2650benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.54701-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		4.23170aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		3.3970secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.4720quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.7690benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.211501,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4720organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.0740tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		1.9910imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.7530butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.4720pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole
Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.		2.6830C-nitro compound;
carbamate ester;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		1.9910piperidines
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.37201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		210benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4920phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.5820benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.0310imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.5820barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		3.4920N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		5.2541ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5920organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.82100pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.4210morpholines
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.2360fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		1.9910inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		3.0750haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.4160pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		5.16140ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.4120aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
aldactazide
[no description available]		2.1310steroid lactone
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.0310imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
imatinib
[no description available]		4.2750aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.9240pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.0840dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.8630quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.7730benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.4820N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.7630aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.0410sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4920pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.7630pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.2750sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		10.54220isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4820pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		3.0950substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		3.1450primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.730pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		8.63292
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		11.88875pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.5280isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.37702-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8730alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.4170benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		5.15140sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.1450aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.360naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.0310naphthyridine derivative
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.4470N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		4.1960organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0510benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		4.0540benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.4260imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.94110furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		5.08130phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.91120diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.1250benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.7230quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.0310phosphoramide
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		12.81121phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		3.580dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.09401,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.91110phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.6280aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.4420benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		3.5220aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.46110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilisolol
[no description available]		210isoquinolines
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.7530aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.5570imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tinoridine
tinoridine: proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)		1.9610thienopyridine
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		5.65100N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.7590benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.5570N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		11.5250N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.0640aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.9540monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.4120N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.7590aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.2950amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.1310triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		5.09130monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		5.9130pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.7590triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		6.81112benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.420polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		10.45200N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0410aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.7130organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.5820amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		5.2590oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.84300aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.2450
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.5370dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.4520aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		5.1130chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.0310acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.7130
tyramine
[no description available]		4.0240monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.5820aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.9540piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.6930carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.01120cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4820piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.0840gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.8940
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		1.9610aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.9540aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		2.9140
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.41201,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.0310aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.87100carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.2650nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		210inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		5.37100imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9640aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.89301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.3260monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.9540cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.8530corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		6.33210mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium bromide
[no description available]		2.1310
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		8.9213011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		10.5463411beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.994016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.8940ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		6.01150alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		3.3970beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.99120imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
6-methylthiopurine
6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		8.78182thiopurine
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.88110glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		10.02130pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		11.5240pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.5680nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		7.730benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.5420benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.04101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.420
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		6.1914-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		5.21502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
neostigmine methylsulfate
[no description available]		2.1310arylammonium sulfate saltEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.59201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
methacetin
methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9710acetamides;
aromatic ether
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		3.7100ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		5.241603-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		4.767111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.4520barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		8.09470non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.7730organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.5620cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		13.1597611-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		5.128017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.6830fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		4.215017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.94017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		1.961017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		5.199017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840hydrochloride
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		210
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.75302-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		3.66100indoles
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		5.2970N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		6.0281penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.7430organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.4720hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		5.33100pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4720N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.3160organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		10.431102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.0210nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.0510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0310
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.3720dialkyl phosphate
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.19170chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.0310cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0310organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		9.42220alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		6.3470L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.7930corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.940C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		6.75250C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.76110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		12.35320amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.97140aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride
[no description available]		2.1310
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		4.92380pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		4.5370acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.7790carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		6.9263glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		5.4414117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.3920bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.7130ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.5270aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		3.0950pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.7930benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		3.58303'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		8.69811adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.7430azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		10.36433uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		2.3620pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.5170kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.7130pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.8740D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.78110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan
Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9610
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.77280phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.83110amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tolazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310benzenes
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		7.4900ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		1.9210azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		4.74290benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		11.09623amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		4.4770amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		4.140quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9610aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		1.9710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		8.16481adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.8630penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		12.77370organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.9640organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		4.1650benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		4.94120amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0310dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.5180quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.7330anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		1.96102,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.940nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.753017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.420carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.3720cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3920pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		4.3560lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		6.58390aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.66100amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
diethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		3.2310alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		3.8812020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		18.2330712alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.9640
cytidine
[no description available]		3.4520cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
n-hexanal
[no description available]		2.0110medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		human urinary metabolite
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.7430aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.2450penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		4.78320antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		5.16150diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.4270chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.944011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.0850formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		3.15017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.4920oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.57204-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		9.570aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.472017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.9540antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.18260beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		17.2135828mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
cytarabine
[no description available]		9.09312beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		3.4780nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.7430nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.4320non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		3.3770C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
4-toluenesulfonamide
4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.		210sulfonamide
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.4820acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		13.512010amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-azauracil
5-azauracil: structure given in first source		2.9210
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		1.9510pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		210chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		3.427020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.9640organic sodium saltdye
isopropamide iodide
isopropamide iodide: was heading 1965-94; use AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS to search ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE 1966-94		2.1310diarylmethane
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.3920L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.6690amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		3.316017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.420organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.68303'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		8.7591erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9410aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.4720hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		11.52745arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		2.6630alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		3.4880alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		2.730alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		1.9610alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		1.9910chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.3820primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.4110chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		210primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		1.9610quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.3820tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		4.13160alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.6730monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		3.125011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.1550benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		5.69260primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		3.1650
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		3.821pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.4520stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.110alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		210butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		4.570chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.4320acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		210acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		210primary nitroalkane
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.7330monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.8630bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.4110bisphenol;
sulfone		endocrine disruptor;
metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		3.4980peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.492012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		4.07150amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.9740N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		6.945506-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		4.61260organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
9,10-phenanthrenequinone
9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure		2.4820phenanthrenes
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher		2.1310
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.1710anthraquinone
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.4420organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.610phthalimides
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.0410iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
methyl n-methylanthranilate
methyl N-methylanthranilate: structure in first source. methyl N-methylanthranilate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-methylanthranilic acid with methanol.		2.4110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		animal metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.9130organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fluorene
[no description available]		210ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.5170penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.1591glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
hexamethylbenzene
hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.		210methylbenzene
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		3.7630
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.0950pyrrolidin-2-ones
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.1310C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4220arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound
4-nitrophthalimide
4-nitrophthalimide: structure given in first source		2.0710
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.1710monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.3920hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
2-anisidine
2-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen ortho to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of azo pigments and dyes.		2.0210monomethoxybenzene;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		genotoxin;
reagent
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		1.9710naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		2.0610xanthonesinsecticide
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		4.0740phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.690mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.9240azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
2-nitroanisole
2-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 2-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one of the hydrogens ortho to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.02102-nitroanisolescarcinogenic agent
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.7330indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		2.4120naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine: structure in first source		2.4110
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9910biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
phenidone
phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3820
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.3820aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.83120xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.7730phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		210biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
4-nitrobiphenyl
4-nitrobiphenyl: structure given in first source		1.9610biphenyls
1-phenylpropanol
1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source		2.0310organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		210benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl nicotinate
methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories		1.9510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.1310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
synephrine
[no description available]		2.6830ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.6930benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		1.9610organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.7230carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.4820chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
1,2-diaminobenzene
1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.		2.1310phenylenediaminehydrogen donor
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.3620epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0310butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
lactobionic acid
[no description available]		4.47230disaccharideantioxidant
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		7.881605-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.9240aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
benzotrifluoride
alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
fluorohydrocarbon		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		2.1310organoarsonic acid
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		210phenolsallergen
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0110
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.04105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.6930acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		210nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.		2.1310aminobenzoic acid
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		4.09150trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		210botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.4220dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure		3.0850
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
dimethyl-4-toluidine
[no description available]		1.9910
4-nitroacetophenone
4-nitroacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.		1.9610acetophenones;
C-nitro compound
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		1.9910ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.6730styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4520benzenes;
nitrile
nicotinyl alcohol
Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .		1.9610aromatic primary alcohol;
pyridines		antilipemic drug;
vasodilator agent
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.6830phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		210monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide
thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9910aryl sulfide;
benzenes
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.9840pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
boric acid
[no description available]		1.9210boric acidsastringent
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.5920benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
4-nitrosophenol
4-nitrosophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9810
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.4620bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		210chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.0410phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
2,5-dioxopiperazine
piperazine-2,5-dione : A cyclic peptide that is piperazine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.15102,5-diketopiperazines;
cyclic peptide
acrolein
[no description available]		3.72100enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		7.7430
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		1.9710alkylamine
propionitrile
propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.		210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.4420aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.9140primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.7830alkane
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		2.520cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.4120monochlorophenol
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		7.3110triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		2.92101,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.9440bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		210monochlorobenzenessolvent
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		2.3720aryl thiol
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.3920alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethoxymethane
dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.		210acetal;
diether
diethylamine
[no description available]		1.9810secondary aliphatic amine
ethyl nitrite
[no description available]		3.2310nitroso compound
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.04271pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		210cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.4320furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.5210mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.		1.9910ethylenediamine derivativecatalyst;
chelator
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.9740alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		210cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		210cycloalkene
morpholine
[no description available]		210morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
thiodipropionic acid
thiodipropionic acid: structure		2.1310dicarboxylic acid
methyl palmitate
[no description available]		1.9710fatty acid methyl estermetabolite
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0410polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.470peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.4320steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840hydrochlorideantidepressant
flavaspidic acid
flavaspidic acid: isolated from rhizomes of male fern; structure		2.2510
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		3.4470bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		8.1150biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
2,2,2-trichloroethanol
[no description available]		1.9910chloroethanolmouse metabolite
oxyphenisatin acetate
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.		3.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.9340barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.9840chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
2-aminoanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.1310anthraquinone
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.110diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		2.13104-pyranonesmetabolite
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.6830aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.48201,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.7430aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
1-hydroxyphthalazine
1-hydroxyphthalazine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants; do not confuse with cpd phthalazinol RN: 56611-65-5		1.9610phthalazines
benzoin
[no description available]		2.1710benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
dianisidine
Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.		2.3620biphenyls
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		210aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		210ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		210benzodioxoles
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.		1.9610dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.9440methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.0310organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.7430anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		1.97101,4-naphthoquinones
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		1.9710monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		12.646917hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.5670quinolines
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.910UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		1.9810naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
syringaldehyde
syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0610dimethoxybenzene;
hydroxybenzaldehyde		hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.9540naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.4720hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		340hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.9840benzoate ester
dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.		3.0410D-tyrosine derivative;
thyroxine
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		2.3110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
4-nitrosodimethylaniline
4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.		2.3720dimethylaniline;
nitroso compound;
tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		3.2760NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine : A bicine that is a Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.35 at 20 degreeC.		2.3920bicine
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		2.9840dihydroxybenzaldehyde
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		3.4570acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		2.131020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.6630methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		1.9610D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.7230purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		4.260hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.2350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		5.82300dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.5390organic molecular entity
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		4140cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.492017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		2.0510triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		5.81290catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7730
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		1.9510organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.420aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		1.9810ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
phthalazine
phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.		2.3920azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		4.81100azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		4.96380acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.0110indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.61201,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0310adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.0650cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.1380isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.5201,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		20.27230481,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		2.72201,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		9.8781diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		5.68260diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.9340steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.7530xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		5.18480organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		1.9810organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		3.99140azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.3820calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.7150phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		2.6530
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		5.18470azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		3.7830pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.7630corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.4620
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.4720methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
perfluorodecalin
perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.		3.2660fluorocarbonblood substitute;
solvent
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		2.42011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		3.3970organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		8.8940pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		9.680mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.6480N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
6-aminonicotinamide
6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.		1.9710aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary amino compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
teratogenic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		1.9810ether
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.7430benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4720hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		4.551purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		2.1310organic molecular entity
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		4.2550benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.8130steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.6830aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.4120ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		2.0210kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.7630hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic amine
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		5.5592amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		4.0414011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.8940diarylmethane
3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene
3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: affects mitochondria isolated from rat liver; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		210
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0310
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		2.6830nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.6930haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		3.155020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.73017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate
Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.		2.1310
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
deoxybenzoin
deoxybenzoin: structure in first source		2.1710
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		3.781102-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.8740imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.4520amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		5.4553monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		2.0710ketene
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.52701-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.3920piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.9940cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.4160bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.420
boldine
[no description available]		2.6830aporphine alkaloid
rhein
[no description available]		2.110dihydroxyanthraquinone
berbamine
[no description available]		1.9710phenylpropanoid
nitramine
nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.		1.9910nitramineexplosive
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.110aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.1550isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4520phthalazines
reticulin
Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.		2.4620benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		plant metabolite
cytisine
[no description available]		1.9610alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
lumazine
lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.		3.6902,4-dihydroxypteridine
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		8.2460dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde
indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.		2.4110heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
indole alkaloid;
indoles		bacterial metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		1.9610tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		1.9610D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphatemouse metabolite
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.21101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		1.9610carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.5720botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
3-pyridinaldehyde
pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.		2.0610pyridinecarbaldehyde
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		2.8640quinone iminedye
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9910phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
phorone
phorone: an industrial solvent; structure		7.3820dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.4420
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		3.4160thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0410ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.8740
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.730hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		210organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8730ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
ascaridole
ascaridole: monoterpene endoperoxide with anthelmintic properties; structure given in first source. ascaridole : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menth-2-ene with a peroxy group across position 1 to 4.		2.0110organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic peroxide;
p-menthane monoterpenoid		antileishmanial agent;
antinematodal drug;
plant metabolite
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		2.610abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.4110organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.9640furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.45703'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		4.094017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		1.961017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		5.1440
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.4720hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.0310organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
1,2-naphthoquinone
naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.		2.13101,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		210flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		3.1150gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		7.52232organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		8.81253C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid
trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.		1.9610tricarboxylic acid
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
syringic acid
syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.		2.5220benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.9540thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone
benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		210benzenetriolmouse metabolite
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.4120alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.4820dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
perillyl alcohol
perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.		2.0410limonene monoterpenoidplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		4.5170amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
4-chloroacetanilide
4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.		210acetamides;
monochlorobenzenes
tropone
[no description available]		1.9610
1-chloropropane
1-chloropropane: structure in first source		210
1,2-ethanedithiol
1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9		1.9610
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		4.2450carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.4420
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		15.7337122dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.9240arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4110organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		4.1850organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840organic tricyclic compound
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.420phenoxazine
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		3.1850isothiocyanateinsecticide
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.940
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		1.9810hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.1310bipyridine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		5.0131carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
glycylglycine
[no description available]		1.9810dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.4720organic molecular entity
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		210glycerophosphocholine
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
monoacetyldapsone
monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.		2.1310acetamides;
anilide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420benzenes;
sulfonamide
formestane
[no description available]		2.472017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
chlorotrianisene
Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.		2.1310chloroalkeneantineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor modulator;
xenoestrogen
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
lactulose
[no description available]		3.8730glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
2,3-dichlorophenol
dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.		210
2,6-xylenol
[no description available]		2.110hydroxytoluene
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.33190flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
aminacrine
[no description available]		2.1310
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		1.9610
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7730alkylbenzene
6-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0810
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
n-hydroxyurethane
N-hydroxyurethane: structure		1.9610
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.4720carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.4120dichlorophenol
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		2.0110organic sulfide
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		3.316020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
9-nitroanthracene
9-nitroanthracene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 5 position		1.9610anthracenes
4-chloro-1-naphthol
4-chloro-1-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants		2.3110
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.2110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
2-nitrofluorene
2-nitrofluorene: RN given refers to cpd with locant with nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitrofluorene : A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.		2.4120nitroarenecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
2-anthramine
2-anthramine: structure		2.0510anthracenamine
2-hydroxyacetanilide
2-acetamidophenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 2-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. A positional isomer of paracetamol which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet aggregation properties.		2.1310acetamides;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
xenobiotic metabolite
5-methylbenzimidazole
5-methylbenzimidazole: structure in first source. 5-methyl-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0310imidazoles
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		13.59956acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate
[no description available]		2.4820oxo carboxylic acid
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.7130acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
isovanillin
isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.		2.730benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		animal metabolite;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
antifungal agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
methyl butyrate
[no description available]		210fatty acid ester
ethyl isocyanide
[no description available]		1.9910
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		2.3820sulfonamide
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		3.7730aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		6.08220cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
isovanillic acid
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.0210methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
tetracyanoethylene
tetracyanoethene: structure in first source		1.9810
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4220delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin
[no description available]		1.9810
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		3.580
phosmet
Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.		2.1310organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phthalimides		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.3720N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
2-nitropyrene
[no description available]		1.9910pyrenes
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.587017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.4120
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		1.9810piperidones
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		3.41701,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.75100
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		9.06161potassium saltdiuretic
malononitrile dimer
Malononitrile dimer: has antithyroid activity; inhibits conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine		2.1310
diphenyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.1310benzenes
3-nitrofluoranthene
3-nitrofluoranthene: environmental carcinogen from diesel exhaust		2.3820nitronaphthalene
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710methylpyridines
n-phenylmaleimide
N-phenylmaleimide: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7104		2.0110
diphenyl sulfoxide
diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase		1.9610sulfoxide
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.8940pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.8740pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol
2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		3.2260dichlorobenzene;
quinone imine
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.382017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.9840hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.7530steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		1.9910nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fentanyl citrate
fentanyl citrate : The citric acid salt of fentanyl, comprising equimolar amounts of citric acid and fentanyl. A mu-opioid receptor agonist, it is a potent opioid analgesic used in the management of labour pain, postoperative pain, and chronic intractable cancer pain. It is also widely used as the analgesic component of balanced anaesthesia.		210citrate saltmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
pyrrolnitrin
Pyrrolnitrin: 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.. pyrrolnitrin : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		2.0210alkaloid;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		5.56130ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		1.9710nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.0410methylpyridines
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		2.2110bipyridines
methionylmethylsulfonium chloride
[no description available]		2.4110
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.4520alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lauryl gallate
[no description available]		2.0110gallate ester
2,2'-dipyridylamine
dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source		2.1310
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.5220cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		3.7821alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6730alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		1.9710manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.7230zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.0410vanadium oxide
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		2.0110inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.95110glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.4220enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		14.481799alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.3970
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.9340aliphatic nitrile
pseudouridine
[no description available]		1.9810pseudouridinesfundamental metabolite
isonicotinamide
isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.		2.3110pyridinecarboxamide
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.4220selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
9,10-diphenylanthracene
[no description available]		1.9810anthracenesfluorochrome;
photosensitizing agent
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.131021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		4.0840monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620aromatic ketone
diethylcarbamazine citrate
[no description available]		2.1310piperazinecarboxamide
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether
diphenyldiselenide
diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source		2.1510
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		1.991012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		4.0740cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
3-methoxyphenylacetic acid
3-methoxyphenylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
azacyclonol
azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310diarylmethane
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.4720androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
guaiacoxyacetic acid
guaiacoxyacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.1310
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		5.06420organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4220tertiary amine
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.5170benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.3920methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
methylene diphosphonate
medronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)bone density conservation agent;
chelator
amiloride hydrochloride, anhydrous
amiloride hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining amiloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.1310hydrochloridediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.96120aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl
decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		210pentachlorobenzenes;
polychlorobiphenyl
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.7490benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.3920aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.7530acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.4420organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
hydrocortisone succinate : A derivative of succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups is esterified by the C-21 hydroxy group of cortisol (hydrocortisone).		2.1310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.0710isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
glaucine
glaucine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		1.9810aporphine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
muscle relaxant;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
rat metabolite
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.25602-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.3920corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		3.1650pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
c.i. direct blue 1
[no description available]		1.9810
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
octogen
octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0110N-nitro compound;
tetrazocane		explosive
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.7430N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
mebeverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		1.9710imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.4320benzodiazepine
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		2.3620C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		5.11130dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
trichloroepoxypropane
Trichloroepoxypropane: A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens.		1.9810
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		3.360organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.6380dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
dibromoacetonitrile
dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source		2.0110aliphatic nitrile
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.2460fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		3.2760thujeneplant metabolite
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9410D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		5.285301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
clidinium bromide
clidinium bromide : The bromide salt of clinidium. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.		2.1310
palmatine
burasaine: structure in first source		2.5920berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		plant metabolite
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.011014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
diloxanide furoate
diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.		2.1310carboxylic ester;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antiamoebic agent;
prodrug
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.91110antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		4.3160carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		2.6530nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
1-methylquinolinium
1-methylquinolinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.2943
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
sulisobenzone
[no description available]		2.1710benzophenones
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		10.55120organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
amitriptyline n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0210organic tricyclic compound
beclomethasone
[no description available]		3.447011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.0510
nitracrine
Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.		210acridines
4-hydroxypyrimidine
4(3H)-pyrimidinone: structure in first source		2.4120
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		5.26121aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		3.6290diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4620isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		4.5470penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.0840acridines
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.7430hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
2,7-dinitrofluorene
[no description available]		210
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran
1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran: quencher of singlet oxygen, inhibits arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation		210
1-nitropyrene
[no description available]		3.76110nitroarenecarcinogenic agent
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		5.9391beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
alverine citrate
[no description available]		2.1310citrate salt;
organoammonium salt		antispasmodic drug;
cholinergic antagonist
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.4520indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
benzetimide
[no description available]		1.9610piperidines
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.9950dioxolane
6-n-hydroxylaminopurine
N(6)-hydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurinnes that is adenine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.98106-aminopurines;
hydroxylamines;
nucleobase analogue		mutagen;
teratogenic agent
acetylpyruvic acid
acetylpyruvic acid: structure. acetylpyruvic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid carrying two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4.		1.9610beta-diketone;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		bacterial metabolite
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
cyclogyl
cyclopentolate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclopentolate. It is used to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.		2.1310
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.5170azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.580amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4220
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine
nitrosomethyl-N-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
terodiline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		1.9410sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.9840
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4720
hepes
[no description available]		2.4620HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.3110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.75280elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		3.4880elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		18.892642chromium group element atommicronutrient
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		1.9410iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.420metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.9140elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		3.4170copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.1710vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		1.9810manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.0340titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		7.34600chromium group element atommicronutrient
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		3.3110monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4140cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		3.6390f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.3670chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		1.9710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.5180f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.09240copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		4.6790elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		5.6150monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.1710titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.92120pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		5.1960magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.9240mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.6830N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		3.2560D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
6-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.1310
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.1710sodium phosphate
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.3920inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		210inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		9.55250chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.250delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		3.2260iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		1.9910nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		4.92140iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.		1.9610inorganic sodium saltchelator;
food emulsifier;
food thickening agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		2.0110mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.4520N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9510diatomic bromine
monoethylglycinexylidide
monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		3.0850amino acid amidedrug metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.0110metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		4.0431calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		4.0431calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		7.9141calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920iron coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.6630chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.4880metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		2.9140divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
metoprine
metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist		1.9610
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.3520inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.7120inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		5.07140dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.8740diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.0750diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.7130deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		2.9340sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.9340divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		3.1310calcium phosphate
butylated hydroxyanisole
[no description available]		2.0210
sulfur trioxide
sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810sulfur oxide
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		2.2110
desmedipham
desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.		210carbamate esteragrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.3820
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.3770elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		1.9810iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		2.1310monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.9440inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.9240cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.0210benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.4420diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		1.9810barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		13.32623
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		3.26601,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		2.6830halide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
coformycin
[no description available]		8.3570coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		1.9810
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		4.9691ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		3.5790S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.7830titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		3.94130inorganic sodium saltreagent
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		5.4282benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		3.3570
desmethylmisonidazole
[no description available]		2.3620
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		2.1310butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
menthone
menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).		210menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.3720
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.4520amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.7430benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		5.52120selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		4.51706-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4720hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.5670monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		3.1350monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.4620bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.420benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.6280beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.6830organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		5.13101glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4820
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		2.1310
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.9440iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		7.531010acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.830C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluoroboric acid
[no description available]		2.520boron fluoride
fluorides
[no description available]		3.0550halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		5.613017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
tetridamin
tetridamin: do not confuse with tetrodamine; structure		2.1310
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610epoxide
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.730carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5920
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.71302-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
calcium dobesilate
Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.		2.9110
7-nitrobenzanthracene
[no description available]		1.9610phenanthrenes
iodine
[no description available]		3.4580halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		1.9610osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		7.64281aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.7130N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
lofexidine
lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247		1.9610aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.7230cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		4.7550nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.6930L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.7430organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
2,6-diaminopurine
9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.		2.47202,6-diaminopurines;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		5.2690indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
pedalitin
pedalitin: has antioxidant activity; isolated from Rabdosia japonica; structure in first source. pedalitin : A tetrahydroxy-monohydroxy-flavone, with the four hydroxy groups at C-3',-4',-5 and 6, and the methoxy group at C-7. It has been isolated from a number of plant species, including Eremosparton songoricum, Rabdosia japonica and Ruellia tuberosa.		2.0310monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.46230benzenes;
phenyl acetates
methylformamide
N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.		1.9610formamides
thiodiacetic acid
thiodiacetic acid: vinyl chloride metabolite in urine of rats		1.9910dicarboxylic acid
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		3.6910011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
thymolphthalein
Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.		2.1310terpene lactone
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant		1.9310trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		210acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.492011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.93110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		4.460phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		1.9710alkylbenzene;
phenols		antioxidant
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.3920ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		8.6193C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.7330organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		3.86110
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.7130benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.68303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		7.02251
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
fanft
FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.		1.9510
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.522011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		1.971017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
alkenes
[no description available]		3.2460
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		12.9604organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		5.71260glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.5920chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.420
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.6580beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
frentizole
frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.4420benzenes
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9810
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		3.93130inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		4.27190pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		210ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		1.9510
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		10.66240penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		5.65140timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2760tryptamines
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		1.9610diarylmethane
eterobarb
[no description available]		2.1310barbiturates
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferrozine
Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.		2.3920
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		5.6751cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.930catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
canadine
canadine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. canadine : A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10.		1.9810aromatic ether;
berberine alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxacycle
dinitramine
dinitramine: structure		2.0110C-nitro compound
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.7730hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		4.0540carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
dimethyl suberimidate
Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.		2.0110
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		3.0910
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		4.5570amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.54210azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		7.6930organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		4.4260pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.75100amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
proroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.44190taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etomidate
ethnor: an adsorbable haemostatic bone sealant		2.1310imidazoles
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4720hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		6.13230beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.0950peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.9840hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		11.45131catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.4520phenanthrenes
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.2550ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.4420amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		7.42111-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.7430triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
lentinan
[no description available]		1.9710
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.4160alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.3110butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.4320
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.9740catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.6580beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		6.1191aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		6.5250L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.5480monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.9840aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.91120
1,8-dinitropyrene
[no description available]		1.9610pyrenes
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		10.782805-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2110
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.6190pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.4620
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine
N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source		210ketoimine;
quinone imine
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.7330organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		7.67561alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.43601,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tiamenidine
[no description available]		1.9610organochlorine compound
phenazepam
[no description available]		1.9710
picobenzide
[no description available]		2.1310
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		3.1450cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		2.6830
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		3.8530pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		6.05370chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
vindesine
Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).		1.9710methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
lodoxamide ethyl
lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure		2.8940
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9840acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7230azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840dihydropyridinegeroprotector
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		2.2110
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		2.3720epoxideintercalator
triadimenol
triadimenol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.		2.1310aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
triazole fungicide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic metabolite
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.5170anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.9330tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.460aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.84100aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source		1.9610
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.7130organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.4220aromatic ether
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.4201,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
lorcainide
[no description available]		3.2960acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.7590anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
nafazatrom
[no description available]		3.0610
eniluracil
eniluracil: structure in first source; inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase		2.3920pyrimidone
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.730cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.460penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		5.16140aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		6.88360alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.4720indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene
[no description available]		1.9610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4720
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.4720one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		4.2550diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.7430cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		3.91120nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.3920allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		3.7830
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8430diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.7730methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.580acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.86100cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		3.2860benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
cerm-1978
bepridil hydrochloride : The hydrochloride of bepridil.		2.1310hydrochloride
pipecuronium
Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.		1.9710steroid ester
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		210thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		4.0840
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
1-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene
[no description available]		1.9610
3-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene
[no description available]		1.9810
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.2860fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.7590monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
sulotroban
sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.0510
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.5420aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		210aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
dazoxiben hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.6680
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.7430
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		5.17140delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.1450aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.8730naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
dazmegrel
[no description available]		1.9710
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		4.5270aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.7430
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.23150delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.9540benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.360dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		1.9910pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		5.171403-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8530N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		3.1550carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
amflutizole
amflutizole: xanthine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		4.6161
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4720hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.7690aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.6680dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.4360imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		4.761hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.54703-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
desciclovir
[no description available]		7.6630
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		7.75125aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
pirmagrel
pirmagrel: structure given in first source		1.9810
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.3920catecholamine
3-deazaguanine
3-deazaguanine: structure		1.9610
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.4520dioxanes
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
zaltidine
zaltidine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source		210
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.4120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.4720naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.8530aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.6930
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.66803-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.7430
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.5470aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		3.2960quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.4520adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.08406-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.360fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.861001-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tebufelone
tebufelone: structure given in first source		2.4220
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		4.4230methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.5470phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.2550beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		7.4820quinolines
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.9540tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.2550pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		1.9810
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		5.03120aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.3860organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.8730aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.0640alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		6.79101aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		5.03120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.5370carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		5.04120biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.8630
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.4601,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.9640guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.2650oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		1.9910organoiodine compound
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.47206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.8830monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		4.2850biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		21.911,77889adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.4201,4-benzoquinones
octyl gallate
[no description available]		1.9710gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		2.3720iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
sodium molybdate(vi)
sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.		1.9810inorganic sodium saltpoison
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		3.5180gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
potassium superoxide
[no description available]		3.2560
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.4520ammonium saltpoison
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.97120trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		3.1610
ruthenium chloride (rucl3)
ruthenium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.3110
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.3820
tobramycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.1310
4-nitropyrene
[no description available]		2.420pyrenes
carfentanil
carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		1.9610methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
tranquilizing drug
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.1710
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.6730aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
vanillyl alcohol
vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.		2.0610benzyl alcohols;
guaiacols		plant metabolite
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.49206-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		2.2110
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		1.9810inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4720hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.0310hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9740aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.9640hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		3.89120hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.7790
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.9840
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.7730methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.2750acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.2850aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
methionine methyl ester
[no description available]		2.4110
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.4530D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		1.9810
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.46202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination
trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination: combination of sulfadoxine & trimethoprim		2.0710
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.61902-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.7630hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.7330pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		12.577718
iodonitrotetrazolium
iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.		2.3820organic chloride salthistological dye
xanthosine
[no description available]		3.7730purines D-ribonucleoside;
xanthosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.		2.1310beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
cyclam
cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.1510azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		4.36200organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.4520hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
platanic acid
platanic acid: inhibits HIV replication; isolated from Syzigium claviflorum; structure in first source. platanic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 30-norlupan-28-oic acid substituted by a 3beta-hydroxy and an oxo group at position 20. It is isolated from the leaves of Syzygium claviflorum and exhibits anti-HIV activity.		2.0810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
methyl ketone;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.5420dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.2850carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.8930acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		2.4620
guanidine thiocyanate
guanidine thiocyanate: a powerful chaotropic agent		1.9410
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.1450flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
deoxyuridine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocitrulline
L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ureas		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		2.0710gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
isoguanosine
[no description available]		2.0510purine nucleoside
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		4.88350
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		2.43201-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.3720iodine oxoacid
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0310gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		2.0410
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		2.0310methylguaninemutagen
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.7430hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.4720hydrochloridedrug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.5120hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.4720catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.9440dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		6.93360nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		8.97404glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid
[no description available]		1.9710
secoisolariciresinol
secoisolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89; precursor of lignans found in human urine; structure given in first source. secoisolariciresinol : A lignan that is butane-1,4-diol in which the 2 and 3 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups. (-)-secoisolariciresinol : An enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0210secoisolariciresinolantidepressant;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820aromatic ether
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		3.2660purine nucleoside
sinefungin
[no description available]		8.7730adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.7730conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		5.1180cephalosporinfungal metabolite
acetylcholine bromide
acetylcholine bromide : The bromide salt of acetylcholine.		2.1310bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.8630benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		3.82110N-acyl-amino acid
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.1310epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.8730organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
dicarbine
dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.0310beta-carbolines
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
flutonidine
flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
tryptamide
tryptamide: structure given in first source		2.1310
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.0410
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		2.3920organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
bepafant
bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist		1.9810
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.4520pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
rilmakalim
rilmakalim: potassium channel opener; rimalkalim may be a typo		2.0110
setipafant
Setipafant: platelet activating factor antagonist		1.9810
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.6780piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.95110benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720aralkylamine
oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidines
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenylpyraline. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders.		2.1310hydrochloridecholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.0610trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.4720hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
mepivacaine hydrochloride
mepivacaine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mepivacaine. It is used as a local anaesthetic.		2.1310hydrochloride;
piperidinecarboxamide		local anaesthetic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520stilbenoid
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.4720hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		3.1450fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diphenidol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310diarylmethane
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride
edoxudin
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		3.36017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoestradiol
[no description available]		2.1310
17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinate
[no description available]		2.1310
amizyl
[no description available]		2.1310
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.110hydroxybenzoic acid
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
isocytosine
2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.		3.0140aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.4620guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
parabanic acid
parabanic acid: structure. parabanic acid : An imidazolidinone that is imidazolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.		1.9710hydracid;
imidazolidinone		human metabolite
acetamidine
acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610carboxamidine
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		1.9810phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		4.12160phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
[no description available]		3.1810
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		13.626651,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.6920one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		210carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tangeretin
tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.		1.9910pentamethoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
isopimpinellin
isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure		2.1110psoralens
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.0610carboxylic ester
1-hexacosanol
1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0210hexacosanol;
very long-chain primary fatty alcohol		insecticide;
plant metabolite
duroquinone
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.67301,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9510anthocyanidin chloride
sesamol
sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		4.0940benzodioxoles
1,2-dithiol-3-thione
1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source		2.72301,2-dithiole
dyclonine hydrochloride
dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.		2.1310hydrochloridetopical anaesthetic
nebularine
nebularine: structure. nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.		2.0510purine ribonucleoside;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fungal metabolite
7-methylxanthine
[no description available]		1.9710oxopurine;
purine alkaloid		human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
2-hydroxypyrimidine
pyrimidone : A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.. pyrimidin-2-ol : The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.		210hydroxypyrimidineelectron donor;
Lewis base
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4720hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.7430hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.4720hydrochloridegeroprotector
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.5120
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.4520benzoate ester;
phenols
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.4520acetamides
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.7730
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.25102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.7690dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.7430hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
nilverm
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		210isourea
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.43601,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		4.3141ureas
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0510carbazoles
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		2.4120
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.4620dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4720artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fluindione
fluindione: structure		2.5720cyclic ketone;
indanones
4-aminopyrimidine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyrimidine
2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1310
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
resorufin
[no description available]		2.0110phenoxazine
1-methyluric acid
1-methyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.		5.74110oxopurinehuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		2.110indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3-diaminonaphthalene
[no description available]		2.4120
3-chloroperbenzoic acid
3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent		1.9710monochlorobenzenes;
peroxy acid
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
8-azaadenine
8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.		2.1310aromatic amine;
nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
2-hydroxychavicol
2-hydroxychavicol: antimutagen from betel leaf; structure given in first source		3.930
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		210dihydroxybenzaldehydehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
6-methylthioguanine
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
thiopurine		human xenobiotic metabolite
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine
[no description available]		2.0510alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
D-alpha-amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.4420fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		3.0950
nicaraven
nicaraven: an antivasospastic substance		1.9910
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.8430chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.6680aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.2550razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
clobetasone butyrate
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
epicillin
epicillin: semisynthetic penicillin type antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMPICILLIN/AA (75-85); RN given refers to (2s(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. epicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.		2.3720penicillin allergen;
penicillin
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		3.5890nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.7730succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720salicylamides
diflorasone diacetate
diflorasone diacetate : The 17,21-diacetate derivative of diflorasone. It is used topically for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties in the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9840hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
hydroxyzine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.2550conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
betamipron
[no description available]		2.7730organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.1450benzofurans
enocitabine
[no description available]		2.0110organic molecular entity
ranimustine
ranimustine: RN given refers to (alpha)-(D)-isomer; structure		1.9710organic molecular entity
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.8730amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
secnidazole
[no description available]		2.1310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
secondary alcohol		epitope
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7430
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
pyridoxilate
pyridoxilate: structure		3.110
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		210acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
quindoxin
quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702		210quinoxaline derivative
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0710
2-aminoadenosine
[no description available]		2.0510purine nucleoside
oxetanocin a
oxetanocin: from Bacillus megaterium NK84-0218; structure given in first source. oxetanocin A : A nucleoside analogue found in Bacillus megaterium in which an adenine moiety is attached to position 2 of a of an oxetane ring which is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxymethyl groups.		1.9710diol;
nucleoside analogue;
oxetanes;
primary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
epicatechin
(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.4120catechin;
polyphenol		antioxidant
gallocatechol
(-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.		1.9910catechin;
flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol		antioxidant;
food component;
plant metabolite
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.73303'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		3.1250phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
magnolol
[no description available]		210biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.7130methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.4520
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
uroporphyrin i
uroporphyrin I: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.9140aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
rubrofusarin
rubrofusarin: naphthopyrone from Cassia quinquangulata; structure. rubrofusarin : A member of the class of benzochromenones that is benzo[g]chromen-4-one carrying two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 6 as well as methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 8 respectively. An orange polyketide pigment that is a common intermediate in many different fungal biosynthetic pathways.		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzochromenone;
phenols;
polyketide		biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
berberrubine
berberrubine: RN refers to chloride salt; a protoberberine alkaloid antitumor agent which exhibits topoisomerase II poison activity as well as catalytic inhibition activity; structure in first source		2.6320
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.4520
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
5-aminoorotic acid
5-aminoorotic acid: structure in first source		2.6920
xylenol orange
xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal		2.0310
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.4320bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.0310
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.		1.9510sulfonic acid derivative
beta-amyrin
beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.		2.0610pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
plant metabolite
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.4120
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
ergocornine
ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.1310ergot alkaloid
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
panaxadiol
panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer		1.9710triterpenoid saponin
new methylene blue
[no description available]		1.9610
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source		2.0710harmala alkaloid
glycyl-histidyl-lysine
glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.		1.9710tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
panaxatriol
panaxatriol: a protopanaxatriol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis		1.9710triterpenoid saponin
tetracyanoquinodimethane
tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.		1.9710alicyclic compound;
nitrile;
quinodimethane
carbohydrazide
carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.		2.2110carbohydrazide;
one-carbon compound
pramoxine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ether
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.4820cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.5270hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
dicetylphosphate
dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.		1.9810dialkyl phosphate
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
[no description available]		1.9610
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma		3.5890
lastar a
lastar A: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
n-acetylhistidine
N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.		2.0410L-histidine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acetylhistidine		animal metabolite
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid
alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.		1.9610alanine derivative;
alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		human urinary metabolite
tutin
tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure		1.9610gamma-lactone
violapterin
2,4,7-trihydroxypteridine : A member of the class of pteridines that is pteridine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 7 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.8940heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
pteridines
propionohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		6.9610
4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide
4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide : An organic disulfide obtained by formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-thiopyridine.		2.0210organic disulfide;
pyridines
1-methoxyphenazine
1-methoxyphenazine: exogenous electron carrier for cytochemical staining of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
butyrylcholine chloride
[no description available]		2.1310
adipostatin a
adipostatin A: allergen from cashew nut shell oil; as adipostatin found as inhibitor of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptomyces; Also found in bees; do not confuse with cardol, RN 57486-25-6, MF unknown;. cardol : Resorcinol substituted at position 5 by a pentadecyl chain.		2.46205-alkylresorcinolEC 1.1.5.3 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1110
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.9340
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.4420
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.0640carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8630indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.03120aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
4-chlorosalicylic acid
[no description available]		2.0610
6-chloronicotinic acid
[no description available]		2.0610aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
1,3,7-trimethylurate
1,3,7-trimethylurate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid.. 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8, and the nitrogens at positions 1, 3, and 7 are substituted by methyl groups. It is a metabolite of caffeine.		210oxopurinehuman blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1-oxide
3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1-oxide: structure given in first source		1.9710
tricine
N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.		1.9910tricine
1-methylxanthine
1-methylxanthine: urinary metabolite of caffeine. 1-methylxanthine : A monomethylxanthine having the methyl group located at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of caffeine in humans.. 1-methyl-7H-xanthine : A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.		13.571611-methylxanthinemouse metabolite
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
chloropyramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
hydroxyguanidine
N-hydroxyguanidine : A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.9140guanidines;
one-carbon compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol
Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.		2.0510
6-aminoindazole
6-aminoindazole: depresses gastric acid secretion; structure given in first source		2.1310indazoles
2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid
2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid: reagent for modification of tryptophan residues in peptides & proteins		2.0210
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure		2.4320catechols;
primary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
procion yellow
[no description available]		1.9710
propagermanium
propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents		2.2110organogermanium compound
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
7-deoxyadriamycin aglycone
7-deoxyadriamycin aglycone: adriamycin metabolite; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		1.9910
adriamycinol
doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.		2.2110aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
aromatic ether;
deoxy hexoside;
p-quinones;
phenols;
polyol;
tetracenequinones		cardiotoxic agent;
drug metabolite
acetaminophen cysteine
acetaminophen cysteine: an acetaminophen metabolite		2.110S-conjugate
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.9740organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.1130macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
asperuloside
asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.		2.0710acetate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
gamma-lactone;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
monosaccharide derivative		metabolite
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.4320bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
cerium trihydroxide
cerium hydroxide: phosphate binder; RN given refers to Ce(OH)		1.9910
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cyclic condensation product of ribose and cysteine; structure given in first source; prodrug of L-cysteine; stimulates glutathione biosynthesis; has protective effect against radiation-induced injury and oxidative stress		2.3110
methanesulfinic acid
methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.		2.6730organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a
[no description available]		3.9620adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-aminoindazole
[no description available]		2.1310
5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil
5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil: metabolite of caffeine		2.4320aromatic amide
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.6930
hydroxymethylmethacrylate
[no description available]		2.0510
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.382003-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.0410
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.0310carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		9.131iditolfungal metabolite
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
dihydroxybenzaldehyde : Any member of the class of benzaldehydes in which the phenyl ring is substituted by two hydroxy groups.		2.4220dihydroxybenzaldehyde
moexipril
[no description available]		3.8430peptide
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.9840
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.03102-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840hydrochloride
ethylphenylpropiolate
ethylphenylpropiolate: structure		1.9810
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems		2.3920
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		4.8781amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
1,7-dimethyluric acid
1,7-dimethyluric acid: urinary metabolite of caffeine. 1,7-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.		2.4120oxopurinehuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-methylhippuric acid
2-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of o-xylene. o-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the ortho-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.		2.1310N-acylglycinemetabolite
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
cycloartenol
[no description available]		2.01103beta-sterol;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
phytosterols		plant metabolite
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.4720hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate
[no description available]		2.6730nucleoside diphosphate analogue
fluoromisonidazole
[no description available]		2.4120
monocerin
monocerin: structure in first source		2.0610hydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
2,8-dihydroxyadenine
2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.		11.422306-aminopurines;
diol;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
oxopurine		human urinary metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nephrotoxic agent
meclizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		3.2710aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.7630amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer
11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.		2.131011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
orotidine
orotidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orotidine : A nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.		6.17182nucleoside;
pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid;
uridines		bacterial metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.03103-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
malic acid, (r)-isomer
(R)-malic acid : An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1310malic acid
21-deoxycortisol
21-deoxycortisol: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure. 21-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is 17xi-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 11 and an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17. It is a marker of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
deoxycortisol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone 3-methyl ether
estrone 3-methyl ether: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.1310
e-250
[no description available]		2.1310
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.		2.1310rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0710alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		3.23601,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
nipecotic acid amide
nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.		2.1310piperidinecarboxamide
6-chloropurine riboside
[no description available]		2.0510
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.110
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate)
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.13101-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tachistin
tachistin: a synthetic analog of dihydrotachysterol		2.1310
sugiol
sugiol: diterpene with anti-inflammatory activity from Calocedrus formosana bark; structure in first source. sugiol : An abietane diterpenoid that is ferruginol in which the methylene group para to the phenolic hydroxy group has been substituted by an oxo group.		2.0510abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
cyclic terpene ketone;
meroterpenoid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
5,6-dihydrouridine
dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.		1.9610uridinesbiomarker
cortisol octanoate
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
pyrroline
pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.		2.4220pyrroline
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein
[no description available]		2.0610
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.4320D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
methyl 5-nitro-2-furoate
[no description available]		1.9610carboxylic ester
2-chloroadenine
6-amino-2-chloropurine: RN & structure given in first source		2.0210
2-phenylsuccinate
[no description available]		2.0110
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.0310
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
6'-o-methylguanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
8-aminoadenosine
[no description available]		2.0510
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
armepavine
[no description available]		2.1310
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure		1.9710
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.1103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.		1.9810
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.4620
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.0310
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.0610
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
arctiin
arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		2.1710glycoside;
lignan
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4720purine nucleoside
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
11-ketoetiocholanolone
11-ketoetiocholanolone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		1.96103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		1.9610corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.4520methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate
4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate: structure in first source		2.0510
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		4.79100cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.94130aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		1.9910polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mizoribine
[no description available]		3.1550imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		1.9610chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
ici 164384
ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.7130aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
eudragit rl
[no description available]		2.2110
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		1.9510calcium salt;
hydrate
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.1610
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.0710
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4520beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		1.9910
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.4720corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.4720amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		3.87120glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.7890primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		2.1310
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.0310
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		3.0850corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		3.470
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		2.2110
u 74389f
U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source		5.46151
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0710xanthene dyefluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		1.9810aromatic ketone
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.730diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
fructose 2,6-diphosphate
fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0210D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
artesunic acid
[no description available]		3.6411
dihydrorhodamine 123
dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes		3.5180
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.3620
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source		2.1310beta-carbolines
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		3.2360
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0110N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
22-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.0210cholanoid
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3820O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
cv 6209
CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.4120aminoquinoline
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		5.9571alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317
FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.6830aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310beta-carbolines
geniposide
[no description available]		2.7620terpene glycoside
n-hydroxymethyl-n-methylformamide
N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide: metabolite of dimethylformamide		1.9610tertiary carboxamide
marcellomycin
marcellomycin: pyrromycinone glycoside antibiotic isolated from bohemic acid complex; RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta))-isomer; structure in fourth source		1.9710
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.6290proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
dityrosine
dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.		2.6930biphenyls;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		biomarker
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.4420catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
gamma-fagarine
gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source		2.1310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.4720hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
u 74500a
U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A		3.2360
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.0310hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.0510hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
parinaric acid
parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.		210octadecatetraenoic acid
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
Zearalanone
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide;
resorcinols
cobaltiprotoporphyrin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX		1.9710
n-chlorotaurine
N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase		2.420
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol
S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.		2.420
sri 63-441
SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		2.6630
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
diazan
[no description available]		1.9510
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.0310germacranolide
rx 821002
2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.		1.9910benzodioxine;
cyclic ketal;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
schizandrin b
schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant		2.0310
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
kt 6149
KW 2149: derivative of mitomycin C; structure in first source		3.0910
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		6.773102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
aristolochic acid ii
aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.		1.9710aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil: metabolite of caffeine		4.3170formamidopyrimidinemouse metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.4880
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.4130benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3-oxoglycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid
anserine
Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.		2.7530beta-alanine derivative;
dipeptide;
zwitterion		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine
[no description available]		1.9610
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.0310guanidines;
pyrazines
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520catecholamine
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		2.5520flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
liquiritigenin
liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.		3.55204',7-dihydroxyflavanonehormone agonist;
plant metabolite
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		3.2360
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.0310abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
cinnabarinic acid
cinnabarinic acid: structure		1.9710phenoxazine
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
4,6-diamino-5-n-formamidopyrimidine
4,6-diamino-5-N-formamidopyrimidine: formed when adenine is exposed to ionizing radiation. 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation.		2.6830aminopyrimidine;
formamidopyrimidine
s-sulphocysteine
S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.		1.9710organic thiosulfate;
S-substituted L-cysteine		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
geraniin
Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source		1.9710
dynemicin a
[no description available]		1.9910
fe(ii)-edta
Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920iron coordination entity
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK		1.9910
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate: structure given in first source		2.6630
thiacloprid
thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.		2.0610monochloropyridine;
nitrile;
thiazolidines		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
4-bromo-a-23187
4-bromo-A-23187: ionophore with enhanced calcium ion transport specificity		210
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
butethamate citrate
[no description available]		2.1310
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
obacunone
obacunone: from bark of Chinese plant Phellodendron amurense; shortens sleeping time induced in mice by alpha-chloralose-urethane		2.110limonoid
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.		3.150acetate ester;
phenylpropanoid		antineoplastic agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ak 2123
AK 2123: a 3-nitrotriazole cpd		2.420
lithospermate b
lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure		2.0510
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
4-hydroxypyrazole
[no description available]		1.9710
dioscin
[no description available]		2.110hexacyclic triterpenoid;
spiroketal;
spirostanyl glycoside;
trisaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
astilbin
astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.78303'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
tetrahydroxyflavanone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol: structure in first source		2.1310piperidines
cucurbitacins
[no description available]		2.251011-oxo steroid
n-gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9810
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.0710
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.0310indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.3520fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
3-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-1-indoleoctanoic acid
[no description available]		3.7721
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.03102-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		210imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
histamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
tetranitrotetrazolium blue
[no description available]		2.3820
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.0310
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
(20s)-20-hydroxycholesterol
20-hydroxycholesterol: RN given refers to (20S)-isomer. 20-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.021020-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.3110
6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline)
6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure given in first source		3.0750
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine
S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0610
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
soyasaponin bb
soyasaponin Bb: has activity against polycystic kidney disease; isolated from soybean; structure in first source. soyasaponin I : A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage.		1.9810carbohydrate acid derivative;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
trisaccharide derivative;
triterpenoid saponin		sialyltransferase inhibitor
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510
flavin semiquinone
flavin semiquinone: chromophore found in methanol oxidase		2.8840
2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic acid
2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid: fluorogenic substrate for neuramidase		2.0210
magnesium pyrophosphate
magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)		1.9710
san 58035
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist		2.0310naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
chlorodimedone
[no description available]		2.3720
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.110aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent		2.0510
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
gu 7
GU 7: structure given in first source; isolated from Glycyrrhizae Radix		1.9710isoflavonoid;
organic hydroxy compound
quinapyramine
quinapyramine: RN given refers to hydride; structure		3.0610
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.4920carbene;
methanediyl
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione: structure given in first source		2.1310
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		7.86331nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		3.8430fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		3.3260methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.7530bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.4260aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.1310leucine derivative
bay n 7133
vibunazole: structure given in first source		1.9610
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group		2.730
bay x 1005
2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;		1.9810
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		210
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		7.6752dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
cyclic adp-ribose
Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.		2.4120cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleotide-sugar		metabolite;
ryanodine receptor agonist
tak 044
TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist		2.4120
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0310diarylmethane
dopamine 4-o-sulfate
dopamine 4-O-sulfate: possible precursor of free norepinephrin; see also record for dopamine 3-O-sulfate. dopamine 4-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a sulfo group.		210aryl sulfate;
phenols;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.0310dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
swertisin
swertisin: from Wilbrandia ebracteata; structure in first source. swertisin : A flavone C-glycoside that is 7-O-methylapigenin in which the hydrogen at position 6 has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.1510dihydroxyflavone;
flavone C-glycoside;
monomethoxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.930benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
ferric bleomycin
iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes		1.9710
3-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-n-oxyl
3-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-N-oxyl: a blood–brain barrier-permeative, redox-senstitive probe in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging		1.9610
3-deazaguanosine
3-deazaguanosine: structure		2.3720
n-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate
N-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate: metabolite of Aspergillus glaucus		2.0310amphetamines
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310morpholines
icrf 198
ICRF 198: hydrolysis product of dexrazoxane; ADR-925 is the (S)-enantiomer of ICRF-198; structure given in first source; ADR 925 is identical to N,N'-((1S)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-bis(N-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl))glycine		1.9810
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
l 012
L 012: used as a chemiluminescent probe for the assay of human fibroblast growth factor; structure given in first source		2.0410
methotrexate
[no description available]		13.5844dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sb 211475
SB 211475: a carvedilol metabolite; structure given in first source		1.9810
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.0310
ono 3307
ONO 3307: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		7.3820
mar 99
[no description available]		1.9910
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
3',6-dinitroflavone
[no description available]		3.1910
protosappanin a
[no description available]		2.0210catecholsmetabolite
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.0310quinolines
brl 42359
BRL 42359: metabolite of famciclovir; does not inhibit the 6beta-hydroxylation of testosterone in human liver microsomes; structure given in first source		2.6830
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		2.0510
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		4.17160
perfluoro-n-methyldecahydroisoquinoline
[no description available]		2.3920organofluorine compoundblood substitute
cyanidin
cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.		2.01105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
2-iminobiotin
2-iminobiotin: RN given refers to parent cpd(3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer		3.8330
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.42605-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.9740penicillanic acids
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9810
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		4.2750biphenyls
e 5880
E 5880: platelet activating factor antagonist; RN given refers to chloride; RN for parent cpd not avail 2/92; structure given in first source		2.420
3-pyridylalanine
[no description available]		6.9610
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.7120amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
mdl 73404
MDL 73404: structure given in first source; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger; analog of alpha-tocopherol		2.3920
4-(n,n-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: used for the determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate in serum; structure given in first source		210
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.0310phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		7.35232amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ferene-s
Ferene-S: used for serum iron determinations		1.9710
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0710
1,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxyglucopyranose
1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxyglucopyranose: structure given in first source		2.610
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.0310piperidines
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		22.74498821,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.45202-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
3-nitrobenzothiazolo(3,2-a)quinolinium
3-nitrobenzothiazolo(3,2-a)quinolinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.420
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
fc 80
perfluorobutyl tetrahydrofuran: was MH 1975-92 (see under FLUOROCARBONS 1978-90, see under FURANS 1975-77); FC-80 & PERFLUOROCHEMICAL FC-80 were see PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92; use FLUOROCARBONS to search PERFLUOROBUTYL TETRAHYDROFURAN 1978-92		2.6730alkyltetrahydrofuran;
organofluorine compound
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0410D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		5.0940beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
phytol
[no description available]		1.9710
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.3720amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.5820
cdri 81-470
[no description available]		1.9810
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		3.1450hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.9130secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.8730carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.7430
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.11309-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
molybdenum chloride
[no description available]		2.0710
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		4.140azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		4.7950amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.8630benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1350
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.4520
2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid
2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid: homocysteine metabolite; structure given in first source		1.9910
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		1.9810
3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide
[no description available]		1.9810
dichloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum complex
[no description available]		2.1310
copper bis(histidinate)
copper bis(histidinate): RN given refers to N,N(3),O(L)-isomer		1.9710
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione: structure given in first source		2.1310
5-hydroxypyrazinamide
5-hydroxypyrazinamide: metabolite of pyrazinamide		3.0750carboxamide;
pyrazines
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
damvar
damvar: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		6.5172aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin
ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source		3.1910
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.0840isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		1.9510diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		3.1450morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
bao gong teng a
bao gong teng A: tropane alkaloid from Erycibe obtusifolia Benth; causes strong myosis in rabbits; MF is C9-H15-O3-N; RN given refers to (exo,exo)-(-)-isomer		2.110
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		5.92190methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		5.0121(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		13.442633oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		2.1310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
nco 700
NCO 700: synthetic inhibitor of calcium-activated protease; structure given in first source		1.9710
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4720biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
antazoline phosphate
[no description available]		2.1310
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		2.3820camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cirsimarin
cirsimarin: a flavone glycoside from Microtea debilis; structure given in first source		1.9910flavonoids;
glycoside
ad 20
AD 20: designed to reduce toxicity or enhance activity of anticancer drugs		1.9710
atrasentan
Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.		2.4420pyrrolidines
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.0610imidazoquinoline
glutathione sulfonate
[no description available]		1.9610L-cysteine derivative;
S-substituted glutathione;
tripeptide
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.68100chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
timepidium bromide
timepidium bromide: structure		7.0110organic molecular entity
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		3.94130
n,n'-bis(2-pyridylmethylene)-1,4-butanediamine (n,n',n'',n''')-cu(ii)diperchlorate
[no description available]		1.9810
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination: protein-free, synthetic surfactant containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol & tyloxapol; used in treatment of respiratory distress syndrome		1.9810
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.74302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.3820carbodiimide
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
carbazic acid
[no description available]		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
methanearsonous acid
methanearsonous acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylarsonous acid : A one-carbon compound that is arsonous acid in which the hydrogen attached to arsenic is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0110arsonous acids;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
poison
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
n-hydroxyphentermine
N-hydroxyphentermine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
isovitexin
[no description available]		2.4420C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylthioguanosine
[no description available]		1.9610
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole
2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole: structure given in first source; cpd is also a free radical scavenger		1.9710organic molecular entity
bactenecin
bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils		2.7130
fk 3311
FK 3311: structure given in first source		2.0310
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
u 78518f
U 78518F: a member of the lazaroid family of 21-amino steroid derivatives; RN given is for HCl		1.9810
hydromethylthionine
hydromethylthionine: reduced form of methylene blue. leucomethylene blue : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine in which the ring hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by dimethylamino groups.		1.9710aromatic amine;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fluorochrome;
mouse metabolite;
rat metabolite
hamaudol
hamaudol: intermediate in the synthesis of furanochromones		2.0310chromenes
byssochlamic acid
byssochlamic acid: isolated from Byssochlamys nivea		2.2110organooxygen compound
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		4.0431
aristolochic acid c
aristolochic acid C: isolated from Aristolochia contorta. aristolochic acid C : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by an hydroxy group at position 6, and by a nitro group at position 10.		2.0110aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
4'-hydroxyflavanone
4'-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 4'-hydroxyflavanones : Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'.		1.99104'-hydroxyflavanones;
monohydroxyflavanone
pridinol mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		6.9972amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		1.9910
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.4320hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
boswellic acid
boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal		2.0210triterpenoid
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		3.3670dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.6320corticosteroid hormone
aminochrome 1
dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.		1.9910indoledione;
orthoquinones		neurotoxin
bathocuproine disulfonate
bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.		210arenesulfonic acid;
phenanthrolines		chelator
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.8830
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source		2.0210aromatic ketone
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii)
N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source		2.4120
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		4.82100biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		11.26403amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.0310
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.0310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		5.61230
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.4420
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4320piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
migalastat
migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis		2.2510piperidines
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0510imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.0310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.0310indoles;
maleimides
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		2.4110diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.620aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2510hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.0210divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.4520
dialuric acid
dialuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dialuric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which a hydrogen attached to a ring carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.3620barbiturates
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		4.0650azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		3.5680aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
allantoxanamide
[no description available]		7.6630aromatic amide;
heteroarene
kaikasaponin iii
kaikasaponin III: RN given for (3beta,22beta)-isomer; has antihepatotoxic activity; isolated from Abrus cantoniensis; structure in first source		2.0210
2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine
[no description available]		3.580
pongidae
[no description available]		2.0310
beta-citrylglutamic acid
beta-citrylglutamic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. beta-citrylglutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-glutamic acid in which the acyl group is specified as beta-citryl.		2.0510N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
iron chelator
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide
beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide: structure		3.0610organic molecular entity
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4420L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
isobavachin
isobavachin: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610flavanones
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
yemuoside ym(10)
yemuoside YM(10): from Stauntonia chinensis Decne; structure given in first source		2.1510
6-(n-(4-aminobutyl)-n-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione
6-(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione: forms a conjugate with progesterone; conjugate used for immunoassay of plasma progesterone		2.2110phthalazines
nantenine
nantenine: from Nandina domestica Thundberg; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		210oxoaporphine alkaloidmetabolite
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.67100iron coordination entity
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.0310thienopyridine
scorpions
[no description available]		2.0610dinotefuran;
oxolanes		neonicotinoid insectide
5-fluorotryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolinesmetabolite
piribedil mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cadmium metallothionein
cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism		1.9610
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.9740acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
serc
[no description available]		2.1310
purine n-oxide
purine N-oxide: RN given refers to the 3-oxide		2.3420
1-acetyl-3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-(1h)-pyrazole
[no description available]		2.0610
procyclidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.7430
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.9560furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.0610carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		4.0940benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.4620
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
(7R)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(14),15,17-trien-13-one
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide
succinobucol
succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct		2.1510benzoate ester;
phenols
lenalidomide
[no description available]		6.1931aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.753012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		440bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		3.7411011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
equilin
Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.		2.131017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid
adrenosterone
adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.		2.131011-oxo steroid;
17-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
marine metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		9.043932-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		2.0710arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
benzatropine methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.1310
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.		2.1310dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.813014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		2.432017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
medrysone
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
artisone acetate
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9740organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		1.9810monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		10.73659
chondocurine (1beta)-(+-)-isomer
curine: structure in first source		2.1310aromatic ether
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		4.1401-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.7430carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		4.255017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.4420pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
withaferin a
withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.311027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		2.0410
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		3.2660isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
4-methoxyxanthone
4-methoxyxanthone: a vasodilator; structure in first source		2.1310
5-formyluracil
5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides.		1.9610aldehyde;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mutagen
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.360acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
2-methyl-N-[4-(propan-2-ylamino)phenyl]-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.1310amine
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		2.3110
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
2,4-diaminopteridine
2,4-diaminopteridine: structure in first source		2.4110
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		5.43190
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		4.131bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
isochamaejasmin
isochamaejasmin: from S. chamaejasme L; structure in first source. isochamaejasmin : A biflavonoid that consists of two units of 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone joined together at position 3 and 3''.		3.1910biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.71302-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.961101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.0510
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.7330
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		3.3970
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		210catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.4820inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate: causes cyotoxicity		2.0810
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		3.711adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		10.89190
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		1.9410L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.420N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate
beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		1.9810D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.940peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		5.49210oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		3.81110D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		2.6930oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.44203,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
ribose 1-phosphate
ribose 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate : The 1-phospho derivative of alpha-D-ribose.		1.9610D-ribose 1-phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		21.581,69985raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.360(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.2750heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		2.38201,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		3.2460myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		1.9910dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		4.0615011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
allose
[no description available]		7.0210allopyranose;
D-allose		antioxidant
puromycin
[no description available]		3.75110puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.420taxifolinmetabolite
mandelic acid, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1310(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
mandelic acid
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.9140alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		4.3411tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		4.790coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.4720bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenosine
N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with two methyl groups attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0510hydrocarbyladenosine
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		4.19170guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose 1-phosphate
xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.		1.9610xylose phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.0310
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.9440dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.4720deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
eriodictyol
eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.4203'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.7230limoneneplant metabolite
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0410beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		4.1750monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		6.11230cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.5470alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		51201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		210cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.5270beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.2760cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.4620
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.87100L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.0710benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		4.0240acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		8.282702,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		3.4370
acebutolol hydrochloride
acebutolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of acebutolol, prepared using equimolar amounts of acebutolol and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4720hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		4.2550L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.9840aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.4320penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.2650acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		210homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		3.2560
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		3.5110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
picrotoxinin
[no description available]		1.9610epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		GABA antagonist;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
naringin
[no description available]		2.4320(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
swertiamarin
swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;		2.2110glycoside
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.3920isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.0710beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.5780
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		210aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.4320cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		4.85340tripeptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
geniposidic acid
[no description available]		2.4110terpene glycoside
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9710peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.4620hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.5720
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.9340arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.0310
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.5370tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		1.9910ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
difluprednate
difluprednate: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.1310butyrate ester;
corticosteroid hormone
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530anthracycline
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0410amino sugar
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4720alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flumethasone pivalate
flumethasone pivalate: structure		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
pivalate ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.4720methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9440cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6790amino cyclitol;
glycoside
formycin 5'-phosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0710cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.26160retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		10.31461icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0210farnesolplant metabolite
1-(5'-phospho-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)barbituric acid
6-oxouridine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the 6-oxo derivative of UMP.		1.9610pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		6.64250resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		7.91141retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		8.3870octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		5.94190macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		3.78100ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		1.9810D-galactopyranuronic acid
1,5-dihydro-fad
1,5-dihydro-FAD: chromophore component of E coli DNA photolyase		2.4220flavin adenine dinucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		3.4470dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.4160dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		5.13140benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.470icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		3.580butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		12.251722-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		2.0110peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.7630alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.85100
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.0310carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
lycopene
[no description available]		2.9440acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.5370epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		6.68161macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.6830formycinantineoplastic agent
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.7530
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0510aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.2960adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.4220prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.7190olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
y-700
[no description available]		4.140
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		1.9510zeatinplant metabolite
histidyl-proline diketopiperazine
cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide resulting from the formal condensation of both the amino and acid groups of L-histidine with the acid and amino groups of L-proline. It is a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).		2.1310dipeptide;
homodetic cyclic peptide;
imidazoles;
pyrrolopyrazine		anti-inflammatory agent;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
human blood serum metabolite
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.4620phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		2.6730aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		4.26502'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.4520
teniposide
[no description available]		4.5470aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		3.0840
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.5320cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.4520purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		3.1450cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		8.36321actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		6.181011,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		2.1310tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		11.37120carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		6.45240L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.6830pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0510amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		9.5470nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.7430kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		3.4111
euscaphic acid
euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.		2.0310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triol		plant metabolite
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		3.3510hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		12.52251flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
maltitol
maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.		2.1310alpha-D-glucoside;
glycosyl alditol		laxative;
metabolite;
sweetening agent
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		1.9510
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		11.56200one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		1.9610organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		3.3860organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.4620acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
tempace
tempace: structure in first source		1.9910aminoxyls;
piperidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide		radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl
Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.		2.3920aminoxyls;
piperidones		radical scavenger
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source		2.4220aminoxyls;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.4520organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.67302-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
isopropyl n-methylanthranilate
isopropyl N-methylanthranilate: from the essential oil of Choisya ternata Kunth; structure in first source		2.4110
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
desmethylclomipramine
desmethylclomipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710dibenzoazepine
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4620triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.7430
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
rhapontin
rhapontin: constituent of rhubarb rhizome		2.2110rhaponticinangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		8.01403-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
2-hydroxycinnamic acid
trans-2-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid.. 2-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring.		2.07102-coumaric acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
metabolite
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		3.43704-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		6.26450
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		3.96120chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		2.8930sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		6.6292isomethyleugenol
teucrol
teucrol: from Teucrium pilosum; structure in first source		2.1510
beta-ionone
beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410iononeantioxidant;
fragrance
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		210retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		6.71280stilbene
thermospine
thermospine: structure given in first source		2.1310
2'-hydroxychalcone
2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.		2.5420chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent
2,2'-dihydroxychalcone
2,2'-dihydroxychalcone: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.1510
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		3.1750chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		3.93130
propolin c
propolin C: a PAK1 inhibitor; from Taiwanese propolis; structure in first source. nymphaeol A : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' and a geranyl group at position 6. Isolated from Macaranga tanarius and propolis collected in Okinawa, it exhibits radical scavenging activity.		2.02104'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone		metabolite;
radical scavenger
xanthohumol
xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.		2.0510aromatic ether;
chalcones;
polyphenol		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor;
metabolite
dibenzylidene acetone
dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source		2.1310
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
2-methoxycinnamaldehyde
2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: inhibits growth & mycotoxin production in fungi; structure		2.0710cinnamaldehydes
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		9.25890flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.8330vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		10.57240diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.		1.981011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
3-substituted propionyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA;
palmitoyl bioconjugate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
etorphine
[no description available]		1.9610alcohol;
morphinane alkaloid		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
sedative
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0310benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.0310organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.0110tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-6-thiophen-2-yl-8-cyclohepta[c]furanone
[no description available]		2.1310cycloheptafuran
5-[(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3-furanyl)methoxy]-2-methyl-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid 2-methoxyethyl ester
[no description available]		2.13102-methoxyethyl ester;
benzofurans
5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-methyl-2-indolecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310indolyl carboxylic acid
haplamine
haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source		2.1310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.9540penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.0410amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.4420alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.4320indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.1110inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.73011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.9740oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.9740
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
fludarabine
[no description available]		5.661purine nucleoside
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.1310alkylbenzene
dithizone
Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.		2.3920
glycerylphosphorylcholine
choline alfoscerate : A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.. glycerophosphocholine : The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.		2.1310phosphocholines;
sn-glycerol 3-phosphates		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
parasympatholytic;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylscopolamine nitrate
[no description available]		2.1310
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		5.14140pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.4820
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.9640
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
4-methoxy-N1,N3-bis(3-pyridinyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.4720
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		2.1310azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.4720
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.0310diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4720
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.7530
1-[1-oxo-2-[(4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]ethyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.4920pyridines
2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310benzoxazine
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.4270
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.4620chlorprothixene
dienestrol
Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		2.1310
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.5370ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		16.432009aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.1310pyrimidone
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.0310
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4920catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.0310
2-mercaptonicotinic acid
2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source		2.0610
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		8.78110
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		3.4820thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
4-methoxy-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.4620sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		4.01130caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate
methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.		2.1510alkyl caffeate ester;
methyl ester
5-methyl-4-[(2-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid methyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
2-mercaptobenzimidazole
2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
2-(1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310phthalimides
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.03104-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.4720urocanic acidhuman metabolite
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
[no description available]		2.1310stilbenoid
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase
nucleoside phosphorylase: from Klebsiella sp.; acts on both purine & pyrimidine nucleosides & catalyzes the production of AraA from uridine arabinoside (AraU) & adenine		4.79100
6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0610
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.7330N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole
[no description available]		2.1310oxadiazole;
ring assembly
3-(3,5-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyranyl)propanoic acid
[no description available]		2.1310psoralens
1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidotriazine
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.420diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		4.4160N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		1.9810
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		1.9610epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		9.49220aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
9-hydroxy-4-[1-oxo-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one
[no description available]		2.1310pyridochromene
5-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid [3-(3-methylphenoxy)-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl] ester
[no description available]		2.1310chromones
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.3860diarylmethane
1-benzyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole
1-benzyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0810
6-thioxanthine
6-thioxanthine: gpt/6-TXenzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer		2.9640
nootkatone
nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).		2.0710carbobicyclic compound;
enone;
sesquiterpenoid		fragrance;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
2-thioxanthene
[no description available]		2.4420
2,6-dithiopurine
2,6-dithiopurine: inhibits the binding of a benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide to DNA in mouse epidermis		2.3820
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.9140nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
5-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-6-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1]benzopyran-1-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
4-methyl-3-(phenylmethyl)-7-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1-benzopyran-2-one
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-quinolinyl]-(4-morpholinyl)methanone
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutoxy)-3,4,7-trimethyl-1-benzopyran-2-one
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		5.091301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amide;
furans
urb 597
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1710biphenyls
2-(8-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-quinolinyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
N-[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-quinolin-3-yl)methyl]-N-propan-2-yl-2-furancarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.150diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		5.22150monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.6490capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		1.9610imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		6.0181acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
pyrimidine-2-thiol
pyrimidine-2-thiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrimidine-2-thiol : Pyrimidine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.		2.0510aryl thiol;
pyrimidines		allergen;
corrosion inhibitor
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0710
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9740isoquinolines
morpholine-2,5-dione
morpholine-2,5-dione: structure in first source		2.1110
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.03130cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
[no description available]		2.1310stilbenoid
1-cyclohexyl-3-(6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)urea
[no description available]		2.1310benzothiazoles
N-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methanamine
[no description available]		2.1310dimethoxybenzene
2-[[5-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethoxy]-4-oxo-2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310flavones;
tert-butyl ester
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		11.14822-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		4.23180barbituratesallergen;
reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		4.62270
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		2.1310imidazolidines
2-thiopyridine
2-thiopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine-2-thiol : Pyridine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.		2.0510aryl thiol;
pyridines		allergen;
fluorescence quencher
2-mercaptothiazoline
[no description available]		2.4110
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.7430hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7630
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		4.83340one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.0210
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		11.3582cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine
4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd		2.0510
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		6.51640organic molecular entity
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		3.5480thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		3.580aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.8430
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.0410
5-doxylstearate
[no description available]		1.9710aminoxyls
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		4.0140dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
p-aminosalicylic acid monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		10.6230cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520purine nucleoside
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
mecysteine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310alpha-amino acid ester
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.5470
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4220benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		2.9240benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.4420organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		2.1310
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.0310citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		11.91211stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
tocopherylquinone
tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R*,7R*,11R*))-isomer; structure		210
nadp
[no description available]		9.121120
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		5.57670
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.4160pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester
[no description available]		2.0810
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source		2.3920
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source		2.610
2-[3-(4-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]pyridine
[no description available]		2.0510triazoles
6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidines
nitrobenzanthrone
3-nitrobenzanthrone: mutagenic environmental contaminant; structure in first source		2.4120phenanthrenes
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
sirtinol
[no description available]		2.2510aldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
2-(2-furanyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
dihydrosamidine
[no description available]		2.1310
N-(2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline
[no description available]		2.1310methylbenzene
eskazine
[no description available]		2.4720
2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione
[no description available]		2.1310methylbenzene
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
2-[3-oxo-1-[[[oxo(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino]-sulfanylidenemethyl]-2-piperazinyl]acetic acid propan-2-yl ester
[no description available]		2.1310isopropyl ester;
piperazines
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.4820macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220artemisinin derivative
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.8530carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine
beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3620
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		2.0310dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.3920cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.9340barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.743017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		13.3122C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		2.0410thioureas
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.6780
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8830tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.0840aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.520aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.0310iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		4.2630alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.0310dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
6-thiouric acid
6-thiouric acid: structure		2.9340oxopurine
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.9140cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		2.7530nitrogen oxide
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.7730
cupric glycinate
cupric glycinate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
thiouridine
Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.		1.9510nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine		affinity label;
antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.93105-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		210salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.4520hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		2.0410amino alcohol
monooctanoin
monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.		2.13101-monoglyceride;
octanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		3.1550steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.4520
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.2850beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		12.19171cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
nitenpyram
nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.		2.0610chloropyridyl insecticide;
nitenpyram
thioinosinic acid
[no description available]		2.3820purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
thiopurine
6-thioguanylic acid
[no description available]		8.73172organic molecule
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.7130
methyl radical
[no description available]		210organic radical
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		3.1210
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
cystine
[no description available]		5.93140
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0310naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
ketazocine
ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer		1.9610
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		1.9810amino alcohol
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.9301,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ha 1100
HA 1100: intracellular calcium antagonist		2.1710
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
mitosene
mitosene: structure given in first source		1.9810
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases		2.0210
3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide
3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide: structure		1.9910
magnesium citrate, potassium citrate, pyridoxine hcl, sodium citrate drug combination
magnesium citrate, potassium citrate, pyridoxine HCl, sodium citrate drug combination: combination drug for dissolution of urinary calculi consists of Na,K & Mg citrates & pyridoxine HCl		1.9810
laromustine
laromustine: has antineoplastic activity		2.4420
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
ferrocenium
ferrocenium: structure given in first source		1.9910
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.0810
trimethoprim
[no description available]		2.1310
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.4120
silybin
[no description available]		2.7430
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
4-hydroxy-1-[1-oxo-2-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310peptide
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-ylmethyl)-2-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310dimethoxybenzene
3-acetyl-6-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.0310
poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate)
lyapolate: sulfonic acid polymers represent a new class of HIV inhibitors		2.0710
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.03101,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.4880
3-(phenylthio)-1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone
[no description available]		2.1310aryl sulfide
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.76110organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.0310
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		2.4220
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.0310
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.4320
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		1.9910aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.0310
flavan-3-ol
flavan-3-ol: structure in first source		2.110hydroxyflavonoid
6-bromo-3'-nitroflavone
6-bromo-3'-nitroflavone: a synthetic flavonoid with high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptors		3.1910
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.4420quinoxaline derivative
N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-9b-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoindole-1-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310imidazolidines
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
phenylhydrazines		reagent
Anthraniloyllycoctonine
[no description available]		2.1310diterpene alkaloid
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.4120quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		5.59140
ferrostatin-1
ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.		2.610ethyl ester;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.0310
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		2.3520
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.85120
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.0310indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
N-[4-[(cyclohexylamino)-oxomethyl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amide
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.2650triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.1110long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.610
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		1.9710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
1-[3-[[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310harmala alkaloid
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.0310dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.871002-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.7330
merbarone
merbarone: structure given in first source		3.5220
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.4720organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
2',3-dihydroxychalcone
2',3-dihydroxychalcone: structure in first source		2.1510
epinephrine
ircinal A: from an Indonesian Acanthostrongylophora sponge with activity against infectious, tropical parasitic, and Alzheimer's diseases; structure in first source		3.5110
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		3.0950ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.7130sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		8.957017-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		9.28383biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		5.97410prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		7.54272monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.13104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin
[no description available]		2.05104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin b1
prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).		2.1310prostaglandins Bhuman metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		2.0110fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		3.5720dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		6.31190trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		6.952303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.		2.05104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antioxidant;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		4.78120octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.82100D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quercitrin
[no description available]		1.9910alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
scopoletin
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		9.07471
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		4.03140carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.0710retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		7.69191dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		9.2941leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		4.5880epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
coniferaldehyde
coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0710cinnamaldehydes;
guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.4420hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.4120fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.5820beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
chrysoeriol
chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.		2.4820monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
quercetin 3-o-methyl ether
quercetin 3-O-methyl ether: from Rhamnus species; structure in first source. 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone : A tetrahydroxyflavone having the 4-hydroxy groups located at the 3'- 4'- 5- and 7-positions as well as a methoxy group at the 2-position.		2.4620monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
apigetrin
apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.4220beta-D-glucoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		1.9510acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
alprostadil
[no description available]		5.35180prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		5.4980hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		3.1950D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside
quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells		2.1510beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antipruritic drug;
bone density conservation agent;
geroprotector;
histamine antagonist;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.26160disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
3-methylkaempferol
3-methylkaempferol: structure in first source. 3-methoxyapigenin : A trihydroxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.1710monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		4.22507-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		2.0410dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		3.7721amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
prostaglandin g2
[no description available]		3.0610prostaglandins Ghuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		5.25121prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		3.0850linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		2.4320prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.5920harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		6.461317-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.5310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		3.360oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		5.0312011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		4.2550
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.7590dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		9.97110aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.9840maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.1650maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.7430fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		3.4720
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.8730carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.66802-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		5.2760hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
2-hexenal, z-isomer
2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.		2.01102-hexenalantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
butein
[no description available]		2.1310chalcones;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		3.1950carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.2110
okanin
okanin: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source. okanin : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4, 2', 3', and 4' respectively.		2.1310benzenetriol;
chalcones		plant metabolite
sulfuretin
sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl		1.99101-benzofurans
cucurbitacin d
cucurbitacin D: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin D : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23.		2.2510cucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.0310harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
esculetin
esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.		2.4220hydroxycoumarinantioxidant;
plant metabolite;
ultraviolet filter
esculin
[no description available]		2.0110beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxycoumarin		antioxidant;
metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
harpagoside
harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent		2.2510terpene glycoside
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
garcinol
garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi		2.4220
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.7730macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
axillarin
axillarin: isolated from Pulicaria crispa or Filifdium sibiricum; structure given in first source. axillarin : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 3,6-dimethyl ether derivative of quercetagetin.		210dimethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		5.3160trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		5.06707-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.4620dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		2.41203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		2.94407-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		3.1450C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.71307-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
norathyriol
norathyriol: from Gentinanaceae; has vasorelaxing action on rat thoracic aorta; structure given in first source. norathyriol : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.		2.8330polyphenol;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		2.25107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		4.72907-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.94407-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
orientin
orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.		2.1103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
C-glycosyl compound;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
rhamnetin
rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.		1.9810monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
robustaflavone
robustaflavone: bis-apigenin coupled at 6 and 3' positions; a potential non-nucleoside anti-hepatitis B agent;. robustaflavone : A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-6 of the chromene ring. Isolated from Thuja orientalis and Rhus succedanea it exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-hepatitis B activity.		2.0510biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		anti-HBV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
santin
santin: from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source. santin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		2.4520dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
scutellarein
scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.		3.1910tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
tricin
tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure		2.17103'-methoxyflavones;
dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.0710coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		3.29607-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		7.1110diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
5-o-caffeoylshikimic acid
5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid: from bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum; structure given in first source. 5-[(E)-caffeoyl]shikimic acid : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (E)-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of shikimic acid.		2.3110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
catechols;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.7430alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
echinacoside
echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity		1.9810oligosaccharide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		4.67270alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.7630rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.5220stilbenoid
shogaol
shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source		2.0710enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.1310catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		8.2850catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		3.1250flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.7530homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.75303-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4820quinolines
7-hydroxyflavone
7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.		1.9910hydroxyflavonoid
estriol 17-glucuronide
[no description available]		2.1310steroid saponin
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		9.3660ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
hr 780
HR 780: structure given in first source		2.0110phenylpyridine
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.0310catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0310organic molecular entity
veronicastroside
veronicastroside: a flavonoid; second source Yak. Zas. shows same melting point, absorption, Rf and color tests for lonicerin (luteolin-7-rhamnoglucoside from Lonicera) and veronicastroside (luteolin-7-neohesperidoside from Trachelospermum);. luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside : A disaccharide derivative that is luteolin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		1.9910disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
neohesperidoside;
trihydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
metabolite
quercetin-3-o-sophoroside
quercetin-3-O-sophoroside: structure given in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.1510sophoroside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
gefarnate
Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.		2.0210organic molecular entity
plaunotol
plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.		1.9910diterpenoid;
primary alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		2.730
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.4720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		4.4160amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.8430cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		3.0750stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		7.19182F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310maleate saltantidepressant
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		2.13104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
4-hydroxychalcone
4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.5420chalcones;
phenols		antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone
4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.		2.5420chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.1310menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		3.1250enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.7790retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		9.2150
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.7730organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.8430prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.5120organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		3.2460cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		4.0340N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		2.1110amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.8730cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.4520hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
hydrocortisone valerate
hydrocortisone valerate: used in treatment of atopic dermatitis; RN given refers to 11beta-isomer		2.1310cortisol ester;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
valerate ester
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer		1.9710hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.		1.9710HODE;
octadecadienoic acid		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.3820cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester
prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		2.1310prostanoid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		6.69211thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-heptenal
2-heptenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hept-2-enal : An enal consisting of hept-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-hept-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax.		2.0110enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite;
uremic toxin
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer
2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.		2.0110enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.151604-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.0310fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.0310endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.0310
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
codeine
[no description available]		5.07130morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		5.3160homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
perhexiline maleate
[no description available]		2.1310
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9840organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.0440hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.7530antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.4720
beta-nitrostyrene
beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		4.4260acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.743017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.5820piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
ethisterone
Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite;
progestin
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0710morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		4.0740morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
iodopyracet
Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.		1.9510
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.0840pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.460carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		3.4470morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.71150morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.0640organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		4.0840morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0410organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.460antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		5.4170cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.		2.04107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone
6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone: structure in first source. 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 6.		2.04107-hydroxyisoflavonesanti-inflammatory agent;
antimutagen;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist;
PPARgamma agonist
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.		2.13106alpha-hydroxy steroid
6-methylpurine
6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.		2.1310purinesEC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0310macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		4.1331dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
topiroxostat
FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor		12.01369
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		12.25181morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.0310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
2-methylthio-atp
2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source		2.0110
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.7930amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.4720monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		2.0510prostanoid
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		5.4841medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.5920organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		5.4110carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.0310
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.		2.0210prostaglandins Jelectrophilic reagent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
metabolite
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.4520cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.7430isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.02101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.38201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.5890cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.3960organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.4260phenylalanine derivative
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.4320imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.0310
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0310
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.3920
u-44619
thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.		2.1310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.5370acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.0310
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid		metabolite
biliverdine
[no description available]		3.0850
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		2.0710cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
cycloolivil
cycloolivil: a free radical scavenger with platelet aggregation inhibitory activity; isolated from the olive tree		2.0210lignan
ethyl caffeate
(E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
ethyl ester;
hydroxycinnamic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
glycitein
glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.		2.04107-hydroxyisoflavone;
methoxyisoflavone		fungal metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
(E)-3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenal
[no description available]		2.0710cinnamaldehydes
hypolaetin-8-glucoside
hypolaetin-8-glucoside: isolated from Sideritis mugronensis; structure given in first source		2.1510
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
andrographolide
[no description available]		2.0810carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isorhapontigenin
isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source		2.2110stilbenoid
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.		1.9910disaccharide derivative;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavone		metabolite;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510chalcones
luteolin 4'-o-glucoside
luteolin 4'-O-glucoside: from Kummerowia striata. luteolin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Olea europaea.		2.1710beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
ombuine
ombuine: from rhizome of Alpinia tonkinensis. ombuin : A dimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' are replaced by methoxy groups. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9910dimethoxyflavone;
flavonols;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
tiliroside
tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus		1.9910cinnamate ester;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
spiraeoside
spiraeoside: from flowers of Filipendula ulmaria (L.); structure given in first source. quercetin 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 4'.		2.3110beta-D-glucoside;
flavonols;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.9840
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.93110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		210
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.4720
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.0310
ag-490
[no description available]		2.0310catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.0310
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.0310
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.7430olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
2'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone
[no description available]		2.1310
nifuroxazide
nifuroxazide: structure		2.9740benzoic acids
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0410guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7430
4',5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone
viscosine: a GABA-A receptor agonist with anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activities; isolated from Dodonaea viscosa; structure in first source		2.1710
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		3.2560carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		2.3920
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.		2.0310hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
octadecadienoic acid
6,7-dihydroxyflavone
6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source		2.2110
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.0310benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.85100dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		210cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.9840ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		3.36701,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
rg 13022
RG 13022: structure given in first source		2.1310
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		3.96130
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		8.28113metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.6530alkali metal atom
8-hydroxyadenine
8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.34206-aminopurines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.0210alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
styrylquinoline
styrylquinoline: structure in first source		2.13102-styrylquinoline
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		3.5890alkali metal atom
furanoheliangolide
furanoheliangolide: structure in first source		2.1510
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		4.3460boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
6-chloropurine
[no description available]		2.0810purines
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		1.9510metal atom;
pnictogen
alternariol
alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.		2.920benzochromenone;
phenols		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.48240metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		1.9710boron group element atom
4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide
4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a reduction product of 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE. It binds with nucleic acids and inactivates both bacteria and bacteriophage.		210
2-amino-6-chloropurine
6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source. 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		3.12502-aminopurines;
organochlorine compound
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.7590cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		8.371436-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
alternariol monomethyl ether
djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.		2.610aromatic ether;
benzochromenone		antifungal agent;
fungal metabolite;
mycotoxin
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.6920boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.6580morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.7690cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.53120dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		4.0740benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		6.4471azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		5.61130dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		7430chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		2.17101-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		4.2750styrenes
kavain
[no description available]		2.1310racemateglycine receptor antagonist
2-Phenylethyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate
[no description available]		2.1510cinnamate ester
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.4520benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source		2.5420
flazin
flazin: structure given in first source		2.1310harmala alkaloidmetabolite
puerarin
[no description available]		3.2510C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
7-hydroxymethotrexate
[no description available]		210folic acids
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.5120maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		6.6151dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trimebutine maleate salt
[no description available]		2.1310trihydroxybenzoic acid
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9840
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.1310
3,7-dihydroxyflavone
3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source. 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.		2.0310hydroxyflavan
3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-yl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310isoflavones
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		3.67100
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
(2R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-oxolanyl]acetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310peptide
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.8730
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.11014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		4.54250deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		5.9581butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		11.97580cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		6.32300monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.8830boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.0610morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.5370dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		3.4270
n-hydroxy-n'-aminoguanidine
N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0210
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acid
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone
4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source		2.0410isoflavones
2,3-dehydrosilybin
dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source		2.0510flavonolignan
4,4'-dihydroxychalcone
4,4'-dihydroxychalcone: structure		2.1510
4'-chloroaurone
4'-chloroaurone: aurones from marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile; structure in first source		2.0810
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310sesquiterpenoid
artepillin c
artepillin C: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0210
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		4.7850amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.4603-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.76901,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.85100cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
monodehydroascorbate
semidehydroascorbic acid: structure		2.110organic radicalmouse metabolite
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
thiamethoxam
[no description available]		2.0610
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4720hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine
3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3'-dipentyloxacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3-pentyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-yl units at each end. A fluorescent compound that preferentially stains chronic myelogenic leukemia cells.		1.9910benzoxazolium ion;
cyanine dye		fluorochrome
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
guanylin
guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)		2.1310
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		9.9621monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
arachidonyl-coenzyme a
arachidonoyl-CoA : An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of arachidononic acid.		1.9810arachidonoyl bioconjugate;
unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.7630dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.3870dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4720hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
phentolamine
[no description available]		2.1310
famotidine
[no description available]		5.161401,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
fendiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.4720benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
nab-365
clenbuterol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of clenbuterol.		2.1310hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.0310
dithiazanine iodide
[no description available]		2.1310benzothiazoles;
organic iodide salt		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.		210Cy5 dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.940cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.25501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.7690beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
semapimod
semapimod: macrophage-deactivating agent used to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice; prevents postoperative ileus in mice independently of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve signaling		2.0510
urobilin
[no description available]		1.9410
2,4,2'-trihydroxychalcone
2,4,2'-trihydroxychalcone: structure in first source		2.1510
apaziquone
apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		3.4920indoles
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.0710ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
zearalenol
zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R*,7S*,11E))-isomer		2.610
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0310naphthalenes
bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate
bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate: structure		1.9810
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.0310
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		3.75110ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.0310
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer		1.9610
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		3.2460
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.4620biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.9340acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.4120azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		2.2110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		11.27280chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		210
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0110chalcogen;
metalloid atom
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0410
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		10.53652
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd		3.71100organic anion
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		3.86120
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.7430amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
fk 409
FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus		2.4120
sinequan
[no description available]		2.1310dibenzooxazepine
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.0310
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
buflomedil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ketone
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.71100maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		4.01140amidobenzoic acid
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		1.9610
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.0310
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.7330carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.		3.9840HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
myxothiazol
myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.		2.3920
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
1,1',3,3,3',3'-hexamethylindocarbocyanine iodide
1,1',3,3,3',3'-hexamethylindocarbocyanine: fluorescent probe		1.9710
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine
[no description available]		2.0510
op 2507
OP 2507: prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source		1.9810
u 75412e
U 75412E: a member of the lazaroid family of 21-amino steroid derivatives		1.9810
broussochalcone a
broussochalcone A: RN given for (E)-isomer; inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst; structure in first source		3.2510
2-furanacryloyl-leucyl-glycyl-prolyl-alanine
2-furanacryloyl-leucyl-glycyl-prolyl-alanine: substrate for collagenase & endopeptidase		1.9810
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor		1.97103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
linoleoyl-coenzyme a
linoleoyl-coenzyme A: RN from 9th CI Form Index & given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
hydroxysafflor yellow a
hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).		2.1310
4-oxo-2-nonenal
4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.		2.0510enal;
enone		human metabolite
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cdw17 antigen
[no description available]		1.9910
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.0310
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.4620macrolide antibioticprodrug
6-benzylthioinosine
6-benzylthioinosine: a subversive substrate of T gondii adenosine kinase; structure in first source		2.0510
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.9340
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.08101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
manzamine a
manzamine A: RN given refers to (1R-(1R*,9Z,13S*,13aR*,20aR*,21aR*)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92. manzamine A : An alkaloid of the class of beta-carbolines isolated from Haliclona and Acanthostrongylophora. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (EC 2.7.11.26).		3.5110alkaloid;
beta-carbolines;
isoquinolines		animal metabolite;
anti-HSV-1 agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.7330
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.0310benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4520carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.2450cephalosporinantibacterial drug
aurone
[no description available]		2.1510aurones;
cyclic ketone
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.2250ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.24170
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.5120
homochlorocyclizine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
butoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
scopolamine hydrobromide
scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous) : A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.		2.1310
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochlorideantidepressant
emetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4620
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.0310aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.0310
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		3.79110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.0310quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.9640
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.0310
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		6.1230imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.0310quinolines
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
lactacystin
[no description available]		210lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		7.35112nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.4720
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.4720
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		2.522011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.9740
androst-16-en-3-one
androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.		2.13103-oxo steroid;
androstanoid		mammalian metabolite;
pheromone
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
dihydroouabain
[no description available]		2.1310cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
LSM-6455
[no description available]		2.1310peptide ergot alkaloid
estradiol 17-acetate
[no description available]		2.1310steroid ester
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.6430isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone: structure in first source		2.1510
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.940cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
inositol 1,4,5-triphosphorothioate
inositol 1,4,5-triphosphorothioate: structure given in first source		1.9810
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.4160
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.7630roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.4220antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		2.6630
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.0310
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.5120purine nucleoside
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		340artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		2.6630
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
stepholidine
stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist		1.9810
ginsenoside rb2
[no description available]		1.971012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antiviral agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.8730macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		4.140diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
corosolic acid
[no description available]		2.0310triterpenoidmetabolite
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.7220beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.2660ammonium ion derivative
benzamidoxime
benzamidoxime: structure given in first source. benzamidoxime : A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.		1.9910amidoximebacterial metabolite;
genotoxin;
mammalian metabolite
(3aR,6aR)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[oxo(2-pyrazinyl)methyl]-3a,6a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-dione
[no description available]		2.1310pyrrolidines
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.7230penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		11.34381phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guaiane
guaiane: from Artemisia caruifolia; structure in first source		2.610sesquiterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
cholanic acid
cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains		2.3320cholanic acids
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.5920biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		3.580
guanoxabenz
[no description available]		3.0950
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.4620
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
tri-cyclen
[no description available]		3.4111
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
bms 181321
BMS 181321: structure given in first source		1.9810
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.0310
fosinopril
[no description available]		4.0640
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		210L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
s-allylcysteine
S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.		2.1710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.4110
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pratosartan
pratosartan: angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker		2.0410biphenylyltetrazoleantihypertensive agent
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		4.6440
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
euk-134
EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source		2.0510
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		4.2350oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic ether
11-keto-boswellic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		4.0931bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.11101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
4-anisyltetrazolium blue
tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.		1.9810organic chloride saltdye
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.8230organic molecular entity
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4720
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		13.792498aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.4520
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.2510aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310
cp 724714
2-methoxy-N-(3-(4-((3-methyl-4-((6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-6-quinazolinyl)-2-propenyl)acetamide: CP-724714 is the ((2E)-isomer, 1:1.5 succinate); structure in first source		2.1102-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.9210dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.0310
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.0310
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.4520
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		3.4470
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
mepitiostane
mepitiostane: orally active anti-estrogenic steroid; RN refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure		1.9810organic molecular entity
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.0710ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		2.1110diterpenoid
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
medrogestone
Medrogestone: 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.		1.9510corticosteroid hormone
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
aq4n
AQ4N: structure given in first source		3.1410
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		6.1522
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.0310
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.4520
n-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine
N-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener		2.0410
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
propyl caffeate
propyl caffeate: has antioxidant activity; structure in first source		2.1510
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		8.9821aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cystathionine
Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.		3.4920cysteine derivative
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		4.1140aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tribulus
Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.		2.1710
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		3.1210
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
n-caffeoyldopamine
N-caffeoyldopamine: structure in first source		2.1510
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		9.9421
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.7630methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		3.520hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.5220
homocarnosine
homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.		1.9710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
homocarnosine;
L-histidine derivative;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
trans-sodium crocetinate
trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma		1.9810
sotrastaurin
sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.		2.0710indoles;
maleimides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.0310
ko 143
[no description available]		2.0710beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
8-nitroxanthine
8-Nitroxanthine: structure in first source		2.0110
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.4620
ipragliflozin
[no description available]		3.2710glycoside
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.5380
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.7730organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		4.2650homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		6.03160D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		1.9810alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		3.0610polyoltoxin
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0210triterpenoid
lodoxamide tromethamine
lodoxamide tromethamine: an orphan drug; structure		2.6630
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.0310
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.4620morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.2510
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cardanol
cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation		2.0310phenols
aspalathin
aspalathin: structure in first source. aspalathin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is the 2-C-beta-D-glucopyranide of phloroglucinol and which is substituted at position 4 by a 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl group. A metabolite of red bush, Aspalathus linearis (and present in the herbal tea made from the leaves), aspalathin exhibits significant hypoglycemic activity.		2.0810C-glycosyl compound;
catechols;
dihydrochalcones;
polyketide;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		4.0840nystatins
pirarubicin
[no description available]		2.0210anthracycline
linoleic acid hydroperoxide
linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid		1.9710
mitoquinone
mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity		2.7830
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.0310hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.0310
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.0610
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
14-deoxyandrographolide
14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source		2.0810
vindesine
[no description available]		2.7330
inotilone
inotilone: structure in first source		2.0310
resatorvid
[no description available]		2.1710
serotobenine
serotobenine: isolated from Ouratea turnarea		3.5110
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		7.34200
hypoglycin a
hypoglycin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hypoglycin A : A diastereoisomeric mixture of (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)- hypoglycin A, found in the edible part of the fruit of the Ackee, Blighia sapida (where the 2S,4R diastereoisomer is more dominant (17% d.e.) than its 2S,4S counterpart) as well as in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus).		2.0510L-alpha-amino acid
imidazolone
imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source		1.9310organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc
Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.		2.4120amino tetrasaccharide;
glucosamine oligosaccharide		epitope
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		1.9810O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.452021-hydroxy steroid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.0310peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		4.62270benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
adtn
[no description available]		2.0310
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.0310
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.0310hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
du 24565
[no description available]		2.0310
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferryl iron
[no description available]		1.9910
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.		2.031011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.0750
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.36701,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.3760
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.3920
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
n-monoacetylcystine
N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning		1.9710
arhalofenate
arhalofenate: a PPAR-gamma modulator		7.8341
5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide
5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: structure in first source		210
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0310
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.0110
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
myricetin-3-o-galactoside
myricetin-3-O-galactoside: antioxidant and antigenotoxic from Myrtus communis; structure in first source		2.0410
rifamycins
[no description available]		6.9510
taurodehydrocholate
taurodehydrocholate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		5.49220
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
ataprost
[no description available]		2.3820
titanium citrate
[no description available]		2.0410
salvianolic acid c
salvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza		2.8630benzofurans
cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.		1.9610catecholamine;
zwitterion
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
murexide
Murexide: 5,5'-Nitrilodibarbituric acid ammonium derivative. Used as an indicator for complexometric titrations.		1.9610
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
win 62577
[no description available]		2.0310
hmr 1098
HMR 1098: KATP channel blocker; structure in first source		2.4220
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside
cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.		2.0110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		15.131860organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dianhydrogalactitol
Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.		1.9610
5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propoxy cyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide
5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propoxy cyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: structure in first source		2.0610
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.3160
morphine sulfate
[no description available]		210alkaloid sulfate salt
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		4.9350
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.940
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		3.85120oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		1.9810
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.4770polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		2.0210polypeptide
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
humanin
humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source		2.0210
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.4520
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		9.6790peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		1.9710
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
s6c sarafotoxin
sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor		2.0110
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		4.03140
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.0840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.1550
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
N-[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyrazolyl]methyl]-2-(2-pyridinyl)ethanamine
[no description available]		2.1310pyrazoles;
ring assembly
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.3820glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		8.16192glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.1110
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.0310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		6.11291
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.231801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		2.211021-hydroxy steroid
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		210organotin acaricide
nsc 23766
NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.		2.0710hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		4.4770
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.8940organic molecular entity
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.4520organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		6.68230
nicousamide
nicousamide: structure in first source		2.0410
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
ethyl glucuronide
ethyl glucuronide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (BETA-D)-isomer. ethyl glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the ethyl derivative of beta-D-glucuronic acid.		3.2310beta-D-glucosiduronic acidhuman urinary metabolite
cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate
cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate: structure given in first source, cyclic refers to arrangement of three phosphates		2.2110
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.8110
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
chitosan
[no description available]		3.2250
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		3.1150
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0840organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.940
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		5.031303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4920organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
penicillin g potassium
benzylpenicillin potassium : Organic potassium salt of benzylpenicillin.		2.1310organic potassium salt
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.3920inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		1.9710inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.4420bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.5120organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
cefoxitin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.7730organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9910
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		13.32143inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		2.0810
sarkosyl
sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure		1.9810
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate
tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure		1.9810
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.7730organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.4920organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.4320bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
estrone sulfate, potassium salt
[no description available]		2.1310
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.7730organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		2.0310monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.9240
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
naproxen sodium
naproxen sodium : An organic sodium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of naproxen(1-) anions and sodium anions.		2.1310organic sodium saltantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.7630organic sodium salt
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.0810
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.6730
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		2.6730organic molecular entity
bof 4272
[no description available]		5.86231
4-aminophenyldichloroarsine
[no description available]		1.9810
isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidoside
isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside: flavonoid from pollen typhae(Puhuang)		2.0510
beta-Elemonic acid
beta-elemonic acid: extracted from Boswellia carterii		2.0210triterpenoid
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		4.1631organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		1.9510
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.1110acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		10.09142
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.2510nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		2.8740
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910L-alpha-amino acid anion
s-ethylcysteine
S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0110S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion;
S-alkyl-L-cysteine		antitubercular agent
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.		2.412011,12-EEThuman xenobiotic metabolite
plx4032
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
cytochromes c1
Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)		1.9610
glycolipids
[no description available]		3.4370
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		7.14161
resolvin d1
resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).		2.1510hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		2.0210
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.9130
antibiotic cv-1
[no description available]		2.0210
dabrafenib
[no description available]		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
gnaphalin
gnaphalin: a lipophilic flavonol from Helichrysum sp.; structure in first source		2.4420
punicalagin
punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source		210tannin
formylchromone
formylchromone: structure in first source		2.0510
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		1.9510
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		2.0510
akb-9778
AKB-9778: an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase		3.3110
psychollatine
psychollatine: from Psychotria umbellata; structure in first source		2.0410
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer		4.6180
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		3.3510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
vu0409106
VU0409106: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.3110
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.0850
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		10.58139polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		6.18260
leukotoxin
leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate		2.0110
lesinurad
lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.		13.34405aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
triazoles		uricosuric drug
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		1.9710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		16.3419916ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		4.5170carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		6.56260
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		3.1450
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.7590
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.73150
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		7.12490monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		5.14150hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		10.34170benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.7530aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		3.2860C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.951101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.75100heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.3160benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		10.58542benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
dihydroxyfumarate
dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.		2.66302-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.0740
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		7.6930hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		4.1140sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
antimycin
[no description available]		2.6730
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		2.0410hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.9740
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
2-o-octadecylascorbic acid
2-O-octadecylascorbic acid: structure given in first source; free radical scavenger; RN given refers to (L-ascorbic)-isomer		1.9710
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.5202-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9740
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.9840
tigecycline
[no description available]		4.0840
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rutascorbin
[no description available]		1.9810
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside
ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid		2.730glycoside
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		2.9210
davallialactone
davallialactone: from Davallia mariesii; structure given in first source		2.610
copper tetrakis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid)
copper tetrakis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid): structure given in first source; not a copper salt		1.9810
betalains
Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.		2.0810
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		3.8110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		1.9410aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.84120
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		2.0310
myricetin-3-o-rhamnoside
myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside: antioxidant and antigenotoxic from Myrtus communis; structure in first source		2.0410
cep 33779
[no description available]		2.2110
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		3.2310
gkt137831
setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative		2.1510
pyrethrins
[no description available]		210
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source		2.0410
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.4320
cucurbitane
cucurbitane: structure in first source. cucurbitane : A triterpene that is an isomer of lanostane obtained by migration of the methyl group from 10 to the 9beta position.		2.2510triterpene
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.0510
cv 3611
[no description available]		1.9710
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		2.25102-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.3920
laponite
laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source		2.0510
glutaminase
[no description available]		4.8360
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.8430
alcohol oxidase
[no description available]		3.2710
sorbitan monolaurate
sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol		2.1510
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		5.6181
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid: isolated from pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan; structure in first source		2.0610
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		3.0950
ellagitannin
ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.		2.0710
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		2.8940
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.1710phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.0610imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
clothianidin
(E)-clothianidin : A clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.8640
carboxypeptidase b
Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.		2.0510
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.7330angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		4.4570
tetrahydroamentoflavone
tetrahydroamentoflavone: isolated from Semecarpus anacardium; structure in first source		2.0610
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		3.4711
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid: inhibits glyoxalase II; RN given refers to (?,Z)-isomer		1.9910hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
lithospermic acid
lithospermic acid: isolated from Lithospermum ruderale		2.0410
alpha-viniferin
alpha-viniferin: from Caragana chamlagu root; structure given in first source		2.610
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.6730
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties		2.6630
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		4.2960
humulin s
Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.		2.0710
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		3.4111
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		210
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		9.46483
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		5.5220
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.9740
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		1.9910
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.86120
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.6830
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactopyranosylglycerol
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactopyranosylglycerol: an antitumor promoter; a protolimonoid glucoside from the leaves of Trichilia prieuriana; structure in first source		2.0610
2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source		2.0410
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.9340
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.420
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.9140
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		5.88190
kutkin
kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa		1.9810
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.0310
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		1.9810
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.7590
aquayamycin
[no description available]		210
factor a
factor A: structure in first source		2.3320
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		11.192502-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		8.611855-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		4.893503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		3.5320sepiapterin
molybdenum cofactor
pyranopterin: structure in first source. pyranopterin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a pterin ring system having a pyran ring ortho-fused at any position.. molybdopterin : A molybdopterin that is the O-phospho derivative of [(5aR,8R,9aR)-2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-disulfanyl-3,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methanol.		2.0810molybdopterins
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		7.94262purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine
[no description available]		1.9810purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.520guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine pentaphosphate
Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.		2.1310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
guanosine bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.8940guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		5.48120guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		9.810112-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		4.26190guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate
Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.		210guanosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		16.0955713nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		5.77170inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		10692inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		6.081205,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		9.14491folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine
[no description available]		2.4202-amino-4-hydroxypteridine;
pterin
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.0810
viomycin
[no description available]		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		4.4870dihydroxypteridine
neopterin
[no description available]		3.3870
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.91230cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		7.12261benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.95110dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		10.39180purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		10.351702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.8530L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.4160piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.5370benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		3.62902-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		18.235740pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.9340triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.7430N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0840imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog		3.580
kf38789
KF38789: a non-carbohydrate low MW cpd that Inhibits P-selectin specific cell adhesion; structure in first source		2.1310
salinazid
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
8-azaxanthine
methanochondroitin: a heteropolysaccharide from cell wall which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin		2.0310triazolopyrimidines
2-aminopurine dioxolane
(4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source		1.9910
8-amino-9-(2-thienylmethyl)guanine
[no description available]		1.9710
inosine dialdehyde
inosine dialdehyde: do not confuse synonym ''diglycolaldehyde'' with synonym of same name for oxydiacetaldehyde (C4H603); RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer; structure		1.9910
noc 7
3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine: inhibits the secretion of adrenal catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation through activation of BK(Ca) channels		210
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		3.1150
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		8.66100nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		4.0940tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.2650formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
xanthopterin
[no description available]		5.14150
pterine-6-carboxylic acid
pterine-6-carboxylic acid: photodegradation product of folic acid		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.4520
allopurinol riboside
allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.		8.55364nucleoside analoguemetabolite
8-hydroxyguanosine
8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source		2.0510purine nucleoside
adenine-n-oxide
[no description available]		1.9310
7-deazainosine
[no description available]		2.0510
9-methylhypoxanthine
9-methylhypoxanthine: structure in first source. 9-methylhypoxanthine : A methylhypoxanthine that is hypoxanthine with the methyl group at position 9.		7.0310methylhypoxanthine
4-hydroxyquinazoline
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source		2.0510quinazolines
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
noc 18
NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source		2.0210
alanosine
[no description available]		2.9140
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.4120benzenetriol
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine: pteridine precursor in biosynthesis of dihydropteroate; structure. 6-formylpterin : Pterin carrying a formyl group at position 6.		3.7100aldehyde;
pterins		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
reactive oxygen species generator
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0840carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acts as iron chelating agent		1.9910
pralidoxime iodide
pralidoxime iodide : An organic iodide salt that has pralidoxime as the cation.		2.1310organic iodide salt;
pyridinium salt		cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
thiopurinol ribonucleoside
[no description available]		9.4570
8-azahypoxanthine
8-azahypoxanthine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure. 8-azahypoxanthine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 1,4-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2.420nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimalarial;
EC 2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
1-hydroxyphenazine
1-hydroxyphenazine: a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1-hydroxyphenazine : A phenazine carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position.		1.9810phenazines
bropirimine
[no description available]		2.110pyrimidines
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		3.150aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.9940citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.86100
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		1.9610tetrahydrofolic acid
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
tetrahydroneopterin
[no description available]		2.6830biopterins
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.0310organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.4203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.0310
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		3.8340oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		4140
2-azahypoxanthine
2-azahypoxanthine: metabolite of DTIC; structure		2.4320
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
[no description available]		2.0310
isaindigotone
isaindigotone: 3-arylidenepyrrolo(2,1-b)quinazoline-9-one from Isatis indigotica; structure in first source		210
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.0110nitroso compoundalkylating agent
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine
2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with unspecified F (fluorine) orientation		1.9810
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		7.55172guanosinesbiomarker
tisopurine
tisopurine: 4-thio analog of allopurinol; structure		5.83180pyrazolopyrimidine
arsenazo iii
Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.		1.9610
coelenterazine
coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.		2.9240
pralidoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic chloride salt;
pyridinium salt		cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
immucillin g
immucillin G: structure in first source		2.2110dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		3.4780formycin
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
ulodesine
ulodesine: a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor		3.7620
antipyrylazo iii
antipyrylazo III: a metallochromic indicator		1.9610
molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide
molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide: pterin of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas carboxydoflava; structure has been determined		2.6830molybdopterin dinucleotide;
molybdopterins;
thiol
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		3.83120
9-deazainosine
[no description available]		2.6630
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		4.0731
fr 167653
FR 167653: structure given in first source		2.7130
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
papa nonoate
[no description available]		2.4120alkylamine
phosphocreatinine
phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source		2.6930
luf 5834
2-amino-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source		2.4110
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene
N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene: major DNA adduct in female rats treated with 1-nitropyrene		2.3820
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
manganese gtp
manganese GTP: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		1.9910
8-aminoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate) 5'-ribofuranosyl ester
8-aminoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate) 5'-ribofuranosyl ester: a derivative of cADPR, a metabolite of NAD		210
urothion
urothion: RN from 9th CI, Chem Subs Index; structure given in first source		1.9610pterins
7-methylinosine
7-methylinosine : A positively charged methylinosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7 on the hypoxanthine ring.		2.0510inosines;
organic cation		metabolite
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		13.06500Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum
bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum: cofactor of dimethylsulfoxide reductase; isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus. bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum(4-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the four diphosphate OH groups of bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum.		210organophosphate oxoanion
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.7430
eye
[no description available]		3.4780
mitotempo
MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant		3.1610
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0310
picroside ii
picroside II: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6abeta))-isomer; structure in first source		2.2110
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.5790
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9910
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		8.68100
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		9.78275
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.6530
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4.3360
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.1431
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		4.04140
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		210
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.3970
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		010.51434
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		010.51434
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		017.7870414
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		017.7870414
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		013.64310
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		128.21,558208
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		013.64310
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		04.0831
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		04.0831
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		012.09543
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		012.09543
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.281064
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		114.281064
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.43756
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		014.291216
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		014.291216
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		015.91335
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		010.91335
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		04.580
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.580
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.28180
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.69100
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.28180
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.69100
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		127.07907151
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		011.51141
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		011.51141
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		02.0510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		015.442038
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		015.442038
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Anasarca
[description not available]		08.64601
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		08.64601
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.7130
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		014.674272
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		010.02389
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		010.02389
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.7161
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.7161
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.0360
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		126.4717328
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.0360
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.4380
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		04.4380
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		023.8516139
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		120.8516139
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.690
Itching
[description not available]		03.79110
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.690
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.79110
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		012.84350
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.84350
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		017.1422016
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		010.12565
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		112.12565
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		010.06334
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		112.06334
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		06.76330
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.76330
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		04.66100
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		012.23303
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		06.68170
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.74100
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		012.23303
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		06.68170
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		012.63285
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		012.63285
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		011.97294
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		013.825513
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		019.4822842
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		115.825513
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		121.4822842
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		113.97294
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		04.4341
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		04.4341
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		010.52204
Apoplexy
[description not available]		010.05206
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		03.1630
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).		02.4110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		03.1630
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		010.05206
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		07.33180
Aura
[description not available]		06.89142
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		07.33180
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		06.89142
Anoxemia
[description not available]		012.531502
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		012.531502
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		015.531457
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.48151
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		015.3914211
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		0164657
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		05.48151
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		015.3914211
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		03.5980
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		08.03220
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		09.3170
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		08.03220
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.091101
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		013.81457
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		013.81457
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		116.66017
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		112.53471
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.8110
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		010.5853
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		08.4188
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		08.4188
Prediabetes
[description not available]		05.4172
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.4172
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		09.51871
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		018.8818139
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		017.5811932
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		04.1631
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		018.8818139
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		122.3123864
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		04.1631
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.6120
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		04.8980
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		04.8980
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.6120
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.8240
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		15.8240
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.9140
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.9140
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		07.22231
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.3340
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.3340
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.6630
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		08.08254
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		110.08254
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.1550
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		07.34232
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.1550
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		07.34232
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.8830
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06160
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06160
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.8830
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		05.2570
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		05.2570
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		07.45252
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		19.45252
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		015.3889
Injuries, Mandibular
[description not available]		02.2110
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		04.1231
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		04.1231
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		06.08290
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		011.21421
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		011.21421
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.681368
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		08.56660
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		013.681368
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		08.56660
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		07.91171
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.91171
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.4720
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		09.07361
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		09.07361
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.0840
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		010.7841
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		010.7841
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.0831
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		013.699418
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		013.699418
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		04.0831
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		02.2510
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		02.2510
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		05.53120
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		05.53120
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.730
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.2660
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.2660
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		03.75100
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		014.241086
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		03.75100
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		014.241086
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		018.45905
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.9740
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.5160
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.6730
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.9740
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		04.0930
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		04.0930
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		011.39367
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		011.39367
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.930
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.930
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		07.8930
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		03.3960
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		09.24255
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		116.24255
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		06.671
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.781710
Diathesis
[description not available]		09.5390
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		06.51171
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		011.51171
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		013.222716
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		06.02140
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		013.222716
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.68100
HbS Disease
[description not available]		05.51110
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		05.51110
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.711
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.3110
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		010.29185
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		05.6180
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		013.2645
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		010.6180
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		115.2645
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		04.6661
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		04.6661
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		08.05201
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		08.05201
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.3110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		04.1860
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		16.1860
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		03.9120
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		04.91120
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		04.91120
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		03.711
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		03.711
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		014.96743
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		03.3420
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		06.39130
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		04.8780
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		014.96743
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		06.39130
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		04.8780
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.59191
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.59191
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		06.17121
Asystole
[description not available]		06.6491
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.1510
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		06.6491
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		03.8740
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		05.2941
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		05.2941
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		04.6360
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		07.85132
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		04.6360
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		03.1150
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.78426
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		09.15153
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.3360
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.4120
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		06.8893
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.7100
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.7100
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		06.8893
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		011.79246
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		020.668911
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		117.668911
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		011.79246
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		02.1510
Ciliophora Infections
Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.		02.1710
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.2250
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.1510
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.1510
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.9340
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		04.7671
Fetal Macrosomia
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.7830
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.7830
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		013.2314612
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		09.8881
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		09.28165
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.28165
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		010.71883
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		05.2190
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.2190
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		02.4620
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		018.0610010
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.1710
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.4980
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.5420
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		012.411332
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		022.5223112
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		010.46970
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		119.5223112
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		010.46970
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		09.8171
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		04.8171
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.2814123
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		013.16768
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		018.16768
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.1840
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.8940
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4620
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		03.4620
Berger Disease
[description not available]		05.7641
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		05.7641
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		03.1210
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.680
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.64300
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		05.64300
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.680
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.7930
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		05.170
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		05.170
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		05.26200
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		05.26200
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		04.6861
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		08.35192
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		08.35192
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		03.8321
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.2110
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		05.94160
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.2110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		07.7672
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		012.88252
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		07.88252
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.83120
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		08.7161
Ureterolithiasis
Formation of stones in the URETER.		0310
Marasmus
[description not available]		02.0810
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		02.0810
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		08.48742
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.2920
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.2920
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		03.4320
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.580
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		04.580
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.0810
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.36261
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.36261
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0810
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		08.11221
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		012.4487
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		017.4487
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		03.0110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.9850
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		09.22503
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		03.98140
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		09.22503
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.9740
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		06.42151
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.5180
Dermatoses
[description not available]		08.19370
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		06.42151
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		08.19370
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		010.21572
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		112.21572
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		014.662008
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.0810
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.0810
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.0810
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.5220
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.5220
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		08.33430
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		07.53292
Angina Pectoris, Stable
[description not available]		02.110
Angina, Stable
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.		14.110
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		06.255
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		06.255
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.4220
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		010.07105
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		010.07105
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.9940
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.3220
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.3520
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		011.55111
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.49122
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		012.51491
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		07.51491
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		05.9542
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		112.9542
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		05.69140
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		05.69140
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.5220
E coli Infections
[description not available]		03.87120
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		03.87120
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		05.05100
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.4370
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		03.4370
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		03.4620
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		04.19170
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		02.3820
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		04.19170
Ache
[description not available]		09.01215
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		09.01215
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.8681
Prodromal Characteristics
[description not available]		02.1110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		010.17513
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		010.17513
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		04.551
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		04.551
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.1950
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.110
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		010.7234
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		010.7234
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		02.5720
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.8840
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.7630
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.7630
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		09.44115
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		09.44115
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4220
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.6830
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.4220
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		05.98101
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		05.98101
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.6830
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.580
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.6830
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		08.580
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		012.67192
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		07.67192
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.8130
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.5990
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.8130
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.9340
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.9340
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		02.1110
Exfoliation Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		04.1331
Exfoliation Syndrome
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)		02.4820
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.9140
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.3870
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.7270
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.7270
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.9240
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.1110
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.9240
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.1110
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		03.4120
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		010.721
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		05.721
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		03.4120
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		02.1110
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.8240
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.8240
Granulomas
[description not available]		06.49250
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		06.49250
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.3970
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		07.67233
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		19.67233
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.0240
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.0240
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.1450
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.1450
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.1350
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9840
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.9840
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		03.0410
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.1250
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		03.0410
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		03.0410
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.8840
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.1310
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.1310
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.1310
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		09.370
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.520
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.520
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.63300
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		05.63300
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		013.411771
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		013.411771
Amentia
[description not available]		05.9681
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		05.9681
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		016.1318115
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		05.2841
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		05.2841
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		02.4420
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		04.9891
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		019.4563
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		014.4563
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		03.2560
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		08.0373
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		06.64191
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		06.64191
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.4420
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.0410
Infections, Picornaviridae
[description not available]		02.0410
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0410
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		02.0410
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.690
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.690
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.940
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.940
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		04.03150
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0410
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.6830
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		02.0410
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.6830
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.7530
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.7130
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		08.68100
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.68100
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		011.731321
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		012.931582
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		012.931582
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		07.64223
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.6130
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		03.1250
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		03.1250
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.4220
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.1150
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.3241
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.0510
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.4140
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.0510
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		011.9142
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		06.9142
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		016.56789
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		011.56789
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		03.1750
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.06321
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.0510
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.93130
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.93130
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		02.0510
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.8840
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		04.3241
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		04.3241
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.4420
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.4420
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		07.63191
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		114.63191
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		04.260
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		08.0850
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		08.0850
Lassitude
[description not available]		05.3272
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		05.3272
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		05.9291
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		05.9291
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		06.03200
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		06.03200
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		03.3820
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		03.3820
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		04.76310
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.0510
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		08.66135
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		06.76141
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		06.76141
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		012.79212
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		012.79212
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		010.63177
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		010.63177
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.4480
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.4480
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.9710
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.9710
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.9710
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.9710
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		04.68110
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.5880
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		07.14264
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		012.14264
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.7230
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		09.25165
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		09.25165
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0610
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.0610
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		03.1250
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		03.1250
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9140
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.0610
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		04.3570
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0710
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.0710
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.0710
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.0710
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		05.241
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		05.241
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.4320
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		08.93342
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		08.93342
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.0610
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.0610
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0810
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.520
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.0710
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		02.0610
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.0610
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.7430
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.7430
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		06.73320
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		06.73320
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		02.9240
ADDH
[description not available]		02.0710
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.0710
Grippe
[description not available]		02.3620
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.3620
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.7921
Psychoses
[description not available]		04.7421
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.7421
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		017.441008
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		012.441008
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		04.1560
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		03.6230
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.4220
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.470
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.470
Pre-Hypertension
[description not available]		07.7642
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.0810
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.0810
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0810
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.940
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.940
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.0810
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		04.9980
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		04.9980
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		03.98140
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		04.6661
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		04.6661
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.3582
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.0110
Bleeding
[description not available]		04.18170
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		04.18170
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		03.150
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		03.8110
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.4120
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.4120
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		06.3391
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		06.3391
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0110
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.7130
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.7130
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.5280
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.5280
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		03.9750
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		03.9750
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		04.341
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		02.4220
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		04.341
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		06.95121
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		06.95121
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.		0210
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.4980
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.4980
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		07.13340
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.320
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.320
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		03.6230
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		03.6230
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.6190
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.6930
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.6930
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.0110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		012.3610616
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.4120
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.4120
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.4120
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.6130
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		03.6130
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.0110
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		06.42161
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		06.42161
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		06.1462
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		05.14110
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		05.14110
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		03.65100
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.6730
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.3320
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		03.96140
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		02.3420
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		02.3420
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		02.6530
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.8840
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.8840
Erythremia
[description not available]		04.4790
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		04.4790
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.2260
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.1960
Icterus
[description not available]		03.0550
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.1960
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.0550
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		07.52292
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		08.93294
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		08.87214
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		04.2541
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.9790
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		07.52292
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		110.93294
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		110.87214
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		04.2541
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		04.9790
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.3200
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		05.78210
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		05.78210
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.2560
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.2560
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		03.5690
Acatalasemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.34300
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		07.34300
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		03.2620
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		05.45151
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		05.45151
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		07.74221
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		07.74221
Leanness
[description not available]		02.7230
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		03.690
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.4120
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		03.690
Autism
[description not available]		02.3720
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.3720
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.0210
Cavernitis, Fibrous
[description not available]		02.0210
Penile Induration
A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.		02.0210
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.4320
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		07.8974
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		07.6254
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		07.8974
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.0210
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.4120
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		02.4420
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.940
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		03.4880
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.4420
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.4120
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		02.4420
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.940
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		03.4880
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.4420
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.940
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.940
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.9240
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.2460
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		06.6261
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		06.6261
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		08.191
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		08.191
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.420
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.420
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		05.2262
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.0210
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.0210
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		06.21131
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		06.21131
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.3920
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		07.3820
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		04.2570
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		03.3520
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8921
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.96150
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		08.8921
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		03.4111
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		03.4111
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		07.22170
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		07.22170
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.0310
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		02.4720
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.4120
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.4120
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		03.2560
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		04.4951
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		04.4951
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		06.46320
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.6630
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.0310
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		07.37191
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		07.37191
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		03.75110
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		08.75110
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0310
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.0950
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		04.68110
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		04.68110
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.3220
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.8781
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.61102
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.8540
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.0850
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		02.7730
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		08.3670
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.9510
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.9440
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.9440
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.4320
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.4120
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.4320
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.0310
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.4620
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.4620
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.0310
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.0310
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
Functional obstruction of the COLON leading to MEGACOLON in the absence of obvious COLONIC DISEASES or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.		02.0410
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.7430
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.7430
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		04.4180
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		03.7820
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		03.7820
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		04.0350
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.0950
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.0410
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.0410
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		03.4120
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.0410
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		03.4120
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.420
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.420
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.0510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4220
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.4220
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4220
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.4220
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		02.4920
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		02.0410
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		03.260
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		04.4450
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		04.4450
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		03.73110
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		06.11310
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		06.25260
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		05.3220
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		03.73110
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		06.11310
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		04.2540
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		03.3470
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		04.2540
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		01.9610
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		01.9610
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.7470
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		04.7470
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.3770
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		08.3770
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		04.3980
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		04.3980
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		04.4350
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		06.55480
Black Fever
[description not available]		012.611414
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		012.611414
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.2920
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		07.3820
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.86120
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		04.6100
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		04.6100
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.6630
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.8810
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.8810
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		01.9610
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.1460
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.1460
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		05.98101
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		05.98101
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.		01.9610
Hyaline Membrane Disease
A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).		01.9610
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		04.4751
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		04.4751
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		02.940
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		02.940
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		03.2160
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		09.62401
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		09.62401
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		02.6730
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		02.6730
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2820
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.6830
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.6830
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		07.82249
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		07.82249
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		09.33452
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		09.33452
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		01.9510
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		05.47110
Lens Dislocation
[description not available]		01.9510
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3820
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.67100
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.1460
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		08.67100
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.1460
Bloom Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.		01.9810
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.4990
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		04.1660
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		04.7321
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia
[description not available]		04.7421
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		03.3711
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		04.9831
Leukomalacia, Periventricular
Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)		04.7421
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3711
Shock, Surgical
A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.		01.9810
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.8240
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		03.8240
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		01.9810
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		03.0850
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.6730
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		05.72112
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.78110
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.6730
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		05.72112
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		03.78110
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		03.2560
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.6830
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6830
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.7130
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		07.7130
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		07.34161
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		07.34161
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		01.9810
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		01.9810
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		07.9240
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		01.9810
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		09.69106
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		09.69106
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		08.23253
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		08.23253
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		02.420
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.5930
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		06.9810
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.6630
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		01.9810
Infections, Hepadnaviridae
[description not available]		01.9810
Hepadnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.		01.9810
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.68110
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.6930
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.6930
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		01.9810
Hydrothorax
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		02.4220
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.3920
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		01.9810
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		01.9810
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.4120
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3670
Rheumatism
[description not available]		07.18101
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		03.3670
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		07.18101
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		07.91156
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		07.91156
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		05.1962
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9810
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.420
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		05.1962
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		01.9810
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.910
ATLL
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		01.9810
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		01.9810
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.320
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		03.320
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.6230
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		04.7471
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.6730
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.420
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.420
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		01.9910
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		01.9910
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		07.7630
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.420
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		03.2820
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		01.9910
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		04.9590
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		04.9590
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		06.351
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		06.351
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		01.9910
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Angiitis
[description not available]		05.63130
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		07.83111
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		01.9910
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.63130
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		19.83111
MODS
[description not available]		04.14160
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		04.14160
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.9240
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.4651
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.4651
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		01.9910
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		01.9910
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9910
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		01.9910
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		01.9910
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		04.0631
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		04.0631
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental
[description not available]		01.9910
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		03.5930
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		03.0950
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		05.7883
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		010.7883
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		04.0630
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.6661
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.6661
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.940
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		04.1660
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		04.1660
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		04.2940
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		04.2940
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		01.9910
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		01.9910
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		03.150
Amnionitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		01.9910
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		01.9910
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9910
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9910
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.8781
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.8781
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.3920
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		03.9850
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		04.1360
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		01.9910
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		01.9910
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		01.9910
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		0210
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3620
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		0210
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		0210
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		05.62110
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		0210
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		0210
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		0210
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		0210
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		0210
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.6930
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.6930
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.3720
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		0210
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		0210
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		05.25121
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		0210
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.4120
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		0210
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.4120
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		03.5730
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		07.9440
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		02.9440
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		03.7821
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.7821
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		04.6261
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		0210
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		0210
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		0210
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		0210
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		0210
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		0210
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		0210
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		04.8742
Metastase
[description not available]		05.7112
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.7112
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.420
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.420
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.4320
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.3920
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.3920
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		07.6154
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		08.6964
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		08.6964
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		011.456313
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		0210
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		0210
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		0210
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		0210
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		07.53190
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		012.53190
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.420
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.0110
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.0110
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.420
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		02.6630
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.7130
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		02.6530
Varices
[description not available]		02.4220
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		02.6530
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.4220
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.8140
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		01.9510
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		06.77233
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		06.77233
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.6230
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.3620
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.3620
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		013.49303
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		013.49303
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.8540
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		010.480
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		01.9510
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.3520
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		03.3370
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		03.4580
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		01.9510
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9510
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		04.1360
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		04.1360
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6730
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		01.9510
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		01.9510
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		01.9510
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		01.9510
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		04.1460
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		05.1580
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		04.632
Infection
[description not available]		04.660
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		04.660
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6530
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		01.9810
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		01.9810
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.3820
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		03.3120
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		03.3120
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		01.9810
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		01.9810
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		03.840
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		03.840
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		01.9810
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.420
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		03.320
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		02.6730
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2260
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.86170
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		05.86170
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.4120
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		03.5830
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		03.5830
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.6730
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		03.2820
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.2820
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		01.9710
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		01.9710
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		01.9710
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		01.9710
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.67100
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9710
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.67100
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		01.9710
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9710
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.3720
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.3670
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		06.47171
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.3670
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		06.47171
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.9950
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.9950
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		04.1260
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		04.1260
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		01.9610
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Dipetalonema Infections
Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.		01.9710
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		01.9710
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.3620
Dupuytren's Contracture
[description not available]		02.3720
Dupuytren Contracture
A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.		02.3720
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.0550
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		01.9710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		05.0770
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		01.9610
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Porphyria
[description not available]		08.840
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		03.840
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		01.9710
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		01.9710
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.8810
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.8810
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		01.9610
Embolus
[description not available]		02.6730
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.6730
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		01.9610
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.370
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		01.9510
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.3420
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		01.9510
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.3920
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		07.3920
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.6430
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.6430
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9510
Pus
[description not available]		07.3720
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		04.7550
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		07.52121
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		05.89170
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		04.7550
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		012.52121
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.790
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		05.89170
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		01.9510
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		01.9510
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9510
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic
[description not available]		02.8610
Cacchi Ricci Disease
[description not available]		02.8610
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		05.13111
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		05.9352
Childhood Schizophrenia
[description not available]		03.3311
Echo Reaction
[description not available]		03.3311
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.8610
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.8610
Siderosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.		01.9410
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.0950
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		03.0950
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.8740
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		03.2720
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		01.9510
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.8740
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		03.2720
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		01.9510
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		01.9510
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		03.0950
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9510
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.3720
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.9650
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.9650
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		01.9410
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		01.9410
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		02.6430
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.3880
Palsy
[description not available]		01.9410
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		01.9410
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		17.04100
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		01.9410
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		01.9410
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.6430
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.6430
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.6730
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.3620
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		01.9410
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.3620
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9410
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9410
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		01.9410
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		05.29131
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		010.29131
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		05.29120
Bleb
[description not available]		02.5920
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.07291
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.07291
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.7830
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.7830
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		03.86110
Brain Dead
[description not available]		05.5250
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		011.02551
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.4110
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		02.4110
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		05.9180
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		09.58145
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		111.58145
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.6830
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		08.8640
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		03.8640
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.1250
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		05.15111
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		06.36260
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.15111
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		06.36260
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		08.14171
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		013.14171
Cold Injury
A physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. Examples of cold injury are FROSTBITE and CHILBLAINS.		02.920
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.4110
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		07.4110
Impotence
[description not available]		04.2560
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		04.2560
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.4420
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.4420
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		010.882712
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		010.882712
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.610
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.610
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.610
Debility
[description not available]		03.9911
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.4682
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		03.9821
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.5820
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.5820
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.520
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.2110
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		03.1210
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		03.1210
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.5320
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.6830
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.7930
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.5320
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.6830
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.6830
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		05.0250
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.7330
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.7330
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		07.4420
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.1560
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.1560
Feline Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary
[description not available]		02.5220
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		04.420
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.630
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		05.6970
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.2510
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		04.420
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		03.630
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.5220
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		06.94121
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		03.8140
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		03.8140
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Hives
[description not available]		04.6360
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		04.6360
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		03.1450
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.2510
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.4920
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.4920
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.2510
Episcleritis
[description not available]		02.2510
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.4120
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		02.2510
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.3641
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		03.84120
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		05.8181
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		03.84120
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia
[description not available]		02.2510
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		07.2510
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.7730
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.7730
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.6211
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		03.2310
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		03.2310
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.1150
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		04.3670
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.3920
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.1510
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.3920
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.6730
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		04.341
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.1710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.0631
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.0631
Nevus Flammeus
[description not available]		02.1510
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		02.1510
Port-Wine Stain
A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)		02.1510
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		04.9242
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		04.9242
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.1710
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.1710
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram
[description not available]		03.5611
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		04.8621
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		04.8621
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.4920
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.1710
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		07.4920
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.4520
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		03.0910
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.1710
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.1710
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		02.1710
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.1710
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		02.1710
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		02.1710
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.4620
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.4620
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.7830
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.420
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		02.420
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.2510
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.2510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		06.18230
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.6532
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		06.18230
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.6532
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.		02.5720
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		05.6732
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		05.6732
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.1710
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.7821
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.7821
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.1710
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		02.1710
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.84100
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.7940
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.2110
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.5520
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.2110
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.2510
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.2110
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		03.7430
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2110
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage
[description not available]		03.1210
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.2110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.2110
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.2110
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.2110
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		04.5111
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		04.5111
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.2110
Leukemoid Reaction
A peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0810
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		06.31141
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		06.31141
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		03.5930
Carditis
[description not available]		08.1450
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		08.1450
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.0810
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3520
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.3520
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.7430
Emesis
[description not available]		04.6261
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		04.6261
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		02.0810
Genetic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		0310
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		04.4851
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.4920
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		04.4851
Anastomotic Leak
Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.		02.0810
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4620
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.4620
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		09.62298
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		09.62298
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		04.2870
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.730
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		02.110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.7630
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.830
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.830
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		03.0110
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		03.0110
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		02.4220
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.110
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		03.320
Osteochondritis Dissecans
A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.		02.110
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		03.320
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.110
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		03.6590
Hydronephrosis, Infected
[description not available]		02.110
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.0110
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		02.110
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.110
17p11.2 Monosomy
[description not available]		02.1110
Smith-Magenis Syndrome
Complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (FACIES), developmental delay and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. The sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of MELATONIN. The syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2.		02.1110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.4270
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		03.4270
Aschoff Bodies
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		06.2881
Hematospermia
[description not available]		02.110
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		06.2881
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		02.110
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		02.110
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		07.830
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.830
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.470
Scarlet Fever
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.		02.110
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.3920
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.3920
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.1110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1110
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.511
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		03.511
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		04.2420
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.1110
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.1110
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.420
Leukostasis
Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.		02.1110
Ph 1 Chromosome
[description not available]		02.1110
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		07.4820
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.7330
Sycosis
[description not available]		03.6530
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.7130
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		03.6530
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.1310
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		03.5790
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.1310
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		02.1310
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		02.1310
Joint Deformities, Acquired
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.		02.1510
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		02.1310
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		03.6230
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.4420
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.4820
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.4320
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.1510
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.1510
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical
[description not available]		02.1310
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Avian Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		02.420
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.		02.1310
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.5111
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		08.5111
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.0410
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0410
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		02.6830
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.9610
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.9610
Joint Pain
[description not available]		04.2260
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		04.2260
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.6930
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.0510
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic
[description not available]		02.0510
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive
Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.		02.0510
Ochronosis
The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).		02.0510
Medial Calcific Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		04.3440
Hyperamylasemia
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.		08.4311
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		03.4311
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.0510
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.0510
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.9440
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		07.9440
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0510
Epulides
[description not available]		02.0510
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		02.0510
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.0510
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		02.0510
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.0510
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		02.0510
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.9610
Foot Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.		02.0510
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		02.3820
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4620
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.4620
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.0510
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.0510
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.0510
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		02.0510
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		02.0510
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		02.0510
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		02.0510
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		02.6930
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		02.6930
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0510
Infections, Respirovirus
[description not available]		02.0510
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.0510
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		03.3320
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.0610
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.3120
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		03.3120
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0610
Exanthema Subitum
An acute, short-lived, viral disease of infants and young children characterized by a high fever at onset that drops to normal after 3-4 days and the concomitant appearance of a macular or maculopapular rash that appears first on the trunk and then spreads to other areas. It is the sixth of the classical exanthematous diseases and is caused by HHV-6; (HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN). (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3720
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		04.4650
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.0610
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.420
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.0610
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.420
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		14.0610
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.0610
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.0610
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4720
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.3820
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.4720
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.0710
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.0750
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.4620
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		08.0750
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.4620
Buschke's Scleredema
[description not available]		02.0610
Scleredema Adultorum
A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		02.0710
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.4420
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.0710
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.0710
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.4420
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Aggressive Phase
[description not available]		02.4120
Xeroderma
[description not available]		02.6530
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		02.0710
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.4420
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		07.6530
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.4420
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		02.4620
Arthropathies
[description not available]		06.39161
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		06.39161
Digitate Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Parapsoriasis
The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).		02.4520
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.840
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.840
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.420
Pericarditis, Tuberculous
INFLAMMATION of the sac surrounding the heart (PERICARDIUM) due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS infection. Pericarditis can lead to swelling (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION), compression of the heart (CARDIAC TAMPONADE), and preventing normal beating of the heart.		02.0710
Leukemic Infiltration
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.		02.7430
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		02.4520
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0710
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.4420
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.0710
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder
[description not available]		02.0710
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.		02.0710
Adenomatous Polyps
Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4711
Breathlessness
[description not available]		07.5144
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		07.5144
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.0110
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.420
Calculosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.0110
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.0110
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.6730
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.6730
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.9310
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.9310
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0110
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0110
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9140
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		04.1660
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		05.6873
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		03.411
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		05.6873
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		02.4120
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.0110
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.0110
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		05.0760
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		05.0760
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.840
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.840
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Citrullinemia
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)		02.0110
Metabolic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Cold Sore
[description not available]		03.411
Herpes Labialis
Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		08.411
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		02.3520
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		02.3520
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		01.9810
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		01.9810
Poland Anomaly
[description not available]		02.0110
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		02.0210
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		04.84130
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.3920
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		02.0210
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.0210
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Parasitic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		03.2260
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.0210
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.0210
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.0210
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		02.9410
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		02.0210
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		02.0210
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.4120
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.4120
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.0210
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		02.0210
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		02.0210
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0210
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0210
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase
[description not available]		04.0631
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		02.0310
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		02.0310
Leukemia, Plasmacytic
[description not available]		02.6630
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.		02.6630
Cockayne Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.		02.0310
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.4111
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		03.3220
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		03.3220
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0310
Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic
A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).		02.0310
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.3820
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.3920
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.3820
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		02.4120
Thrombocythemia, Essential
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.		02.4120
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5930
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		02.3820
Xanthoma
[description not available]		03.2920
Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis with Tylosis
[description not available]		02.9510
Beryllium Disease
Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.		02.9610
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.		02.9610
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.0410
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.0410
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		02.0410
Histiocytosis
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.		02.0410
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.3520
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		03.260
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.3520
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.3520
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		01.9610
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.8810
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.840
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.840
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9610
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.6530
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
[description not available]		02.6530
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.6530
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.		02.6530
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Peliosis Hepatis
A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.		01.9610
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		01.9610
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.6530
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.6530
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		04.4551
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.6530
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.6530
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.7621
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.7621
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		01.9610
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.		05.9961
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		03.7521
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.3620
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		02.3620
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		01.9610
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.3620
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		01.9610
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9610
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.5630
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		01.9610
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		03.5630
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9610
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9610
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		02.3620
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.260
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		01.9610
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Granuloma Annulare
Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.		07.3920
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3711
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		08.3711
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.6530
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.6530
Air Embolism
[description not available]		01.9810
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		02.910
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.8940
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.8940
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.2260
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.2260
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9810
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9810
Blast Phase
[description not available]		02.6830
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		02.6830
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.5830
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.5830
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.3920
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.0850
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		01.9810
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		01.9810
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9810
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		01.9810
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9810
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		01.9810
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		01.9810
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		01.9810
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		01.9810
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		01.9810
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.420
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.3820
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		01.9810
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.420
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.3820
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		01.9810
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.8840
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.8840
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.3711
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.3820
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.3820
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.3820
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		03.3711
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		04.3322
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.3620
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.3620
Herpangina
Acute types of coxsackievirus infections or ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS that usually affect children during the summer and are characterized by vesiculoulcerative lesions on the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the THROAT; DYSPHAGIA; VOMITING, and FEVER.		06.9810
Amputation, Traumatic
Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.		04.341
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		01.9810
Forearm Injuries
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.		02.420
Crush Syndrome
Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.		01.9810
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		02.910
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.910
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		02.910
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.910
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal
A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)		03.3711
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		01.9910
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		01.9910
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		01.9910
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.910
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.910
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		01.9910
Adipocere
[description not available]		01.9910
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.6830
Hyperthyroxinemia
Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.		01.9910
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		06.9910
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		02.3720
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		01.9910
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		06.9910
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.3820
Pouch Ileitis
[description not available]		03.7921
Pouchitis
Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).		08.7921
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous
A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.		02.420
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Acrania
[description not available]		0210
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		0210
Bed Sores
[description not available]		0210
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		0710
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		0210
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		0210
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		03.7840
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		0210
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		0210
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		0210
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		0210
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		0210
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		0210
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		0710
Central Nervous System Lupus
[description not available]		0210
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		0210
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		0210
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		0210
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.7621
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		0210
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.7621
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0110
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0110
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		14.0110
Capillary Leak Syndrome
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.		02.0110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		03.3411
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		03.3411
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		02.8740
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.6530
Benign Hyperglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenstru00F6m
[description not available]		01.9510
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.8710
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9510
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		01.9510
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		01.9510
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		01.9510
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		01.9510
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		01.9510
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		01.9510
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9510
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9510
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9510
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9510
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9510
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		04.0230
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.8640
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9810
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Cholangioma
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		01.9710
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		01.9710
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		01.9710
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		01.9710
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		06.9710
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		01.9710
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		01.9710
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9710
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9710
Gastric Volvulus
[description not available]		01.9710
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3611
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3611
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		01.9710
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		01.9710
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		01.9710
Hypolipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.8810
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.8810
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		02.8810
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		01.9610
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		01.9710
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		01.9610
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		01.9610
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		01.9610
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		01.9610
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		01.9610
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.3720
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.3720
Shingles
[description not available]		02.8810
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.8810
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		01.9610
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		01.9610
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		01.9610
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.8610
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.8610
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		01.9510
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		01.9510
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		01.9510
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.3520
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.3520
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.8610
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		04.0230
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		02.3520
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9510
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9510
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.8640
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.8640
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		01.9510
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9510
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9510
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		010.52160
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		02.8610
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		02.8610
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.8610
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		01.9510
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		01.9510
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		01.9510
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		01.9510
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		01.9410
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		02.6430
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.3520
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		02.3520
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		01.9510
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8610
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.		02.8610
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		02.8610
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.8610
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.		01.9410
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		01.9410
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		01.9410
Chondritis, Costal
[description not available]		01.9410
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9410
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		01.9410
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		01.9410
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9410
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		01.9410
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		01.9410
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		01.9410
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		01.9410
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		01.9410
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		01.9410
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9410
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		01.9410
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9410
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		01.9410
Alcaptonuria
[description not available]		01.9410
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Alkaptonuria
An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.		01.9410
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		01.9410
Cramp
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		01.9410
Aprosodia
[description not available]		01.9410
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		01.9410
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		01.9410
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		01.9410