A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:O00206]
EC 3.2.2.6;
hToll
| Timeframe | Studies on this Protein(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (20.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2 (40.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 2 (40.00) | 2.80 |
| Drug | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Publication(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| carvedilol | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 32.2200 | 1 | 1 |
| methotrexate | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.0400 | 1 | 1 |
| parthenolide | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.4000 | 1 | 1 |
| resatorvid | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.6800 | 1 | 1 |
| crx-526 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0024 | 1 | 1 |
This protein enables 10 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| lipopolysaccharide binding | molecular function | Binding to a lipopolysaccharide. [PMID:11079463] |
| amyloid-beta binding | molecular function | Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein. [GOC:hjd] |
| lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity | molecular function | Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system. [PMID:14609719, PMID:15379975] |
| transmembrane signaling receptor activity | molecular function | Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor] |
| signaling receptor binding | molecular function | Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732] |
| protein binding | molecular function | Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators] |
| signaling receptor activity | molecular function | Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling] |
| identical protein binding | molecular function | Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl] |
| protein heterodimerization activity | molecular function | Binding to a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GOC:ai] |
| NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating | molecular function | Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose, in a two steps reaction: first an ADP-ribosyl cyclase reaction, followed by a cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase reaction. [GOC:dph, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:pde, PMID:11866528] |
This protein is located in 9 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| ruffle | cellular component | Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. [ISBN:0124325653] |
| phagocytic cup | cellular component | An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome. [PMID:10358769] |
| cytoplasm | cellular component | The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684] |
| early endosome | cellular component | A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797] |
| plasma membrane | cellular component | The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363] |
| external side of plasma membrane | cellular component | The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb] |
| cell surface | cellular component | The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm] |
| endosome membrane | cellular component | The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah] |
| perinuclear region of cytoplasm | cellular component | Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid] |
This protein is active in 2 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| plasma membrane | cellular component | The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363] |
| endosome membrane | cellular component | The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah] |
This protein is part of 2 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| receptor complex | cellular component | Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators] |
| lipopolysaccharide receptor complex | cellular component | A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens. [PMID:11706042, PMID:9665271] |
This protein is involved in 84 target(s):
| Target | Category | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| toll-like receptor signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447] |
| wound healing involved in inflammatory response | biological process | The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871] |
| B cell proliferation involved in immune response | biological process | The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response. [GOC:jal] |
| nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response | biological process | The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] |
| regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production | biological process | Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. [GOC:add] |
| MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway | biological process | A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447] |
| nitric oxide biosynthetic process | biological process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. [GOC:ai] |
| phagocytosis | biological process | A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. [ISBN:0198506732] |
| immune response | biological process | Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add] |
| I-kappaB phosphorylation | biological process | The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:21772278, PMID:7594468] |
| JNK cascade | biological process | A MAPK cascade containing at least the JNK (MAPK8) MAP kinase. It starts with the activation of JUN3K (a MAPK3K), which activates JNKK a MAP2K), which in turn activates JNK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The JNK cascade is activated by stress signals, as well as by G protein-coupled receptors, growth factors, and cytokines, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. [PMID:11790549, PMID:20811974, PMID:23125017] |
| gene expression | biological process | The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:25934543, PMID:31580950] |
| positive regulation of platelet activation | biological process | Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. [GOC:dph, GOC:sl, GOC:tb] |
| positive regulation of gene expression | biological process | Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018] |
| astrocyte development | biological process | The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef] |
| microglia differentiation | biological process | The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system. [GOC:ef] |
| positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration | biological process | Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle] |
| detection of fungus | biological process | The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb] |
| positive regulation of B cell proliferation | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah] |
| response to lipopolysaccharide | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464] |
| detection of lipopolysaccharide | biological process | The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, PMID:15998797] |
| negative regulation of type II interferon production | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, PMID:15546383] |
| negative regulation of interleukin-17 production | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, PMID:16482511] |
| negative regulation of interleukin-23 production | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production. [GOC:mah] |
| negative regulation of interleukin-6 production | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah] |
| negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120] |
| positive regulation of chemokine production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interferon-alpha production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. [GOC:mah, PMID:15546383] |
| positive regulation of interferon-beta production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah, PMID:15546383] |
| positive regulation of type II interferon production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, PMID:15546383] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-1 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-10 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-12 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-6 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of interleukin-8 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. [GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120] |
| positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. [GOC:mah] |
| toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678] |
| TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12855817] |
| cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus. [GOC:yaf] |
| T-helper 1 type immune response | biological process | An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] |
| macrophage activation | biological process | A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14506301] |
| defense response to bacterium | biological process | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl] |
| positive regulation of macrophage activation | biological process | Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl] |
| positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. [GOC:jl] |
| innate immune response | biological process | Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_sensu] |
| MHC class II biosynthetic process | biological process | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II. [GOC:go_curators] |
| positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II. [GOC:go_curators] |
| positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide. [GOC:go_curators] |
| negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. [GOC:go_curators] |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH] |
| positive regulation of JNK cascade | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf] |
| positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000192, GOC:ebc] |
| positive regulation of inflammatory response | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai] |
| defense response to Gram-negative bacterium | biological process | Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai] |
| positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030] |
| stress-activated MAPK cascade | biological process | A MAPK cascade that starts with the activation of a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade. [GOC:ai, PMID:15936270] |
| positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme. [GOC:ai] |
| intestinal epithelial structure maintenance | biological process | A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb] |
| positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production | biological process | Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb] |
| ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | biological process | A MAPK cascade containing at least the ERK1 or ERK2 MAP kinases. It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and of ERK1 or ERK2. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier. The ERK1/ERK2 cascade is activated by mitogens, growth factors, G protein-coupled receptors, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation and development. [PMID:20811974, PMID:23125017, PMID:28903453] |
| negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986] |
| positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah] |
| nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:add, PMID:17944960, PMID:18585455] |
| positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway. [GOC:add] |
| nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway | biological process | The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:add, PMID:17944960, PMID:18585455] |
| positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway. [GOC:add] |
| cellular response to lipopolysaccharide | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to lipoteichoic acid | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to mechanical stimulus | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. [GOC:mah] |
| cellular response to type II interferon | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. [GOC:mah] |
| negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis | biological process | Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis. [PMID:27876809] |
| cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus. [GOC:aruk, GOC:BHF, PMID:20037584, PMID:27607416] |
| positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. [GOC:TermGenie] |
| positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly. [GOC:TermGenie] |
| positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade. [GOC:TermGenie] |
| positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804] |
| positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19100238] |
| positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:8679543] |
| cellular response to amyloid-beta | biological process | Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23555824] |
| positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah] |
| positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway | biological process | Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis] |
| inflammatory response | biological process | The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. [GO_REF:0000022, ISBN:0198506732] |