Page last updated: 2024-12-04

acetaldehyde

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID177
CHEMBL ID170365
CHEBI ID15343
CHEBI ID16571
MeSH IDM0000111

Synonyms (111)

Synonym
BIDD:ER0621
acetaldehyd
aldeide acetica
acetaldeyde
nsc-7594
aldehyde acetique
octowy aldehyd
wln: vh1
nci-c56326
nsc7594
CHEBI:15343 ,
azetaldehyd
ch2cho
fema no. 2003
acetaldehyd [german]
rcra waste no. u001
aldehyde acetique [french]
aldeide acetica [italian]
einecs 200-836-8
nsc 7594
octowy aldehyd [polish]
ethaldehyde
inchi=1/c2h4o/c1-2-3/h2h,1h
un1089
rcra waste number u001
hsdb 230
acetyl group
ai3-31167
ccris 1396
acetic ethanol
ethylaldehyde
acetylaldehyde
acetaldehyde (natural)
NCGC00091753-01
ethanal
acetaldehyde
acetic aldehyde
aldehyde
ethyl aldehyde
C00084
75-07-0
ACETALD ,
acetaldehyde, >=99%, meets fcc analytical specification
acetaldehyde, natural, >=99%, fg
acetaldehyde, analytical standard
acetaldehyde, acs reagent, >=99.5%
BMSE000647
acetaldehydes
FT-0660962
CHEMBL170365
ethanone
AKOS000120180
A838317
dtxsid5039224 ,
dtxcid202
cas-75-07-0
tox21_202479
NCGC00260028-01
ec 200-836-8
go1n1zpr3b ,
acetaldehyde [un1089] [flammable liquid]
unii-go1n1zpr3b
FT-0621719
acetaldehyde [inci]
acetaldehyde [hpus]
acetaldehyde [mi]
acetaldehyde [hsdb]
vinyl alcohol (from alcoholysis or hydrolysis of vinyl acetate units)
acetaldehyde [who-dd]
acetaldehyde [fhfi]
acetaldehyde [fcc]
acetaldehyde [usp-rs]
acetaldehyde [iarc]
EPITOPE ID:145667
1632-98-0
STL264249
BRD-K77914232-001-01-3
gtpl6277
acetoaldehyde
acetaldhyde
mecho
ethan-1-one
ch3cho
acetic hydride
CHEBI:16571
un 1089
acetaldehyde, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
mfcd00006991
F2190-0651
acetaldehyde, >=90.0%, saj first grade
acetaldehyde, reagentplus(r), >=99.0% (gc)
acetaldehyde, reagentplus(r), 99%
acetaldehyde, puriss. p.a., anhydrous, >=99.5% (gc)
acetaldehido
acetaldehyde, >=99%, fcc
acetaldehyde, >=99%, fcc, stabilized
acetaldehyde, >=99%, fg
Q57695648
Q61457
STR01382
D78540
EN300-19152
acetaldehyde phenolic
pesticide code: 202300
acetaldehyde1501
flavor and extract manufacturers' association number 2003
acetaldehyde (iarc)
acetehyde
acetaldehyde (usp-rs)
8 - formaldehyde
acetic aldehyde; ethanal; ethyl aldehyde; nsc 7594

Research Excerpts

Overview

Acetaldehyde is a toxic material produced when alcohol is metabolized through some enzymes. It causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and tissue injury. It is a potential carcinogen for esophageal cancer. Some oral microorganisms produce acetaldehyde from e.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Acetaldehyde is a known carcinogen."( Can gene therapy be used to prevent cancer? Gene therapy for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency.
Crystal, RG; Montel, RA; Munoz-Zuluaga, C; Stiles, KM, 2022
)
1.44
"Acetaldehyde is a platform chemical with a production volume of more than 1 Mt/a, but is chiefly synthesized from petrochemical feedstocks. "( Yeast-based production and in situ purification of acetaldehyde.
Blank, LM; Brücker, D; Jupke, A; Mengers, HG; Westarp, WGV, 2022
)
2.42
"Acetaldehyde is a critical reactant on modifying the phenolic profile during red wine aging, suggesting that the acetaldehyde-mediated condensation can be responsible for the variation of antioxidant activity during the aging of this beverage. "( Impact of the Acetaldehyde-Mediated Condensation on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of
Cui, X; Dai, L; Han, G; Ma, Y; Sun, Y; Zhang, A; Zhong, K, 2022
)
2.52
"Acetaldehyde is a highly toxic primary metabolite of ethanol, and converts to nontoxic acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). "( Aged Garlic Extract Prevents Alcohol-Induced Cytotoxicity through Induction of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 in the Liver of Mice.
Ashida, H; Inoue, M; Kitakaze, T, 2023
)
2.35
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic material produced when alcohol is metabolized through some enzymes, and it causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and tissue injury."( Hepatic progesterone receptor membrane component 1 attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury by reducing acetaldehyde production and oxidative stress.
Baek, IJ; Hong, EJ; Jo, SL; Ko, JW; Kwun, HJ; Shin, HJ, 2023
)
1.85
"Acetaldehyde, which is an intermediate product of alcohol metabolism, is known to induce symptoms, including alcohol flushing, vomiting, and headaches in humans. "( Biosensor development for low-level acetaldehyde gas detection using mesoporous carbon electrode printed on a porous polyimide film.
Itagaki, M; Loew, N; Mikawa, T; Motosuke, M; Oshimoto, T; Shitanda, I; Watanabe, H, 2023
)
2.63
"Acetaldehyde is a potential carcinogen for esophageal cancer, and some oral microorganisms produce acetaldehyde from ethanol or glucose. "( Professional Oral Care Reduces Carcinogenic Acetaldehyde Levels in Mouth Air of Perioperative Esophageal Cancer Patients: A Prospective Comparative Study.
Akazawa, K; Kamei, T; Koseki, T; Takahashi, N; Tanda, N; Washio, J, 2019
)
2.22
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of alcohol which can bind to proteins, DNA and several other cellular macromolecules. "( Acetaldehyde-induced oxidative modifications and morphological changes in isolated human erythrocytes: an in vitro study.
Ali, A; Mahmood, R; Patel, A; Waris, S, 2020
)
3.44
"Acetaldehyde is a highly reactive, DNA-damaging metabolite that is produced upon alcohol consumption"( Alcohol-derived DNA crosslinks are repaired by two distinct mechanisms.
Bolner, A; Chin, JW; Hodskinson, MR; Kamimae-Lanning, AN; Kind, J; Knipscheer, P; Mahesh, M; Patel, KJ; Petek, M; Rooijers, K; Sato, K; Silhan, J; Williams, DM; Witte, M, 2020
)
2
"Acetaldehyde is a reactive aldehyde produced as an intermediate of alcohol metabolism and tobacco pyrolysis. "( Acetaldehyde-induced structural and conformational alterations in human immunoglobulin G: A physicochemical and multi-spectroscopic study.
Ali, A; Habib, S; Khan, RH; Mahmood, R; Tantry, IQ; Waris, S, 2018
)
3.37
"Acetaldehyde is an important flavor component in beer which is possibly carcinogenic to humans. "( Simultaneous determination of diethylacetal and acetaldehyde during beer fermentation and storage process.
Li, Q; Liu, C; Niu, C; Zhao, Y; Zheng, F, 2018
)
2.18
"Acetaldehyde seems to be a precursor of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol, since the levels of this aldehyde decreased along winemaking and the formation of the ester and alcohol was verified."( Carbonyl compounds in different stages of vinification and exposure risk assessment through Merlot wine consumption.
Ferreira, DC; Manfroi, V; Nicolli, KP; Souza-Silva, ÉA; Welke, JE; Zini, CA, 2018
)
1.2
"Acetaldehyde is a major wine oxidation product. "( Acetaldehyde reactions during wine bottle storage.
Han, G; Waterhouse, AL; Webb, MR, 2019
)
3.4
"Acetaldehyde is a metabolite of ethanol, an important constituent of tobacco pyrolysis and the aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation. "( Molecular docking explores heightened immunogenicity and structural dynamics of acetaldehyde human immunoglobulin G adduct.
Ali, A; Habib, S; Kausar, T; Khan, S; Naeem, SM; Siddiqui, SA; Waris, S, 2019
)
2.18
"Acetaldehyde is a carcinogenic product of alcohol fermentation and metabolism in microbes associated with cancers of the upper digestive tract. "( Fermentative 2-carbon metabolism produces carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde in Candida albicans.
Bowyer, P; Kaihovaara, P; Marttila, E; Rautemaa, R; Richardson, M; Salaspuro, M; Sanglard, D; Uittamo, J, 2013
)
2.07
"Acetaldehyde, known to be a carcinogen, is the first metabolite of ethanol and it can be produced in the oral cavity after consumption or exposure to ethanol."( Determination of acetaldehyde in saliva by gas-diffusion flow injection analysis.
Kolev, SD; Mazurek, W; McCullough, MJ; Mornane, PJ; Ramdzan, AN, 2013
)
1.45
"Acetaldehyde is a naturally-occurring carcinogenic compound, present in different food items, especially in alcoholic beverages. "( Risk assessment for the Italian population of acetaldehyde in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
Bianchi, G; Davoli, E; Fanelli, R; Fattore, E; Negri, E; Paiano, V, 2014
)
2.1
"Acetaldehyde acts as a bridging compound to form modified tannins and polymeric pigments that are less likely to form tannin-protein complexes than unmodified tannins."( Exogenous acetaldehyde as a tool for modulating wine color and astringency during fermentation.
Elias, RJ; Sheridan, MK, 2015
)
1.54
"Acetaldehyde is an ethanol-derived definite carcinogen that causes oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). "( Protective role of ALDH2 against acetaldehyde-derived DNA damage in oesophageal squamous epithelium.
Amanuma, Y; Chiba, T; Itatani, Y; Kawamoto, T; Kikuchi, O; Matsuda, S; Matsuda, T; Miyamoto, S; Muto, M; Nakagawa, H; Nakai, Y; Ohashi, S; Oyama, T; Tsurumaki, M; Whelan, KA, 2015
)
2.14
"Acetaldehyde is a detrimental substance produced in alcoholic liquor aging. "( The hydrogen-storing microporous silica 'Microcluster' reduces acetaldehyde contained in a distilled spirit.
Kato, S; Miwa, N, 2016
)
2.12
"Acetaldehyde is a volatile compound naturally found in alcoholic beverages, and it is regarded as possibly being carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B). "( The role of acetaldehyde outside ethanol metabolism in the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages: evidence from a large chemical survey.
Lachenmeier, DW; Sohnius, EM, 2008
)
2.17
"Acetaldehyde is a biologically active compound that may contribute to behavioral and rewarding effects of ethanol."( Role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced elevation of the neuroactive steroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in rats.
Boyd, KN; Morrow, AL; O'Buckley, TK, 2008
)
1.5
"Acetaldehyde is an important substance for tumor regression."( Hesperidin inhibited acetaldehyde-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Hung, CM; Kao, ST; Lee, KH; Liu, CJ; Yeh, CC; Yeh, MH, 2009
)
1.39
"Acetaldehyde is an ubiquitous genotoxic compound that has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. "( Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of cannabis cigarette smoke by the determination of acetaldehyde derived N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts.
Farmer, PB; Juren, T; Kaur, B; Sandhu, J; Segerbäck, D; Singh, R; Steward, WP, 2009
)
2.02
"Acetaldehyde is a much more potent toxin than ethanol, and at least a part of ethanol toxicity is due to ethanol's first metabolite acetaldehyde."( Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture.
Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L, 2009
)
1.37
"Acetaldehyde is an intermediate of ethanol oxidation. "( Characteristics of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout mice.
Isse, T; Kawamoto, T; Kitakawa, K; Ogawa, M; Oyama, T; Pham, TT; Yu, HS, 2009
)
1.8
"Acetaldehyde is a genotoxic compound that reacts with DNA to form primarily a Schiff base N(2)-ethylidene-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-ethylidene-dG) adduct, which may be converted by reducing agents to N(2)-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-ethyl-dG) in vivo, and strongly blocked translesion DNA synthesis."( Formation of acetaldehyde-derived DNA adducts due to alcohol exposure.
Isse, T; Kawamoto, T; Kitagawa, K; Oyama, T; Pham, TT; Tanaka, M; Yu, HS, 2010
)
1.45
"Acetaldehyde is a more potent toxin than ethanol, and ethanol's toxicity in the brain is at least partially due to its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde."( Ethanol and acetaldehyde disturb TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in cultured astrocytes.
Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L; Wraber, B, 2011
)
1.47
"Acetaldehyde is a highly toxic and mutagenic product of alcohol fermentation and metabolism which has been classified as a Class I carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation (WHO). "( Xylitol inhibits carcinogenic acetaldehyde production by Candida species.
Bowyer, P; Kaihovaara, P; Nieminen, MT; Rautemaa, R; Salaspuro, M; Uittamo, J, 2011
)
2.1
"Acetaldehyde is an environmentally widespread genotoxic aldehyde present in tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust and several food products. "( [13C2]-Acetaldehyde promotes unequivocal formation of 1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine in human cells.
Angeli, JP; de Oliveira, TF; Di Mascio, P; Freitas, FP; Garcia, CC; Gomes, OF; Loureiro, AP; Medeiros, MH, 2011
)
2.27
"Acetaldehyde is a known mutagen and carcinogen. "( Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Issatchenkia terricola strain XJ-2.
Bie, X; Lu, F; Lu, Z; Yao, Z; Zhang, C, 2012
)
2.07
"Acetaldehyde is a known mutagenic substance and has been classified as a group-one carcinogen by the WHO. "( Permeability and toxicity characteristics of L-cysteine and 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in Caco-2 cells.
Harju, K; Kartal-Hodzic, A; Marvola, T; Peltoniemi, M; Schmitt, M; Sivén, M,
)
1.57
"Acetaldehyde is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and a volatile organic compound (VOC). "( Acetaldehyde at a low concentration synergistically exacerbates allergic airway inflammation as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and as a volatile organic compound.
Fukahori, S; Fukushima, C; Kawano, T; Kohno, S; Matsuse, H; Nishino, T; Tsuchida, T, 2012
)
3.26
"Acetaldehyde is a strongly electrophilic compound that is endogenously produced as a first intermediate in oxidative ethanol metabolism. "( Occurrence of 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, a condensation product of cysteine and acetaldehyde, in human blood as a consequence of ethanol consumption.
Bicker, W; Keller, T; Lamprecht, G; Lindner, W; Reischl, RJ, 2012
)
2.04
"Acetaldehyde is a local carcinogen in the digestive tract in humans. "( Ethanol-derived microbial production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde in achlorhydric atrophic gastritis.
Färkkilä, M; Jousimies-Somer, H; Mentula, S; Nuutinen, H; Salaspuro, M; Salmela, KS; Väkeväinen, S, 2002
)
2.01
"Acetaldehyde (AcH) is a toxic metabolite of ethanol (EtOH). "( Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics of acetaldehyde during ethanol oxidation.
Aki, T; Fujimiya, T; Ohbora, Y; Shinagawa, H; Yamaoka, K, 2002
)
2.02
"Acetaldehyde (Ace) is a reactive compound widely found in natural and industrialized products. "( Effects of chlorophyllin on acetaldehyde: lack of modulation of the rate of sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow, and of complex formation in aqueous solution.
Alvarez-González, RI; Chamorro, G; Madrigal-Bujaidar, E; Torres-Bezauri, R; Zepeda, G, 2002
)
2.05
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic compound produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells under several growth conditions. "( Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to acetaldehyde induces sulfur amino acid metabolism and polyamine transporter genes, which depend on Met4p and Haa1p transcription factors, respectively.
Aranda, A; del Olmo, ML, 2004
)
2.03
"As acetaldehyde seems to be a carcinogenic factor associated with chronic alcohol consumption, alcoholics with the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1C*1 allele seem to be particularly at risk as this allele encodes for a rapidly ethanol metabolising enzyme leading to increased acetaldehyde levels."( Increased cancer risk in heavy drinkers with the alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*1 allele, possibly due to salivary acetaldehyde.
Benesova, M; Conradt, C; Götte, K; Homann, N; Hörrmann, K; Inoue, H; Li, J; Salaspuro, M; Seitz, HK; Tisch, M; Väkeväinen, S; Visapää, JP, 2004
)
1.05
"Acetaldehyde is a product of ethanol metabolism in the brain. "( Acetaldehyde: déjà vu du jour.
Deitrich, RA, 2004
)
3.21
"Acetaldehyde itself is a cancer-causing substance in experimental animals and reacts with DNA to form cancer-promoting compounds."( Alcohol metabolism and cancer risk.
Becker, P; Seitz, HK, 2007
)
1.06
"Acetaldehyde is an important intermediate in the chemical synthesis and normal oxidative metabolism of several industrially important compounds, including ethanol, ethyl acetate, and vinyl acetate. "( A PBPK model for evaluating the impact of aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on comparative rat and human nasal tissue acetaldehyde dosimetry.
Bogdanffy, MS; Covington, TR; Jarabek, AM; Tan, C; Teeguarden, JG, 2008
)
2
"Acetaldehyde was shown to be an irreversible inhibitor of nitrogenase, hydrogenase, CO2 fixation and growth in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, but had no effect on photosynthetic electron flow as measured by Methyl Viologen-dependent O2 uptake. "( The effects of acetaldehyde on nitrogenase, hydrogenase and photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica.
Daday, A; Slatyer, B; Smith, GD, 1983
)
2.06
"Acetaldehyde is a major metabolic product of ethanol and is found in high concentrations in the serum during alcohol abuse. "( Acetaldehyde binds to liver cell membranes without affecting membrane function.
Barry, RE; Hayes, M; McGivan, JD, 1984
)
3.15
"Acetaldehyde measurement is an objective method to study the chlorpropamide alcohol flush and it appears superior to the measurement of skin temperature."( Increase of plasma acetaldehyde. An objective indicator of the chlorpropamide alcohol flush.
Almér, LO; Bergström, B; Jerntorp, P; Ohlin, H, 1981
)
1.31
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic product of the oxidation of ethanol and is known to induce slowing of ciliary motility in airway epithelium. "( Vapor phase exposure to acetaldehyde generated from ethanol inhibits bovine bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility.
Sisson, JH; Tuma, DJ, 1994
)
2.04
"Acetaldehyde is an important factor among those determining disturbances of cell biogenesis in the animal organism, causing an increase of the blood serum MDA."( [Changes in concentration of the blood serum malondialdehyde due to a one-time and long-term ethanol and acetaldehyde administration].
Bozhko, GA; Strelianaia, EI; Voloshin, PV,
)
1.07
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic and reactive compound and could theoretically be a pathogenetic factor in H."( Alcohol metabolism in Helicobacter pylori-infected stomach.
Roine, RP; Salaspuro, M; Salmela, KS, 1995
)
1.01
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic and reactive compound and has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of many different cell lines in vitro."( Inhibition of gastric cell proliferation by acetaldehyde.
Kärkkäinen, P; Matysiak-Budnik, T; Methuen, T; Roine, RP; Salaspuro, M, 1995
)
1.27
"Acetaldehyde is a ubiquitous indoor and outdoor air pollutant. "( Uptake of acetaldehyde vapor and aldehyde dehydrogenase levels in the upper respiratory tracts of the mouse, rat, hamster, and guinea pig.
Morris, JB, 1997
)
2.14
"Acetaldehyde is a ubiquitous air pollutant. "( Dosimetry, toxicity and carcinogenicity of inspired acetaldehyde in the rat.
Morris, JB, 1997
)
1.99
"Acetaldehyde is a widely distributed compound in the human environment and it is also formed in the human body from various endogenous and exogenous sources, exogenous ethanol being the most important one. "( Acetaldehyde induces histamine release from purified rat peritoneal mast cells.
Kaihovaara, P; Koivisto, T; Salaspuro, M, 1999
)
3.19
"Acetaldehyde seems to be a rare sensitizer in man."( Sensitizing potential of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde using a modified cumulative contact enhancement test (CCET).
Bergh, M; Karlberg, AT, 1999
)
1.33
"Acetaldehyde is an uncompetitive inhibitor versus oxygen, indicating that an irreversible isomerization of the free reduced enzyme occurs before the reaction with oxygen."( Iso-mechanism of nitroalkane oxidase: 1. Inhibition studies and activation by imidazole.
Fitzpatrick, PF; Gadda, G, 2000
)
1.03
"Acetaldehyde is a volatile flavor compound present in many fermented foods and is important in the production of red and white wines. "( Acetaldehyde metabolism by wine lactic acid bacteria.
Liu, SQ; Mira de Orduña, R; Osborne, JP; Pilone, GJ, 2000
)
3.19
"Acetaldehyde is a mutagen and carcinogen which occurs widely in the human environment, sometimes in considerable amounts, but little is known about its reactions with DNA. "( Identification of DNA adducts of acetaldehyde.
Cheng, G; Hecht, SS; McIntee, EJ; Shi, Y; Villalta, PW; Wang, M, 2000
)
2.03
"Acetaldehyde is a toxin which can cause a variety of adverse effects following ethanol ingestion in some Oriental people with a genetic lower activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase."( Acute ethanol decreases NPY mRNA but not POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus.
Ameno, K; Coventry, TL; Finn, DP; Harbuz, MS; Ijiri, I; Jessop, DS; Kinoshita, H; Roberts, DJ, 2000
)
1.03
"Acetaldehyde is a known local carcinogen in the digestive tract in humans. "( Acetaldehyde production and other ADH-related characteristics of aerobic bacteria isolated from hypochlorhydric human stomach.
Blom, M; Jousimies-Somer, H; Salaspuro, M; Tillonen, J; Väkeväinen, S, 2001
)
3.2
"Acetaldehyde is a main factor of alcohol-induced asthma. "( Effect of a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist, pranlukast hydrate, on acetaldehyde-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.
Abo, M; Fujimura, M; Hashimoto, T; Kamio, Y; Katayama, N; Kita, T; Myou, S; Nakao, S; Nishitsuji, M; Nomura, S; Yoshimi, Y, 2001
)
1.99
"Acetaldehyde is thought to be a main factor of alcohol-induced asthma. "( Effect of ozagrel hydrochloride, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, on alcoholic beverage-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.
Fujimura, M; Ishiura, Y; Kita, T; Kurashima, K; Myou, S; Nakao, S; Nishi, K; Tachibana, H, 2002
)
1.76
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes. "( Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking.
Gonzales, LJ; Parker, CM; Smith, GG; Sprince, H, 1975
)
1.94
"Acetaldehyde is a metabolic product of ethanol catabolism capable of forming protein adducts. "( Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be generated against acetaldehyde-modified syngeneic cells.
Kolber, MA; Terabayashi, H, 1991
)
1.98
"Acetaldehyde (400 mg/kg) is a potent inhibitor of ethyl carbamate metabolism for about 2 hr in vitro, but sodium acetate is not."( Inhibition of the metabolism of ethyl carbamate by acetaldehyde.
Hurst, HE; Kemper, R; Kurata, N; Waddell, WJ,
)
1.1
"Acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance the removal of which makes possible the consumption of large quantities of ethanol frequently imbibed by alcoholics."( Genetic variability of enzymes of alcohol metabolism in human beings.
Bosron, WF; Li, TK, 1986
)
0.99

Effects

Acetaldehyde has a deleterious effect on chromosomal DNA in cells as well as on isolated DNA. It has an inhibitory effect on cell growth of myoma compared with normal myometrium.

Acetaldehyde has been found to form adducts with human hemoglobin, a portion of which (15-25%) are stable to dialysis. It has been shown to increase alpha 1(I) collagen gene transcription in human fibroblasts and in rat myofibroblastlike cells (Ito cells) in culture.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Acetaldehyde has an inhibitory effect on cell growth of myoma compared with normal myometrium. "( Acetaldehyde differentially affects the growth of uterine leiomyomata and myometrial cells in tissue cultures.
Ben Bassat, H; Ben Meir, A; Klein, BY; Levitzky, R; Rojansky, N; Shushan, A; Shveiky, D, 2009
)
3.24
"Acetaldehyde has a deleterious effect on chromosomal DNA in cells as well as on isolated DNA."( Chromosomal damages by ethanol and acetaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as studied by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Lochmann, ER; Ristow, H; Seyfarth, A, 1995
)
1.29
"Acetaldehyde has a similar effect, but the onset of action is shorter; in fact the binding increase peaks 15 min following administration and is completely reversible within 2 hours."( Acute ethanol and acetaldehyde administration produce similar effects on L-type calcium channels in rat brain.
Bergamaschi, S; Govoni, S; Rius, RA; Trabucchi, M,
)
1.19
"Acetaldehyde oxidation has been proposed as the major source of acetate, and an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase was previously isolated from Z."( Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 Utilizes an NADP
Felczak, MM; TerAvest, MA, 2022
)
1.44
"Acetaldehyde (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO) and by the US Environmental Protection Agency due to its ability to cause tumours following inhalation or alcohol consumption in animals. "( Investigations on the new mechanism of action for acetaldehyde-induced clastogenic effects in human lung fibroblasts.
Hande, MP; Hande, V; Martinez-Lopez, W; Sethu, S; Srikanth, P; Teo, K; Wong, JSM,
)
1.83
"Acetaldehyde has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen to humans."( Molecular Basis of Alcohol-Related Gastric and Colon Cancer.
Lee, JY; Na, HK, 2017
)
1.18
"Acetaldehyde has been classified as an animal carcinogen, and may be cytotoxic or genetoxic."( Field analysis of acetaldehyde in mainstream tobacco smoke using solid-phase microextraction and a portable gas chromatograph.
Deng, C; Lin, H; Ye, Q; Zhang, X, 2008
)
1.4
"Acetaldehyde (ACD) has been postulated to mediate some of the neurobehavioral effects of ethanol (EtOH). "( Acetaldehyde sequestering prevents ethanol-induced stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission.
Diana, M; Enrico, P; Golosio, A; Lintas, A; Mereu, M; Peana, AT; Sirca, D, 2009
)
3.24
"Acetaldehyde has been evaluated as "possibly carcinogenic" and has also been identified as having significant human exposure in a recent risk assessment."( Artisanal alcohol production in Mayan Guatemala: chemical safety evaluation with special regard to acetaldehyde contamination.
Kanteres, F; Lachenmeier, DW; Rehm, J, 2009
)
1.29
"Acetaldehyde has been suggested to mediate a number of the pharmacological and behavioural effects of ethanol. "( Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol with a conditioned taste aversion procedure: lack of acetaldehyde substitution.
Quertemont, E, 2003
)
1.98
"Acetaldehyde recently has been shown to be a local carcinogen in humans."( Lactulose reduces intracolonic acetaldehyde concentration and ethanol elimination rate in rats.
Jokelainen, K; Linderborg, K; Salaspuro, M; Väkeväinen, S; Zidi, SH, 2003
)
1.33
"Acetaldehyde has been demonstrated to impair directly cardiac contractile function, disrupt cardiac excitation-contractile coupling, and contribute to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation."( Ethanol and acetaldehyde in alcoholic cardiomyopathy: from bad to ugly en route to oxidative stress.
Brown, RA; Li, SY; Ren, J; Zhang, X, 2004
)
1.42
"Acetaldehyde has long been suggested to be involved in a number of ethanol's pharmacological and behavioral effects, such as its reinforcing, aversive, sedative, amnesic and stimulant properties. "( The role of acetaldehyde in the neurobehavioral effects of ethanol: a comprehensive review of animal studies.
Quertemont, E; Tambour, S; Tirelli, E, 2005
)
2.15
"Acetaldehyde has been shown to dissolve into the saliva during smoking and to be a local carcinogen in the human upper digestive tract."( Eliminating carcinogenic acetaldehyde by cysteine from saliva during smoking.
Hietala, JM; Marvola, ML; Salaspuro, MP; Salaspuro, VJ, 2006
)
1.36
"Acetaldehyde has been shown to be cytotoxic and carcinogenic to the upper respiratory tract epithelium of rodents following long-term exposure. "( mRNA induction and cytokine release of inflammatory mediators during in vitro exposure of human nasal respiratory epithelia to acetaldehyde.
Best, S; Brieger, J; Gosepath, J; Jung, D; Letzel, S; Mann, WJ; Muttray, A; Pourianfar, M, 2006
)
1.98
"Acetaldehyde has been classified as a carcinogen in experimental animal research. "( The role of acetaldehyde in alcohol-associated cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.
Homann, N; Seitz, HK, 2007
)
2.16
"Like acetaldehyde, alcohol has been widely considered a nonspecific drug, despite rather persuasive evidence implicating inhibitory GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) in acute alcohol actions, for example, a GABA(A)R ligand, the imidazobenzodiazepine Ro15-4513 antagonizes many low-to-moderate dose alcohol actions in mammals."( Physiology and pharmacology of alcohol: the imidazobenzodiazepine alcohol antagonist site on subtypes of GABAA receptors as an opportunity for drug development?
Olsen, RW; Wallner, M, 2008
)
0.8
"Acetaldehyde has an inhibitory effect on cell growth of myoma compared with normal myometrium. "( Acetaldehyde differentially affects the growth of uterine leiomyomata and myometrial cells in tissue cultures.
Ben Bassat, H; Ben Meir, A; Klein, BY; Levitzky, R; Rojansky, N; Shushan, A; Shveiky, D, 2009
)
3.24
"Acetaldehyde has a deleterious effect on chromosomal DNA in cells as well as on isolated DNA."( Chromosomal damages by ethanol and acetaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as studied by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Lochmann, ER; Ristow, H; Seyfarth, A, 1995
)
1.29
"Acetaldehyde has been shown to increase collagen production in cultured rat myofibroblastlike cells and to activate the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter in transfected NIH 3T3 cells. "( Effects of acetaldehyde on nuclear protein binding to the nuclear factor I consensus sequence in the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter.
Anania, FA; Mezey, E; Potter, JJ; Rennie-Tankersley, L, 1995
)
2.12
"Acetaldehyde has been proposed as a mediator of fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease, based in part on its ability to stimulate collagen synthesis by hepatic lipocytes in late primary or passaged culture. "( Acetaldehyde-induced stimulation of collagen synthesis and gene expression is dependent on conditions of cell culture: studies with rat lipocytes and fibroblasts.
Maher, JJ; Tzagarakis, C; Zia, S, 1994
)
3.17
"Acetaldehyde has been shown to react with many proteins in vitro, forming stable covalent adducts."( Acetaldehyde/protein interactions: are they involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease?
de Jersey, J; Nicholls, R; Wilce, P; Worrall, S,
)
2.3
"Acetaldehyde has been shown to increase alpha 1(I) collagen gene transcription in human fibroblasts and in rat myofibroblastlike cells (Ito cells) in culture."( Acetaldehyde activates the promoter of the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen gene.
Mezey, E; Parés, A; Potter, JJ; Rennie, L, 1994
)
2.45
"Acetaldehyde has been proposed as one of the mediators of liver injury in alcoholic liver disease. "( Acetaldehyde prevents nuclear factor-kappa B activation and hepatic inflammation in ethanol-fed rats.
Jokelainen, K; Lindros, KO; Nanji, AA, 1999
)
3.19
"Acetaldehyde has been postulated to be a factor responsible for ethanol-associated carcinogenesis."( Microbially produced acetaldehyde from ethanol may increase the risk of colon cancer via folate deficiency.
Homann, N; Salaspuro, M; Tillonen, J, 2000
)
1.35
"Acetaldehyde has been suggested to mediate some of the effects of ethanol. "( Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Grant, KA; Quertemont, E, 2002
)
2.19
"Acetaldehyde (AcH) has been shown to have aversive or reinforcing actions in relation to ethanol consumption. "( Effect of acetaldehyde on acute tolerance and ethanol consumption in drinker and nondrinker rats.
Quintanilla, ME; Tampier, L, 2002
)
2.16
"Acetaldehyde has only a slight effect on the tryptic hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide."( Acetaldehyde decreases the antitryptic activity of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.
Brecher, AS; Pavlock, JL,
)
2.3
"1. Acetaldehyde has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver damage by two mechanisms. "( The genesis of alcoholic brain tissue injury.
Pratt, OE; Rooprai, HK; Shaw, GK; Thomson, AD, 1990
)
0.9
"Acetaldehyde has a similar effect, but the onset of action is shorter; in fact the binding increase peaks 15 min following administration and is completely reversible within 2 hours."( Acute ethanol and acetaldehyde administration produce similar effects on L-type calcium channels in rat brain.
Bergamaschi, S; Govoni, S; Rius, RA; Trabucchi, M,
)
1.19
"Acetaldehyde has been reported, but has not been proven, to be the toxic entity resulting from metaldehyde ingestion. "( An investigation of metaldehyde and acetaldehyde toxicities in dogs.
Booze, TF; Oehme, FW, 1986
)
1.99
"Acetaldehyde has been shown in studies by several different laboratories to be a clastogen (chromosome-breaking) and inducer of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells (Chinese hamster cells and human lymphocytes). "( A mutagenicity assessment of acetaldehyde.
Dellarco, VL, 1988
)
2.01
"Acetaldehyde has been found to form adducts with human hemoglobin, a portion of which (15-25%) are stable to dialysis. "( Clinical implications of acetaldehyde adducts with hemoglobin.
Nguyen, LB; Peterson, CM, 1985
)
2.02

Actions

Acetaldehyde plays a key role in determining some wine properties. The acetaldehyde-mediated increase in NOX, XOX, or NOS activity is regulated as a transcriptional rather than a translational process. Acetaldehyde failed to activate the promoter in ob/ob stellate cells as compared to its activating effect in wild-type cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Acetaldehyde failed to activate other temperature-sensitive TRP channels expressed in sensory neurons."( Transient receptor potential A1 mediates acetaldehyde-evoked pain sensation.
Bang, S; Hwang, SW; Kim, KY; Kim, YG; Yoo, S, 2007
)
1.33
"Acetaldehyde plays a key role in determining some wine properties. "( Experimental and theoretical studies on the acetaldehyde reaction with (+)-catechin.
Cucciniello, R; Falivene, L; Forino, M; Gambuti, A; Russo, A; Tomasini, M, 2023
)
2.61
"The acetaldehyde increase due to ALDH2 inactivity was calculated to be 6.7 μg/kg bw/day for heavy drinkers, which is associated with odds ratios of up to 7 for head and neck as well as oesophageal cancer."( ALDH2-deficiency as genetic epidemiologic and biochemical model for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde.
Lachenmeier, DW; Salaspuro, M, 2017
)
1.16
"The acetaldehyde-mediated increase in NOX, XOX, or NOS activity is regulated as a transcriptional rather than a translational process."( Mechanism of alcohol-induced oxidative stress and neuronal injury.
Floreani, N; Gorantla, S; Haorah, J; Morsey, B; Persidsky, Y; Ramirez, SH, 2008
)
0.83
"Acetaldehyde can generate modifications in several proteins, such as carbonic anhydrase (CA) II. "( Acetaldehyde-derived modifications on cytosolic human carbonic anhydrases.
Bootorabi, F; Hytönen, VP; Jänis, J; Kuuslahti, M; Niemelä, O; Parkkila, S; Supuran, CT; Valjakka, J; Vullo, D, 2011
)
3.25
"Acetaldehyde failed to activate the promoter in ob/ob stellate cells as compared to its activating effect in wild-type cells."( Leptin deficiency prevents the activation of the murine alpaha 2(I) collagen promoter by acetaldehyde.
Mezey, E; Potter, JJ; Rennie-Tankersley, L, 2004
)
1.27
"Acetaldehyde did not cause changes in either proline transport or the specific activity of the proline precursor pool."( Acetaldehyde stimulates collagen and noncollagen protein production by human fibroblasts.
Bennett, M; Chojkier, M; Holt, K,
)
2.3
"Acetaldehyde infusions inhibit albumin synthesis in the liver from fed donors but not in the livers from fasted donors. "( The effects of acetaldehyde and disulfiram on albumin synthesis in the isolated perfused rabbit liver.
Mongelli, J; Oratz, M; Rothschild, MA; Schreiber, SS, 1980
)
2.06
"At acetaldehyde levels lower than 50 microM, no effects on blood pressure were seen."( Acute effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on blood pressure and heart rate in disulfiram-treated and control rats.
Hellström, E; Tottmar, O, 1982
)
1.07
"Acetaldehyde induced an increase in chromosomal malsegregation with the cold treatment protocol (LEDT: 1.25 microliters/ml (21 mM) and 0.75 microliters/ml (13 mM), respectively) but no increase with the overnight protocol (highest dose tested (HDT): 1.75 microliters/ml; 30 mM)."( Analysis of the six additional chemicals for in vitro assays of the European Economic Communities' EEC aneuploidy programme using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M and the in vitro porcine brain tubulin assembly assay.
Albertini, S; Brunner, M; Würgler, FE, 1993
)
1.01
"Acetaldehyde was found to inhibit methionine synthase activity, with an apparent IC50 of 2 mM."( The effect of ethanol and its metabolites upon methionine synthase activity in vitro.
Gibbons, WA; Kenyon, SH; Nicolaou, A, 1998
)
1.02
"Acetaldehyde did not increase Ca2+i, or inositol triphosphate but increased DAG levels at 20 min and 3 hr."( Acetaldehyde enhances murine alpha2(I) collagen promoter activity by Ca2+-independent protein kinase C activation in cultured rat hepatic stellate cells.
Anania, FA; Mezey, E; Potter, JJ; Womack, L, 1999
)
2.47
"The acetaldehyde adducts allow to detect an alcohol abuse lasting for several weeks, even after a recent alcohol withdrawal."( [Peripheral markers, future perspectives].
Nalpas, B; Schellenberg, F, 2001
)
0.79
"The acetaldehyde-induced increase of alpha1(I) procollagen gene expression was inhibited by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole (SB203580) but not by the MAP kinase inhibitor 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059)."( Alcohol activates activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat pancreatic stellate cells.
Kikuta, K; Masamune, A; Satoh, A; Satoh, M; Shimosegawa, T, 2002
)
0.8
"Acetaldehyde plays an additional role in alkaloidal formation in vitro."( Interaction of biogenic amines with ethanol.
Smith, AA, 1975
)
0.98
"Acetaldehyde also promotes glutathione depletion, free-radical mediated toxicity, lipid peroxidation and hepatic collagen synthesis."( Biochemical mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic injury.
Lieber, CS, 1991
)
1
"Acetaldehyde is shown to enhance the epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in the brain areas which are non-specific for neuromediation of the mentioned catecholamines."( [Catecholamines in the tissues and blood of rats after administration of acetaldehyde and ethanol].
Boĭko, TP; Bozhko, GKh; Voloshin, PV,
)
1.08
"Acetaldehyde evoked an increase in the concentration of the total serum proteins, the value of this parameter remaining unchanged under the ethanol effect."( [Composition of rat serum proteins under the effect of acetaldehyde and ethanol].
Bozhko, GKh; Strelianaia, OI; Voloshyn, PV,
)
1.1
"Acetaldehyde does not increase the yield of or accelerate ethanol production by the organism."( Autoconditioning factor relieves ethanol-induced growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Parks, LW; Walker-Caprioglio, HM, 1987
)
0.99
"Acetaldehyde did not inhibit colony formation unless very high concentrations (100 mg/dl) were employed."( Effect of ethanol on thrombopoiesis.
Levine, RF; Meagher, RC; Sieber, F; Spivak, JL, 1986
)
0.99

Treatment

Acetaldehyde treatment to either visceral fat explants or 3T3-L1 adipocytes produced similar effects on lipogenic enzymes and regulators as observed in animal model. Acetaldehyde also inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in osteoblasts.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Acetaldehyde pre-treatment (30 min) dose-dependently increased the potency of phenylephrine to induce vasoconstriction 2.7-fold (p<0.01) but did not affect other vasoconstrictor responses."( Effects of ethanol and ethanol metabolites on intrinsic function of mesenteric resistance arteries.
Eby, JM; Majetschak, M, 2019
)
1.24
"Acetaldehyde treatment to either visceral fat explants or 3T3-L1 adipocytes produced similar effects on lipogenic enzymes and regulators as observed in animal model."( Visceral white adipose tissue is susceptible to alcohol-induced lipodystrophy in rats: role of acetaldehyde.
Li, Q; Sun, Q; Sun, X; Tan, X; Zhang, W; Zhong, W; Zhou, Z, 2015
)
1.36
"Acetaldehyde treatment led to a significant decrease in the levels of activated Akt and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)."( Acetaldehyde Induces Cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibition of Akt Activation and Induction of Oxidative Stress.
Yan, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2016
)
2.6
"Acetaldehyde treatment in the absence and presence of a reducing agent (NaBH3(CN)) caused shifts in the pI values of CA II. "( Modification of carbonic anhydrase II with acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, leads to decreased enzyme activity.
Bootorabi, F; Isoniemi, S; Jänis, J; Niemelä, O; Parkkila, S; Sly, WS; Supuran, CT; Vainiotalo, P; Valjakka, J; Vullo, D; Waheed, A, 2008
)
2.05
"Acetaldehyde treatment induced only minor changes in CA catalytic activity in most cases."( Acetaldehyde-derived modifications on cytosolic human carbonic anhydrases.
Bootorabi, F; Hytönen, VP; Jänis, J; Kuuslahti, M; Niemelä, O; Parkkila, S; Supuran, CT; Valjakka, J; Vullo, D, 2011
)
2.53
"Acetaldehyde treatment significantly decreased CTSL activity and protein levels in HepG2 cells."( Down regulation of a matrix degrading cysteine protease cathepsin L, by acetaldehyde: role of C/EBPα.
Chauhan, SS; Mir, RA, 2011
)
1.32
"Acetaldehyde treatment also inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in osteoblasts."( Aldehyde-stress resulting from Aldh2 mutation promotes osteoporosis due to impaired osteoblastogenesis.
Chiba, K; Fujie, A; Fujita, Y; Fukuda, K; Funayama, A; Hao, W; Hashimoto, K; Hoshi, H; Iwasaki, R; Kanagawa, H; Katsuyama, E; Kawamoto, T; Kitagawa, K; Kobayashi, T; Matsumoto, M; Miyamoto, H; Miyamoto, K; Miyamoto, T; Miyauchi, Y; Mori, T; Morioka, H; Nakayama, KI; Ohsawa, I; Ohta, S; Sano, M; Sato, Y; Toyama, Y; Yoshida, S, 2012
)
1.1
"Acetaldehyde treatment resulted in a time-dependent increase in inulin permeability and redistribution of occludin and ZO-1 from the intercellular junctions."( Acetaldehyde disrupts tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers by a protein phosphatase 2A-dependent mechanism.
Chaudhry, K; Dunagan, M; Rao, RK; Samak, G, 2012
)
2.54
"Acetaldehyde treatment induced a reorganization of actin cytoskeletal network and reduced the levels of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin associated with the actin cytoskeleton."( Epidermal growth factor prevents acetaldehyde-induced paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayer.
Basuroy, S; Rao, RK; Seth, A; Sheth, P; Thangavel, M, 2004
)
1.33
"Acetaldehyde treatment resulted in phosphorylation of beta-catenin on tyrosine residues, and abolished the interaction of beta-catenin with E-cadherin by a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism."( Acetaldehyde dissociates the PTP1B-E-cadherin-beta-catenin complex in Caco-2 cell monolayers by a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism.
Atkinson, KJ; Desiderio, DM; Gheyi, T; Giorgianni, F; Kale, G; Li, C; Naren, A; Rao, R; Seth, A; Sheth, P, 2007
)
2.5
"Acetaldehyde-treated cells pretreated with an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody did not show any increase in alpha (I) collagen expression."( Pentoxifylline downregulates alpha (I) collagen expression by the inhibition of Ikappabalpha degradation in liver stellate cells.
Bucio, L; Escobar, MC; Farfán, B; Gómez-Quiroz, LE; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, MC; Hernández, E; Kershenobich, D; Souza, V, 2008
)
1.07
"Acetaldehyde treatment showed an increase in solubility, minimum gelling concentration and oxygen affinity and a decrease in sickling which showed a dependence on Hb S modification."( Modification of sickle hemoglobin by acetaldehyde and its effect on oxygenation, gelation and sickling.
Abraham, A; Abraham, EC; Garbutt, GJ; Stallings, M, 1982
)
1.26
"Acetaldehyde treatment alone caused no significant inhibition of protein synthesis."( The acute effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the synthesis of mixed and contractile proteins of the jejunum.
Marway, JS; Preedy, VR, 1995
)
1.29
"Acetaldehyde-treated cells reduced their proliferative capacity drastically while the ethanol-treated ones presented no difference with control cells."( Comparative study of the damage produced by acute ethanol and acetaldehyde treatment in a human fetal hepatic cell line.
Bucio, L; Cárabez, A; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, MC; Olivares, IP; Souza, V, 1997
)
1.26
"Acetaldehyde treatment of H4IIE cells led to a time- and dose-dependent increase in GCLC mRNA levels, binding of NF-kappaB and AP-1 to the GCLC promoter, and luciferase activity driven by the GCLC promoter fragment containing these binding sites."( Cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the rat glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit.
Huang, ZZ; Lu, SC; Ou, X; Wang, J; Yang, H, 2001
)
1.03
"Acetaldehyde-treated females had more resorptions both at mid-gestation and at term, though no significant difference in maternal weight gain was observed."( The teratogenic effect of acetaldehyde: implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome.
Kaufman, MH; O'Shea, KS, 1979
)
1.28
"Acetaldehyde treatment did not change the chemical composition, electrophoretic mobility or the flotation characteristics of LDL."( Acetaldehyde modification of low density lipoprotein accelerates its catabolism in man.
Kervinen, K; Kesäniemi, YA; Miettinen, TA, 1987
)
2.44
"Acetaldehyde treatment elicited similar effects but of lesser magnitude."( Cellular energy charge in the heart and liver of the rat. The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde.
Gillam, E; Ward, LC, 1986
)
1.22
"Treatment with acetaldehyde increased the Michaelis constant for the high- and low-affinity components, with a greater impact on the former."( Acetaldehyde impairs mitochondrial glutathione transport in HepG2 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Colell, A; Fernández-Checa, JC; García-Ruiz, C; Kaplowitz, N; Lluis, JM, 2003
)
2.1
"Treatment with acetaldehyde or ethanol resulted in a decrease of metabolic activity and viability of hepatocytes and an increase of cell membrane permeability."( Toxicity of ethanol and acetaldehyde in hepatocytes treated with ursodeoxycholic or tauroursodeoxycholic acid.
Henzel, K; Hofmann, M; Leuschner, U; Thorborg, C; Zimmer, G, 2004
)
0.97
"Treatment with acetaldehyde resulted in a relative reduction of ALDH1 level in the myoma cells."( Acetaldehyde differentially affects the growth of uterine leiomyomata and myometrial cells in tissue cultures.
Ben Bassat, H; Ben Meir, A; Klein, BY; Levitzky, R; Rojansky, N; Shushan, A; Shveiky, D, 2009
)
2.14
"Treatment with acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors leads to increased liver acetaldehyde levels and prevents hepatic inflammation and necrosis in ethanol-fed rats. "( Acetaldehyde inhibits NF-kappaB activation through IkappaBalpha preservation in rat Kupffer cells.
Jokelainen, K; Lindros, K; Nanji, AA; Thomas, P, 1998
)
2.1
"Treatment with acetaldehyde resulted in a 97% loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B activity and a partial reduction of PTP1C and PTP1D activities."( Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in acetaldehyde-induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions.
Atkinson, KJ; Rao, RK, 2001
)
0.91
"Posttreatment with acetaldehyde, the major metabolite of ethanol, also potentiated the chromosome aberrations induced by UV, MMS, MMC or BLM."( Ethanol and acetaldehyde potentiate the clastogenicity of ultraviolet light, methyl methanesulfonate, mitomycin C and bleomycin in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Ho, IC; Lee, TC; Lin, YC, 1989
)
0.97

Toxicity

Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic excessive alcohol consumption.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Apart from one male rat on 200 ppm with clinical posterior paralysis without transverse lesions in the spinal cord, this level was without toxic effects both in the long-term and 3-generation reproduction study."( Long-term toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats.
Berkvens, JM; Den Tonkelaar, EM; Helleman, PW; Kroes, R; Van Esch, GJ; Verschuuren, HG, 1975
)
0.25
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes."( Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking.
Gonzales, LJ; Parker, CM; Smith, GG; Sprince, H, 1975
)
1.94
" The enzymes involved in the toxic metabolic pathway have been investigated in this study."( Rat liver metabolism and toxicity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol.
Dunbar, D; Fraser, JM; Kaminsky, LS; Seaman, M, 1992
)
0.28
" This reaction may be of biological concern, as it supplies a mechanism for protein modifications with possible toxic effects in human tissues where ethanol is metabolized."( Tryptophan analogues form adducts by cooperative reaction with aldehydes and alcohols or with aldehydes alone: possible role in ethanol toxicity.
Austin, JE; Fraenkel-Conrat, H, 1992
)
0.28
" The results suggest sex-dependent hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase-substrate competition between benzyl alcohol and ethanol which may precipitate adverse metabolic interaction particularly in the susceptible female subject."( Benzyl alcohol adverse effects in the rat: implications for toxicity as a preservative in parentral injectable solutions.
Messiha, FS, 1991
)
0.28
" In the present study, we measured the accumulation of the MPTP toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in both striatum and whole brain, after MPTP alone or after combined treatments with ethanol or acetaldehyde, in order to determine whether this enhancement of toxicity is caused by changes in the MPTP metabolism."( Acetaldehyde directly enhances MPP+ neurotoxicity and delays its elimination from the striatum.
Barker, JL; Corsini, GU; di Porzio, U; Kopin, IJ; Schinelli, S; Zuddas, A, 1989
)
1.91
" Administered TFE and TFAld were not toxic per se, since their toxicity and metabolism were inhibited by pyrazole."( 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol intestinal and bone marrow toxicity: the role of its metabolism to 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetic acid.
Fraser, JM; Kaminsky, LS, 1988
)
0.49
" Hyperkeratosis of the forestomach, observed only in the top-dose rats, was the only adverse effect of acetaldehyde detected."( Evaluation of the oral toxicity of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in a 4-week drinking-water study in rats.
Clary, JJ; Feron, VJ; Til, HP; Woutersen, RA, 1988
)
0.77
" Interruption of the exposure or interruption combined with peak exposure did not visibly influence this adverse effect on the nose."( Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats.
Appelman, LM; Feron, VJ; Hooftman, RN; Notten, WR; Woutersen, RA, 1986
)
0.51
"The toxic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on testosterone biosynthesis were examined in vitro using isolated Leydig cells prepared from adult rat testes."( Inhibition of testosterone production by rat Leydig cells with ethanol and acetaldehyde: prevention of ethanol toxicity with 4-methylpyrazole.
Graham, TJ; Santucci, L; Van Thiel, DH, 1983
)
0.78
"Evidence is growing that acetaldehyde is responsible for some toxic effects after ethanol intake."( The polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their significance for acetaldehyde toxicity.
Bühler, R; Maring, JA; Pestalozzi, D; Von Wartburg, JP, 1983
)
0.79
" In terms of tissue concentrations, acetaldehyde was at least 27 times more toxic than ethanol on a molar basis."( The toxicity to rat cerebral cortex or topical applications of acetaldehyde, ammonia or bilirubin.
Phillips, SC,
)
0.65
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects on the exocrine pancreas of ethanol and ethanol with congeners which coexist in alcoholic beverages most commonly consumed by the Portuguese population."( [The effect of combined toxicity on the development of alcoholic pancreatic lesions. A long-term experimental trial].
Baptista, A; Peneda, J, 1995
)
0.29
" 4-OH-IF and 4-OH-CP were significantly more toxic than the parent drugs."( Toxicity of ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and their metabolites in renal tubular cells in culture.
Ansorge, S; Brandis, M; Mohrmann, M; Schmich, U; Schönfeld, B, 1994
)
0.29
"The adverse effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the development of the fetus are well known."( Protective effect of Liv.52 on alcohol-induced fetotoxicity.
Chauhan, BL; Gopumadhavan, S; Jagadeesh, S; Kulkarni, RD, 1993
)
0.29
" These results suggest that dibromoalkane-induced cell lysis is due to lipid peroxidation as well as cytochrome P450-dependent formation of toxic bromoaldehydic metabolites which can bind with cellular macromolecules."( Molecular mechanisms of dibromoalkane cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Khan, S; O'Brien, PJ; Sood, C, 1993
)
0.29
" In this study, we orally dosed rats with twice the LD50 of metaldehyde following no pretreatment (control) or pretreatment with 1 of 3 different cytochrome P-450 inducers either phenobarbital or o,p'-DDD (inducers of cytochromes P-450 IIB and IIIA) or 3-methylcholanthrene (an inducer of P-450 IA)."( Phenobarbital-type P-450 inducers protect rats against metaldehyde toxicity.
de Saqui-Sannes, P; Fargier, C; Petit, C; Tardieu, D; Thouvenot, N, 1996
)
0.29
" Particularly, BA was highly toxic to the HTC cells, which possessed the highest ALDH levels."( Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity and metabolism of four aldehydes in two hepatoma cell lines.
Bassi, AM; Canuto, RA; Ferro, M; Muzio, G; Penco, S, 1997
)
0.3
", this toxic effect is not accompanied by an increase in intramyocardial citrate levels."( A 13C NMR study of 2-(13)C-chloroacetaldehyde, a metabolite of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, in the isolated perfused rabbit heart model. Initial observations on its cardiotoxicity and cardiac metabolism.
Loqueviel, C; Malet-Martino, M; Martino, R, 1997
)
0.58
" Three carbon sugars, such as glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone, and the two carbon sugar glycolaldehyde, were similarly toxic in an O-2-dependent manner."( Superoxide dependence of the toxicity of short chain sugars.
Benov, L; Fridovich, I, 1998
)
0.3
" The theory that acetaldehyde is the primary toxic agent in metaldehyde poisoning should be re-evaluated."( Adsorption effects of activated charcoal on metaldehyde toxicity in rats.
Endo, Y; Goto, K; Iwamoto, C; Ohata, K; Shintani, S, 1999
)
0.64
"Renal injury is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide."( Toxicity of ifosfamide and its metabolite chloroacetaldehyde in cultured renal tubule cells.
Chan, K; Davies, S; Lu, H; Springate, J; Taub, M, 1999
)
0.56
" Glycolaldehyde was more toxic to the SOD-null strain than to its SOD-replete parent, and this differential effect was oxygen-dependent."( The role of alpha,beta -dicarbonyl compounds in the toxicity of short chain sugars.
Fridovich, I; Okado-Matsumoto, A, 2000
)
0.31
" Using concentration data from the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC), biological activity data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) database and measured and calculated log P values, we have rank ordered some of the important compounds in cigarette smoke condensate by their measured or potential toxicity."( The relative toxicity of compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate.
Hansch, C; Smith, CJ, 2000
)
0.31
"Coumarin, a natural product and fragrance ingredient, is a well recognized rat liver toxicant, and dietary administration at toxic dosages increased the incidence of rat cholangiocarcinomas and parenchymal liver-cell tumors in a chronic bioassay."( In vitro kinetics of coumarin 3,4-epoxidation: application to species differences in toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Born, SL; Caudill, D; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Smith, BJ, 2000
)
0.31
" Acetaldehyde, on the other hand, is toxic by itself at low concentrations (> or =10 mM)."( A comparison between acute exposures to ethanol and acetaldehyde on neurotoxicity, nitric oxide production and NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in primary cultures of cortical neurons.
Wan, JY; Wang, JY; Wang, Y, 2000
)
1.47
" We have developed transgenic cell lines to examine the potential for either human ALDH1A1 or ALDH3A1 to protect against damage mediated by these toxic aldehydes."( Selective protection by stably transfected human ALDH3A1 (but not human ALDH1A1) against toxicity of aliphatic aldehydes in V79 cells.
Bunting, KD; Haynes, RL; Leone-Kabler, S; Szweda, L; Townsend, AJ; Wu, Y, 2001
)
0.31
"In rats and baboons, the hepatotoxicity of chronic ethanol consumption is exacerbated by beta-carotene feeding, but the mechanism of this adverse effect is unknown."( Toxicity of beta-carotene and its exacerbation by acetaldehyde in HepG2 cells.
Leo, MA; Lieber, CS; Ni, R; Zhao, J,
)
0.38
" In the present study, GSH depletion in primary rat hepatocytes was used as an in vitro effect-equivalent to measure the toxic potency of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters (acrylates and methacrylates)."( Glutathione depletion in rat hepatocytes: a mixture toxicity study with alpha, beta-unsaturated esters.
Freidig, A; Hermens, J; Hofhuis, M; Van Holstijn, I, 2001
)
0.31
"Cadmium chloride at concentrations of 10-50mM and acetaldehyde (AA) at 1-5mM showed synergistic toxic effects on V79 cells in vitro."( Synergistic effect of cadmium chloride and acetaldehyde on cytotoxicity and its prevention by quercetin and glycyrrhizin.
Chen, WK; Hu, CC; Lee, YJ; Liao, PH; Yu, WC, 2001
)
0.83
" The sensitivity of pediatric tubules to the toxic effects of CAA and the rate of their CAA uptake were not statistically different from those found in adult tubules."( Toxicity of chloroacetaldehyde is similar in adult and pediatric kidney tubules.
Baverel, G; Cochat, P; Dubourg, L; Michoudet, C; Tanière, P, 2002
)
0.65
" We propose that the structural epitope AA-AGE is an important toxic moiety for neuronal cells in alcoholism."( Neurotoxicity of acetaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products for cultured cortical neurons.
Ashizawa, T; Bucala, R; Choei, H; Inagaki, Y; Iwaki, M; Kameda, Y; Kikuchi, S; Riederer, P; Saito, T; Sasaki, N; Takeuchi, M; Watai, T; Yamagishi, S, 2003
)
0.66
" Due to this oral enzymatic process, the well-recognized toxic compound acetaldehyde is emitted in the mouth."( Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.
Poggi, P; Rizzo, S; Rodriguez y Baena, R; Rota, MT, 2003
)
0.55
" Pending further investigations, clinicians should be alerted to the potentially adverse effect of alcohol-containing mouthrinses and, to promote oral health, patients should be warned about improper use of these products."( Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.
Poggi, P; Rizzo, S; Rodriguez y Baena, R; Rota, MT, 2003
)
0.32
"Renal injury is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide."( Comparative toxicity of ifosfamide metabolites and protective effect of mesna and amifostine in cultured renal tubule cells.
Springate, JE; Taub, M; Zaki, EL, 2003
)
0.32
" With cyclophosphamide it shares a toxicity profile characterized by myelosuppression and urotoxicity, but ifosfamide has additionally disclosed adverse neurological effects."( Neurological toxicity of ifosfamide.
Giometto, B; Nicolao, P, 2003
)
0.32
" Under their action, the reductase activity was preserved, which prevented acetaldehyde from accumulating in the body since it reduces to less toxic ethanol."( [Regulation of the metabolism of ethyl alcohol in the body with oligomeric proanthocyanides as a preventive measure against its toxic effect].
Kushnerova, NF; Rakhmanin, IuA; Sprygin, VG,
)
0.36
" The alpha-dicarbonyl moiety in related substances is believed to induce various toxic responses, such as Alzheimer's disease, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis."( Role of diacetyl metabolite in alcohol toxicity and addiction via electron transfer and oxidative stress.
Cooksy, AL; Kovacic, P, 2005
)
0.33
"We propose that the structural epitope AA-AGE is an important toxic moiety for neuronal cells in alcoholism."( Cytotoxicity of acetaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products (AA-AGE) in alcoholic-induced neuronal degeneration.
Saito, T; Takeuchi, M, 2005
)
0.67
" We compared the toxicity between wild-type (Aldh2+/+) and Aldh2-inactive transgenic (Aldh2-/-) mice by using the paired acute inhalation test modified from the acute toxic class method (OECD TG433)."( Paired acute inhalation test reveals that acetaldehyde toxicity is higher in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout mice than in wild-type mice.
Isse, T; Kawamoto, T; Kinaga, T; Matsuno, K; Murakami, T; Narai-Suzuki, R; Ogawa, M; Oyama, T; Uchiyama, I; Yamaguchi, T, 2005
)
0.59
"Renal injury is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide."( Ifosfamide toxicity in cultured proximal renal tubule cells.
Springate, J; Taub, M, 2007
)
0.34
" coli genome from the toxic effects of CAA."( AlkB influences the chloroacetaldehyde-induced mutation spectra and toxicity in the pSP189 supF shuttle vector.
Dedon, PC; Delaney, JC; Essigmann, JM; Kim, MY; Taghizadeh, K; Wogan, GN; Zhou, X, 2007
)
0.64
" The toxic metabolite of IFO thought to be responsible for IFO-induced kidney damage is chloroacetaldehyde (CAA)."( Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity in children: a mechanistic base for pharmacological prevention.
Chen, N; Hanly, L; Koren, G; Rieder, M, 2009
)
0.57
" Thus fructose was seventy-fold more toxic if hepatocytes were exposed to non-toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) released by inflammatory cells."( Hepatocyte inflammation model for cytotoxicity research: fructose or glycolaldehyde as a source of endogenous toxins.
Bruce, J; Bruce, WR; Dong, Q; Feng, CY; Mehta, R; O'Brien, PJ; Wong, S, 2009
)
0.35
"We concluded that long-term exposure of astrocytes to ethanol is more toxic than acute exposure."( Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture.
Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L, 2009
)
0.65
"1 to 180 mg/kg and reduced the production of a potential toxic metabolite chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) in animal plasma."( Protective effects of fomepizole on 2-chloroethanol toxicity.
Chen, YT; Hung, DZ; Liao, JW, 2010
)
0.59
" Both, the direct toxic effect of ethanol on biological membranes and various cellular systems and the toxicity of acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species (the products of ethanol oxidation) are discussed, with emphasis on the effect of ethanol on the basic functions of mitochondria and Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition."( [Mitochondria and hepatotoxicity of ethanol].
Belosludtsev, KN; Belosludtseva, NV; Kholmukhamedov, EL; Teplova, VV,
)
0.34
" These results indicate that acetaldehyde is generated as a by-product during steroidogenesis and can exert toxic effects to impair the differentiation of granulosa cells, reduce ovulation and decrease oocyte quality."( Endogenous acetaldehyde toxicity during antral follicular development in the mouse ovary.
Fujita, Y; Ikeda, C; Kawai, T; Kawashima, I; Mihara, T; Negishi, H; Richards, JS; Shimada, M, 2012
)
1.06
"Since all the latter test compounds, like many toxic compounds, negatively interact with cellular metabolic pathways, we also illustrate our biochemical toxicology approach in which we used not only enzymatic but also carbon 13 NMR measurements and mathematical modelling of metabolic pathways."( Use of precision-cut renal cortical slices in nephrotoxicity studies.
Baverel, G; Duplany, A; El Hage, M; Ferrier, B; Gauthier, C; Knouzy, B; Martin, G, 2013
)
0.39
"Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are two commonly used DNA-alkylating agents in cancer chemotherapy that undergo biotransformation to several toxic and non-toxic metabolites, including acrolein and chloroacetaldehyde (CAA)."( Acrolein and chloroacetaldehyde: an examination of the cell and cell-free biomarkers of toxicity.
Lau, V; MacAllister, SL; Martin-Brisac, N; O'Brien, PJ; Yang, K, 2013
)
0.91
" The results of MTT assay and LDH released demonstrated that the actions of EtOH and its metabolite are concentration and structure-dependent, in which ALD was more toxic than EtOH."( Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde in zebrafish brain structures: an in vitro approach on glutamate uptake and on toxicity-related parameters.
de Oliveira, DL; Mussulini, BH; Rico, EP; Rosemberg, DB; Zenki, KC, 2014
)
0.71
" The analysis revealed toxic effects only for the treatment with 35 μmol·liter(-1) for 3 and 14 days."( Nephron Toxicity Profiling via Untargeted Metabolome Analysis Employing a High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Experimental and Computational Pipeline.
Dekant, W; Hewitt, P; Huber, CG; Jennings, P; Kohlbacher, O; Limonciel, A; Ranninger, C; Reischl, R; Rurik, M; Ruzek, S; Wilmes, A, 2015
)
0.42
" Those results are in agreement with literature data reporting that intracellular CAA toxic concentrations range from 35 to 320 μM, after therapeutic ifosfamide dosing."( Investigation of ifosfamide and chloroacetaldehyde renal toxicity through integration of in vitro liver-kidney microfluidic data and pharmacokinetic-system biology models.
Bois, FY; Hamon, J; Leclerc, E, 2016
)
0.71
" Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, is speculated to mediate the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by the chronic excessive consumption of alcohol."( Acetaldehyde Induces Cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibition of Akt Activation and Induction of Oxidative Stress.
Yan, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2016
)
2.79
" HC diet sensitized hepatocytes to the toxic effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde."( Cholesterol Enhances the Toxic Effect of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.
Bucio, L; Chagoya-Hazas, V; Gómez-Quiroz, LE; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, MC; López-Islas, A; Miranda, RU; Palestino-Domínguez, M; Pérez-Aguilar, B; Souza, V, 2016
)
0.92
" Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic excessive alcohol consumption."( Astaxanthin Inhibits Acetaldehyde-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells by Modulating Akt/CREB and p38MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways.
Lin, X; Yan, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2016
)
1.66
"The equimolar produced metabolite DCCTX was chosen to reflect chloroacetaldehyde (CAA, a toxic metabolite of CTX) production in rats."( Schisandra chinensis extract decreases chloroacetaldehyde production in rats and attenuates cyclophosphamide toxicity in liver, kidney and brain.
Chen, L; Chen, W; Feng, G; Gao, S; Yin, J; Zhai, J; Zhang, F, 2018
)
0.98
" The toxic effects of GLAP and GA-pyridine were suppressed in the presence of anti-RAGE antibody or the soluble form of RAGE protein."( Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxypyridinium derivatives.
Daikoh, T; Fujino, T; Hasegawa, T; Hayase, F; Kurachi, R; Miura, A; Murakami, Y; Usui, T; Watanabe, H, 2018
)
0.48
" Acetaldehyde (ADE) is the main toxic metabolite of alcohol."( Acetaldehyde Induces Neurotoxicity
Chang, X; Cui, J; Gou, W; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wu, Y; Zhou, X; Zuo, D, 2019
)
2.87
"In the body, alcohol dehydrogenase rapidly converts ethanol to its toxic metabolite, acetaldehyde, which is further metabolized to non-toxic acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)."( 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate protects acetaldehyde-caused cytotoxicity through the induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase in hepatocytes.
Ashida, H; Inoue, M; Kitakaze, T; Yamashita, Y; Yoshioka, Y; Yuan, S, 2020
)
1.04
" About 45% of Han Chinese (East Asians), accounting for 8% of humans, carry a single point mutation in ALDH2*2 (E504K) that leads to accumulation of toxic reactive aldehydes."( Novel and prevalent non-East Asian ALDH2 variants; Implications for global susceptibility to aldehydes' toxicity.
Barrientos, FL; Cervantes, PR; Chen, CH; Ferreira, JCB; Ferreira, ND; Hsu, JH; Joshi, AU; Li, SJ; Maclean, R; Martinez, DD; Mochly-Rosen, D; Quintanares, GHR; Stevens, MC, 2020
)
0.56
" This work focuses on reviewing actual knowledge about the toxic effects of ethanol and its degradation products."( Current View on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity.
Birková, A; Bolerázska, B; Čižmárová, B; Hubková, B, 2021
)
0.62
" It has been suggested that the neurotoxicity caused by excessive alcohol consumption is largely mediated by acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol."( Acetaldehyde Induces Cytotoxicity via Triggering Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Overactive Mitophagy.
Chen, J; Jiang, Z; Yan, T; Zhao, Y, 2022
)
2.38
"Acetaldehyde is a highly toxic primary metabolite of ethanol, and converts to nontoxic acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)."( Aged Garlic Extract Prevents Alcohol-Induced Cytotoxicity through Induction of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 in the Liver of Mice.
Ashida, H; Inoue, M; Kitakaze, T, 2023
)
2.35
" The adverse events limit the use of hand sanitizers specifically in children because of their sensitive and delicate skin."( Toxicity of chemical-based hand sanitizers on children and the development of natural alternatives: a computational approach.
Mishra, T; Vuppu, S, 2023
)
0.91

Pharmacokinetics

A new pharmacokinetic model takes into account Michaelis-Menten-elimination kinetics of ethanol and acetaldehyde. The peak concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were determined for the parent compound and the metabolites 4-hydroxyifosfamide and chloracetaldehyde.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A novel method for detecting and quantitating pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions is described."( New method for detecting and quantitating pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions applied to ethanol-propranolol.
Lin, YJ; Wagner, JG; Weidler, DJ, 1976
)
0.26
" Independent of the route of ifosfamide application on day 1, the terminal half-life on day 3 (when the drug was given by the alternative route) was decreased in 6 out of the 12 patients, thus indicating self-induction of hepatic metabolism."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ifosfamide.
Cerny, T; Küpfer, A; Kurowski, V; Wagner, T, 1991
)
0.28
" Therefore, a new pharmacokinetic model takes into account Michaelis-Menten-elimination kinetics of ethanol as well as kinetics of acetaldehyde and acetate, which are defined by first order processes."( [New methods of pharmacokinetic evaluation of alcohol and its metabolites in female and male probands].
Bitsch, I; Kohlenberg-Müller, K, 1990
)
0.48
" Furazolidone decreases clearance of ethanol, increases its half-life with a simultaneous reduction of blood acetaldehyde concentration."( [Effect of drugs possessing antialcoholic activity on ethanol pharmacokinetics].
Deniskovets, AA; Lelevich, VV; Liopo, AV; Pron'ko, PS,
)
0.34
" Therefore, a new pharmacokinetic model takes into account Michaelis-Menten-elimination kinetics of ethanol as well as kinetics of acetaldehyde and acetate, which are defined by first order processes."( [New methods for pharmacokinetic assessment of alcohol and its metabolites in male and female probands].
Bitsch, I; Kohlenberg-Müller, K, 1989
)
0.48
" A pharmacokinetic model featuring the liver compartment for acetaldehyde was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters on the assumption that the distribution volumes of the central compartments were same for alcohol and acetaldehyde, and that the elimination rate of acetaldehyde from liver was large enough to isolate the liver compartment from the central compartment."( Effects of diethyldithiocarbamate, a metabolite of disulfiram, on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol and acetaldehyde in the rat.
Enomoto, K; Inahara, S; Maeda, K; Nishigaki, R; Umemura, K; Utsugi, K, 1985
)
0.73
" These results indicate that the development of disulfiram-like effects of NMTT-containing antibiotics is closely related to the pharmacokinetic profile of NMTT released from its parent drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of latamoxef and N-methyltetrazolethiol in rats associated with the development of disulfiram-like effects.
Matsubara, T; Ogawa, A; Oka, T; Otsubo, S, 1987
)
0.27
" Studies were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats and also in vitro using both rat liver mitochondrial and purified bovine mitochondrial low Km ALDH to investigate further the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of DETC-MeSO."( In vivo pharmacodynamic studies of the disulfiram metabolite S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide: inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Faiman, MD; Hart, BW, 1994
)
0.29
" As compared with the values obtained on day 1, on day 5 the terminal half-life and AUC values determined for IF were reduced by 30% (6."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide, 4-hydroxyifosfamide, chloroacetaldehyde, and 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide in patients on fractionated intravenous ifosfamide therapy.
Kurowski, V; Wagner, T, 1993
)
0.52
" We examined the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the inhibition of ethanol metabolism by cyanamide, an inhibitor of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase."( Noncompetitive-like inhibition of ethanol elimination by cyanamide treatment: pharmacokinetic study.
Fujimiya, T; Komura, S; Li, YJ; Ohbora, Y; Uemura, K, 1996
)
0.29
"The frequent use of alcohol (ethanol) together with prescription drugs gives any described pharmacokinetic interaction significant clinical implications."( Pharmacokinetic interactions between alcohol and other drugs.
Fraser, AG, 1997
)
0.3
" Using pharmacokinetic modeling of experimental data, we show that the median level of chloroacetaldehyde in RT cells is 80 micromol/L, ranging from 35 to 320 micromol/L."( Renal-tubule metabolism of ifosfamide to the nephrotoxic chloroacetaldehyde: pharmacokinetic modeling for estimation of intracellular levels.
Aleksa, K; Ito, S; Koren, G, 2004
)
0.78
" The peak concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were determined for the parent compound and the metabolites 4-hydroxyifosfamide and chloracetaldehyde in eight patients who received two cycles of ICE chemotherapy (ifosfamide 5 g/m(2) day 1, carboplatin 300 mg/m(2) day 1, etoposide 100 mg/m(2) days 1-3)."( Influence of short-term use of dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide in patients.
Brüggemann, SK; Peters, SO; Pfäffle, S; Wagner, T, 2007
)
0.54
" The ADH1B polymorphisms did not appear to correlate with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis for partial protection against alcoholism in Asians, heterozygous for the variant ALDH2*2 gene allele.
Chen, YC; Peng, GS; Tsao, TP; Wang, MF; Yin, SJ, 2007
)
0.34
"We develop a pharmacokinetic model describing how genetic variations in ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH7, ALDH2, and TAS2R38 affect consumption behavior, and alcohol and acetaldehyde levels over time in various tissues of individuals with a particular genotype to predict their susceptibility to alcohol dependence."( Using a pharmacokinetic model to relate an individual's susceptibility to alcohol dependence to genotypes.
Kidd, KK; Miller, P; Mustavich, LF; Zhao, H, 2010
)
0.56
") pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the pharmacokinetic curve and the elimination half-life time were significantly reduced, whereas the elimination constant and clearance were increased."( [Effects of catalase activators and inhibitors on ethanol pharmacokinetic characteristics and ethanol and aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme activities in the rat liver and brain].
Alieva, EV; Bardina, LR; Pron'ko, PS; Satanovskaia, VI,
)
0.13
"The ALDH2*1/*2 heterozygotes carrying three ADH1B allelotypes showed significantly higher peak levels and areas under the concentration curve (AUCs) of the blood acetaldehyde as well as significantly greater increases in the peak pulse rate and peak FSBF compared with the ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes."( ALDH2*2 but not ADH1B*2 is a causative variant gene allele for Asian alcohol flushing after a low-dose challenge: correlation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings.
Chen, YC; Lai, CL; Peng, GS; Wang, MF; Yin, SJ, 2014
)
0.6
" A pharmacokinetic (PK) model described the production of CAA by the hepatocytes and its transport to the renal cells."( Investigation of ifosfamide and chloroacetaldehyde renal toxicity through integration of in vitro liver-kidney microfluidic data and pharmacokinetic-system biology models.
Bois, FY; Hamon, J; Leclerc, E, 2016
)
0.71
" A non-compartmental analysis (cotinine, acetaldehyde) and Widmark equation (ethanol) were used for pharmacokinetic parameters calculation."( Influence of tobacco smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics of ethyl alcohol in alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats.
Florek, E; Gomółka, E; Jawień, W; Kulza, M; Napierała, M; Piekoszewski, W; Teżyk, A, 2015
)
0.68
" Lower values of the studied pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in the alcohol preferring males compared to the non-alcohol preferring rats."( Influence of tobacco smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics of ethyl alcohol in alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats.
Florek, E; Gomółka, E; Jawień, W; Kulza, M; Napierała, M; Piekoszewski, W; Teżyk, A, 2015
)
0.42
" While the pharmacokinetics of ethanol metabolism through alcohol dehydrogenase have been thoroughly explored in previous studies, in this paper, we combined a base physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with a whole-body genome-scale model (WBM) to gain further insight into the effect of other less explored processes and genetic variations on ethanol metabolism."( Integration of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model with a whole-body, organ-resolved genome-scale model for characterization of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism.
Mahadevan, R; Pei, W; Thiele, I; Zhu, L, 2021
)
0.82

Compound-Compound Interactions

This work is an attempt in order to help towards understanding the influence of the adsorption process on the removal of a VOC (acetaldehyde, CH3CHO) Using cyclic non thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a packed-bed of a catalyst support, α-Al2O3. In 8-week-old animals, acetaldehyde or ethanol given with MPTP decreased striatal DA content to about 10% of controls.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A novel method for detecting and quantitating pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions is described."( New method for detecting and quantitating pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions applied to ethanol-propranolol.
Lin, YJ; Wagner, JG; Weidler, DJ, 1976
)
0.26
" In 8-week-old animals, however, acetaldehyde or ethanol given with MPTP decreased striatal DA content to about 10% of controls, whereas the depletion was to 43% of controls when MPTP was given alone."( MPTP treatment combined with ethanol or acetaldehyde selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra.
Corsini, GU; di Porzio, U; Johannessen, JN; Kopin, IJ; Schinelli, S; Zuddas, A, 1989
)
0.83
" In this study, we examined gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction to measure the carbon isotope ratios of methanol and acetaldehyde in air samples."( Determination of carbon isotope ratios of methanol and acetaldehyde in air samples by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction.
Hattori, R; Ito, Y; Shibata, H; Yamada, K; Yoshida, N, 2010
)
0.8
"This work is an attempt in order to help towards understanding the influence of the adsorption process on the removal of a VOC (acetaldehyde, CH3CHO) using cyclic non thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a packed-bed of a catalyst support, α-Al2O3."( Acetaldehyde removal using an atmospheric non-thermal plasma combined with a packed bed: role of the adsorption process.
Duten, X; Hassouni, K; Jestin, P; Klett, C; Tieng, S; Touchard, S; Vega-González, A, 2014
)
2.05
" Malondialdehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, and pentanal were extracted and derivatized using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) by gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis."( Determination of malondialdehyde, acrolein and four other products of lipid peroxidation in edible oils by Gas-Diffusion Microextraction combined with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction.
Aja-Macaya, J; Almeida, PJ; Carro, AM; Custodio-Mendoza, JA; Lorenzo, RA; Rodrigues, JA; Valente, IM, 2020
)
0.82

Bioavailability

The cyanamide-pretreatment group (CY) showed a gradual increase of portal blood ethanol, a 25% reduction in the amount of absorbed ethanol, and an 85% smaller absorption rate constant value. The effect of elevated acetaldehyde within the gastrointestinal tract on the permeability and bioavailability of hydrophilic markers and drug molecules was examined.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"52 enhanced the rate of absorption of ethanol and rapidly reduced acetaldehyde levels, which may explain its hepatoprotective effect on ethanol-induced liver damage."( Effect of Liv.52, a herbal preparation, on absorption and metabolism of ethanol in humans.
Chauhan, BL; Kulkarni, RD, 1991
)
0.52
" Ethanol markedly diminished the bioavailability of [14C]FAD to a greater degree than that of [14C]riboflavin."( Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Huang, YP; Pinto, J; Rivlin, RS, 1987
)
0.27
" This difference was concomitant with a greater inhibition of the hepatic mitochondrial high-affinity ADH activity in UChA rats than in UChB ones, whether disulfiram was administered in vivo or in vitro, which excluded the possibility that the strain difference would be caused by a different bioavailability of disulfiram."( Effect of diet and disulfiram on acetaldehyde blood levels after ethanol in UChA and UChB rats.
Quintanilla, ME; Sepúlveda, S; Tampier, L,
)
0.41
" The cyanamide-pretreatment group (CY), in which an extremely high acetaldehyde concentration developed, in comparison with the control and pyrazole-pretreated (PY) groups, showed a gradual increase of portal blood ethanol, a 25% reduction in the amount of absorbed ethanol, and an 85% smaller absorption rate constant value (Ka)."( A comparative study of ethanol absorption in the canine jejunum after pretreatment with cyanamide or pyrazole.
Ameno, K; Ameno, S; Fuke, C; Ijiri, I; Shinohara, T, 1993
)
0.52
" The value of the absorption rate constant in the cyanamide-pretreated group with high acetaldehyde levels was the lowest among the four groups, but there were no significant differences among the remaining groups."( Additional proof of reduction of ethanol absorption from rat intestine in vivo by high acetaldehyde concentrations.
Ameno, K; Ameno, S; Fuke, C; Ijiri, I; Kinoshita, H, 1995
)
0.74
" Similarly, in specific pathogen-free mice with a prolonged infection, gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity is decreased; however, this is not clearly reflected in the bioavailability of ethanol or the amount of its first pass metabolism."( Alcohol metabolism in Helicobacter pylori-infected stomach.
Roine, RP; Salaspuro, M; Salmela, KS, 1995
)
0.29
" GI metabolism of ethanol may influence systemic bioavailability of ethanol and may lead to local toxicity most likely mediated by acetaldehyde."( The role of gastrointestinal factors in alcohol metabolism.
Pöschl, G; Seitz, HK,
)
0.34
"The effects of acetaldehyde due to consumption of ethanol on the uptake and bioavailability of therapeutic drug compounds transported by the PEPT1 oligopeptide transporter have not been documented."( Evaluation of the effect of ethanol's toxic metabolite acetaldehyde on the gastrointestinal oligopeptide transporter, PEPT1: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Eddington, ND; Fisher, SJ; Lee, IJ; Swaan, PW, 2008
)
0.95
" We conclude that modulation of ACD bioavailability may influence the addictive profile of EtOH by decreasing its psychotropic effects and possibly leading the way to new pharmacological treatments of alcoholism."( Acetaldehyde sequestering prevents ethanol-induced stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission.
Diana, M; Enrico, P; Golosio, A; Lintas, A; Mereu, M; Peana, AT; Sirca, D, 2009
)
1.8
" We examined the effects of elevated acetaldehyde within the gastrointestinal tract on the permeability and bioavailability of hydrophilic markers and drug molecules of variable molecular weight and geometry."( The ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde increases paracellular drug permeability in vitro and oral bioavailability in vivo.
Eddington, ND; Fisher, SJ; Swaan, PW, 2010
)
0.94

Dosage Studied

Study aimed to address whether long-term alcohol feeding alters expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in male and female rats. Rats injected with ICV ethanol or acetaldehyde showed an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" High dosage of acetaldehyde to a level of 129 +/- 23 mumol ."( Demonstration of dissimilar acute haemodynamic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde.
Celis, A; Choe, SS; Fernando, HA; Friedman, HS; Lieber, CS; Matsuzaki, S; Zaman, Q, 1979
)
0.84
" We present 2 illustrative cases, discuss the acute toxicity of ethanol, and present 2 simple calculating charts for dosage and kinetics."( The acute toxicity of ethanol: dosage and kinetic nomograms.
David, DJ; Spyker, DA, 1979
)
0.26
" At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication."( Evidence against a role of acetaldehyde in electroencephalographic signs of ethanol-induced intoxication.
Klemm, WR; Mikeska, JA, 1979
)
0.79
"Dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester which are formed solvolytically from desmethyltrichlorphone, an in vivo metabolite of the organophosphorus pesticide Trichlorphone, show in the dominant lethal test in mice at equimolar dosage (1."( [Mutagenicity of dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester, possible metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide Trichlorphon].
Fischer, GW; Scheufler, H; Schneider, P, 1977
)
0.99
" The inhibitory effect of crotonaldehyde depends strongly on the manner of its dosage into the medium (single or continuous) and other cultivation conditions (intensity of medium aeration, physiological state of the culture, etc)."( Effect of crotonaldehyde on the metabolism of Candida utilis during the production of single cell protein from ethanol.
Adámek, L; Sestáková, M; Stros, F, 1976
)
0.26
" The tumour incidence was not increased in any of the metaldehyde dosage groups."( Long-term toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats.
Berkvens, JM; Den Tonkelaar, EM; Helleman, PW; Kroes, R; Van Esch, GJ; Verschuuren, HG, 1975
)
0.25
" In human volunteers treated with increasing doses of DSF and challenged with ethanol between each of the dosage periods, the mean plasma concentrations of Me-DTC at steady state were proportional to the DSF doses given."( A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of disulfiram and its metabolites.
Johansson, B, 1992
)
0.28
"We describe the concentration gradient of ethanol at different blood sampling sites of dogs dosed via the jejunal segment or intravenously, and the subsequent recovery of intestinal fluid from the jejunal segment."( [Studies on ethanol absorption from the intestine--blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in the various vessels].
Ameno, K; Fuke, C; Ijiri, I; Kiriu, T; Shinohara, T, 1992
)
0.52
" In mice exposed to MMH according to a dosing scheme identical to that reported to induce tumours in this species, O6-methylguanine was present in liver and kidney DNA."( Methylation of rat and mouse DNA by the mushroom poison gyromitrin and its metabolite monomethylhydrazine.
Bergman, K; Hellenäs, KE, 1992
)
0.28
" A dose-response impairment of macrophage bactericidal activity was associated with water-soluble, gas-phase constituents."( Marijuana and tobacco smoke gas-phase cytotoxins.
First, MW; Grubner, O; Huber, GL, 1991
)
0.28
" The degree of ALDH inhibition from 8 to 172 hr after dosing was the same for all three drugs."( Comparative aspects of disulfiram and its metabolites in the disulfiram-ethanol reaction in the rat.
Faiman, MD; Yourick, JJ, 1989
)
0.28
" The same bell-shaped dose-response curve was shown by the spindle poison chloral hydrate, which was active in the range 6-10 mM."( A comparative study on ethanol and acetaldehyde as inducers of chromosome malsegregation in Aspergillus nidulans.
Carere, A; Conti, G; Conti, L; Crebelli, R, 1989
)
0.55
" An increase in urinary sulphite levels in sulphite oxidase-deficient rats was observed after dosing with acetaldehyde hydroxy-sulphonate."( Comparative subchronic oral toxicity of sulphite and acetaldehyde hydroxysulphonate in rats.
Beery, JT; Higley, NA; Hui, JY; Taylor, SL, 1989
)
0.74
" The subjects were randomly assigned to receive ethanol dosed to maintain blood alcohol concentrations of 17-22 mmol."( Kinetic and dynamic interactions of oral viqualine and ethanol in man.
Kadlec, KE; Kaplan, HL; Naranjo, CA; Sellers, EM; Shaw, CA; Sullivan, JT, 1989
)
0.28
" one hour before ethanol), caused increases of up to 23-fold in the hepatic acetaldehyde level, without influencing the cytosolic NAD+:NADH ratio in ethanol dosed rats, while significantly reducing the ethanol elimination rate by up to 44%, compared with controls."( The roles of the hepatocellular redox state and the hepatic acetaldehyde concentration in determining the ethanol elimination rate in fasted rats.
Chakraborty, J; Ryle, PR; Thomson, AD, 1985
)
0.74
" There was delayed transfer of ethanol into the amniotic and allantoic fluids during the dosing period, followed by higher ethanol concentrations in these fluids during the elimination phase compared with fetal blood."( Disposition of acute, multiple-dose ethanol in the near-term pregnant ewe.
Brien, JF; Clarke, DW; Patrick, J; Richardson, B; Smith, GN, 1987
)
0.27
"The role of the increased hepatocellular redox-state [( NADH]/[NAD+] ratio) as a mechanism underlying hepatic triglyceride deposition after acute ethanol dosing has been investigated in the rat."( The role of the hepatocellular redox state in the hepatic triglyceride accumulation following acute ethanol administration.
Chakraborty, J; Ryle, PR; Thomson, AD, 1986
)
0.27
" However, protection against formaldehyde lethality could be increased to 90% survivors by repeated dosing with L-ascorbic acid per se over a two day period prior to administration of formaldehyde."( Protective action of sulfur compounds against aldehyde toxicants of cigarette smoke.
Sprince, H, 1985
)
0.27
" The data indicate that, for administration of this ethanol dosage regimen to the third-trimester pregnant ewe, there is rapid, bidirectional placental transfer of ethanol; elimination of ethanol from the fetus is regulated primarily by maternal elimination of ethanol; the amniotic fluid may serve as a reservoir for ethanol in utero; and there is appreciable acetaldehyde-metabolizing capacity."( Disposition of ethanol in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of third-trimester pregnant ewes.
Brien, JF; Clarke, DW; Patrick, J; Richardson, B, 1985
)
0.44
" Dose-response analysis revealed a significant (p less than ."( Effect of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide on acetaldehyde metabolism in two inbred strains of mice.
Little, RG; Petersen, DR, 1985
)
0.53
" However, differences in dose-response patterns for suppression of cytokine gene expression and suppression of the AFC response suggest the involvement of additional factors."( Mechanisms of ethanol-induced suppression of a primary antibody response in a mouse model for binge drinking.
Han, YC; Pruett, SB, 1995
)
0.29
"3 mmol/l) displaces the dose-response curve for acrolein to the left, indicating an increased toxicity of the combination of acrolein plus Dimesna."( Ifosfamide and mesna: effects on the Na/H exchanger activity in renal epithelial cells in culture (LLC-PK1).
Brandis, M; Küpper, N; Mohrmann, M; Schönfield, B,
)
0.13
" The liver was also more susceptible than cerebral cortex, to pro-oxidant effects as judged by depression of glutathione after acute dosing with either solvent."( Effect of ethanol treatment on indices of cumulative oxidative stress.
Bondy, SC; Guo, SX, 1994
)
0.29
" Since it is very difficult to reproducibly achieve the right oxygen dosage in large-scale fermentations, non-Saccharomyces yeasts are therefore not suitable for large-scale alcoholic fermentation of sugar-containing waste streams."( Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts.
Pronk, JT; van Dijken, JP; Weusthuis, RA, 1993
)
0.29
"48 mmol/kg) followed by oral dosing with ME (2."( Methoxyacetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol, is immunosuppressive in the rat.
Riddle, MM; Smialowicz, RJ; Williams, WC, 1993
)
0.74
"Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with CCl4 (3 ml kg-1) were placed in a glass chamber through which air was passed continuously at a rate of 60 ml min-1."( Gas chromatographic determination of vapor-phase biomarkers formed from rats dosed with CCl4.
Dennis, KJ; Ichinose, T; Miller, M; Shibamoto, T,
)
0.13
" In this study, we orally dosed rats with twice the LD50 of metaldehyde following no pretreatment (control) or pretreatment with 1 of 3 different cytochrome P-450 inducers either phenobarbital or o,p'-DDD (inducers of cytochromes P-450 IIB and IIIA) or 3-methylcholanthrene (an inducer of P-450 IA)."( Phenobarbital-type P-450 inducers protect rats against metaldehyde toxicity.
de Saqui-Sannes, P; Fargier, C; Petit, C; Tardieu, D; Thouvenot, N, 1996
)
0.29
"0% VC in air produced similar mutant frequencies without a clear dose-response relationship, suggesting saturation of metabolic activation."( Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride and its reactive metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde, in a metabolically competent human B-lymphoblastoid line.
Chiang, SY; Skopek, TR; Swenberg, JA; Weisman, WH, 1997
)
0.52
" Similar dose-response curves were found for both metabolites."( Ifosfamide cytotoxicity on human tumor and renal cells: role of chloroacetaldehyde in comparison to 4-hydroxyifosfamide.
Brüggemann, SK; Kisro, J; Wagner, T, 1997
)
0.53
" No obvious dose-response relationship was found in the sensitization studies."( Contact allergenic activity of Tween 80 before and after air exposure.
Bergh, M; Karlberg, AT; Magnusson, K; Nilsson, JL, 1997
)
0.3
" Chemicals reported to be ciliotoxic in other systems were tested on hamster infundibula at various concentrations to determine whether a dose-response inhibition of ciliary beat frequency occurred."( Identification of cigarette smoke components that alter functioning of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) oviducts in vitro.
DiCarlantonio, G; Gomez, C; Knoll, M; Talbot, P, 1998
)
0.3
" The kinetics of the excretion were compared following short-term and continuous ifosfamide infusion at a dosage of 3 g/m2."( Excretion kinetics of ifosfamide side-chain metabolites in children on continuous and short-term infusion.
Blaschke, G; Boos, J; Hohenlöchter, B; Jürgens, H; Rossi, R; Silies, H, 1998
)
0.3
" Although nasal tissues express ALDH, the importance of this enzyme relative to delivered dosage rates at high-inspired concentrations is not well defined."( The effect of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase on nasal uptake of inspired acetaldehyde.
Morris, JB; Stanek, JJ, 1999
)
0.53
" A cumulative dose-response procedure was then used to investigate the effects of pretreatments with AT (0."( Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Grant, KA; Quertemont, E, 2002
)
0.75
" In addition, AT pretreatment did not affect the dose-response curves for ethanol discrimination."( Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Grant, KA; Quertemont, E, 2002
)
0.75
" Also, pretreatment with the catalase inhibitor did not affect the dose-response curve for ethanol discrimination, and this suggests that endogenously produced acetaldehyde does not contribute to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol."( Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Grant, KA; Quertemont, E, 2002
)
0.95
" Rats injected with ICV ethanol or acetaldehyde showed an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve, with moderate doses increasing motor activity."( Open field locomotor effects in rats after intraventricular injections of ethanol and the ethanol metabolites acetaldehyde and acetate.
Arizzi, MN; Betz, A; Correa, M; Mingote, S; Salamone, JD, 2003
)
0.81
" The concentration of EtOH and AcH in the striatal dialysate reached a peak at 30 min after EtOH dosing and then gradually decreased in the CY+EtOH group."( Failure of ethanol and acetaldehyde to alter in vivo norepinephrine release in the striatum and hippocampus of rats.
Ameno, K; Ameno, S; Ijiri, I; Jamal, M; Kubota, T; Kumihashi, M; Wang, W, 2004
)
0.63
" Dose-response and time-course experiments were performed by incubating the cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as well as other commercially available retinoids."( Retinoic acid down-regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase and increases cytotoxicity of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and acetaldehyde.
Gabr, A; Gowda, S; Mohuczy, D; Moreb, JS; Vartikar, GR; Zucali, JR, 2005
)
0.54
" AIR technology could serve as a tool for therapeutic transgene dosing as well as biopharmaceutical manufacturing."( Gas-inducible transgene expression in mammalian cells and mice.
Aubel, D; Daoud-El Baba, M; Fussenegger, M; Keller, B; Rimann, M; Spielmann, M; Weber, CC; Weber, W, 2004
)
0.32
"Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of the hydrochloride salts of fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine in their pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Development and validation of spectrophotometric methods for determination of fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Darwish, IA,
)
0.13
" A significant decrease in ACh release was observed from 140 to 240 min after EtOH dosing in the EtOH (1 and 2 g/kg) groups, as compared to saline groups."( Inhibition of acetaldehyde metabolism decreases acetylcholine release in medial frontal cortex of freely moving rats.
Ameno, K; Ameno, S; Ijiri, I; Ikuo, U; Jamal, M; Kumihashi, M; Shinji, A; Wang, W, 2005
)
0.69
" This fungus-derived acetaldehyde-inducible gene regulation (AIR) system operated perfectly and enabled precise and reversible transgene expression dosing in a variety of mammalian cells."( Tobacco smoke as inducer for gas phase-controlled transgene expression in mammalian cells and mice.
Aubel, D; Daoud El-Baba, M; Fussenegger, M; Keller, B; Spielmann, M; Weber, W, 2005
)
0.65
" Currently available transgene dosing modalities which rely on physical parameters or small-molecule drugs for transgene fine-tuning compromise downstream processing and/or are difficult to implement technologically."( Gas-inducible product gene expression in bioreactors.
de Glutz, FN; Fussenegger, M; Memmert, K; Rimann, M; Weber, E; Weber, W, 2005
)
0.33
" These studies have implications for understanding the brain mechanisms involved in mediating the ascending limb of the biphasic dose-response curve for the effect of ethanol on locomotor activity."( Motor stimulant effects of ethanol injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata: importance of catalase-mediated metabolism and the role of acetaldehyde.
Aragon, CM; Arizzi-LaFrance, MN; Correa, M; Salamone, JD, 2006
)
0.53
" The optimal inducer concentration and the duration of induction period were determined in dose-response and in time-course experiments."( Alcohol-inducible gene expression in transgenic Populus.
Brunner, AM; Busov, VB; Filichkin, SA; Ma, C; Meilan, R; Strauss, SH, 2006
)
0.33
" This study aimed to address (i) whether long-term alcohol feeding alters expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in male and female rats; (ii) the effect of immediate alcohol dosing with or without raised levels of endogenous acetaldehyde; and (iii) the effect of starvation."( Alcohol alters skeletal muscle heat shock protein gene expression in rats: these effects are moderated by sex, raised endogenous acetaldehyde, and starvation.
Broome, CS; Hirano, M; Hunter, R; Koll, M; Martin, CR; McArdle, A; Nakahara, T; Preedy, VR; Uchimura, H, 2006
)
0.72
" AChE expression at mRNA levels was not changed at either 40 or 240 min after EtOH dosing in either of these groups in the frontal cortex and hippocampus."( Changes in cholinergic function in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rat exposed to ethanol and acetaldehyde.
Ameno, K; Ameno, S; Ijiri, I; Ikuo, U; Jamal, M; Kumihashi, M; Miki, T; Morishita, J; Wang, W, 2007
)
0.56
" The results showed that EtOH and acetaldehyde decreased ChAT expression at 40 and 240 min after EtOH dosing in the brain."( Ethanol and acetaldehyde: in vivo quantitation and effects on cholinergic function in rat brain.
Ameno, K; Ijiri, I; Ikuo, U; Jamal, M; Kumihashi, M; Wang, W, 2007
)
1
" The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of AML in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy; the recovery percentages ranged from 100."( Validated spectrofluorometric methods for determination of amlodipine besylate in tablets.
Abdel-Wadood, HM; Mahmoud, AM; Mohamed, NA, 2008
)
0.35
" Ethanol (20 mM) reduced the potency of the PPARbeta ligand GW0742, evident by a rightward shift in the GW0742 dose-response curve, whereas for PPARalpha activation by GW7647, ethanol mediated its effects primarily through reducing efficacy as evidenced by a reduction in maximal response."( PPARalpha and PPARbeta are differentially affected by ethanol and the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
Aung, CS; Cabot, PJ; Monteith, GR; Roberts-Thomson, SJ; Venkata, NG, 2008
)
0.57
" This experiment further characterizes the dose-response relationship for nasal pathology, nasal epithelial cell proliferation, and DNA-protein cross-link formation in F-344 rats exposed subchronically to acetaldehyde."( Derivation of an inhalation reference concentration based upon olfactory neuronal loss in male rats following subchronic acetaldehyde inhalation.
Andersen, ME; Campbell, JL; Clewell, HJ; Dorman, DC; Gross, EA; Parkinson, C; Struve, MF; Tan, YM; Teeguarden, JG; Willson, GA; Wong, BA, 2008
)
0.74
" The rat and human acetaldehyde PBPK models developed here can also be used as a bridge between acetaldehyde dose-response and mode-of-action data as well as between similar databases for other acetaldehyde-producing nasal toxicants."( A PBPK model for evaluating the impact of aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on comparative rat and human nasal tissue acetaldehyde dosimetry.
Bogdanffy, MS; Covington, TR; Jarabek, AM; Tan, C; Teeguarden, JG, 2008
)
0.88
" The risk assessment was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority's margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses obtained from dose-response modelling of animal experiments."( Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism.
Kanteres, F; Lachenmeier, DW; Rehm, J, 2009
)
0.68
"We described here blood acetate levels in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout (ALDH2 KO) male mice based on C57BL/6J strain after ethanol (EtOH) dosing (2 g/kg)."( Ethanol metabolism in ALDH2 knockout mice--blood acetate levels.
Hiroshi, K; Iwao, I; Keiichi, N; Kiyoshi, A; Kyoko, K; Mitsuru, K; Mostofa, J; Toshihiro, K; Toyoshi, I; Weihuan, W, 2009
)
0.35
" The protein content study showed biphasic dose-response curves, after 24 hours and seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde."( Comparison of ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity in rat astrocytes in primary culture.
Lipnik-Stangelj, M; Sarc, L, 2009
)
0.86
"Epidemiologic studies addressing the association of alcohol consumption with breast cancer consistently suggest a modest association and a dose-response relationship."( Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer.
Beasley, J; Coronado, GD; Livaudais, J,
)
0.13
" Ten healthy nonsmokers were dosed once a week for three weeks."( Kinetics of DNA adduct formation in the oral cavity after drinking alcohol.
Balbo, S; Bliss, RL; Hatsukami, DK; Hecht, SS; Jensen, JA; Meng, L, 2012
)
0.38
" First, to determine the optimal concentration of AA for detecting N(2)-ethylidene-dG in cell culture, a dose-response study was performed using HL60 cells of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line."( Stability of acetaldehyde-derived DNA adduct in vitro.
Chiba, T; Hori, K; Matsuda, T; Miyamoto, S; Muto, M; Yukawa, Y, 2012
)
0.75
" Both ACD and SAL exhibit reinforcing properties within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and both exhibit an inverted "U-shaped" dose-response curve."( Microinjections of acetaldehyde or salsolinol into the posterior ventral tegmental area increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell.
Deehan, GA; Ding, ZM; Engleman, EA; McBride, WJ; Rodd, ZA, 2013
)
0.72
" Baseline levels of acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol and ethanol could be measured in patients before dosing commenced and an increase in levels of some volatiles were observed in several neonates after receiving ethanol-containing medications."( GC-MS analysis of ethanol and other volatile compounds in micro-volume blood samples--quantifying neonatal exposure.
Cordell, RL; Hubbard, M; Monks, PS; Pandya, H; Turner, MA, 2013
)
0.71
"5 g/kg dosage regardless of ALDH2 genotype."( Effect of the allelic variant of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*2 on ethanol metabolism.
Bae, KY; Kang, G; Kim, J; Kim, JK; Kim, JM; Kim, SW; Shin, HY; Shin, IS; Yoon, JS, 2014
)
0.4
" The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of cited drugs in dosage forms with high accuracy (98."( Development of spectrofluorimetric method for determination of certain aminoglycoside drugs in dosage forms and human plasma through condensation with ninhydrin and phenyl acetaldehyde.
Aly, AA; Hammad, MA; Nagy, DM; Omar, MA, 2015
)
0.61
" Here, we determine blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in 49 preterm infants (median birth weight = 1190 g) dosed with iron or furosemide, medicines that contain different amounts of ethanol, and in 11 control group infants (median birth weight = 1920 g) who were not on any medications."( Essential medicines containing ethanol elevate blood acetaldehyde concentrations in neonates.
Cordell, RL; Hubbard, M; McElnay, JC; Monks, PS; Mulla, H; Nunn, AJ; Pandya, HC; Turner, MA; Yakkundi, S, 2016
)
0.95
"Although infants dosed with iron or furosemide had low blood ethanol concentrations, blood acetaldehyde concentrations were consistent with moderate alcohol exposure."( Essential medicines containing ethanol elevate blood acetaldehyde concentrations in neonates.
Cordell, RL; Hubbard, M; McElnay, JC; Monks, PS; Mulla, H; Nunn, AJ; Pandya, HC; Turner, MA; Yakkundi, S, 2016
)
0.9
" Based on the dose-response of γH2AX and Hill model, the ability to induce DNA double-strand break can be evaluated as acrolein>formaldehyde>acetaldehyde>benzene."( Assessment of genotoxicity of four volatile pollutants from cigarette smoke based on the in vitro γH2AX assay using high content screening.
Chen, H; Hou, H; Hu, Q; Liu, Y; Wang, A; Zhang, S, 2017
)
0.66
" The dosage of alcohol was 1 g/kg body weight/day."( Clove Bud Polyphenols Alleviate Alterations in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Markers Associated with Binge Drinking: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.
Illathu Madhavamenon, K; Maliakel, B; Mammen, RR; Mohanan, R; Natinga Mulakal, J, 2018
)
0.48
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (10)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitorAn EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
carcinogenic agentA role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
mutagenAn agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
teratogenic agentA role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
oxidising agentA substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
electron acceptorA substance to which an electron may be transferred.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
aldehydeA compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (137)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Carbohydrate metabolism173120
Pentose phosphate pathway1330
Metabolism of lipids500463
Phospholipid metabolism12242
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis7439
Synthesis of PE914
Metabolism of steroids111135
Metabolism of steroid hormones2537
Androgen biosynthesis916
Biological oxidations150276
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds69175
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type30110
Xenobiotics450
CYP2E1 reactions019
Ethanol oxidation1216
DNA Repair25547
DNA Damage Reversal810
Reversal of alkylation damage by DNA dioxygenases79
ALKBH2 mediated reversal of alkylation damage17
ALKBH3 mediated reversal of alkylation damage47
Pyruvate Metabolism2139
Ethanol Degradation716
Pentose Phosphate Pathway1527
Leigh Syndrome2139
Pyruvate Decarboxylase E1 Component Deficiency (PDHE1 Deficiency)2139
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency2139
Disulfiram Action Pathway2366
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency1527
Ribose-5-phosphate Isomerase Deficiency1527
Transaldolase Deficiency1527
Primary Hyperoxaluria II, PH22139
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency2139
2-Oxopent-4-enoate Metabolism1725
PreQ0 Metabolism623
2-Oxopent-4-enoate Metabolism 21725
Purine Deoxyribonucleosides Degradation414
Ethanolamine Metabolism23
Glycine Metabolism1127
Threonine Metabolism619
Ethanol Fermentation1527
ethanol degradation I07
ethanol degradation II413
ethanol degradation IV013
acetaldehyde biosynthesis I45
pyruvate fermentation to ethanol I19
glycine biosynthesis410
pyruvate fermentation to acetoin III04
pyruvate fermentation to ethanol II28
superpathway of anaerobic sucrose degradation3360
acetaldehyde biosynthesis II04
Pyruvate metabolism ( Pyruvate metabolism )3027
NAD+ + Acetaldehyde + H2O = NADH + Acetic acid ( Pyruvate metabolism )74
superpathway of fermentation (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)717
fluoroacetate and fluorothreonine biosynthesis016
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-20490
Pentose phosphate pathway in senescent cells510
oxidative ethanol degradation III715
NAD/NADP-NADH/NADPH cytosolic interconversion (yeast)526
superpathway NAD/NADP - NADH/NADPH interconversion (yeast)1031
fluoroacetate and fluorothreonine biosynthesis422
hypotaurine degradation211
chitin degradation to ethanol1317
long chain fatty acid ester synthesis (engineered)212
2-aminoethylphosphonate degradation I229
pyruvate fermentation to acetate VIII48
glycine biosynthesis IV14
superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation738
superpathway of dimethylsulfoniopropanoate degradation616
ethanol degradation II416
ethanol degradation I415
homofuraneol biosynthesis19
ethanol degradation III415
pyruvate fermentation to acetoin III35
ethanol degradation IV415
atrazine degradation II07
preQ0 biosynthesis723
ethanolamine utilization1336
triethylamine degradation016
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum acidogenic and solventogenic fermentation1855
superpathway of fermentation (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)917
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum solventogenic fermentation1444
choline degradation III14
superpathway of purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation637
geraniol and nerol degradation011
methylthiopropanoate degradation I (cleavage)312
p-cymene degradation1421
hexitol fermentation to lactate, formate, ethanol and acetate736
acetylene degradation121
superpathway of aromatic compound degradation via 2-hydroxypentadienoate5095
p-cumate degradation1018
mixed acid fermentation3276
superpathway of aromatic compound degradation via 3-oxoadipate3681
3-phenylpropanoate and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate degradation1122
2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate degradation915
naphthalene degradation to acetyl-CoA1138
glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)221
superpathway of N-acetylneuraminate degradation3979
L-threonine degradation IV415
meta cleavage pathway of aromatic compounds1422
cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide biosynthesis I (early cobalt insertion)1731
alkylnitronates degradation350
nitroethane degradation115
catechol degradation II (meta-cleavage pathway)819
catechol degradation I (meta-cleavage pathway)817
toluene degradation I (aerobic) (via o-cresol)517
L-tryptophan degradation IX026
toluene degradation IV (aerobic) (via catechol)1625
mandelate degradation to acetyl-CoA1233
L-tryptophan degradation XII (Geobacillus)326
heterolactic fermentation737
toluene degradation II (aerobic) (via 4-methylcatechol)716
toluene degradation V (aerobic) (via toluene-cis-diol)718
superpathway of L-threonine metabolism2172
superpathway of anaerobic sucrose degradation2661
superpathway of aerobic toluene degradation3847
acetoin degradation47
2'-deoxy-u03B1-D-ribose 1-phosphate degradation428
pyruvate fermentation to ethanol II911
pyruvate fermentation to ethanol III210
pyruvate fermentation to ethanol I1020
glycine biosynthesis from threonine14
superpathway NAD/NADP - NADH/NADPH interconversion1129
NAD/NADP-NADH/NADPH cytosolic interconversion626
acetoin biosynthesis III34
superpathway of acetoin and butanediol biosynthesis49
superpathway of ribose and deoxyribose phosphate degradation024
superpathway of threonine degradation011
(deoxy)ribose phosphate degradation018
ethanol degradation II (cytosol)012
threonine degradation I08
oxidative ethanol degradation III (microsomal)015
ethanol degradation IV (peroxisomal)013
threonine degradation IV08
superpathway of threonine metabolism034
sucrose degradation to ethanol and lactate (anaerobic)028
ethanol fermentation to acetate119
2-oxopentenoate degradation710
3-phenylpropionate and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate degradation1217
Ethanol metabolism resulting in production of ROS by CYP2E1117
Folate-alcohol and cancer pathway012
Folate-alcohol and cancer pathway hypotheses012
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Ethanol effects on histone modifications017
Ethanol metabolism production of ROS by CYP2E1117
threonine catabolism114
DNA replication and repair5315
DNA repair4610

Protein Targets (40)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency47.47710.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunitHomo sapiens (human)Potency48.03663.189029.884159.4836AID1224846; AID1224894
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency2.18960.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.94080.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.94080.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.13050.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.88200.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID743035; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054; AID743063
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine proteaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency71.74030.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency80.49400.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.39700.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.56030.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency44.89700.000214.376460.0339AID720691; AID720692; AID720719
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.42150.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.24220.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.43520.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency62.19760.375827.485161.6524AID743217; AID743220; AID743239
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.52650.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.02380.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID1259383; AID743069; AID743075; AID743078; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency49.48450.001024.504861.6448AID743212; AID743215; AID743227
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.86220.001019.414170.9645AID588537; AID743094; AID743140; AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.74600.023723.228263.5986AID743222; AID743223
caspase-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency71.74030.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.07880.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.40730.001628.015177.1139AID1224843; AID1224895
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.24120.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency42.69930.154917.870243.6557AID1346877; AID1346891
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency64.537019.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency64.53700.057821.109761.2679AID1159526
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency118.25800.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845
Caspase-7Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency71.74030.006723.496068.5896AID1346980
caspase-3Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency71.74030.006723.496068.5896AID1346980
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency1.35100.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743066; AID743067
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency57.51870.042027.378961.6448AID743210; AID743228
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency36.88110.000627.21521,122.0200AID743202; AID743219
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.40340.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency63.01240.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID720552
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.40340.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.63940.011917.942071.5630AID651632
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.63940.011912.222168.7989AID651632
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (141)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (40)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (27)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (16)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1102816Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID1102908Antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 33844 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID346025Binding affinity to beta cyclodextrin2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Convenient QSAR model for predicting the complexation of structurally diverse compounds with beta-cyclodextrins.
AID1102846Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID1102970Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID1148052Antineoplastic activity against mouse EAC allografted in CF1 mouse assessed as packed cell volume on day 7 measured at 33 mg/kg (Rvb = 32.75 +/- 7.87%)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Antineoplastic agents. 2. Structure-activity studies on N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several amino acids.
AID1148054Antineoplastic activity against mouse EAC allografted in CF1 mouse assessed as tumor growth inhibition on day 7 measured at 33 mg/kg1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Antineoplastic agents. 2. Structure-activity studies on N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several amino acids.
AID1102939Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID1337095Inhibition of human MPO2017ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 8, Issue:2
From Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry to
AID1148053Antineoplastic activity against mouse EAC allografted in CF1 mouse assessed as ascites volume on day 7 measured at 33 mg/kg (Rvb = 4.1 +/- 1.24 mL)1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Antineoplastic agents. 2. Structure-activity studies on N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several amino acids.
AID1102877Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 assessed as growth inhibition rate at 1.2 mg/l after 72 hr by spectrophotometry2004Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities.
AID1346556Human TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)2007The European journal of neuroscience, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:9
Transient receptor potential A1 mediates acetaldehyde-evoked pain sensation.
AID1346567Mouse TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)2007The European journal of neuroscience, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:9
Transient receptor potential A1 mediates acetaldehyde-evoked pain sensation.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (5,767)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902263 (39.24)18.7374
1990's942 (16.33)18.2507
2000's1185 (20.55)29.6817
2010's1036 (17.96)24.3611
2020's341 (5.91)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 87.40

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index87.40 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.75 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.49 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index162.40 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (87.40)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials77 (1.24%)5.53%
Reviews434 (6.97%)6.00%
Case Studies49 (0.79%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5,666 (91.01%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]