dibutyl phthalate profile

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer, a substance added to plastics to increase their flexibility and durability. It is a synthetic compound produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride with butanol. DBP has been widely used in a variety of applications, including PVC flooring, wall coverings, clothing, and toys. However, concerns about its potential health effects have led to its phasing out in many countries. DBP is known to be an endocrine disruptor, meaning it can interfere with the body's hormonal system. Exposure to DBP can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Studies have linked DBP exposure to various health problems, including reproductive abnormalities, developmental delays, and cancer. Due to these concerns, DBP has been restricted or banned in many countries. Its replacement with safer alternatives is an active area of research. The study of DBP is important to understand its potential risks and to develop safer alternatives for use in various products.'

6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide: GSK-189254 is the HCl salt; an H3 receptor antagonist; putative cognitive enhancer; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9798547
CHEMBL ID	517140
SCHEMBL ID	169579
MeSH ID	M0006258
PubMed CID	3026
CHEMBL ID	272485
CHEBI ID	34687
SCHEMBL ID	24051
MeSH ID	M0006258

Synonym
bdbm50247054
6-(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-benzo[d]azepin-7-yloxy)-n-methylnicotinamide
CHEMBL517140 ,
gsk189254
6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-n-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide
BCP9000737
gsk-189,254
unii-5t4tx6co53
5t4tx6co53 ,
gsk 189254a
3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-n-methyl-
gsk-189254a
720690-73-3
gsk-189254 free base
SCHEMBL169579
6-(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-benzo[d]azepin-7-yloxy)-n-methyl-nicotinamide
WROHEWWOCPRMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ,
CS-6206
HY-14111
gsk189254a
6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-benzo[d]azepin-7-yl)oxy)-n-methylnicotinamide
AKOS032944981
Q5514566
720690-73-3 (free base)
E77309
6-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-n-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide
gsk 189254a; gsk-189254a;gsk189254;gsk-189254;gsk 189254
BCP29549
6-[(3-cyclobutyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-yl)oxy]-n-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide
gtpl10736
HMS3748C15
EX-A1905
MS-25443
DTXSID801005982
gsk189254gsk189254
6-[(3-cyclobutyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-n-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide
VDB69073
A935062
AC-36239
EN300-36038
Z281777806
BIDD:ER0641
MLS002177802
smr000777923
BRD-K73477617-001-01-0
staflex dbp
84-74-2
elaol
di-n-butyl phthalate
dibutyl-o-phthalate
nsc-6370
px 104
genoplast b
celluflex dpb
hexaplas m/b
benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid, di-n-butyl ester
o-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester
dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate
unimoll db
phthalic acid, dibutyl ester
wln: 4ovr bvo2
witcizer 300
n-butyl phthalate
dibutyl phthalate
palatinol c
nsc6370
butyl phthalate
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester
DIVK1C_006724
di-n-butylorthophthalate
SPECTRUM_001975
BSPBIO_002547
NCGC00090769-01
ai-3-00283
phthalate, di-n-butyl
nsc 6370
n-butylphthalate
dbp (ester)
ersoplast fda
kodaflex dbp
einecs 201-557-4
caswell no. 292
hatcol dbp
epa pesticide chemical code 028001
ccris 2676
benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid di-n-butyl ester
phthalate, dibutyl-
uniflex dbp
brn 1914064
di-n-butylester kyseliny ftalove [czech]
ergoplast fdb
rc plasticizer dbp
rcra waste number u069
rcra waste no. u069
hsdb 922
ortho-dibutyl phthalate
dibutyl phthalate, 99%
dibutyl phthalate, reagentplus(r), >=99%
NCGC00090769-02
NCGC00090769-03
KBIO1_001668
KBIO2_007668
KBIO2_005100
KBIOGR_001267
KBIO3_002047
KBIO2_002532
KBIOSS_002541
SPECPLUS_000628
SPECTRUM3_000874
SPECTRUM4_000714
SPECTRUM330086
di-n-butyl phthalate (dbup)
SPECTRUM5_002068
NCGC00090769-04
NCGC00090769-05
NCGC00090769-06
dibutylphthatlate
di n butyl phthalate
phthalate, dibutyl
phthalate, butyl
dibutyl-phthalate
HMS2091E09
hatco dbp
ruifeng vp 201
plasthall dbp
yh-1bd2
monocizer dbp
corflex 440
vp-201
CHEMBL272485 ,
dibutylphthalate
vestinol c
phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester
o-benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
CHEBI:34687 ,
benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
phthalic acid dibutyl ester
dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
dibutyl o-phthalate
dibutyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate
rapidcelltrade markp
P0292
NCGC00090769-07
NCGC00090769-09
NCGC00090769-08
AKOS005720807
ec 201-557-4
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-dibutyl ester
2286e5r2ke ,
di-n-butylester kyseliny ftalove
dibutyl phthalate [nf]
unii-2286e5r2ke
HMS3041E18
dtxsid2021781 ,
tox21_201729
tox21_300980
cas-84-74-2
dtxcid301781
NCGC00259278-01
NCGC00254882-01
BBL011532
nsc-755894
nsc755894
pharmakon1600-00330086
bdbm50371946
STL146650
benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester
FT-0624680
EPITOPE ID:138714
nutyl phthalate
gtpl6295
dibutyl phthalate [mi]
dibutyl phthalate [usp-rs]
butyl phthalate [who-dd]
dibutyl phthalate [ep monograph]
dibutyl phthalate [inci]
dibutyl phthalate [hsdb]
dibutyl phthalate [mart.]
dibutyl phthalate [ii]
SCHEMBL24051
J-503795
dibutyl ester of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
uniplex 150
morflex 240
palatinol dbp
mfcd00009441
1,2-dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
CCG-230933
dibutyl phthalate, selectophore(tm)
dibutyl phthalate, pestanal(r), analytical standard
dibutyl phthalate, saj special grade, >=98.0%
dibutyl phthalate, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
dibutyl phthalate, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
dibutyl phthalate, >=99%
dibutyl phthalate, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
sr-05000001549
SR-05000001549-1
SR-05000001549-3
dibutyl phthalate, ar, >=99%
dibutyl phthalate, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
dibutyl phthalate, lr, >=98%
phthalic acid, bis-butyl ester
dibutyll phthalate
bufa
dibutyl 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylate
dibutyl phthalate (dbp)
dibutyl 1,2-benzene-dicarboxylate
SBI-0052568.P002
CS-0013564
Z277540112
F0001-2134
BCP24796
Q415612
HY-Y0304
DB13716
BRD-K73477617-001-04-4
di(1-butyl) phthalate
S5377
EN300-77394
synolate md
dibutyl phthalate (ep monograph)
witicizer 300
induflex dbp
di(n-butyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate
phthalsauredibutylester
dibutyl-1,2-benzene-dicarboxylate
usepa/opp pesticide code: 028001
ersoplast fda.
dibutyl phthalate (mart.)
phthalsaeure dibutylester
r!c. plasticizer dbp
ergoplast fob
1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-n-butyl ester
bisoflex dbp
dibutyl phthalate (ii)
bis-n-butyl phthalate
benzol-1,2-dicarbonsauredibutylester
hatcp dbp
sicol 140
dibutyl phthalate (usp-rs)
1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(n-butyl) ester
mollan b
ftalato di n-butanolo

Research Excerpts

Overview

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a phthalic acid ester (PAE) that has posed a health hazard to the organisms. It is a plasticizer widely used in daily production, which causes serious environmental pollution. At certain levels, it can be harmful to human health.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a phthalic acid ester (PAE) that has posed a health hazard to the organisms. "	( Dibutyl phthalate-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in swine testis cells and therapy of naringenin via PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Chen, H; Huang, X; Sun, X; Xu, S; Zhang, Y; Zou, M, 2022)	3.61
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an environmental hormone disrupter. "	( Reproductive toxicity of dibutyl phthalate adsorbed on carbon nanotubes in male Balb/C mice. Ding, S; He, S; Qin, Y; Ye, X; Zhang, H; Zhou, T, 2022)	2.47
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an endocrine disruptor, which causes male reproductive dysfunction in rodents. "	( Preconception exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) impairs spermatogenesis by activating NF-κB/COX-2/RANKL signaling in Sertoli cells. Hua, S; Jiang, J; Liu, S; Shi, F; Wu, L; Xie, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.46
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer widely used in daily production, which causes serious environmental pollution, and damage to brain, liver, kidney, and lung by producing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) after entering the body. "	( Dibutyl phthalate causes MC3T3-E1 cell damage by increasing ROS to promote the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Cui, Y; Du, J; Huo, S; Li, B; Li, Y; Shao, B; Song, M; Wang, B, 2022)	3.61
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a typical phthalate (PAEs). "	( Dibutyl phthalate affects insulin synthesis and secretion by regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and oxidative stress in rat insulinoma cells. Chen, B; Dong, R; Du, J; Gu, Y; Li, S; Liu, S; Liu, X; Qin, J; Yang, R; Yang, S; Zheng, J, 2023)	3.8
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a typical plasticizer and is widely used in industrial manufacturing. "	( Dibutyl phthalate causes heart damage by disrupting Ca Du, J; Huo, S; Li, B; Li, Y; Song, M; Wang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2023)	3.8
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a frequently detected farmland contaminant that is harmful to the environment and human health. "	( Use of Bacillus-siamensis-inoculated biochar to decrease uptake of dibutyl phthalate in leafy vegetables. Chen, X; Cheng, J; Feng, F; Long, L; Nabil El-Masry, G; Wan, Q; Wang, Q; Xu, W; Yan, H; Yu, X, 2020)	2.24
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that at certain levels can be harmful to human health. "	( Dibutyl phthalate-mediated oxidative stress induces splenic injury in mice and the attenuating effects of vitamin E and curcumin. Ma, P; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Yan, B; Yan, X; Yang, W; Yang, Y; Ye, D; Zhang, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used additive in plastic products, so it may potentially coexist with microplastics (MPs) in marine environment. "	( Acute and chronic combined effect of polystyrene microplastics and dibutyl phthalate on the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Li, W; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Yang, K; Yi, X; Zhan, J; Zhou, H, 2020)	2.24
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an environmental pollutant that can threaten human health. "	( Combined genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the dibutyl phthalate metabolic pathway in Arthrobacter sp. ZJUTW. Li, J; Linhardt, RJ; Liu, T; Qiu, L; Zhang, F; Zhong, W, 2020)	2.25
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor detected in water, soil, and other environmental media frequently. "	( Paternal exposure to di-n-butyl-phthalate induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ding, X; Hu, J; Li, W; Sun, B; Tian, F; Wang, Y; Xia, M; Xu, H; Yang, M; Yang, W, 2021)	2.06
"Dibutyl phthalate is an endocrine disruptor used in a wide range of industrial and agriculture applications. "	( Effects of Subacute Exposure of Dibutyl Phthalate on the Homeostatic Model Assessment, Thyroid Function, and Redox Status in Rats. Khan, AR; Khan, S; Majeed, KA; Rehman, H; Saeed, AA; Tahir, MS; Yousaf, MS, 2021)	2.35
"Dibutyl phthalate is an important phthalate ester extensively used in various products like plastics, adhesives, inks, pharmaceuticals, lacquers, varnishes, paper coatings, safety glasses, and cosmetics. "	( Sub-chronic exposure to low concentration of dibutyl phthalate affects anthropometric parameters and markers of obesity in rats. Majeed, KA; Rabbani, I; Rashid, MA; Tahir, SK; Ur Rehman, H; Yousaf, MS; Zaneb, H, 2017)	2.16
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer used for many consumer products including cosmetics. "	( Dibutyl Phthalate Rather than Monobutyl Phthalate Facilitates Contact Hypersensitivity to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate in a Mouse Model. Imai, Y; Kurohane, K; Ogawa, E; Sekiguchi, K; Tsutsumi, M, 2017)	3.34
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer that has male reproductive toxicity."	( ZnSO Ao, L; Cao, J; Cui, Z; Liu, J; Liu, T; Mo, M; Wang, X; Zhang, X, 2018)	1.2
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a type of phthalate, found in high concentrations in indoor air, which appears to have a high inflammatory potential."	( Dibutyl phthalate modulates phenotype of granulocytes in human blood in response to inflammatory stimuli. Bølling, AK; Carlsten, C; Huff, RD; Maestre-Batlle, D; Pena, OM; Randhawa, A, 2018)	2.64
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer, whose presence in the environment as a pollutant has attained a great deal of attention due to its reported association with endocrine system disturbances on animals. "	( Kinetics and pathway of biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate by Pleurotus ostreatus. Ahuactzin-Pérez, M; García-Dávila, J; González-Pérez, M; Gutiérrez-Ruíz, MC; Sánchez, C; Santacruz-Juárez, E; Tlécuitl-Beristain, S, 2018)	2.19
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a typical soil contaminant that is widely used as plasticizer in modern agricultural production. "	( Dibutyl phthalate contamination remolded the fungal community in agro-environmental system. Deng, Y; Duan, G; Jia, M; Jin, D; Kong, X; Liu, H; Wang, X; Zhang, F, 2019)	3.4
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a phthalate ester used as a plasticizer, and solvent. "	( Use of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to evaluate species concordance and human relevance of Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced male reproductive toxicity. Arzuaga, X; Hotchkiss, AK; Radke, EG; Walker, T; Yost, EE, 2020)	2.21
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer and additive to adhesives, printing inks and nail polishes. "	( A dibutyl phthalate sensor based on a nanofiber polyaniline coated quartz crystal monitor. Ding, P; Hu, R; Li, G; Luo, Z; Ma, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, J, 2013)	2.55
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a peroxisome proliferator which can lead to germ cell loss from Sertoli cells. "	( Inhibition of PPARα attenuates vimentin phosphorylation on Ser-83 and collapse of vimentin filaments during exposure of rat Sertoli cells in vitro to DBP. Ao, L; Cao, J; Cui, Z; Liu, J; Liu, W; Tan, L; Yang, H; Zhang, X, 2014)	1.85
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous contaminant in the marine environment, and relatively little is known about the toxicological mechanisms of this compound at the metabolite level. "	( Metabolomics-based approach for assessing the toxicity mechanisms of dibutyl phthalate to abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta). Cai, Z; Chen, B; Zhou, J, 2015)	2.09
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a widely used plasticizer that has been shown to induce germ cell apoptosis-related testicular atrophy and cause reproductive toxicity. "	( The p-eIF2α/ATF4 pathway links endoplasmic reticulum stress to autophagy following the production of reactive oxygen species in mouse spermatocyte-derived cells exposed to dibutyl phthalate. Ao, L; Cao, J; Gao, J; Ling, X; Liu, K; Wang, Z; Zhang, G; Zou, P, 2016)	2.07
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a widely used synthetic phthalic diester and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is its main metabolite. "	( Comparison of the Effects of Dibutyl and Monobutyl Phthalates on the Steroidogenesis of Rat Immature Leydig Cells. Chen, X; Ge, RS; Hu, G; Li, L; Li, X; Lian, QQ; Wang, M; Wang, S; Xu, R; Zhu, Q, 2016)	1.88

Effects

Dibutyl phthalate has a certain inhibitory effect on the activity, diversity, and heterogeneity of microorganisms in soil. It has a wide variety of manufacturing applications and is used in both commercial and consumer products.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been widely detected in municipal and industrial wastewater. It can indirectly inhibit pollutant removals, especially degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) DBP has been illegally used in beverages and directly affects the human health.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dibutyl phthalate has a certain inhibitory effect on the activity, diversity, and heterogeneity of microorganisms in soil."	( Effect of dibutyl phthalate on microbial function diversity and enzyme activity in wheat rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Dong, Y; Gao, M; Song, Z; Zhang, Z, 2020)	1.68
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has a wide variety of manufacturing applications and is used in both commercial and consumer products. "	( Subungual penetration of dibutyl phthalate in human fingernails. Jackson, EM, 2008)	2.09
"The dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been detected in fetuses and infants and can cause damage to the reproductive system in adulthood, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. "	( DNA methylation-mediated inhibition of MGARP is involved in impaired progeny testosterone synthesis in mice exposed to DBP in utero. Feng, X; Jiang, Y; Li, H; Liu, M; Sun, X; Wang, H; Xu, X; Yu, J; Yu, Y; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.47
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been widely detected in municipal and industrial wastewater, which could indirectly inhibit pollutant removals, especially degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). "	( Insight into suppression of dibutyl phthalate on DOM removal during municipal sewage treatment using fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAFAC and moving-window 2D-COS. Liu, D; Song, Y; Wang, J; Yu, H, 2023)	2.65
"Dibutyl phthalate has been illegally used in beverages and directly affects the human health. "	( Elucidation of binding mechanism of dibutyl phthalate on bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking method. Dong, J; Kong, J; Li, L; Li, R; Wang, L; Zhao, P, 2020)	2.28
"Dibutyl phthalate has a certain inhibitory effect on the activity, diversity, and heterogeneity of microorganisms in soil."	( Effect of dibutyl phthalate on microbial function diversity and enzyme activity in wheat rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Dong, Y; Gao, M; Song, Z; Zhang, Z, 2020)	1.68
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has significant male reproductive toxicity, and the Sertoli cells are the target cells of DBP. "	( Role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in DBP-induced apoptosis of testicular sertoli cells in vitro. Jin, S; Li, H; Wang, H; Wang, J; Zhang, J, 2017)	1.9
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been extensively used as a plasticizer in many daily products, which is highly toxic to human, notably affecting the reproductive and developmental function. "	( An ultra-sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosobent assay for dibutyl phthalate in human urinary. Ahmed, S; Chen, S; Lei, Y; Zhang, D; Zhou, L, 2016)	2.1
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has a wide variety of manufacturing applications and is used in both commercial and consumer products. "	( Subungual penetration of dibutyl phthalate in human fingernails. Jackson, EM, 2008)	2.09

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"dibutyl phthalate) produce testicular dysgenesis."	( Impact of environmental pollutants on the male: effects on germ cell differentiation. Veeramachaneni, DN, 2008)	1.07

Toxicity

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly used and toxicphthalate esters. It has a variety of harmful effects on aquatic animals. The objective of this study was to determine the adverse effects of MBuP, a major metabolite of DBP.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These data indicate that the dibutyl phthalate separation technique offers the advantage of monitoring only viable hepatocytes for changes in membrane integrity or metabolic performance during a toxic chemical insult."	( Mechanism of chemical-induced toxicity. I. Use of a rapid centrifugation technique for the separation of viable and nonviable hepatocytes. Brown, MK; Fariss, MW; Reed, DJ; Schmitz, JA, 1985)	0.56
"n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were evaluated and compared for their developmental toxic potential."	( Comparative developmental toxicity of n-butyl benzyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Amano, H; Ema, M; Kurosaka, R; Ogawa, Y, 1995)	0.29
" In conclusion, this study showed that DBP is a reproductive/developmental toxicant in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed both as adults and during development; it also indicates that the adverse reproductive/developmental effects of DBP on the second generation were greater than on the first generation."	( Reproductive toxicity of di-n-butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Barnes, LH; Chapin, RE; Gulati, DK; Li, LH; Wine, RN, 1997)	0.3
" It was concluded that DBP administered during the second half of pregnancy produced adverse effects on the reproductive development in male fetuses."	( Further evaluation of developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate following administration during late pregnancy in rats. Ema, M; Kawashima, K; Miyawaki, E, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of this study was to determine the susceptible days for the adverse effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on development of reproductive system in male offspring following maternal administration on successive 3-day period during late pregnancy."	( Critical period for adverse effects on development of reproductive system in male offspring of rats given di-n-butyl phthalate during late pregnancy. Ema, M; Kawashima, K; Miyawaki, E, 2000)	0.31
"The objective of this study was to determine the adverse effects of monobutyl phthalate (MBuP), a major metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), on development of the reproductive system in offspring following maternal administration during late pregnancy, and to assess the role of MBuP in the antiandrogenic effects of DBP."	( Adverse effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given monobutyl phthalate, a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate, during late pregnancy. Ema, M; Miyawaki, E, )	0.55
" However, MBuP elicited a toxic effect at higher concentrations than DBP."	( Effects of dibutyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate on cytotoxicity and differentiation in cultured rat embryonic limb bud cells; protection by antioxidants. Choi, YW; Han, SY; Kim, SH; Kim, SS; Kwack, SJ; Kwon, O; Lee, MK; Park, KL; Sohn, KH, 2002)	0.7
" In the whole embryo culture assay, ESBO (83, 250 and 750 microg/ml) exerted no toxic effect on growth and development of the embryo, whereas phthalate esters (1, 10, 100 microg/ml for DEHP, 10, 100, 1,000 microg/ml for BBP and DBP) inhibited growth and development dose dependently."	( Comparison of embryotoxicity of ESBO and phthalate esters using an in vitro battery system. Hee Kim, S; Hee Sohn, K; Ho Kim, B; Jun Kwack, S; Lea Park, K; Seek Rhee, G; Sun Kim, S, 2002)	0.31
" The NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) for developmental toxicity of DBP was established based on pup body weight and male reproductive lesions at 50 mg/kg BW/day."	( Reproductive and developmental toxicity in F1 Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate in utero and during lactation and determination of its NOAEL. Chen, B; Jiang, X; Zhang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The adverse effects of DBP on testes of F(1) male rats in different developmental period (PND14, 21 and 70) were observed by anatomy and pathological methods."	( [Reversibility of adverse effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on F1 generation rat testes]. Chen, BH; Jiang, XZ; Zhang, YH, 2004)	0.32
"These results suggest that adverse effects of DBP on young rat testes should be reversibility."	( [Reversibility of adverse effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on F1 generation rat testes]. Chen, BH; Jiang, XZ; Zhang, YH, 2004)	0.32
" Butyl methyl phthalate, the major product of degradation by the esterase, was an oxidative toxic hazard that damaged protein synthesis."	( Enzymatic degradation of dibutyl phthalate and toxicity of its degradation products. Kim, YH; Lee, J, 2005)	0.63
" In conclusion, DIBP administered by gavage is embryotoxic and teratogenic, and affects the developing male reproductive tract, at maternal toxic doses."	( Developmental toxic effects of diisobutyl phthalate, the methyl-branched analogue of di-n-butyl phthalate, administered by gavage to rats. Gallissot, F; Sabaté, JP; Saillenfait, AM, 2006)	0.33
" Overall, the dose level of DBP in the present study produced a few adverse effects on the neurobehavioral parameters, and it may alter cognitive abilities of the male rodent."	( Neurobehavioral toxicity study of dibutyl phthalate on rats following in utero and lactational exposure. Li, T; Li, Y; Shi, N; Zhuang, M, 2009)	0.63
" Monobutyl phthalate, the developmentally toxic metabolite of DBP, and its glucuronide conjugate were found in maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic fluid, and maternal urine."	( Reproductive toxicity and pharmacokinetics of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) following dietary exposure of pregnant rats. Dorman, DC; Gaido, KW; Hensley, JB; Lehmann, KP; Ross, SM; Sochaski, MA; Struve, MF; Willson, GA, 2009)	0.35
"The purposes of this review are to (1) evaluate human and experimental evidence for adverse effects on reproduction and development in humans, produced by exposure to phthalates, and (2) identify knowledge gaps as for future studies."	( Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. Bergman, A; Eriksen, GS; Gutleb, AC; Lyche, JL; Murk, AJ; Ropstad, E; Saunders, M; Skaare, JU, 2009)	0.35
" The differences observed in the cytotoxicity of these compounds, along with other properties, may assist the dental practitioners in the selection of reline materials with improved service life performance and low risk of adverse reactions in patients who wear relined dentures."	( Cytotoxicity of monomers, plasticizer and degradation by-products released from dental hard chairside reline resins. Carlos, IZ; Chaves, CA; Giampaolo, ET; Machado, AL; Pavarina, AC; Vergani, CE, 2010)	0.36
" Significant adverse effects were observed on the reproductive system, including decreased sperm count, increased production of abnormal sperm, changes in serum testosterone levels and irregular arrangements of the seminiferous epithelium."	( The combined toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and benzo(a)pyrene on the reproductive system of male Sprague Dawley rats in vivo. An, H; Ao, L; Cao, J; Chen, X; Liu, W; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2011)	0.67
"To study the toxic effects of phthalate esters on the aquatic creatures, carps were exposed to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) of six different concentrations for 96 h-LC50 measurements."	( Toxicity of phthalate esters exposure to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and antioxidant response by biomarker. Gao, Y; Qi, M; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.62
" Our data indicate an urgent need for LS waste management guidelines and for adequate information regarding toxic outcomes that may arise from human exposure."	( Luminescent threat: toxicity of light stick attractors used in pelagic fishery. Bagattini, R; Barretto, FP; Bechara, EJ; da Silva, AL; de Arruda Campos, IP; de Medeiros, MH; de Moura, RA; de Oliveira, AA; de Oliveira, TF; Di Mascio, P; Loureiro, AP, 2014)	0.4
" cordifolia fruit and it indicates that the LD50 value is higher than 1000 mg/kg body weight."	( Toxicity study of dibutyl phthalate of Rubia cordifolia fruits: in vivo and in silico analysis. Akella, S; Anantharaman, A; Fulzele, DP; Ganesh, J; Hemachandran, H; Priya, RR; Rajasekaran, C; Siva, R, 2016)	0.77
" In particular, the diethyl (DEP), di-n-propyl (DnPP), and di-n-butyl (DBP) phthalates were found to exert detrimental effects in both mammalian and non-mammalian studies, with toxic effects varying according to alkyl chain length."	( Assessing differences in toxicity and teratogenicity of three phthalates, Diethyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, and Di-n-butyl phthalate, using Xenopus laevis embryos. Burnham, N; Gardner, ST; Lester, R; Onkst, PE; Perygin, DH; Rayburn, J; Wood, AT, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion oral DBP administration for 14 days may cause some neurobehavioral adverse effects in mice."	( Determination of dibutyl phthalate neurobehavioral toxicity in mice. Faizi, M; Farzanehfar, V; Kobarfard, F; Naderi, N, 2016)	0.77
" Antagonism effects were found in the joint toxicity of Cu(II) combined with DBP or DEHP using the toxic unit method."	( Joint Toxicity of Two Phthalates with Waterborne Copper to Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum. Huang, B; Li, D; Yang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" This study demonstrated the toxic and apoptotic effects of DBP in mouse neocortical neurons in primary cultures."	( Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Induced Apoptosis and Neurotoxicity are Mediated via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) but not by Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ), or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Mouse C Kajta, M; Szychowski, KA; Wnuk, A; Wójtowicz, AK, 2017)	1.9
"5 weeks were exposed to DBP by gavage for 8 weeks, 3 days per week to doses of 1/16 LD50 or 1/4 LD50 each time."	( Three generation study of reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure of pubescent F0 male mice to di-n-butyl phthalate. Dobrzynska, MM; Gajowik, A; Tyrkiel, EJ, 2017)	0.46
" In the present study, we investigated the toxicity of DBP in zebrafish embryo development, especially adverse effects on cardiac development."	( Exposure to DBP induces the toxicity in early development and adverse effects on cardiac development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Li, Y; Sun, G, 2019)	0.51
" The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework was used to evaluate the available evidence for DBP-induced toxicity to the male reproductive system."	( Use of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to evaluate species concordance and human relevance of Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced male reproductive toxicity. Arzuaga, X; Hotchkiss, AK; Radke, EG; Walker, T; Yost, EE, 2020)	0.77
" The overall findings revealed that Pb and DBP co-exposure greatly influenced the developmental nervous system and accompanied with synergistic toxic effect."	( Evaluation of combined developmental neurological toxicity of di (n-butyl) phthalates and lead using immature mice. Chen, H; Ding, Y; Feng, W; Liu, H; Mao, G; Wu, X; Yang, L; Zhang, W; Zhao, T, 2020)	0.56
" Here we endeavored to address for the first time whether MPs could transport and release phthalate esters (PAEs) into mouse gut and the consequential toxic effects."	( Microplastics release phthalate esters and cause aggravated adverse effects in the mouse gut. Deng, Y; Huang, Y; Lemos, B; Ren, H; Shen, R; Wang, M; Yan, Z; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" This study investigated the toxic effects of small polystyrene (SPS, 100-1000 nm) and large polystyrene (LPS, >10,000 nm) microplastics, on lettuce under di-butyl phthalate (DBP) stress."	( Effect of polystyrene on di-butyl phthalate (DBP) bioavailability and DBP-induced phytotoxicity in lettuce. Dong, Y; Gao, M; Liu, Y; Song, Z; Wang, C; Wang, S; Xu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, lower doses cause more adverse effects than the highest dose, which is an important fact because of the widespread environmental exposure to DBP."	( The overview of current evidence on the reproductive toxicity of dibutyl phthalate. Czerczak, S; Czubacka, E; Kupczewska-Dobecka, MM, 2021)	0.86
" When co-exposed, 20 μg NPs/mL increased viabilities of cells exposed to either DBP or DEHP and the modulation of toxic potency of DEHP was greater than that of DBP, while the 200 μg NPs/mL resulted in lesser viability of cells."	( Combined cytotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and phthalate esters on human lung epithelial A549 cells and its mechanism. Giesy, JP; Liu, R; Shi, Q; Tang, J; Wang, L, 2021)	0.62
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly used and toxic phthalate esters and has a variety of harmful effects on aquatic animals."	( Accumulation, detoxification, and toxicity of dibutyl phthalate in the swimming crab. He, Y; Li, R; Lin, W; Mu, C; Shi, C; Wang, C; Ye, Y, 2022)	2.42
"To comprehensively understand the toxic risks of phthalates to aquatic ecosystems, we examined the acute toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) on multiple trophic models, including algae (Chlorella vulgaris), Daphnia magna and fish (Danio rerio, Pseudorasbora parva)."	( Integrated toxicity assessment of DEHP and DBP toward aquatic ecosystem based on multiple trophic model assays. Huang, Y; Li, Y; Liu, J; Mu, X; Pang, S; Shen, G; Wang, C; Yuan, L, 2022)	0.72
" Overall, the findings of this study suggested that PR can degrade DBP in liquid fermentation without generating toxic byproducts."	( Biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate in liquid fermentation by endophytic Penicillium species and the toxicity evaluation of the by-product. Choi, HB; Naveen, KV; Sathiyaseelan, A; Wang, MH; Zhang, X, 2023)	1.24
" Here we show that the toxic effects of single and combined exposure to DBP (0."	( Multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhance the toxicity effects of dibutyl phthalate on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio): Research in physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects. Chen, H; Li, Y; Liang, H; Ren, B; Zhao, T; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.15

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This study provides direct pharmacokinetic analysis for MBP and MBP-G in pregnant rats during fetal male reproductive development, and indicates that future pharmacokinetic or toxicology studies can reliably utilize oral dosing with DBP."	( Pharmacokinetics of monobutylphthalate, the active metabolite of di-n-butylphthalate, in pregnant rats. Borghoff, SJ; Kremer, JJ; Parkinson, HD; Williams, CC, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic results demonstrate that DBP appeared to have a two-compartment model in the rats; the area under concentration versus time (AUC) was 57."	( Pharmacokinetics of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in the rat determined by UPLC-MS/MS. Chang, LW; Hou, ML; Tsai, TH, 2013)	0.71
" Data from this study were used to structure and calibrate simple pharmacokinetic (PK) models for these two phthalates, which predict urine and blood metabolite concentrations with a given phthalate intake scenario (times and quantities)."	( Development and application of simple pharmacokinetic models to study human exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Koch, HM; Lorber, M, 2013)	0.39
" The data for DnBP were used in a modeling exercise linking dose models for inhalation and transdermal permeation with a simple pharmacokinetic model that predicted timing and mass of metabolite excretions."	( Linking a dermal permeation and an inhalation model to a simple pharmacokinetic model to study airborne exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Bekö, G; Clausen, G; Gong, M; Koch, HM; Lorber, M; Morrison, G; Salthammer, T; Schripp, T; Toftum, J; Weschler, CJ, 2017)	0.46
" To evaluate the human risk of DBP, forward and reverse dosimetry was conducted using in silico simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling based on in vivo experimental pharmacokinetic data in humanized-liver mice (HL-mice) obtained after an oral dose of 100 mg/kg."	( Steady-State Human Pharmacokinetics of Monobutyl Phthalate Predicted by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Using Single-Dose Data from Humanized-Liver Mice Orally Administered with Dibutyl Phthalate. Kamiya, Y; Miura, T; Mizuno, S; Murayama, N; Shimizu, M; Suemizu, H; Uehara, S; Yamazaki, H; Yoshizawa, M, 2019)	0.7

Compound-Compound Interactions

A highly sensitive and selective. molecularly imprinted (MIP) sensor combined with magnetic molecularly. imprinted solid phase extraction (MMISPE) was developed for the determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in complex matrixes.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and/or dibutyl phthalate (DBP)."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of ozone in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and dibutyl phthalate in B6C3F1 mice for 16 and 32 weeks. Cho, MY; Kim, MY, 2009)	0.76
" Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of ozone in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and dibutyl phthalate in B6C3F1 mice for 16 and 32 weeks. Cho, MY; Kim, MY, 2009)	0.56
"A highly sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted (MIP) sensor combined with magnetic molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MMISPE) was developed for the determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in complex matrixes."	( A sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted sensor combined with magnetic molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for determination of dibutyl phthalate. Cai, R; Chen, H; Luo, L; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.78
" Our results point to a low risk of increased genotoxic effects of AgNP when used in combination with aluminium salts, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate in consumer products."	( Genotoxic effects in transformed and non-transformed human breast cell lines after exposure to silver nanoparticles in combination with aluminium chloride, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate. Cieślak, M; Domeradzka-Gajda, K; Grobelny, J; Kozajda, A; Puchowicz, D; Ranoszek-Soliwoda, K; Roszak, J; Smok-Pieniążek, A; Spryszyńska, S; Stępnik, M; Tomaszewska, E, 2017)	0.46

Bioavailability

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most ubiquitous EDCs because of its bioavailability in water, soil, and atmosphere. DBP and di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalATE (DEHP) polluted fluvo-aquic soils.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption was reduced."	( In vitro absorption of some o-phthalate diesters through human and rat skin. Dugard, PH; Ramsey, JD; Rhodes, C; Scott, RC, 1987)	0.27
" When DBP-amended soil had been aged for three months, decreases in bioavailability were observed but the effect varied tremendously between different organisms."	( Degradation of di-butyl-phthalate by soil bacteria. Chao, WL; Kuo, YL; Lin, CM; Shiung, II, 2006)	0.33
" The results highlight the importance of shunt pathways when evaluating the bioavailability of skin sensitizers."	( The pilosebaceous unit--a phthalate-induced pathway to skin sensitization. Ericson, MB; Jonsson, CA; Karlberg, AT; Simonsson, C; Stenfeldt, AL, 2012)	0.38
", coarse and fine sands) with higher bioavailability displayed higher bioconcentration factors compared to finer soil fractions (i."	( Variation in accumulation, transport, and distribution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil columns grown with low- and high-PAE accumulating rice cultivars. Cai, QY; Chen, XH; Chen, XX; Li, X; Li, YW; Mo, CH; Wong, MH; Wu, Y; Zhu, TK, 2018)	0.48
" The results indicated that the changes in DBP degradation percentage were related to both DBP bioavailability and the total relative abundances of dominant DBP-degraders."	( Impact of microplastic addition on degradation of dibutyl phthalate in offshore sediments. Chi, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, D, 2021)	0.87
"0% biochar (BC) or iron-manganese oxide modified biochar (FMBC) additions on the biomass, enzyme activity, and grain quality of wheat plants grown in dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate (DEHP) polluted fluvo-aquic soils, as well as the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP."	( Fe-Mn oxide modified biochar decreases phthalate uptake and improves grain quality of wheat grown in phthalate-contaminated fluvo-aquic soil. Chang, X; Gao, M; Song, Z; Xu, Y, 2021)	0.82
" Thus, it is important to explore strategies to reduce the bioavailability of phthalate esters."	( Effects of Fe-Mn oxide-modified biochar composite applications on phthalate esters (PAEs) accumulation in wheat grains and grain quality under PAEs-polluted brown soil. Chang, X; Gao, M; Guo, Z; Song, Z; Xu, Y, 2021)	0.62
"Awareness of risks posed by widespread presence of nanoplastics (NPs) and bioavailability and potential to interact with organic pollutants has been increasing."	( Combined cytotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and phthalate esters on human lung epithelial A549 cells and its mechanism. Giesy, JP; Liu, R; Shi, Q; Tang, J; Wang, L, 2021)	0.62
" The results clearly indicated that PS reduced the bioavailability of DBP while causing a decrease in the photosynthetic parameters as well as the total chorophyll content compared to DBP alone by affecting the crystalline structure of the water-soluble chlorophyll protein."	( Polystyrene particles combined with di-butyl phthalate cause significant decrease in photosynthesis and red lettuce quality. Dong, Y; Gao, M; Liu, Y; Song, Z, 2021)	0.62
", Tenax, hydroxypropyl[β]cyclodextrin (HPCD), n-butanol and low-molecular-weight-organic-acids (LMWOA), for predicting the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of soil phthalic acid esters to the green vegetable Shanghaiqing (SHQ)."	( Comparison of Different Chemical Extraction Methods for Predicting the Bioavailability and Phytotoxicity of Soil PAEs to Green Vegetables (Brassica Rapa Var. Chinensis). Chen, X; Cheng, J; Tian, L; Wan, Q; Yu, X, 2022)	0.72
" Unarguably, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most ubiquitous EDCs because of its bioavailability in water, soil, and atmosphere."	( Enhanced removal of dibutyl phthalate in a laccase-mediator system: Optimized process parameters, kinetics, and environmental impact. Adebajo, SO; Bankole, PO; Mulla, SI; Omoni, VT; Tennison-Omovoh, CA, 2023)	1.6

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" These agents can increase wakefulness (W) in cats and rodents following acute administration, but their effects after repeat dosing have not been reported previously."	( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice. Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)	0.35
" After twice daily dosing for 8 days, the effect of GSK189254 (10 mg x kg(-1)) on W in both Ox+/+ and Ox-/- mice was significantly reduced, while the effect on narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice was significantly increased."	( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice. Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, the differential effects observed on W and narcoleptic episodes following repeat dosing could have important implications in clinical studies."	( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice. Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)	0.35
" Additional data on plasma pharmacokinetics after oral dosing and the plasma free fraction gave a corresponding estimate of the free concentration of GSK189254 required to occupy 50% of the available receptor sites (EC(50)) (0."	( Evaluation of 11C-GSK189254 as a novel radioligand for the H3 receptor in humans using PET. Ashworth, S; Comley, RA; Cunningham, VJ; Gee, AD; Gunn, RN; Lai, RY; Laruelle, M; Plisson, C; Rabiner, EA; Wilson, AA, 2010)	0.36
" These binding characteristics and the pharmacokinetic profile of AZD5213 indicate that high daytime and low night-time H3RO could be achieved following once daily oral dosing of AZD5213."	( AZD5213: a novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist permitting high daytime and low nocturnal H3 receptor occupancy, a PET study in human subjects. Boström, E; Halldin, C; Jostell, KG; Jucaite, A; Nyberg, S; Segerdahl, M; Stenkrona, P; Takano, A, 2013)	0.39
" Indeed, histamine elicited a sigmoid dose-response curve for IP3 production, shifted to the right by chlorpheniramine maleate, and elicited a double bell-shaped curve for cAMP production, partially suppressed by the selective H2R, H3R and H4R antagonists when each added alone, and completely ablated when combined together."	( Histamine receptor expression in human renal tubules: a comparative pharmacological evaluation. Camussi, G; Chazot, PL; Grange, C; Lanzi, C; Moggio, A; Pini, A; Rosa, AC; Veglia, E, 2015)	0.42
" MBP is incorporated into the lumen at a maximum rate between 1 and 3 h after dosing with DBP."	( Mechanisms of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 3. Changes in the activity of some enzymes in the Sertoli and germ cells, and in the levels of metal ions. Fukuoka, M; Tanaka, A; Zhou, Y, 1990)	0.28
" In our studies rats were dosed from weaning through puberty , gestation, and lactation."	( The development of a protocol to assess reproductive effects of toxicants in the rat. Cooper, R; Ferrell, J; Goldman, J; Gray, LE; Laskey, J; Linder, R; Ostby, J; Rehnberg, G; Sigmon, R, 1988)	0.27
" The liver microsomal metabolism of n-hexane increased to about the same extent at all dosage levels."	( Phthalate esters: effects of orally administered dibutylphthalate on cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism in rat liver and lung. Nilsen, OG; Walseth, F, 1986)	0.27
" Both male and female CD-1 mice were dosed for 7 days prior to and during a 98-day cohabitation period."	( Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouse. Chapin, RE; Lamb, JC; Lawton, AD; Reel, JR; Teague, J, 1987)	0.27
" Long-term dosing studies indicating reduced fertility in the rat suggested a maternal effect of the compound."	( Dibutyl phthalate: maternal effects versus fetotoxicity. Cummings, AM; Gray, LE, 1987)	1.72
" Peak blood levels of 14C occurred 2 hr after dosing in both groups of rats."	( The effect of intestinal esterase inhibition on the in vivo absorption and toxicity of Di-n-butyl phthalate. Carter, DE; Earnest, DL; White, RD, 1983)	0.27
"0% DBP in the diet were selected, and this dosing design yielded average daily DBP intakes of 52, 256, and 509 mg/kg for males and 80, 385, and 794 mg/kg for females, respectively."	( Reproductive toxicity of di-n-butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Barnes, LH; Chapin, RE; Gulati, DK; Li, LH; Wine, RN, 1997)	0.3
" Significant increases in the incidences of fetuses with skeletal malformations, of fetuses with skeletal and internal malformations and of fetuses with external and skeletal malformations were noted after a single dosing of DBP on day 8, on day 9 and on day 15, respectively."	( Developmental effects of di-n-butyl phthalate after a single administration in rats. Ema, M; Harazono, A; Miyawaki, E; Ogawa, Y, )	0.13
" Maternal body weights throughout the dosing period were comparable in all groups."	( Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to Di(n-butyl) phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism? Cattley, RC; Foster, PM; Mylchreest, E, 1998)	0.3
"The nature of products of contamination intake were investigated in cattle dosed with [14C]di-n-butylphthalate (DBP)."	( Analysis of di-n-butylphthalate biotransformation in cattle by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Coldham, NG; Dave, M; Sauer, MJ, 1998)	0.3
" Male offsprings display a higher incidence of epididymal and testicular lesions than generally seen with flutamide, P, or V even at high dosage levels."	( Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p'-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differen Cooper, RL; Gray, LE; Lambright, C; Mann, P; Ostby, J; Price, M; Wolf, C, )	0.13
" In a study conducted at CIIT, the majority of these adverse changes could be reproduced over a similar dose range, but with a much shorter dosing regimen covering a critical window of development (gestation days 12-20)."	( Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on male reproductive development in the rat: implications for human risk assessment. Cattley, RC; Foster, PM; Mylchreest, E, 2000)	0.31
" Since previous, limited dose-response studies with DBP that reported alterations in male reproductive development and function failed to establish a NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level), an extensive dose-response study was conducted."	( Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to Di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation. Cattley, RC; Foster, PM; Mylchreest, E; Wallace, DG, 2000)	0.31
" These concentrations are far less than the toxic dosage reported so far, so that CAPD is unlikely to contaminate patients seriously."	( Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in CAPD dialysate and effluent. Kakiya, Y; Kishimoto, T; Naganuma, T; Okada, C; Sugimura, K; Sugimura, T, 2001)	0.31
" Adjuvant effect was accepted to be present if a statistical increase in antibody production occurred in a test group as compared to an ovalbumin control group together with the fulfillment of dose-response relationships."	( Adjuvant effect of di-n-butyl-, di-n-octyl-, di-iso-nonyl- and di-iso-decyl phthalate in a subcutaneous injection model using BALB/c mice. Larsen, ST; Lund, RM; Nielsen, GD; Poulsen, OM; Thygesen, P, 2002)	0.31
" As the animals were only dosed in utero, these findings indicate that DBP can initiate fetal testicular and epididymal changes that may not manifest as clear malformations until adulthood."	( Pathogenesis of male reproductive tract lesions from gestation through adulthood following in utero exposure to Di(n-butyl) phthalate. Barlow, NJ; Foster, PM, )	0.13
" In another experiment, pregnant dams were treated with DBP until gd 19, with the start of DBP treatment moved 1 d later into gestation for each treatment group, with the final group dosed only on gd 19."	( Di(n-butyl) phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism. Gaido, KW; Ross, SM; Thompson, CJ, 2004)	0.32
" To determine the dose-response relationship for the effect of DBP on steroidogenesis in fetal rat testes, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received corn oil (vehicle control) or DBP (0."	( Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate. Foster, PM; Gaido, KW; Lehmann, KP; Phillips, S; Sar, M, 2004)	0.32
" DBP dissolved in peanut oil was administered by gavage at dosage of 0, 250, 500, 1,000 mg/(kg."	( [Effects of di-butyl phthalate on sperm motility and oxidative stress in rats]. Chen, J; He, J; Liu, R; Song, L; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhu, Z, 2004)	0.32
"01), while the testis organ body weight ratios were lower at dosage of 1,000 mg/(kg."	( [Effects of di-butyl phthalate on sperm motility and oxidative stress in rats]. Chen, J; He, J; Liu, R; Song, L; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhu, Z, 2004)	0.32
" Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally dosed with DBP at levels of 10, 50, or 500 mg/kg/day from gestation days 12 to 19; maternal and fetal liver samples were collected on day 19 for analyses."	( Di-n-butyl phthalate activates constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor and enhances the expression of steroid-metabolizing enzymes in the liver of rat fetuses. Bartolucci-Page, E; Gaido, KW; Hoffman, HB; Kirwan, SE; Laughter, A; Wyde, ME; Yan, B; You, L; Zhang, F, 2005)	0.33
"Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DBP at 500 mg/kg/day on gestation day (GD) 14 and 15, 15 and 16, 16 and 17, 17 and 18, 18 and 19, or 19 and 20 (GD 0=plug day)."	( Critical window of male reproductive tract development in rats following gestational exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate. Carruthers, CM; Foster, PM, 2005)	0.33
") dosing with MBP."	( Pharmacokinetics of monobutylphthalate, the active metabolite of di-n-butylphthalate, in pregnant rats. Borghoff, SJ; Kremer, JJ; Parkinson, HD; Williams, CC, 2005)	0.33
" The growth and morphology of Bok choy showed a significant dose-response relationship upon treatment with DBP in a hydroponic culture medium."	( Effects of endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate on the growth of Bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). Liao, CS; Wang, YS; Yen, JH, 2006)	0.33
" Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated."	( Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors--di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation. Li, HY; Liu, HJ; Qu, JH, 2006)	0.33
" With exposed dose increasing, the serum testosterone (T) levels of male rats inversely decreased, and in the same dosage group the serum T levels of hypospadiac rats were significantly lower than the levels of nonhypospadiac counterparts."	( Study on developmental abnormalities in hypospadiac male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Jiang, J; Ma, L; Wang, X; Yuan, L; Zhang, W, 2007)	0.34
" Pregnant rats and neonatal male marmosets were dosed with 500 mg/kg/day DBP or MBP."	( Effects of monobutyl and di(n-butyl) phthalate in vitro on steroidogenesis and Leydig cell aggregation in fetal testis explants from the rat: comparison with effects in vivo in the fetal rat and neonatal marmoset and in vitro in the human. Anderson, RA; Bayne, R; Coutts, S; Greig, I; Hallmark, N; Mahood, IK; McKinnell, C; Morris, K; Scott, H; Sharpe, RM; Walker, M, 2007)	0.34
" In the equal effect dosage joint treatment of PP and BP, uterus proliferation effects were observed at the doses of 1 and 1/2 LOEL, but the effect was not observed at the doses of 1/4 LOEL."	( [Enhancement of di-n-butyl phthalate on the estrogenic activities of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid]. Chang, B; Ge, J; Liang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" We characterized the dose-response effects of six individual phthalates (BBP, DBP, DEHP, diethyl phthalate [DEP], diisobutyl phthalate [DiBP], and dipentyl phthalate [DPP]) on gestation day (GD) 18 testicular testosterone production following exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats on GD 8-18."	( A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the sprague-dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Blystone, CR; Furr, J; Gray, LE; Hotchkiss, AK; Howdeshell, KL; Lambright, CR; Rider, CV; Wilson, VS, 2008)	0.35
" In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of repeated dosing on maternal and fetal metabolism and distribution, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of 500 mg/kg DBP on GD 19 or daily doses of 50, 100, and 500 mg/(kg day) from GD 12 to 19 via corn oil gavage."	( Kinetics of selected di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites and fetal testosterone following repeated and single administration in pregnant rats. Andersen, ME; Borghoff, SJ; Campbell, JL; Clewell, RA; Kremer, JJ; Sochaski, MA; Williams, CC, 2009)	0.35
" Rats were dosed during pregnancy with antiandrogens singly or in pairs at dosage levels equivalent to about one half of the ED50 for hypospadias or epididymal agenesis."	( Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of "antiandrogens" on male rat reproductive development. Furr, JR; Gray, LE; Hotchkiss, AK; Howdeshell, KL; Lambright, CR; Rider, CV; Wilson, VS, 2009)	0.35
" In all binary mixture studies, rats were dosed during pregnancy with chemicals, singly or in pairs, at dosage levels equivalent to approximately one-half of the ED50 for hypospadias or epididymal agenesis."	( Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of reproductive toxicants that disrupt common target tissues via diverse mechanisms of toxicity. Furr, JR; Gray, LE; Rider, CV; Wilson, VS, 2010)	0.36
"Metabolite profiles (metabolomics) of plasma samples of Wistar rats dosed with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP - 3000ppm) and dibutylphthalate (DBP - 150, 1000 and 7000ppm) were individually determined in 28 days dietary studies."	( The individual and combined metabolite profiles (metabolomics) of dibutylphthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate following a 28-day dietary exposure in rats. Coelho-Palermo Cunha, G; Fabian, E; Herold, M; Kamp, H; Krennrich, G; Leibold, E; Looser, R; Mellert, W; Prokoudine, A; Strauss, V; van Ravenzwaay, B; Walk, T; Wiemer, J, 2010)	0.36
" The control group and 4 DiBP groups, group I, II, III and IV, were given DiBP in corn oil by gavages at the dosage of 0, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively."	( [Effect of diisobutyl phthalate on antioxidase activity and DNA damage in mice]. Feng, Y; Ma, N; Xu, H; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
" The exercise focused on qualitative evaluation, based on a lack of available dose-response data, of the DBP toxicogenomic data set to postulate modes and mechanisms of action for the male reproductive developmental outcomes, which occur in the lower dose range."	( Use of genomic data in risk assessment case study: II. Evaluation of the dibutyl phthalate toxicogenomic data set. Androulakis, IP; Euling, SY; Gaido, KW; Hester, S; Ierapetritou, MG; Keshava, C; Keshava, N; Kim, AS; Ovacik, MA; Sen, B; White, LD; Wilson, VS, 2013)	0.62
"The knowledge on the dose-response relationships between cumulative phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in human are lacking."	( Associations between hazard indices of di-n-butylphthalate and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate exposure and serum reproductive hormone levels among occupationally exposed and unexposed Chinese men. Feng, Y; Hanaoka, T; Hara, K; Ichiba, M; Kishi, R; Na, J; Nakadate, T; Pan, G; Wang, P; Yamano, Y; Yin, H; Yu, L; Zhang, S, 2011)	0.37
" Two parameters such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dosage and sonication time were considered by the central composite design (CCD) program to investigate the effect on the degradation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and solubilization of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)."	( Sono-alkalization pretreatment of sewage sludge containing phthalate acid esters. Lin, JG; Ma, YS, 2011)	0.37
"In a published controlled dosing experiment, a single individual consumed 5mg each of labeled di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) on separate occasions and tracked metabolites in his blood and urine over 48h."	( Development and application of simple pharmacokinetic models to study human exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Koch, HM; Lorber, M, 2013)	0.39
" Catalyst dosage of 10 mg L(-1) led to approximately 25% of increase in DBP (initial concentration 2 mg L(-1)) removal in 60 min as compared with ozone alone, and when catalyst dosage increased to 100 mg L(-1), the DBP removal was further improved by 46%."	( Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of dibutyl phthalate in aqueous solution in the presence of iron-loaded activated carbon. Cui, C; Huang, Y; Li, L; Pan, D; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.69
" Therefore, long-term exposure to phthalate esters affected development and function of the primate testis in a time and dosage dependent manner."	( Phthalate esters affect maturation and function of primate testis tissue ectopically grafted in mice. Alpaugh, W; Avelar, GF; Bondareva, A; Conley, A; Coyle, KM; Dobrinski, I; França, LR; Meyers, S; Modelski, M; Rodriguez-Sosa, JR; Tang, L; Wynne-Edwards, K, 2014)	0.4
" A dose-response relationship existed between DNA damage and total soil DBP levels."	( Evaluation of DNA damage and antioxidant system induced by di-n-butyl phthalates exposure in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Du, L; Li, G; Li, Y; Liu, M; Yin, S; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.42
" The dose-response curves obtained were verified using the Weibull fitting function."	( Eco-toxicological bioassay of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with Photobacterium Phosphoreum T3. Shi, C; Wang, W; Yan, Y; Yang, Y; Zhou, B, 2016)	0.43
", one week) based on suggested consumption dosage and phthalate concentrations."	( Occurrence of phthalate esters in over-the-counter medicines from China and its implications for human exposure. Guo, Y; Jia, LL; Leung, KS; Lou, XY; Zeng, EY, 2017)	0.46
" Pregnant CD-1 dams were orally dosed with vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or a phthalate mixture (20 and 200 µg/kg/d, 200 and 500 mg/kg/d) daily from gestational day 10 to birth."	( Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Phthalate Mixture Causes Transgenerational Effects on Female Reproduction in Mice. Flaws, JA; Gao, L; Zhou, C, 2017)	0.46
" Six to seven males from each dosage group were sacrificed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the start of exposure for examination of sperm count and quality."	( Three generation study of reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure of pubescent F0 male mice to di-n-butyl phthalate. Dobrzynska, MM; Gajowik, A; Tyrkiel, EJ, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, we have developed a reliable image analysis method that can be used to facilitate dose-response studies for the reproducible induction of MNGs by in utero phthalate exposure."	( Validation of an automated counting procedure for phthalate-induced testicular multinucleated germ cells. Bai, CY; Boekelheide, K; Conley, JM; Gray, LE; Lambright, C; Spade, DJ, 2018)	0.48
" The results indicated that there was a competitive interaction between As(III) and DBP removal, and 40 mg/kg of Mn(II) dosage and 20%-30% soil moisture content were recommended for optimal and simultaneous removal of As(III) and DBP."	( Simultaneous remediation of As(III) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in soil by a manganese-oxidizing bacterium and its mechanisms. Duo, J; He, Z; Li, Z; Pan, X; Wei, Z; Zhang, Q, 2019)	0.78
" For statistical purposes, the PS is defined as a single endpoint and one dose-response analysis is conducted, rather than conducting multiple analyses on each individual endpoint."	( Ordinal dose-response modeling approach for the phthalate syndrome. Blessinger, TD; Cai, C; Euling, SY; Hogan, KA; Klinefelter, G; Saillenfait, AM; Wang, L, 2020)	0.56
"To improve dose-response modeling approaches for the PS and other syndromes of effects by accounting for differing severity levels among the endpoints."	( Ordinal dose-response modeling approach for the phthalate syndrome. Blessinger, TD; Cai, C; Euling, SY; Hogan, KA; Klinefelter, G; Saillenfait, AM; Wang, L, 2020)	0.56
"Ordinal dose-response modeling was performed on PS data from a published study of diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) gestational exposure to male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Ordinal dose-response modeling approach for the phthalate syndrome. Blessinger, TD; Cai, C; Euling, SY; Hogan, KA; Klinefelter, G; Saillenfait, AM; Wang, L, 2020)	0.56
"The ordinal dose-response modeling method accounts for severity differences among dichotomous PS endpoints, can be expanded in the future to include more severity levels, and can be used in both single and cumulative phthalate risk assessments."	( Ordinal dose-response modeling approach for the phthalate syndrome. Blessinger, TD; Cai, C; Euling, SY; Hogan, KA; Klinefelter, G; Saillenfait, AM; Wang, L, 2020)	0.56
" Exposure to these chemicals (100-1000 μM) can significantly reduce the viability of H295R cells in a dose-response manner, and these plasticizers and their metabolites that migrated into oily foods at high temperatures (0."	( Effects of fast food packaging plasticizers and their metabolites on steroid hormone synthesis in H295R cells. Bai, J; Duan, C; Fang, Y; Gao, Z; Li, Z; Liang, J; Peng, H; Sun, J; Wang, Q, 2020)	0.56
" A dose-response of auxin (IAA) was observed after a 2 d exposure."	( Effects of dibutyl phthalate contamination on physiology, phytohormone homeostasis, rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial communities of Brassica rapa var. chinensis. Cheng, J; Ge, J; Li, QX; Li, Y; Yu, X, 2020)	0.95
" Pre-pubertal quail (n = 25) 4 weeks post-hatching were dosed orally with 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg DBP/kg/d, for 30 days and control birds were administered corn-oil only (n = 5 per group)."	( Dose-related morphological changes in the epididymal region of sexually active adult male Japanese quail treated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) commencing during the pre-pubertal stage. Botha, CJ; Ibrahim, MIA; Williams, J, 2021)	0.62
" The birds were randomly divided into five dosage groups at the age of 4 weeks."	( Structural observations on spermatogenic cells of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) pre-pubertally exposed to dibutyl phthalate: A light and transmission electron microscopy study. Ibrahim, MIA; Mahdy, MAA; McGaw, LJ; Molele, RA; Zakariah, M, 2022)	0.93
" Rats were orally dosed from gestation days 14-18 with dilutions of PFQ and DBP at 0%, 12."	( In Utero Exposure to a Mixture of the Perfluoroalkyl-Isopropyl Pesticide Pyrifluquinazon With Dibutyl Phthalate Cumulatively Disrupts Male Rat Reproductive Development via Different Mechanisms of Action. Conley, JM; Furr, JR; Gray, LE; Lambright, CS, 2022)	0.94
" Together, our findings suggest that DBP at present dosage may potentiate LPO generation and Sertoli cell immaturity via downregulation of Sox9 and disruption of the Pou4f1-Prnd gene network in post-meiotic germ cells without visible changes in spermatogenesis or testosterone level."	( Phthalate plasticizer decreases the prion-like protein doppel essential for structural integrity and function of spermatozoa. Gye, MC; Lee, JH; Park, SH; Ryou, C, 2022)	0.72

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
teratogenic agent	A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
plasticiser	Any compound that is used as an additive to increase the plasticity or fluidity of a substance, particularly but not exclusively to synthetic polymers.
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor	An EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
phthalate ester
diester	A diester is a compound containing two ester groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	56.2341	0.0040	23.8416	100.0000	AID485290
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	70.7946	0.6310	35.7641	100.0000	AID504339
glp-1 receptor, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.0184	6.8060	14.1254	AID624417
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	48.5577	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521
USP1 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	0.0316	37.5844	354.8130	AID504865
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.8999	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369; AID1259392
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926; AID938
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	61.1306	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224839
progesterone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	54.4827	0.0004	17.9460	75.1148	AID1346795
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588533
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	68.5896	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	60.6468	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069; AID743075; AID743077; AID743079
67.9K protein	Vaccinia virus	Potency	10.0000	0.0001	8.4406	100.0000	AID720579
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	0.7079	36.9043	89.1251	AID504333
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.0142	0.0010	24.5048	61.6448	AID588535; AID743212
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0039	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID743223
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.7895	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1224843
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.0639	0.0578	21.1097	61.2679	AID1159526; AID1159528
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	56.2341	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	79.4328	0.0178	9.6374	44.6684	AID588834
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.0752	15.2253	39.8107	AID485360
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	6.6824	0.0266	22.4482	66.8242	AID651802
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	3.9811	46.7448	112.2020	AID720708
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	3.1623	0.0006	2.1973	10.0000	AID1059539
Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.5119	0.0000	0.5110	10.0000	AID1059538
Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	3.1623	0.0006	0.4787	10.0000	AID1059537
Histamine H3 receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0013	0.0001	0.2963	8.5110	AID1059540; AID1059552; AID692493
Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0005	0.0005	0.4668	5.9000	AID389212
Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0002	0.0001	0.3399	8.5110	AID1059541; AID1059543; AID1059553; AID375418; AID537545; AID692494
Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	420.0000	0.0002	1.8453	10.0000	AID316335
Cathepsin B	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	230.0000	0.5400	1.4333	2.9800	AID316337
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
gastric acid secretion	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular permeability	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
biological_process	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MAPK cascade	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter secretion	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generation	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
decidualization	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterol	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue development	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-ion regulated exocytosis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of exocytosis	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type peptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
proteoglycan binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
oxysterol binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-macromolecule adaptor activity	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
small GTPase binding	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H2 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynapse	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
endolysosome lumen	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
melanosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase inhibitor complex	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1059533	Binding affinity to human serum albumin by HPLC analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID617163	Ratio of drug level in brain to plasma in ip dosed rat	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Amine-constrained pyridazinone histamine H₃ receptor antagonists.
AID1059552	Displacement of [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine from histamine H3 receptor in rat cerebral cortical tissue membranes after 45 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID692493	Binding affinity to rat cortical histamine H3 receptor	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1	Histamine H3 receptor as a drug discovery target.
AID375418	Binding affinity to histamine H3 receptor	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13	5-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid amides: novel histamine-3 receptor inverse agonists for the treatment of obesity.
AID617159	Cmax in po dosed rat	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Amine-constrained pyridazinone histamine H₃ receptor antagonists.
AID409909	Binding affinity to human recombinant histamine H3 receptor by GTPgammaS binding assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18	Piperidine variations in search for non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor ligands.
AID1059536	Aqueous solubility of the compound	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059534	Time dependent inhibition of CYP450 (unknown origin)	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059537	Binding affinity to human histamine H4 receptor	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059551	Ex vivo binding affinity to histamine H3 receptor in po dosed rat cerebral cortex using [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine after 2 hrs by HPLC analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID389212	Antagonist activity at human cloned histamine H3 receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of R-alpha-methylhistamine-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Synthesis and evaluation of structurally constrained quinazolinone derivatives as potent and selective histamine H3 receptor inverse agonists.
AID1059546	Reversal of RAMH-induced dipsogenia in Lister Hooded rat at 3 mg/kg, po treated 2 hrs before RAMH challenge measured after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059541	Displacement of [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine from human histamine H3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells after 45 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID617161	Oral bioavailability in rat	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Amine-constrained pyridazinone histamine H₃ receptor antagonists.
AID780101	Awakening activity in rat assessed as increased wakefulness at 10 mg/kg, po after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable histamine H3 receptor antagonist SAR110068 for the treatment of sleep-wake disorders.
AID537545	Displacement of [3H]N-R-methylhistamine from human H3 receptor isolated from C6 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21	Diaryldiamines with dual inhibition of the histamine H(3) receptor and the norepinephrine transporter and the efficacy of 4-(3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl)-6-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)naphthalen-1-ol in pain.
AID1059538	Binding affinity to human histamine H1 receptor	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059540	Displacement of [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine from rat histamine H3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells after 45 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059547	Drug level in rat blood at 3 mg/kg, po	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059532	Intrinsic clearance in human liver microsomes	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID692494	Binding affinity to human histamine H3 receptor	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1	Histamine H3 receptor as a drug discovery target.
AID1059550	Ex vivo binding affinity to histamine H3 receptor in rat cerebral cortex using [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine at 3 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs by HPLC analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059544	Reversal of RAMH-induced dipsogenia in po dosed Lister Hooded rat treated 2 hrs before RAMH challenge measured after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059539	Binding affinity to human histamine H2 receptor	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059535	Inhibition of human ERG at 10 uM by patch clamp experiment	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059548	Ratio of drug level in brain to blood in rat at 3 mg/kg, po after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059543	Displacement of [3H]-R-alpha-ethylhistamine from histamine H3 receptor in human cerebral cortical tissue membranes after 45 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1059542	Intrinsic clearance in rat liver microsomes	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID617160	AUC (0 to 6 hrs) in po dosed rat	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Amine-constrained pyridazinone histamine H₃ receptor antagonists.
AID617162	Drug uptake in ip dosed rat brain after 1 hr	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Amine-constrained pyridazinone histamine H₃ receptor antagonists.
AID1059553	Antagonist activity at human histamine H3 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of GTPgammaS binding	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24	Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID977599	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID316336	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Cathepsin B inhibitory activities of phthalates isolated from a marine Pseudomonas strain.
AID316337	Inhibition of cathepsin B in mouse B16F10 cells	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Cathepsin B inhibitory activities of phthalates isolated from a marine Pseudomonas strain.
AID316335	Inhibition of cathepsin B	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Cathepsin B inhibitory activities of phthalates isolated from a marine Pseudomonas strain.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1346556	Human TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)	2009	Journal of neuroimmunology, Feb-15, Volume: 207, Issue:1-2	TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation is a novel adjuvant effect mechanism in contact hypersensitivity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	86 (5.48)	18.7374
1990's	71 (4.53)	18.2507
2000's	319 (20.33)	29.6817
2010's	630 (40.15)	24.3611
2020's	463 (29.51)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2 (6.45%)	5.53%
Trials	11 (0.70%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (3.23%)	6.00%
Reviews	45 (2.84%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	7 (0.44%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	28 (90.32%)	84.16%
Other	1,519 (96.02%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.82	3	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	7.46	24	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.05	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	3.16	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.05	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.06	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.03	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
duloxetine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	duloxetine
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine
soraprazan soraprazan: soraprazan and BYK61359 refer to the (7R,8R,9R)-isomer; a potassium-competitive acid blocker; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
conessine conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.	2.04	1	0	steroid alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; H3-receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
jnj-5207852 [no description available]	3.56	2	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	3.16	1	0	piperidines
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	3.58	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.06	1	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
proxyfan [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzyl ether
ciproxifan [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
gt 2331 [no description available]	3.16	1	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.03	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nnc 38-1049 NNC 38-1049: selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.16	1	0
benzonitrile, 4-(2-(2-((2r)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl)-5-benzofuranyl)- [no description available]	4.07	4	0
a 304121 4-((3-(4-(2-aminopropanoyl)-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)phenyl)cyclopropylmethanone: InChIKey: GTMGELLVPUSBMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.16	1	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	organochlorine compound
gsk239512 GSK239512: an H3 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0
a 317920 N-(2-(4-(3-(4-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)phenoxy)propyl)-1-piperazinyl)-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl)-2-furamide: A-317920 is the (1R)-isomer; InChIKey: RTRADBQSZJIRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.16	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pf 03654746 [no description available]	3.16	1	0
gsk 1004723 GSK 1004723: structure in first source	3.57	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.06	1	0
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.16	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	3.16	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.44	2	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	2.01	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.91	4	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.13	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.66	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.01	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.52	4	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.44	2	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.41	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	4.29	3	0	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.06	13	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.21	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.21	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.47	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.06	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
cytosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.71	3	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.49	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.6	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	1.99	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.17	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.52	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.45	7	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.58	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.01	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.41	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.49	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.97	4	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	12.53	355	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.02	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.02	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	7.11	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.41	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.46	2	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.63	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.41	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	7.79	3	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure	2.31	1	0	diarylmethane
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.4	7	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.21	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	4.64	6	1	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	10.94	97	1	benzyl ester
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	1.96	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.17	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.41	1	0
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.72	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.48	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.42	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.02	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	8.26	6	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.6	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.08	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.01	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.04	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.38	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.39	2	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	4.69	5	0	organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.37	1	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.9	4	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	7.21	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.02	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	3.12	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.21	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.37	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	1.96	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	6.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	1.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.97	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.52	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	3.26	6	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
corticosterone [no description available]	2.49	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.01	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3	4	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.15	5	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	7.89	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.11	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	8.67	9	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.4	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.03	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.6	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.01	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.41	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.96	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.41	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.17	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	1.98	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.93	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.68	3	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
1,1-difluoroethylene 1,1-difluoroethylene: structure	2.04	1	0	olefinic compound; organofluorine compound
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.41	18	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.4	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
2-acetyltributylcitrate [no description available]	3.18	5	0	organooxygen compound
ethyl citrate ethyl citrate: structure	2.44	2	0	carbonyl compound
tributyl citrate [no description available]	2.78	3	0	carbonyl compound
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.2	5	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	3.46	2	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	6.95	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	7.61	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.79	46	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	4.78	2	0	bisphenol; sulfone	endocrine disruptor; metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.95	4	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dicyclohexyl phthalate [no description available]	3.67	9	0	diester; phthalate ester
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	11.06	110	1	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.	11.05	100	1	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser; PPAR modulator; teratogenic agent
di-n-hexyl phthalate [no description available]	2.94	4	0	2-hydroxyisophthalic acid
butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate [no description available]	5.25	12	1	benzoate ester
hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure	2.06	1	0	organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	3.61	5	0	dinitrophenol
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	3.49	2	0	naphthalenes
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.41	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.77	6	1	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	4.14	3	1	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	1.98	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
ethylene carbonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.06	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.6	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	3.88	3	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	3.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	4.36	3	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
n-propylbenzene n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.	2.07	1	0	alkylbenzene
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.1	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.08	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.06	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	4.01	4	0	alkane
1,3-butylene glycol 1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.	2.02	1	0	butanediol; glycol
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.54	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
dibutyl sebacate dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods	7.89	4	0	fatty acid ester
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.03	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	2.08	1	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.47	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.31	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.43	2	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.1	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	1.95	1	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2.1	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	2.59	2	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	14.23	358	1	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
di-n-octyl phthalate di-n-octyl phthalate: plasticizer	4.77	28	0	diester; phthalate ester
benzyl salicylate benzyl salicylate: structure given in Merck	2.38	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.01	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.6	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	6.86	80	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
di-n-propylphthalate di-n-propylphthalate: RN & Structure given in first source. dipropyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipropyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.74	3	0	diester; phthalate ester
diallyl phthalate [no description available]	3.36	6	0
di-n-pentyl phthalate dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.13	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone [no description available]	2.42	2	0
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	10.02	66	2	phthalic acid monoester
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	3.49	2	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	1.98	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.06	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-tert-octylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source	2.97	4	0	alkylbenzene
estragole estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	0	alkenylbenzene; monomethoxybenzene; phenylpropanoid	carcinogenic agent; flavouring agent; genotoxin; insect attractant; plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.48	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.47	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.43	2	0
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.01	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.78	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.71	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.01	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	3.81	3	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.31	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	7.31	1	0
9-fluorenone fluoren-9-one : The simplest member of the class fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluorene bearing an oxo substituent at position 9.	2.06	1	0	fluoren-9-ones	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.07	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.43	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	6.05	25	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.11	1	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	3.07	1	0	bis(azo) compound
2,3-pentanedione pentane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.	2.06	1	0	alpha-diketone; methyl ketone	flavouring agent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.41	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4,4'-bisphenol f 4,4'-bisphenol F: RN given refers to parent cpd. bisphenol F : A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.6	2	0	bisphenol; diarylmethane	environmental food contaminant; xenoestrogen
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	3.13	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isovanillic acid 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.07	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.13	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.41	1	0
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.43	2	0	diarylmethane
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.02	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.06	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.81	3	0	zinc molecular entity
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.05	1	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.97	4	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
9,10-diphenylanthracene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	anthracenes	fluorochrome; photosensitizing agent
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.06	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.01	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
quinomethionate quinomethionate: an ingredient of Morestan. quinomethionate : A dithioloquinoxaline that results from the formal condensation of 6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol with phosgene. It has been used as a fungicide and acaricide for the control of mites and powdery mildew on citrus, vegetables, and walnuts, but is not approved for use in the EU.	2.04	1	0	dithioloquinoxaline; quinoxaline acaricide; quinoxaline antifungal agent	agrochemical
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.43	7	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
diheptyl phthalate diheptyl phthalate : The diheptyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2	1	0	diester; phthalate ester
monomethyl phthalate monomethyl phthalate: structure in first source	2.88	3	0	methyl ester; phthalic acid monoester
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	4.99	14	0	phthalic acid monoester
ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure	2.48	2	0
di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.21	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	1.99	1	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.14	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.59	8	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.13	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.25	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.03	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.28	5	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	7.1	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.15	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.02	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.17	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.41	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.17	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.05	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	4.19	16	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	3.08	1	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.5	2	0	cadmium coordination entity
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	4.29	3	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.08	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.49	7	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.74	3	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.03	1	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.03	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.23	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.11	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2.17	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
dioctyl adipate [no description available]	3.1	5	0	carboxylic ester
butyl stearate butyl octadecanoate : A fatty acid ester that is the butyl ester of stearic acid.	2.33	2	0	fatty acid ester	algal metabolite
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.08	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
mono-benzyl phthalate monobenzyl phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of benzyl alcohol. It is a major metabolite of the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP).	3.38	6	0	phthalic acid monoester	xenobiotic metabolite; xenoestrogen
2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene [no description available]	2.47	2	0	naphthalenes	agrochemical; plant growth retardant
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	1.99	1	0
diisodecyl phthalate monodesmethylisoproturon: a metabolite of isoproturon; structure in first source	4.58	7	0	diester; phthalate ester
amcinonide [no description available]	3.86	3	0	diester; phthalate ester
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	4.57	4	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.01	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	4.58	4	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.21	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.17	1	0
n,n-dinitrosohomopiperazine [no description available]	3.01	2	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	3.12	5	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.98	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.18	13	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.03	1	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.07	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.46	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.31	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.25	1	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
bisphenol b [no description available]	3.7	1	0	bisphenol
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.	7.25	1	0	anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid
4-phenylbenzoic acid 4-phenylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to 4-carboxylic cpd	1.98	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.07	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.97	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
magnolol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	3.15	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
monoethyl phthalate monoethyl phthalate: structure in first source. monoethyl phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with ethanol.	2.87	3	0	ethyl ester; phthalic acid monoester	metabolite
fc 75 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkyltetrahydrofuran; organofluorine compound
mono-n-octyl phthalate monooctyl phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol.	3.83	2	1	phthalic acid monoester	human xenobiotic metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.25	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	1.96	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
7-bromomethylbenzanthracene [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.41	1	0
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.31	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.44	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.85	3	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.46	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.07	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.39	2	0
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate: structure given in first source. mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.	4.13	3	0	methyl ketone; phthalic acid monoester	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	2.44	2	0
fitt [no description available]	3.77	2	1
rubiadin rubiadin: highly genotoxic in Salmonella typhimurium. rubiadin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	2.03	1	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.21	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.16	4	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.79	3	0
isolariciresinol isolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((1-S-(1alpha,2beta,3alpha))-isomer); structure given in first source. (+)-isolariciresinol : A lignan that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol substituted by hydroxymethyl groups at positions 6 and 7, a methoxy group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.	2.06	1	0	guaiacols; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate: chemiluminescence reagent	2.1	1	0
mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate: a metabolite of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the primary hydroxy group of 2-ethylhexane-1,5-diol	4.13	3	0	phthalic acid monoester	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.06	1	0
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.82	3	0
lupeol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.82	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.15	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.31	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	7.69	2	0	taxifolin	metabolite
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.48	2	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.48	2	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.13	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.71	3	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.05	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.13	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.13	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.36	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.46	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	4.42	6	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.48	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	7.41	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.01	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
diisononyl phthalate diisononyl phthalate: dielectric (electric insulating) fluid. diisononyl phthalate : The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	5.83	16	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.02	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	7.05	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	2.05	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.07	1	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.13	1	0	stilbene
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.04	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.82	3	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.43	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.06	1	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.05	1	0	macrolide
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.96	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
l 783281 L 783281: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	8.01	2	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.17	1	0
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.05	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.77	3	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.22	5	0
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: synthetic product hardener & polyester varnish; methylethylketone peroxide in dimethylphthalate; used as fiberglass hardener; very toxic to eyes	1.96	1	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.08	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.11	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
quercetin [no description available]	2.69	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.41	2	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
scopoletin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.06	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.47	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.31	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.53	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.11	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
tricin tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure	2.07	1	0	3'-methoxyflavones; dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.06	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.15	1	0
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.25	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.02	4	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.05	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.52	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.57	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.15	1	0	macrolide
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.08	1	0
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.07	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.51	7	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
arachidonyl-coenzyme a arachidonoyl-CoA : An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of arachidononic acid.	2.02	1	0	arachidonoyl bioconjugate; unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	2.05	1	0
menaquinone 9 menaquinone-9 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 9 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.15	1	0	menaquinone	Escherichia coli metabolite
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.17	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.41	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.44	2	0
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.43	2	0
diisononyl adipate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.98	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.06	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.1	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.53	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
zeolites [no description available]	2.76	3	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	1.98	1	0	nystatins
sespendole sespendole: an inhibitor of lipid droplet synthesis in macrophages, produced by Pseudobotrytis terrestris; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
lyoniresinol lyoniresinol: isoalted from the vine stem of Bauhinia championii; structure in first source. (+)-lyoniresinol : A lignan that is tetralin substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy group at position 4, hydroxymethyl groups at positions 2 and 3, methoxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6. Isolated from Machilus robusta and Sinocalamus affinis, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.06	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.41	1	0	benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.31	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.1	1	0
(3z,6alpha,7alpha)-isomer of 3-butylidene-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6,7-dihydroxy-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone senkyunolide H: from Ligusticum chuanxiong; structure nin first source	2.1	1	0	2-benzofurans
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.46	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.38	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	8.53	2	0	peptide hormone
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.25	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.12	10	1	glycoside
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	5.06	12	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
dibutyltin diacetate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	2.07	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.63	2	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.64	3	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	4.5	5	1	glycoside
10-nonacosanol 10-nonacosanol: from the root of Euphorbia ebracteolata. nonacosan-10-ol : A fatty alcohol that is nonacosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10.	2.05	1	0	secondary fatty alcohol; ultra-long-chain fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
glycolipids [no description available]	2.6	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.11	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.04	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.32	6	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
methacycline Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.	2.03	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.08	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.72	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.04	4	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.11	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.71	3	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.31	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.17	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.95	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.01	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.43	2	0
diethyltoluamide, ethanol, glycerin, terpineol, water drug combination diethyltoluamide, ethanol, glycerin, terpineol, water drug combination: insect repellent lotion containing diethyltoluamide, ethanol, glycerin, terpineol & water	1.97	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3	4	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.96	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.52	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.5	6	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.1	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.48	2	0	guanosines	biomarker
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.42	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.44	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.13	5	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	9.27	6	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	2.05	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	2.46	2	0
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	0	2.08	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	2.41	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	4.57	23	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.99	4	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	2.13	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	3.08	4	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	2.13	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	0	2.13	1	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	1	4.05	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	2.06	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	3.74	10	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	2.46	2	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.04	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	2.04	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.88	12	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	3.88	12	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	2.4	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	4.17	13	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	4.17	13	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.16	7	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	5.16	7	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	15	193	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	0	3.58	8	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	3.98	13	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	5.71	74	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	3.16	3	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.41	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.41	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	2.41	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	2.41	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	4.02	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	4.02	4	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	8.69	9	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	3.69	9	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	6.06	44	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	0	5.63	26	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.76	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	3.22	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	5.37	3	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	5.37	3	1
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	2.58	2	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	4.26	17	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	2.6	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	3.7	5	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	3.7	5	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	3.61	5	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	3.61	5	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.54	7	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.54	7	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.48	2	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.32	5	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	3.32	5	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.6	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	2.6	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.6	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.57	2	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	0	3.57	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.93	4	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	2.57	2	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	0	2.21	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	2.25	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	4.55	1	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.25	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	2.31	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.45	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	3.17	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	2.48	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	2.91	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	2.91	3	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	2.31	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	2.31	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	0	2.15	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	3.56	8	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	3.56	8	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.15	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	7.15	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	2.15	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	2.41	2	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	4.49	23	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	2.52	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.21	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	3.12	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.21	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	7.21	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.21	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2.08	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	0	2.53	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	2.08	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	3.68	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Anorectal Anomalies [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	3.76	11	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	2.1	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	2.11	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	2.11	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	3.4	7	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	2.11	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	3.68	3	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	2.13	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	7.13	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.13	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.04	1	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	0	2.05	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	3.51	8	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	2.05	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.71	3	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	2.7	3	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	3.35	2	0
Epispadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.	0	2.05	1	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	0	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	2.44	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.43	2	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.07	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	0	2.46	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	7.42	2	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	3.8	2	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Acariasis [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	3.39	1	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	1.93	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	1.93	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	1.93	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	0	2.01	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Autism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.02	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.02	1	0
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	0	2.43	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	0	2.41	2	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2.03	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	2.04	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	2.37	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	1.96	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	1.96	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	1.96	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	1.96	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.89	4	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	1.95	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.39	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	3.37	1	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.37	1	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	3.37	1	1
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	2.39	2	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	1.98	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	0	2	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	1.97	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	1.97	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	1.97	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	2.89	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	1.96	1	0

dibutyl phthalate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (244)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (30)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (50)

Molecular Functions (23)

Ceullar Components (23)

Bioassays (52)

Research

Studies (1,569)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 89.25

Study Types

dibutyl phthalate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (244)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (30)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (50)

Molecular Functions (23)

Ceullar Components (23)

Bioassays (52)

Research

Studies (1,569)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 89.25

Study Types

Related Drugs (528)

Related Conditions (282)