Compounds > dieckol
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

dieckol

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Description

dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3008868
CHEMBL ID508791
CHEBI ID65769
SCHEMBL ID677136
MeSH IDM0489414

Synonyms (24)

Synonym
4-[4-[6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxy-dibenzo-p-dioxin-2-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-phenoxy]dibenzo-p-dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol
dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol, 4-[4-[[6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-2-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy]-
dieckol
4-[4-[6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo-p-dioxin-2-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy]dibenzo-p-dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol
bdbm50259983
chebi:65769 ,
CHEMBL508791 ,
4-[4-[[6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-2-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy]-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol
4-(4-{[6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxyoxanthren-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)oxanthrene-1,3,6,8-tetrol
88095-77-6
SCHEMBL677136
DTXSID10388366
AKOS032954113
Q5274515
unii-zu0esu4399
dibenzo(b,e)(1,4)dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol, 4-(4-((6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo(b,e)(1,4)dioxin-2-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-
ZU0ESU4399 ,
8,4'''-dieckol
4-(4-((6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo(b,e)(1,4)dioxin-2-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)dibenzo(b,e)(1,4)dioxin-1,3,6,8-tetrol
F84342
MS-31293
4-(4-((6-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-4,7,9-trihydroxydibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxine-1,3,6,8-tetraol
HY-147059
CS-0527665

Research Excerpts

Overview

Dieckol is a natural brown algal-derived polyphenol and its cytotoxic potential against various types of cancer cells has been studied. Dieckol (DEK) is a naturally occuring phlorotannins found in marine brown algae Ecklonia cav.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Dieckol is a phlorotannin that can be found in seaweeds, particularly in Eisenia bicyclis (brown algae) and is known to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. "( Pharmacological actions of dieckol on modulation of platelet functions and thrombus formation via integrin α
Irfan, M; Kwon, HW; Kwon, TH; Rhee, MH, 2022)		2.46
"Dieckol is a natural brown algal-derived polyphenol and its cytotoxic potential against various types of cancer cells has been studied. "( Dieckol Inhibits Autophagic Flux and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in A375 Human Melanoma Cells via Lysosomal Dysfunction and Mitochondrial Membrane Impairment.
Jo, MH; Kim, YT; Park, SJ, 2022)		3.61
"Dieckol (DEK) is a phlorotannin that is extensively found in marine algae and has been found to have different pharmacological properties."( Dieckol alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via inhibition of inflammatory pathway and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Alarifi, S; Luo, C; Su, X; Sun, Y; Yang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2021)		2.79
"Dieckol is an active compound occurs in the marine algae with many biological benefits."( Chemopreventive effect of dieckol against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis model by modulatory influence on biochemical and antioxidant biomarkers.
Alahmadi, TA; Chen, W; Gao, H; Lei, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Xiao, W, 2021)		1.64
"Dieckol (DEK) is a major polyphenol of marine brown seaweed Ecklonia cava which is a potential candidate for cancer therapy. "( Modulatory efficacy of dieckol on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and angiogenesis during NDEA-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
Duraikannu, A; Fredrick, WS; Gobalakrishnan, R; Kodisundaram, P; Ravichandran, S; Sadeeshkumar, V, 2017)		2.21
"8,4‴-dieckol is a natural product which has been isolated from brown alga, Ecklonia cava. "( Anti-HIV-1 activity of phlorotannin derivative 8,4‴-dieckol from Korean brown alga Ecklonia cava.
Kang, KH; Karadeniz, F; Kim, SK; Park, JW; Park, SJ, 2014)		1.17
"Dieckol is a major polyphenol of Ecklonia cava. "( Dieckol, a major phlorotannin in Ecklonia cava, suppresses lipid accumulation in the adipocytes of high-fat diet-fed zebrafish and mice: Inhibition of early adipogenesis via cell-cycle arrest and AMPKα activation.
Choi, HS; Jeon, HJ; Lee, BY; Lee, OH, 2015)		3.3
"Dieckol is a phlorotannin polyphenolic compound with strong antioxidant effects found in edible brown algae."( Protective effects of the seaweed phlorotannin polyphenolic compound dieckol on gentamicin-induced damage in auditory hair cells.
Byon, SH; Byun, JY; Chang, MY; Han, SE; Kim, JY; Lee, JD; Park, MK; Shin, HC, 2016)		1.39
"Dieckol (DEK) is a naturally occuring phlorotannins found in marine brown algae Ecklonia cava which is attributed with various pharmacological properties. "( Protective effects of dieckol on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
Duraikannu, A; Fredrick, WS; Kodisundaram, P; Ravichandran, S; Sadeeshkumar, V; Sivaperumal, R, 2016)		2.19

Treatment

Dieckol treatment exhibited an enhanced antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH) and reduced phase-I enzymes Cyt-p450 andCyt-b5 in the DMBA-induced animals. Pretreatment with dieckol before exposure to CoCl2 significantly attenuated t.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Dieckol treatment exhibited an enhanced antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH) and reduced phase-I enzymes Cyt-p450 and Cyt-b5 in the DMBA-induced animals."( Chemopreventive effect of dieckol against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis model by modulatory influence on biochemical and antioxidant biomarkers.
Alahmadi, TA; Chen, W; Gao, H; Lei, Y; Liu, H; Peng, H; Xiao, W, 2021)		1.64
"The dieckol treated group scavenged intracellural reactive oxygen species and prevented lipid peroxidation and ethanol induced cell death in the zebrafish embryo."( Protective effect of dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava against ethanol caused damage in vitro and in zebrafish model.
Jang, MK; Jeon, YJ; Jung, WK; Kang, MC; Kang, SM; Kim, EA; Kim, KN; Lee, JS; Nah, JW; Song, CB; Yang, X, 2013)		1.19
"Dieckol treatment lengthened the survival of irradiated mice and significantly accelerated the hemopoietic recovery of bone marrow cells and peripheral immune cells compared with irradiated, but untreated controls. "( Dieckol rescues mice from lethal irradiation by accelerating hemopoiesis and curtailing immunosuppression.
Ahn, G; Bing, SJ; Jee, Y; Kim, DS; Kim, MJ; Lee, J; Lee, NH; Park, E; Park, JW; Yun, JS, 2010)		3.25
"Dieckol treatment attenuated intracellular ROS levels and activation of Rac1 as well as expression and phosphorylation of FAK."( Dieckol from Ecklonia cava suppresses the migration and invasion of HT1080 cells by inhibiting the focal adhesion kinase pathway downstream of Rac1-ROS signaling.
Jeon, YJ; Park, SJ, 2012)		2.54
"Treatment of dieckol (5, 10, 20 μM) reduces the γ-radiation-induced toxicity and the associated pro-oxidant and antioxidant imbalance as well as decreasing the DNA damage (tail length, tail moment, %DNA in a tail and olive tail moment) and inflammation in hepatocyte cells."( Radioprotective efficacy of dieckol against gamma radiation-induced cellular damage in hepatocyte cells.
Aishwarya, T; Duraikannu, A; Ganeshamurthy, R; Jayaram, P; Ravichandran, S; Sadeeshkumar, V, 2019)		1.16
"Pretreatment with dieckol before exposure to CoCl2 significantly attenuated the CoCl2-induced decrease of cell viability."( Protective effect of dieckol against chemical hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes.
Chang, W; Han, HJ; Jeon, YJ; Kim, HS; Lee, MY; Park, SH; Song, KS, 2015)		1.06
"Treatment with dieckol also dose-dependently reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the nitric oxide level increased by a high glucose concentration."( Dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava protects against high-glucose induced damage to rat insulinoma cells by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Cho, S; Han, JS; Jeon, BT; Jeon, YJ; Kang, MC; Kang, SM; Kim, SK; Ko, SC; Lee, SH; Park, MH; Park, PJ, 2012)		2.16

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" There were no significant adverse events related to the consumption of AG-dieckol, and biochemical and hematological parameters were maintained within the normal range during the intervention period."( Efficacy and safety of a dieckol-rich extract (AG-dieckol) of brown algae, Ecklonia cava, in pre-diabetic individuals: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Jeon, YJ; Lee, SH, 2015)		0.95

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Our results show that HPE combined with DE (HPE:DE) strongly scavenged DPPH radicals and protected proteins against degradation by hydroxyl radical attack."( The anti-aging properties of a human placental hydrolysate combined with dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava.
Choi, JK; Han, D; Han, J; Han, NS; Jang, SK; Joo, SS; Kim, GH; Kim, ST; Kim, YB; Lee, DI; Lee, YB; Park, da W; Park, JY, 2015)		0.65
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
radical scavengerA role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitorAn EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20).
hepatoprotective agentAny compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
anticoagulantAn agent that prevents blood clotting.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
phlorotanninA type of tannin usually found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds. Unlike the hydrolysable or condensed tannins, these compounds are oligomers of phloroglucinol.
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
oxacycleAny organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (3)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusIC50 (µMol)20.00000.03403.987110.0000AID634629
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusIC50 (µMol)35.40000.00402.92669.9600AID753301; AID753310
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusKi2.40000.00753.00839.1100AID753309
Beta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.21000.00061.619410.0000AID483707
Beta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki1.50000.00031.35248.0000AID483708
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (17)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modificationReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
proteolysisBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to lead ionBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein processingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta formationBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein catabolic processBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta metabolic processBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of painBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to copper ionBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to manganese ionBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor ligand precursor processingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
5'-3' RNA helicase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K63-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K48-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
amyloid-beta bindingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
aspartic-type endopeptidase activityBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
beta-aspartyl-peptidase activityBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase bindingBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membraneReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
lysosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
late endosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
multivesicular bodyBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicleBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
axonBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicle lumenBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapseBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endosomeBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkBeta-secretase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (43)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID393285Inhibition of MPO activity in TNF-alpha-stimulated human HL60 cells measured enzyme activity per 10'6 cells at 10 uM by spectrophotometrically2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID483708Noncompetitive inhibition of human recombinant BACE1 after 60 mins by Dixon plot analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11
Molecular docking studies of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis with BACE1 inhibitory activity.
AID393282Inhibition of Fe(2+)/H2O2-generated hydroxyl radical induced membrane protein oxidation in mouse RAW264.7 cells at 1 uM to 50 uM relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID634629Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase hydroxylation activity using L-tyrosine as substrate after 30 mins by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID753299Binding affinity to SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease by SPR analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID483707Inhibition of human recombinant BACE1 after 60 mins by FRET assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11
Molecular docking studies of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis with BACE1 inhibitory activity.
AID1704263Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3c-like protease2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 206The development of Coronavirus 3C-Like protease (3CL
AID753302Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell death by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID393286Inhibition of MPO activity in TNF-alpha-stimulated human HL60 cells measured enzyme activity per 10'6 cells at 50 uM by spectrophotometrically2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393273Antioxidant activity assessed as APPH generated peroxyl radical scavenging formation by ESR spectrometer2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID399513Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation assessed as CML level at 1 mM after 7 days in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 by ELISA relative to control2004Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1
A new phloroglucinol derivative from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis: potential for the effective treatment of diabetic complications.
AID634632Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells assessed as cell viability at 40 to 120 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID393279Antioxidant activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of ROS production at 1 uM after 200 mins measured by fluorescent dichlorofluorescein using DCFH-DA substrate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393274Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID661653Antiinflammatory activity in HUVEC cells assessed as inhibition of acetic acid-induced hyperpermeability at 10 uM relative to acetic acid2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Vascular barrier protective effects of eckol and its derivatives.
AID661654Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as decrease in cell viability up to 20 uM after 24 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Vascular barrier protective effects of eckol and its derivatives.
AID393270Antioxidant activity assessed as Fenton system generated hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spectrometer2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID753306Ratio of daidzein IC50 to compound IC50 for recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID393277Antioxidant activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of ROS production measured by fluorescent dichlorofluorescein using DCFH-DA substrate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID661656Antiinflammatory activity in mouse assessed as inhibition of CMC-Na-induced leukocyte migration into peritoneal cavity at 10 uM relative to CMC-Na2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Vascular barrier protective effects of eckol and its derivatives.
AID753298Competitive inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME as substrate after 60 mins by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID753304Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease cis-cleavage activity transfected in african green monkey Vero cells2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID634630Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase hydroxylation activity using L-tyrosine as substrate at 120 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID393281Antioxidant activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of ROS production at 50 uM after 210 mins measured by fluorescent dichlorofluorescein using DCFH-DA substrate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID661652Antiinflammatory activity in HUVEC cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced hyperpermeability at 10 uM relative to LPS2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Vascular barrier protective effects of eckol and its derivatives.
AID753310Inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME as substrate after 60 mins by FRET assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID661655Antiinflammatory activity in HUVEC cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced monocyte migration at 10 uM relative to LPS2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Vascular barrier protective effects of eckol and its derivatives.
AID753301Inhibition of SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease cis-cleavage activity transfected in african green monkey Vero cells using SAVLQSGFRK as substrate after 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID393284Inhibition of MPO activity in TNF-alpha-stimulated human HL60 cells measured enzyme activity per 10'6 cells by spectrophotometrically2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393271Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID634634Antimelanogenic activity in mouse B16F10 cells assessed as inhibition of alpha-MSH-induced melanin formation at 40 to 120 uM after 72 hrs by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID634633Inhibition of tyrosinase in alpha-MSH-stimulated mouse B16F10 cells assessed as inhibition of L-DOPA oxidation at 40 to 120 uM after 72 hrs by spectrophotometry2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID393280Antioxidant activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of ROS production at 50 uM after 200 mins measured by fluorescent dichlorofluorescein using DCFH-DA substrate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID753305Ratio of aloeemodin IC50 to compound IC50 for recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID393275Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393276Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393278Antioxidant activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction of ROS production after 200 mins measured by fluorescent dichlorofluorescein using DCFH-DA substrate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID393272Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID753309Competitive inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME as substrate after 60 mins by Dixon plot analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
AID399514Inhibition of alpha-amylase at 1 mM after 15 mins by dinitrosalicylic acid method relative to control2004Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1
A new phloroglucinol derivative from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis: potential for the effective treatment of diabetic complications.
AID393283Increase in intracellular GSH level in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as monobromobimane-GSH fluorescence intensity at 20 uM after 120 mins2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 17, Issue:5
Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava.
AID634631Non-competitive inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition of dopachrome formation by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Molecular docking studies of a phlorotannin, dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
AID753307Ratio of hesperetin IC50 to compound IC50 for recombinant SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease trans-cleavage activity2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (97)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's9 (9.28)29.6817
2010's59 (60.82)24.3611
2020's29 (29.90)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 33.29

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index33.29 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.61 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.12 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index42.51 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (33.29)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (2.06%)5.53%
Reviews4 (4.12%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other91 (93.81%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.3110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		10.14130benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.44112-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.5520aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.0810monoazo compound
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0210guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0810
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.4110chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.6120
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.3110chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.1110aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.5420nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		7.0810chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.3110ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.1110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.0810aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4820dialdehydebiomarker
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0810alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0810organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.3510flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.08103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.4110iditolfungal metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.1110cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.0810
phlorofucofuroeckol a
phlorofucofuroeckol A: phlorotannin from Ecklonia kurome; structure given in first source		10.14130
6,6'-bieckol
6,6'-bieckol: structure given in first source; antiplasmin antag. 6,6'-bieckol : A phlorotanin that is 1,1'-bioxanthrene substituted by 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy groups at position 6 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 2', 4, 4', 7, 7', 9 and 9' respectively. It is isolated from an edible marine brown alga Ecklonia cava and exhibits antioxidant activity.		2.9840aromatic ether;
oxacycle;
phlorotannin		anti-HIV-1 agent;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
eckol
eckol: structure given in first source; isolated from brown alga Ecklonia kurome Okamura; inhibitor of alpha 2-antiplasmin. eckol : A phlorotannin that is oxanthrene-1,3,6,8-tetrol substituted by a 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy moiety at position 4. Isolated from the marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, it exhibits antioxidant activity.		5.53200phlorotanninantioxidant;
metabolite
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.1110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
(-)-gallocatechin gallate
(-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.		3.3510catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		9.82892
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0710beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.4920
8,8'-bieckol
8,8'-bieckol: structure given in first source; antiplasmin antagonist		2.5920
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.1110cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
quercetin
[no description available]		3.61207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.4420prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		3.31103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		3.3110
daidzein
[no description available]		2.08107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
kaempferol 3-o-sophoroside
kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside: isolated from leaves of Cassia alata. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside : A sophoroside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0710sophoroside;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
fucosterol
[no description available]		3.3110steroid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.0810
eckstolonol
eckstolonol: structure in first source. eckstolonol : A phlorotannin that is [1,4]benzodioxino[2,3-a]oxanthrene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6, 9 and 11. Isolated from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera, it exhibits radical scavenging activity.		3.1950organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxacycle;
phlorotannin		metabolite;
radical scavenger
7-phloroeckol
7-phloroeckol: isolated from Ecklonia cava; structure in first source. 7-phloroeckol : A phlorotannin that is eckol in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy group. Isolated from the marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, it exhibits antioxidant activity.		4.4360aromatic ether;
phlorotannin		antioxidant;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0810
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		10.14130
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.511
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.0810
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0810ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.4110
N-[(2S)-3-cyclohexyl-1-oxo-1-({(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}amino)propan-2-yl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide
N-[(2S)-3-cyclohexyl-1-oxo-1-({(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}amino)propan-2-yl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 3-cyclohexyl-N-{(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}-L-alaninamide. It is an inhibitor of SARS coronavirus main proteinase and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture (EC50 = 0.53 muM).		3.3510aldehyde;
indolecarboxamide;
oligopeptide;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
3-fluoro-Nalpha-(1H-indol-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-{(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}-L-phenylalaninamide
3-fluoro-Nalpha-(1H-indol-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-{(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}-L-phenylalaninamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 3-fluoro-N-{(2S)-1-oxo-3-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]propan-2-yl}-L-phenylalaninamide. It is an inhibitor of SARS coronavirus main proteinase and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture (EC50 = 0.72 muM).		3.3510aldehyde;
indolecarboxamide;
monofluorobenzenes;
oligopeptide;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.7730
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.0810
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.0810
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.7220
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.2850
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.7220
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.7220
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.7220
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.4110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.4110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		07.4110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.4110
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		07.4110
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.6920
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.6920
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.6920
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.6920
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		04.0290
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		04.0290
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		07.7220
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.610
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.610
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.2110
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.3110
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.3110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.3110
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.3110
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.4920
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.4920
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0540
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.0540
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.9130
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.9130
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.3110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.3110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.5420
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.5220
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1510
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.7830
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.5220
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.2110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0810
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.0810
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.1110
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.511
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.1531
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		03.511
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.511
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.511
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.511
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		09.1531
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		03.511
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.511
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.511
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.1110
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		02.1110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.1110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.1110
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.1310
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.1310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.1310
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.1310
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.1310
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.1310
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.1310
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.1310
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.5120
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.5120
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.0410
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.0510
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4720
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0710
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4820
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0710
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.0710
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		07.0710
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.0310