Compounds > 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol

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Description

3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol, also known as dopamine, is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the brain. It is synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine through a series of enzymatic steps. Dopamine is involved in a wide range of functions, including movement, motivation, reward, and cognition. Its effects on the brain can range from pleasurable sensations to feelings of focus and alertness. Dysregulation of dopamine signaling has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. The importance of dopamine in these conditions has led to extensive research on its synthesis, metabolism, and therapeutic targets. The development of dopamine agonists and antagonists has significantly improved the treatment of these disorders.'

3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
OleagenusA plant genus of the family Oleaceae. The olive fruit is the source of OLIVE OIL.[MeSH]OleaceaeA plant family of the order Lamiales. The leaves are usually opposite and the flowers usually have four sepals, four petals, two stamens, and two fused carpels that form a single superior ovary.[MeSH]
Olea europaeaspecies[no description available]OleaceaeA plant family of the order Lamiales. The leaves are usually opposite and the flowers usually have four sepals, four petals, two stamens, and two fused carpels that form a single superior ovary.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID82755
CHEMBL ID1950045
CHEBI ID68889
SCHEMBL ID44363
MeSH IDM0047900

Synonyms (54)

Synonym
AC-5308
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
1,2-benzenediol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-
hydroxytyrosol ,
10597-60-1
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol
dopet
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl alcohol
ba 2774
AKOS003368868
juubchwrxwpffh-uhfffaoysa-
inchi=1/c8h10o3/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,9-11h,3-4h2
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol
D2756
3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol
A801346
4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-benzene-1,2-diol
unii-qeu0ne4o90
qeu0ne4o90 ,
S3826
dihydroxyphenylethanol
3-hydroxytyrosol
FT-0670206
CHEMBL1950045
chebi:68889 ,
FT-0600597
AM20020163
hydroxytyrosol [who-dd]
hydroxytyrosol [mi]
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
3,4-dihydroxy-1-benzeneethanol
hydroxytyrosol [inci]
BRD-K04809113-001-01-7
3,4-dihydroxyphenethylalcohol
SCHEMBL44363
Q-100040
mfcd01320529
DTXSID70147451
3-hydroxytyrosol, analytical standard
3-hydroxytyrosol, >=98% (hplc)
dopaol
DB12771
JUUBCHWRXWPFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
AS-10017
2-(3,4-di-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol
Q744577
BCP31094
3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol;3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol
SY017402
HY-N0570
CS-0009107
CCG-266246
EN300-117537

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is a toxic metabolite formed by the oxidative deamination of dopamine."( 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde potentiates the toxic effects of metabolic stress in PC12 cells.
Eisenhofer, G; Harvey-White, J; Kirk, K; Kopin, IJ; Lamensdorf, I; Nechustan, A, 2000)		0.31
" These findings confirm a key role for glutathione in protecting cells from CsA-induced adverse effects and do not support a direct link between CsA-mediated ROS generation and adverse renal effects."( Diverse effects of natural antioxidants on cyclosporin cytotoxicity in rat renal tubular cells.
Capasso, G; Chiodini, P; Della Ragione, F; Di Gennaro, CI; Galletti, P; Indaco, S; Manna, C; Migliardi, V; Zappia, V, 2005)		0.33
" The protective effects of the tested extracts or isolated compounds were evaluated from their ability to decrease hydrogen peroxide-induced formation of single strand breaks in the nuclear DNA, while the toxic effects were estimated from the increase of DNA damage when the extracts or isolated compounds were incubated directly with the cells."( DNA protecting and genotoxic effects of olive oil related components in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
Agalias, A; Aligiannis, N; Bazios, D; Doulias, PT; Galaris, D; Mitakou, S; Nousis, L, 2005)		0.33
" L-Buthionine-SR-sulfoximine treatment exerted an additive toxic effect on the CP-treated animals."( In vivo prevention of bladder urotoxicity: purified hydroxytyrosol ameliorates urotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide and buthionine sulfoximine in mice.
Cherif, M; Elgaaied, AB; Hamden, K; Hamrita, B; Jaouadi, B; Kouidi, S; Medimegh, I; Messai, Y; Ouerhani, S; Rouissi, K, 2011)		0.37
"Humans are exposed to dietary acrylamide (AA) during their lifetime, it is therefore necessary to investigate the mechanisms associated with AA-induced toxic effects."( Olive oil hydroxytyrosol reduces toxicity evoked by acrylamide in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress.
Bravo, L; Goya, L; Martín, MÁ; Ramos, S; Rodríguez-Ramiro, I, 2011)		0.37
" The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was the 500 mg HT/kg bw/day based on statistically significant reductions in body weight gain and decreased body weight in males."( Toxicological evaluation of an olive extract, H35: Subchronic toxicity in the rat.
Anyangwe, N; Beilstein, P; Edwards, J; Heilman, J; López, J; Tran, N, 2015)		0.42
" HC-HT CSNPs exhibited LD50 > 125 mg/body surface area of active, which is 100-fold higher than the normal human dose of HC."( Minimization of Local and Systemic Adverse Effects of Topical Glucocorticoids by Nanoencapsulation: In Vivo Safety of Hydrocortisone-Hydroxytyrosol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles.
Amin, MCIM; Buang, F; Jamil, A; Katas, H; Ng, SF; Siddique, MI; Zulfakar, MH, 2015)		0.42
"Hydrocortisone (HC), topical glucocorticoid along with hydroxytyrosol (HT), and anti-microbial- and anti-oxidant-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared in large scale and analyzed for their adverse effects on healthy human skin followed by repeated applications."( Potential treatment of atopic dermatitis: tolerability and safety of cream containing nanoparticles loaded with hydrocortisone and hydroxytyrosol in human subjects.
Jamil, A; Katas, H; Mohd Amin, MCI; Nadeem, SM; Ng, SF; Siddique, MI; Zulfakar, MH, 2019)		0.51
"The HT-based product is effective and safe in preventing recurrent candida episodes and improves the quality of life and sexual function of treated women."( Efficacy and safety of oral administration of a product based on hydroxytyrosol as preventive therapy for recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidosis: a prospective observational pilot study.
Di Pinto, A; Luffarelli, P; Oliva, C; Prata, G; Schiavi, MC; Scudo, M; Zullo, MA, 2020)		0.56
" Taken together, data from this work reveal that HT itself possesses toxic effect on HCs mainly thorough AIF-dependent apoptosis, while, it aggravates the ototoxicity-caused by cisplatin via both JNK and AIF pathways related apoptosis."( Hydroxytyrosol enhances cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: Possible relation to the alteration in the activity of JNK and AIF pathways.
Li, J; Man, R; Yang, H; Yang, Q; Yu, X; Zhang, W, 2020)		0.56
" Although this effect occurs with the formation of differently toxic products, the molecular basis of this inhibition is still unclear."( Structural Features and Toxicity of α-Synuclein Oligomers Grown in the Presence of DOPAC.
Acquasaliente, L; Bucciantini, M; Fongaro, B; Leri, M; Palazzi, L; Polverino de Laureto, P; Stefani, M, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of the metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol (MOPET), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (MOPAL) to prevent the aggregation and toxic effects of αsyn fibrils."( Hydroxytyrosol and dopamine metabolites: Anti-aggregative effect and neuroprotective activity against α-synuclein-induced toxicity.
Cerezo, AB; Gallardo-Fernández, M; Garcia-Parrilla, MC; Hornedo-Ortega, R; Troncoso, AM, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic analysis indicates a fast and extensive uptake of the molecule by the organs and tissues investigated, with a preferential renal uptake."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil.
Capasso, G; D'Angelo, S; Galletti, P; Manna, C; Mazzoni, O; Migliardi, V; Morrica, P; Pontoni, G; Zappia, V, 2001)		0.31
" This study investigated its in vivo anticancer efficacy and its pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics."( Antitumor activity of caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester and its pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties.
Guo, X; He, Q; Lian, XY; Shen, L; Tong, Y; Wu, G; Ye, X; Yu, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zou, L, 2013)		0.39
" Dermal pharmacokinetic of CSNPs with a size of 228."( In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Amin, MC; Jamil, A; Katas, H; Ng, SF; Siddique, MI; Zulfakar, MH, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Despite its relevant biological effects, no data are available on its bioavailability and metabolism."( Transport mechanism and metabolism of olive oil hydroxytyrosol in Caco-2 cells.
Cucciolla, V; D'Angelo, S; Galletti, P; Maisto, G; Manna, C; Zappia, V, 2000)		0.31
" Bioavailability and metabolism studies of this compound are extremely limited, in part, related to unavailability of radiolabeled compound."( Synthesis of tritium-labeled hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic compound found in olive Oil.
Hayball, PJ; Tan, HW; Tuck, KL, 2000)		0.31
" One of the prerequisites to extrapolate these data to an in vivo situation is the knowledge of their bioavailability in humans."( Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intake.
Covas, MI; de la Torre, R; Farré Albaladejo, M; Lamuela Raventós, RM; Menoyo Colomer, E; Miró-Casas, E; Rodriguez, JO, 2001)		0.31
" Oral bioavailability estimates of hydroxytyrosol when administered in an olive oil solution and when dosed as an aqueous solution were 99% and 75%, respectively."( The in vivo fate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, antioxidant phenolic constituents of olive oil, after intravenous and oral dosing of labeled compounds to rats.
Freeman, MP; Hayball, PJ; Stretch, GL; Stupans, I; Tuck, KL, 2001)		0.31
"We have recently demonstrated, in humans, the bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; HT), one of the major antioxidant components of virgin olive oil."( Urinary excretion of olive oil phenols and their metabolites in humans.
Caruso, D; Galli, C; Galli, G; Patelli, R; Visioli, F, 2001)		0.54
" Hydroxytyrosol is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract but its bioavailability is poor because an important first past metabolism both in gut and liver, leading to the formation of sulphate and glucuronide conjugates, to the extent that concentrations in body fluids of its free form are almost undetectable."( Bioavailability of olive oil phenolic compounds in humans.
de la Torre, R, 2008)		0.35
" Their bioavailability in humans is poor, and they are found in biological fluids mainly as conjugated metabolites."( Antioxidant activities of hydroxytyrosol main metabolites do not contribute to beneficial health effects after olive oil ingestion.
Covas, MI; de la Torre, R; Farré, M; Fitó, M; Joglar, J; Khymenets, O; Muñoz-Aguayo, D; Pujadas, M; Torres, JL; Touriño, S, 2010)		0.36
" CADPE was quickly hydrolyzed both in mice and in vitro mice plasma, but was much stable in vitro human plasma, suggesting a better bioavailability of CADPE in human than in mice."( Antitumor activity of caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester and its pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties.
Guo, X; He, Q; Lian, XY; Shen, L; Tong, Y; Wu, G; Ye, X; Yu, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zou, L, 2013)		0.39
" To quantify the bioavailability and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol when taken as OLE, nine volunteers (five males) aged 42."( Human absorption and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol ingested as olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract.
Cutfield, WS; de Bock, M; Derraik, JG; Henderson, HV; Hofman, PL; Thorstensen, EB, 2013)		0.39
" Hydroxytyrosol is an orally bioavailable polyphenol, obtained from olives, which inhibits NF-κβ activity and has elicited promising efficacy signals in several inflammatory diseases."( NF-κβ signaling and chronic inflammatory diseases: exploring the potential of natural products to drive new therapeutic opportunities.
Crea, R; Killeen, MJ; Linder, M; Pontoniere, P, 2014)		0.4
" In this review HT bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are presented prior to discussing health beneficial effects."( Potential role of olive oil phenolic compounds in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
de la Torre, R; Dierssen, M; Farré, M; Fitó, M; Rodríguez-Morató, J; Xicota, L, 2015)		0.42
"The notion that (poly)phenols act as direct free radical scavengers is being challenged by mere chemical and biochemical considerations such as bioavailability and intracellular concentrations."( One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes.
Burgos-Ramos, E; Crespo, MC; Espinosa, MI; Herranz, J; Loria Kohen, V; Tomé-Carneiro, J; Visioli, F, )		0.13
" However, the bioavailability of the most important of these compounds, hydroxytyrosol (HT), and its transformation into derivatives within the organism after oral intake are still not completely understood, requiring further in vivo research."( Gender differences in plasma and urine metabolites from Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration of normal and high doses of hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, and DOPAC.
Auñón, D; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; Gil-Izquierdo, A, 2017)		0.46
"Plasma and urine levels indicated that although the three compounds are efficiently absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and show similar metabolism, the bioavailability is strongly dependent on the derivative considered, dosage, and gender."( Gender differences in plasma and urine metabolites from Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration of normal and high doses of hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, and DOPAC.
Auñón, D; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; Gil-Izquierdo, A, 2017)		0.46
" In conclusion, NO2HT, NO2HT-A, and NO2HT-E show high in vitro bioavailability and are extensively metabolized by hepatic cells."( Evaluation of the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Nitroderivatives of Hydroxytyrosol Using Caco-2 and HepG2 Human Cell Models.
Bravo-Clemente, L; Espartero, JL; Gallardo, E; Gonzalez Correa, JA; Mateos, R; Sarria, B, 2016)		0.43
" We performed a crossover, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate HT bioavailability in HT-enriched biscuits (HT-B) versus non-enriched biscuits (C-B), and the effects on oxidative postprandial status."( Hydroxytyrosol in functional hydroxytyrosol-enriched biscuits is highly bioavailable and decreases oxidised low density lipoprotein levels in humans.
Amigo-Benavent, M; Baeza Arévalo, G; Bravo-Clemente, L; Martínez-López, S; Mateos, R; Sarriá, B, 2016)		0.43
" In this regard, information regarding the bioavailability and metabolic disposition of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol is of most importance to evaluate the impact they may have on human health."( Metabolic disposition and biological significance of simple phenols of dietary origin: hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol.
Boronat, A; de la Torre, R; Farré, M; Fitó, M; Khymenets, O; Kotronoulas, A; Olesti, E; Pastor, A; Pérez-Mañá, C; Pujadas, M; Rodríguez-Morató, J, 2016)		0.43
" The bioavailability and bioactivity was evaluated following gavage with HT/PCy in rabbits."( Olive and grape seed extract prevents post-traumatic osteoarthritis damages and exhibits in vitro anti IL-1β activities before and after oral consumption.
Abadie, J; Beck, L; Gauthier, O; Guicheux, J; Hivernaud, V; Houard, X; Krisa, S; Lesoeur, J; Masson, M; Merceron, C; Mével, E; Nourissat, G; Richard, T; Urban, N; Vinatier, C; Wittrant, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, we also discuss the chemistry, nutritional aspects and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol."( Cardioprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Oil.
Del Mar Bibiloni, M; Pinya, S; Pons, A; Sureda, A; Tejada, S; Tur, JA, 2017)		0.46
" In addition the concentration, metabolism and bioavailability of specific phenolic compounds will be discussed."( The Health Benefiting Mechanisms of Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds.
Cicerale, S; Parkinson, L, 2016)		0.43
" This study attempted to prepare liposomes containing water-soluble HT to improve the bioavailability and biocompatibility of the target drug."( Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Liposomes Containing Water-Soluble Hydroxytyrosol from Olive.
Li, B; Qin, FGF; Tu, JL; Yuan, JJ, 2017)		0.46
" Bioavailability studies show that the metabolites detected in plasma depend on the model used (animal or human), the HT source (simple molecule or complex precursors) and the dose administered."( Hydroxytyrosol: Emerging Trends in Potential Therapeutic Applications.
de Las Hazas, MCL; Macia, A; Motilva, MJ; Rubio, L, 2018)		0.48
" In this work, Zn and Se bioavailability was increased in chicken meat emulsions that are enriched with Hydroxytyrosol (HXT), a phenolic compound obtained from olive leaf."( Fe, Zn and Se Bioavailability in Chicken Meat Emulsions Enriched with Minerals, Hydroxytyrosol and Extra Virgin Olive Oil as Measured by Caco-2 Cell Model.
Martínez, L; Nieto, G; Ros, G, 2018)		0.48
"Acrylamide and phenolic compounds on both fresh and cooked olives were monitored by HPLC/MS-MS and reversed-phase-HPLC methods along different procedures: elaboration process, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), cooking treatment and bioavailability evaluation."( Monitoring of acrylamide and phenolic compounds in table olive after high hydrostatic pressure and cooking treatments.
Cabrera-Bañegil, M; Delgado-Adámez, J; Fernández, A; Lodolini, EM; Martín-Vertedor, D; Ramírez, R, 2019)		0.51
" This review summarizes recent findings regarding biological activities, metabolism and bioavailability of the major olive oil phenolic compounds-hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein-the most important being their antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective and endocrine effects."( Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Derivatives and Their Potential Effects on Human Health.
Barbarić, M; Jakobušić Brala, C; Karković Marković, A; Torić, J, 2019)		0.51
" Nevertheless, some knowledge gaps remain on its bioavailability and metabolism; overall concerning to the real rate per cent of absorption and biovailability of dietary hydroxytyrosol and the influence of the dietary food-containing hydroxytyrosol on it."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol are dependent on the food matrix in humans.
Alemán-Jiménez, C; Auñón, D; Campillo-Cano, M; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; Gil-Izquierdo, Á; López-González, I; Medina, S; Prgomet, I; Simonelli-Muñoz, A, 2021)		0.62
"A double-blind study was performed including 20 volunteers who ingested 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol through diverse food matrices, to discover the influence on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of HT metabolites (hydroxytyrosol acetate, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), tyrosol, and homovanillic alcohol) of the distinct matrices by UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol are dependent on the food matrix in humans.
Alemán-Jiménez, C; Auñón, D; Campillo-Cano, M; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; Gil-Izquierdo, Á; López-González, I; Medina, S; Prgomet, I; Simonelli-Muñoz, A, 2021)		0.62
"The metabolic profile of hydroxytyrosol is influenced by the food matrix in which is incorporated, with the oily nature for the final bioavailability being relevant."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol are dependent on the food matrix in humans.
Alemán-Jiménez, C; Auñón, D; Campillo-Cano, M; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; Gil-Izquierdo, Á; López-González, I; Medina, S; Prgomet, I; Simonelli-Muñoz, A, 2021)		0.62
" However, they have low bioavailability due to their low absorption and high metabolism in human liver and small intestine."( De novo biosynthesis of tyrosol acetate and hydroxytyrosol acetate from glucose in engineered Escherichia coli.
Fu, X; Guo, D; Li, X; Pan, H; Sun, Y, 2021)		0.62
" However, extremely low absorption rate of olive phenolic compounds restricts their bioactivity."( Hydroxytyrosol oleate: A promising neuroprotective nanocarrier delivery system of oleuropein and derivatives.
Brocchini, S; Nardi, M; Procopio, A; Somavarapu, S, 2023)		0.91
" Bioavailability studies with olive oils showed that HT is bioavailable from its free form and from conjugated forms such as oleuropein and its aglycone."( Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Hydroxytyrosol from Food Supplements.
Bender, C; Golz, C; Strassmann, S, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" For both compounds, the intravenously and orally administered oil-based dosings resulted in significantly greater elimination of the phenolics in urine within 24 h than the oral, aqueous dosing method."( The in vivo fate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, antioxidant phenolic constituents of olive oil, after intravenous and oral dosing of labeled compounds to rats.
Freeman, MP; Hayball, PJ; Stretch, GL; Stupans, I; Tuck, KL, 2001)		0.31
" Recently it was shown that hydroxytyrosol and five metabolites were excreted in urine when hydroxytyrosol was dosed intravenously or orally in an olive oil solution to rats."( Structural characterization of the metabolites of hydroxytyrosol, the principal phenolic component in olive oil, in rats.
Hayball, PJ; Stupans, I; Tuck, KL, 2002)		0.31
" Dose-response and time-dependence studies were carried out."( Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein of olive oil inhibit mast cell degranulation induced by immune and non-immune pathways.
Fogal, TH; Mariani, ML; Penissi, AB; Persia, FA, 2014)		0.4
" The 15% HT formulated extract did not induce micronuclei in rat bone marrow after 4 weeks of dosing up to 561 mg HT/kg/day."( Investigations into the genotoxic potential of olive extracts.
Beilstein, P; Edwards, J; Kirkland, D; Woehrle, T, 2015)		0.42
" HT was administered at a daily dosage of 45mg for 8 weeks to volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia (n=14)."( Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial.
Fonolla, J; Lopez-Huertas, E, 2017)		0.46
" Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance."( The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery.
Chichger, H; Coso, JD; Lillis, JB; López-Samanes, Á; Pinto, JM; Roberts, JD; Willmott, AGB; Zacca, R, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
catecholsAny compound containing an o-diphenol component.
primary alcoholA primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Dopamine metabolism032

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)13.00000.00011.68479.3200AID1073063
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (30)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathwayPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic cell migrationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory response to woundingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene A4 biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cellPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxin biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipid oxidationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membranePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (81)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID692014Inhibition of Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-glucosidase type 42012Journal of natural products, Oct-26, Volume: 75, Issue:10
Dibenzocycloheptanoids from the leaves of Cinnamomum subavenium.
AID349465Cytotoxicity against human DG75 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID349468Antioxidant activity against ferrous ion-induced oxidative stress in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde formation at 20 ug/mL pretreated for 4 hrs before Fe2+ challenge by TBARS assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID349464Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1754867Antiproliferative activity against human SW480 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth at 100 uM incubated for 72 hrs by trypan blue assay relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 42Solid-phase synthesis of curcumin mimics and their anticancer activity against human pancreatic, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines.
AID349470Antioxidant activity against ferrous ion-induced oxidative stress in human DG75 cells assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde formation at 20 ug/mL pretreated for 4 hrs before Fe2+ challenge by TBARS assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1152625Inhibition of Influenza A virus H5N1 neuraminidase up to 20 ug/ml by fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID1663518Antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic mouse assessed as increase in plasma SOD level at 50 mg/kg, po for 10 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1264071Inhibition of A23187-induced TXA2 synthesis in Wistar rat at 1 to 100 mg/kg, po qd administered for 7 days measured after 1 hr post last dose by enzyme immunoassay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 58, Issue:23
Hydroxytyrosol-Derived Compounds: A Basis for the Creation of New Pharmacological Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.
AID1663512Hypoglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po for 10 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663520Antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic mouse assessed as reduction in plasma MDA level at 50 mg/kg, po for 10 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1264070Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation in po dosed Wistar rat administered for 7 days measured after 1 hr post last dose by aggregometric analysis2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 58, Issue:23
Hydroxytyrosol-Derived Compounds: A Basis for the Creation of New Pharmacological Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.
AID1152628Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of viral production at 30 uM treated 2 hrs post viral infection measured after 2 hrs by crystal violet staining-based plaque reduction a2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID1317210Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human MRC5 cells to IC50 for bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei S162016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID1073064Inhibition of human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3) using arachidonic acid as substrate preincubated at 10 uM for 10 mins before substrate addition measured after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2014Journal of natural products, Mar-28, Volume: 77, Issue:3
One-step semisynthesis of oleacein and the determination as a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
AID567083Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 150 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 61.4+/-1.1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1264065Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma preincubated for 10 mins2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 58, Issue:23
Hydroxytyrosol-Derived Compounds: A Basis for the Creation of New Pharmacological Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.
AID646698Octanol-water partition coefficient, log Kow of the compound by HPLC analysis2011Journal of natural products, Nov-28, Volume: 74, Issue:11
Lipophilic hydroxytyrosol esters: fatty acid conjugates for potential topical administration.
AID1663500Inhibition of rat intestinal sucrase2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1498977Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID567084Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 300 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 61.4+/-1.1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1663498Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-glucosidase2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID349467Antioxidant activity against ferrous ion-induced oxidative stress in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde formation at 10 ug/mL pretreated for 4 hrs before Fe2+ challenge by TBARS assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1152622Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication after 2 to 3 days by crystal violet staining-based plaque reduction assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID567087Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 300 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 21+/-0.9%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1152626Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of viral production at 30 uM pretreated for 2 to 4 hrs followed by compound washout and viral infection measured after 2 hrs by crystal 2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID349466Cytotoxicity against human PBL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1500941Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition rate constant for auto-oxidation of cumene initiated by AIMN in PhCl at 30 degC2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Hydroxy-substituted trans-cinnamoyl derivatives as multifunctional tools in the context of Alzheimer's disease.
AID349462Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of ABTS radical scavenging activity2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1663502Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663515Vasodilation activity in STZ-induced diabetic mouse assessed as increase in NO production at 50 mg/kg, po for 10 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663510Hypoglycemic activity in starch administered mouse assessed as reduction in post prandial blood glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po administered as single dose measured after 60 mins relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663523Antihyperlipidemic activity in Triton WR1339-treated mouse assessed as reduction in plasma TG level at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 7 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1674154Neuroprotective activity in Wistar rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy assessed as decrease in retinal ganglion cells at 1 mg/kg, po dosed until 2 months starting 7 days prior to streptozotocin injection (Rvb = 44%)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye.
AID1317213Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani MHOM/ET/67/HU3 intracellular amastigotes infected in human THP1 cells after 72 hrs by luciferase coupled luminescence assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID1152627Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of viral production at 30 uM treated simultaneously with viral infection measured after 2 hrs by crystal violet staining-based plaque re2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID567089Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 150 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 17.6+/-1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID567085Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 100 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 21+/-0.9%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID349473Antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica CIP 80.39 after 24 to 72 hrs at 37 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1317212Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani MHOM/ET/67/HU3 axenic amastigotes at 20 uM after 72 hrs by resazurin-based assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID1152624Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for MDCK cells to IC50 for Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1))2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID349476Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 after 24 to 72 hrs at 28 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1317208Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID1264064Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma preincubated for 10 mins2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 58, Issue:23
Hydroxytyrosol-Derived Compounds: A Basis for the Creation of New Pharmacological Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.
AID1264072Induction of NO production in Wistar rat at 1 to 100 mg/kg, po qd administered for 7 days measured after 1 hr post last dose by enzyme immuno assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 58, Issue:23
Hydroxytyrosol-Derived Compounds: A Basis for the Creation of New Pharmacological Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.
AID567079Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 100 uM after 48 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1152629Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of viral production at 30 uM treated 4 to 8 hrs post viral infection measured after 2 hrs by crystal violet staining-based plaque reduct2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID1663501Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID349472Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 after 24 to 72 hrs at 37 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1317217Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani MON-2 MHOM/IN/1996/THAK35 amastigotes infected in mouse J774A.1 cells after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID349469Antioxidant activity against ferrous ion-induced oxidative stress in human DG75 cells assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde formation at 10 ug/mL pretreated for 4 hrs before Fe2+ challenge by TBARS assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1663509Hypoglycemic activity in starch administered mouse assessed as reduction in post prandial blood glucose level at 50 mg/kg, po administered as single dose measured after 30 mins relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663529Antioxidant activity in Triton WR1339-treated mouse assessed as decrease in plasma MDA level at 50 mg/kg, po for 7 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID567086Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 150 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 21+/-0.9%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID349474Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 after 24 to 72 hrs at 30 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID349477Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 after 24 to 72 hrs at 28 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1663528Antioxidant activity in Triton WR1339-treated mouse assessed as increase in plasma SOD level at 50 mg/kg, po for 7 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1663499Inhibition of rat intestinal maltase2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID567080Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 150 uM after 48 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID349471Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 after 24 to 72 hrs at 30 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID567081Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 300 uM after 48 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1754866Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth at 100 uM incubated for 72 hrs by trypan blue assay relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 42Solid-phase synthesis of curcumin mimics and their anticancer activity against human pancreatic, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines.
AID567090Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 300 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 17.6+/-1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID349463Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reducing activity by FRAP assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID567077Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 150 uM after 24 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID567078Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 300 uM after 24 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1152623Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID1754870Antiproliferative activity against human PANC-1 cells assessed as cell death at 100 uM incubated for 72 hrs by trypan blue assay relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 42Solid-phase synthesis of curcumin mimics and their anticancer activity against human pancreatic, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines.
AID1663524Antihyperlipidemic activity in Triton WR1339-treated mouse assessed as reduction in plasma TC level at 50 mg/kg, po measured after 7 days relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1152630Inhibition of Influenza A virus H5N1 hemagglutinin adsorption to chicken RBC at 100 ug/ml by two-fold dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecular polyphenols as entry inhibitors against H(5)N(1).
AID567082Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 100 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 61.4+/-1.1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID567076Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by BrdU-ELISA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID1754865Antiproliferative activity against human PANC-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth at 100 uM incubated for 72 hrs by trypan blue assay relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 42Solid-phase synthesis of curcumin mimics and their anticancer activity against human pancreatic, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines.
AID1674153Neuroprotective activity in Wistar rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy assessed as decrease in retinal ganglion cells at 5 mg/kg, po dosed until 2 months starting 7 days prior to streptozotocin injection (Rvb = 44%)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye.
AID1663503Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in lipid peroxidation2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15
3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID567088Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HT-29 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 100 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry (Rvb = 17.6+/-1%)2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and α-lipoic acid exhibiting an antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
AID349475Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 after 24 to 72 hrs at 37 degC by broth dilution susceptibility test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1073063Inhibition of human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase using arachidonic acid as substrate preincubated for 10 mins before substrate addition measured after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2014Journal of natural products, Mar-28, Volume: 77, Issue:3
One-step semisynthesis of oleacein and the determination as a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
AID1317209Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei S16 assessed as inhibition of proliferation measured after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents.
AID349461Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20
Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.
AID1201080Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 94Phenolic thio- and selenosemicarbazones as multi-target drugs.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (850)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199016 (1.88)18.7374
1990's16 (1.88)18.2507
2000's157 (18.47)29.6817
2010's447 (52.59)24.3611
2020's214 (25.18)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 20.53

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index20.53 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.80 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.48 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index23.70 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (20.53)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials37 (4.30%)5.53%
Reviews50 (5.81%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational3 (0.35%)0.25%
Other770 (89.53%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) [NCT01381354]Phase 138 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Open Label Pilot Study Using Hydroxytyrosol (HT) as a Dietary Supplement in Patients With Mitochondrial Diseases (MDs) [NCT04543968]12 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-05Recruiting
Foods Such as Virgin Olive Oil Rich in Phenolic Compounds, and Prebiotic Supplementation: Dietary Strategy to Tackle Sarcopenia in Early Elderly Subjects (FOOP-Sarc) [NCT05485402]135 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
Nutritional Intervention Study to Evaluate the Effect of Hydroxytyrosol on Phase II Enzymes in Healthy Subjects [NCT02273622]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Innovative Biotechnological Production of Antioxidant Products of Plant Origin From Microbial Factories, and Essential Oils From the Greek Flora, for the Creation of New Quality Health Products and Nutritional Supplements [NCT05679310]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-02-10Completed
Effect of Olivomed (Olive Extract) on Endothelial, Cardiac and Vascular Function of Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease [NCT04520126]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-01Not yet recruiting
Effects of Punicalagin and Hydroxytyrosol Mixture on Different Inflammatory Markers Related With Cardiovascular Disease: a Crossover Study in Healthy Middle-aged Volunteers [NCT02042742]Phase 476 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Effects of Hydroxytyrosol on Vascular Health [NCT01983943]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants were enrolled)
Positive Effects of Daily Consumption of Bread Enriched With Hydroxytyrosol on the Results of a 12-week Dietary Intervention on Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Overweight/ Obesity [NCT04899791]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-24Completed
Hydroxytyrosol and Vitamin E in the Treatment of Children With Biopsy-proven NASH [NCT02842567]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-01Completed
Effect of a Dietary Supplement With Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties on the Intestinal Microbiota in Patients With Colon Cancer. Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. TERATROPHO Study. [NCT05472753]75 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-16Recruiting
Evaluation of the Effects of the Administration of 5 Milligrams and 15 Milligrams of Hydroxytyrosol, an Extra Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compound, Versus Placebo, Combined With Diet, in Anthropometric Parameters in Overweight and Obese Women [NCT04317079]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-30Completed
A Pilot Study of Hydroxytyrosol, a Component of Olive Oil for Breast Cancer Prevention In Women At High Risk Of Breast Cancer [NCT02068092]Phase 2/Phase 351 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Bioavailability of Hydroxytyrosol From Two Olive Watery Extract Supplements and Their Effects on Lipid Peroxidation [NCT04876261]13 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-10Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT02068092 (2) [back to overview]Change in Maximum Volumetric Breast Density Percentage
NCT02068092 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Change in Maximum Volumetric Breast Density Percentage

Change in Maximum Volumetric Breast Density Percentage from Baseline at 12 Months. Maximum volumetric breast density (max VBD%) which is calculated by fibroglandular breast volume divided by total breast volume (checked on the higher side, left or right) was used to obtain the study's endpoints. The primary endpoint was the annualized percent decrease in max VBD% between baseline (BL) and end-of-treatment (EOT) with HT. (NCT02068092)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionMean decrease in max VBD percentage (Mean)
Hydroxytyrosol-0.038

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Number of participants with adverse events as assessed by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.03 (NCT02068092)
Timeframe: From informed consent up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hydroxytyrosol2

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.5720O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.7230catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid
dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.		2.610monocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.		2.2110benzyl alcohols;
phenols		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1110hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.610monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.3720aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
adenine
[no description available]		2.17106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.610fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.0810carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.4920monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
catechol
[no description available]		3.6730catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.8730alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0410chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.2510coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde
cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.		2.3110benzaldehydesinsecticide;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		4.2950trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.1110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		2.0810thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		1.9810guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		9.65270catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.110glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.99112-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.5220alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		2.5220aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		210dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.2110benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.2110indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		1.9510hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		4.4760dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		3.04402-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.2510cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.0883acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.610pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.5120pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.7230monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.7430monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.6370phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.610saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.46202-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		2.0410sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.2110sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.1310sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.3110uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.2110benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		3.8530xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.1110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		1.9610catecholamine
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.4770aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0210aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		2.420monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0610C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		5.71190guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		1.9710indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		1.9610aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.1510acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.2510monoazo compound
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.110adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
theophylline
[no description available]		2.1510dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0210acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		340benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.1510ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0110pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.2110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.1510organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.1710aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.1110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.1310alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		1.9710organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.6620aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.1550
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		3.1750ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.1510aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.1110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.1510
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		4.2710isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0410phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.2110aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.5520catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.0810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.0210C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.9640benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		3.3510endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.110monochlorophenol
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9610barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.1710acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		2.4320trihydroxybenzoic acid
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.3510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tyramine
[no description available]		4.8321monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.171011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		2.110aminophenolbacterial metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4110chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.5520aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9810adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.610pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.1510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.2560amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.4220ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		21.1979534benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		4.4270amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0710aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.4620chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4110mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.1510non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4920C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		210amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.1510arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.7630alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.0810
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0810mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.9940acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.4110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.9330bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		2.0310peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.9740organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.610organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		1.9810monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		2.4920naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.2110aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.1510aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.110nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
acrolein
[no description available]		3.2150enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
glyoxal
[no description available]		2.1510dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.520methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0410naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		2.5120dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.4820acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.1110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydroxytryptophol
Hydroxytryptophol: 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.		2.2110indoles
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.830catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0210acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.03101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-
2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.		1.9610
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.2110N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		210imidazolidine-2,4-dione
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.4420botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		14.8213913phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.17103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.0210
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		2.1310indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		4.23170methoxybenzenes;
phenols
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.27170dialdehydebiomarker
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.0510flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: structure. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.		2.0210hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.4720acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid
3-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; structure. 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human xenobiotic metabolite
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.3110N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		8.58173alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		4.2440
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.3110
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.2510hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol: Metabolite of serotonin and norepinephrine.		3.4780methoxybenzenes;
phenols
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.1310carbon oxoanion
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.1510
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.0610diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.4420elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.5220elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.0110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.1410copper group element atom;
elemental gold
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.1710mercury coordination entitysensitiser
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.8220inorganic sodium salt
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9610dihydrogen
hydroiodic acid
hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.		2.110gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.110cadmium coordination entity
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0810acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
zingerone
zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.		1.9810methyl ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antiemetic;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.63240benzenes;
phenyl acetates
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0810phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0410phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0210
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		2.1710glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.2110taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.4620pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4720chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
acarbose
[no description available]		2.2510tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
zileuton
[no description available]		2.1101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.110guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		2.0410organoiodine compound
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.1110gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
vanillyl alcohol
vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.		2.2110benzyl alcohols;
guaiacols		plant metabolite
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		5.77240D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.46202-benzofuransfluorochrome
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0310organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.2110flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		2.0210
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.0110dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		2.4120nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0810glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nitroso-n,n-diethylaniline
4-nitroso-N,N-diethylaniline: C-nitroso compound		2.0210
2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
[no description available]		210
2,3-diaminonaphthalene
[no description available]		2.0410
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		2.1710
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.0510nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.17103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by a 5-hydroxyindol-3-yl group.		1.9710hydroxyindoles;
indoleacetaldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethyl protocatechuate
ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.		2.110catechols;
ethyl ester		antibacterial agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0410
rivastigmine
[no description available]		2.1510carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.1510aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde: isolated from Geum japonicum; structure in first source		2.1110
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.		1.96102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols		antioxidant;
drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0610iditolfungal metabolite
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2.46203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.0810
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		4.18160catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
salsolinol
salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.		2.42201-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diolhuman urinary metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1110D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.0810
3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol
3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol: structure given in first source		2.110
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.0210
laurdan
laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide		2.1710
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		2.110oligopeptide
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		4.3741proanthocyanidin
deguelin
deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.		2.3110aromatic ether;
diether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
plant metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.5520
3-deoxyglucosone
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.		2.5520deoxyglucose;
deoxyketohexose
al-01567
alconil: structure given in first source		210
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde : A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.		3.88120alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
catechols;
phenylacetaldehydes		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.1110fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		2.1510imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.1710aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		4.2710adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine
N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		2.1510L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antigen
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.0410
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.05105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.1110D-xylose
paclitaxel
6-prenylnaringenin: from hop plant (Humulus lupulus): structure in first source. 6-prenylnaringenin : A trihydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin prenylated at C-6.		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone		T-type calcium channel blocker
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.7230oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.6620glycoside
vanillactic acid
vanillactic acid: metabolite of catecholamines		1.95102-oxo monocarboxylic acid
syringopicroside
syringopicroside: from leaves of Syringa oblata Lindl.; structure given in first source		2.7330
dopamine quinone
dopamine quinone: product of the autoxidation of dopamine. dopaminoquinone : A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.		2.15101,2-benzoquinones;
primary amino compound		metabolite
4-trifluoromethylsalicylic acid
4-trifluoromethylsalicylic acid: structure given in first source; metabolite of triflusal		2.610hydroxybenzoic acid
elenolic acid
elenolic acid: extract of olive plant; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure		6.37110
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.131012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		2.1510arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.1110
methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
[no description available]		2.110catechols;
methyl ester		antioxidant;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
o-iodoxybenzoic acid
o-iodoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 1-hydroxy-1,3-dioxobenziodoxole : A benziodoxole compound having hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 1-position and an oxo substituent at the 3-position. It is a mild and efficient hypervalent iodine synthetic reagent used to carry out several selective oxidation reactions.		2.4620benziodoxoleEC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
oxidising agent
elastin
[no description available]		2.2110oligopeptide
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.1710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.110taxifolinmetabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4920cellotriose
carnosol
carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata		2.1510diterpenoid
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		1.9810beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.3460
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.1510tripeptide
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.1710arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.4460cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.4920amino cyclitol;
glycoside
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.3920icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		3.3850cyclodextrin
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.36131resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.3110retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.49140octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.8530ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.5820D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.1510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.1240icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		11.811091
8-prenylnaringenin
8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone		plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
isoxanthohumol
isoxanthohumol: structure in first source		2.2510flavanones
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.31103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
3-coumaric acid
3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.. 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.		2.15103-coumaric acid
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.41204-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		3.95120
teucrol
teucrol: from Teucrium pilosum; structure in first source		2.0810
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		4.0840triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.6590stilbene
xanthohumol
xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.		2.2510aromatic ether;
chalcones;
polyphenol		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor;
metabolite
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		4.26170caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.		2.110methoxycinnamic acid
ethyl ferulate
ethyl ferulate: structure in first source		2.1510
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		6.4251aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.610capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4720cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.1750
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.7220
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		2.1310nitrogen oxide
4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol
[no description available]		1.9610phenols
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0210
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.610
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.1110
calceolarioside a
calceolarioside A: structure given in first source; isolated from Calceolaria hypericina; induces platelet aggregation		2.610hydroxycinnamic acid
quercetin
[no description available]		3.73907-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.96120prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.3320monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.9130trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.78303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.7530octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		3.5520dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.1310beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
apigetrin
apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.2110beta-D-glucoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		210D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.1110disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		3.711carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.8330linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.1310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.2510
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		3.711carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		12.221141beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		2.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
chicoric acid
chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase		2.0810organooxygen compoundgeroprotector;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
echinacoside
echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity		2.1110oligosaccharide
forsythiaside
forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)		2.110hydroxycinnamic acid
plantamajoside
plantamajoside: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610hydroxycinnamic acid
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		4.08130catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.930ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		3.3320F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.1150thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.47204-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		2.1110fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		4.2710monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.21101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.1110phosphatidylcholine(1+)
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.		2.0710disaccharide derivative;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavone		metabolite;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		2.3920
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1510metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.5320chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
deoxyribose
[no description available]		1.9810deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		3.3560
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one
3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid		2.0510coumarinsgeroprotector
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.5920chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0810chalcogen;
metalloid atom
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.2510
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.1710
bis(7)-tacrine
[no description available]		2.1510secondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
ripasudil
[no description available]		4.2710isoquinolines
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.2110aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.8690
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid
5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).		2.2110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
nonclassic icosanoid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
resolvin d2
resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).		2.2110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
secondary allylic alcohol;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent;
anti-obesity agent;
estrogen receptor agonist;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
rat metabolite
ino-8875
INO-8875: structure in first source		4.2710
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.		5.5770
ligstroside
ligstroside: structure in first source. ligstroside : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 4-hydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). An important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		3.9930beta-D-glucoside;
diester;
methyl ester;
phenols;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lyoniside
lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer		2.0210
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.2510organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.5520
resolvin e2
resolvin E2: structure in first source; derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid in contrast to resolvin D that derives from docosahexaenoic acid. resolvin E2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-icosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 18 (the 5S,18R stereoisomer).		2.2110diol;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
rat metabolite
vitisin a
[no description available]		2.1110benzofurans
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.4110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.520glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.54201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.5320chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		4.6140
argpyrimidine
argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers.		2.1510hydroxypyrimidine;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		epitope
pinoresinol
pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.		3.0340
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde
oleacein: found in olive oil; structure in first source		5.5970alcohol;
phenols
chitosan
[no description available]		3.2550
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.96103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.6120inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.610
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		1.9610organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde
2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde: metabolite of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate; structure. 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate : Dicarboxylate anion of 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0310
3-deoxygalactosone
3-deoxygalactosone: galactose degradation product isolated from milk products; structure in first source		2.1510
resolvin d1
resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).		2.2110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.8321
punicalagin
punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source		3.811tannin
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		6.681ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.1510benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.5120benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.9830
oleuropein aglycone
oleuropein aglycone: an agonist of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors. oleuropein aglycone : A secoiridoid that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2R,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		3.4960catechols;
diester;
lactol;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
mTOR inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
TRPA1 channel agonist
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.0610ketal
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.1310
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.8230
hydroxytyrosyl acetate
hydroxytyrosyl acetate: structure in first source		3.86110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.4420
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.1710
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		2.0810
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.39203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.7430purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.5311folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.1710
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.0710
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.4320nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.1310
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.9940guanosinesbiomarker
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		1.9610
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.77100
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.77100
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.88140
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.88140
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		03.91100
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		03.91100
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		04.0810
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		04.0810
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		06.2160
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.4740
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.68480
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		010.68421
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.4740
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		015.68421
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.3110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.4560
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3110
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		03.930
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		03.930
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.56151
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.6320
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.3850
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.6420
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.7420
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.6420
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		02.3110
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.4110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		05.66161
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		05.66161
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.8830
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.4110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.4110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.8781
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.2821
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.811
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.811
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.0540
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.0540
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.2150
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.2150
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.4110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		07.99142
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.8730
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.28100
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.8730
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.28100
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		07.99142
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.2250
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.2250
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.610
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.610
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.6770
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.6770
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.3670
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.610
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.610
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.8220
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		05.5731
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		09.941110
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.5731
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		09.941110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.610
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.2650
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.2650
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.2350
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.610
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.2350
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.610
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.58110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.940
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		04.940
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.8240
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		04.8240
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		05.7871
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		05.7871
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.6120
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		09.95151
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.2110
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.2110
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.2110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.520
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.2110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.520
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.9630
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.2510
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.0240
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.0240
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.6120
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.6120
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.2860
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.2860
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.4320
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.4320
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.4320
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.2250
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.2250
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.2510
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		02.2510
Infection Reactivation
[description not available]		02.2510
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		02.2510
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2510
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.2510
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		02.2510
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		08.23120
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.23120
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.3110
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.2450
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.2450
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.2731
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		04.2731
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.8130
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.8130
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.1710
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.1710
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.6620
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.6620
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.6620
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.6920
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.1150
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		04.1150
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.6920
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.5820
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.5820
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.6320
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.6320
Azotaemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.3110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.6120
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.6120
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.2310
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.3110
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.3110
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.3841
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		04.3841
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.5120
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.1510
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.9840
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.9840
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.1510
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.8830
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.8830
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.1510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.1510
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.1710
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		04.4241
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		04.4241
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4720
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.4720
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.1710
Amyloidosis, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1710
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.8230
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.1710
Amyloidosis, Familial
Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.		02.1710
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.1710
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.1710
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.2510
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.2510
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.2510
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.8130
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.0910
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.7230
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		03.5911
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.5720
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.2110
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.7330
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.7330
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.150
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		04.150
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.520
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.2110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.520
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.2110
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.2110
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0810
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0810
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.4711
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.4711
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.7930
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.110
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.110
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.110
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.110
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.1750
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.9940
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.1750
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.9940
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.110
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.110
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.4720
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.4720
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.0110
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.1110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.4920
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.1110
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.1310
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.1110
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.1110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.1110
Infections, RNA Virus
[description not available]		02.1110
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.1110
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.1110
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.1110
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.1110
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.1110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.1310
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.1310
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1510
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1510
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.1510
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1510
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.1310
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.1310
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.1310
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.1310
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.4720
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.1510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.0410
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0410
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0410
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0510
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.0510
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.7230
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.7230
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.9610
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		04.9240
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		04.9240
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.0610
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.0710
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.0710
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.0110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.1150
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.0931
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0310
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.0310
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.0310
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.0310
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.0310
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.0310
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.0410
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		0210
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		0210
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		0210