Compounds > lubeluzole
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

lubeluzole

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65998
CHEMBL ID281724
CHEBI ID135703
SCHEMBL ID159725
MeSH IDM0256866

Synonyms (37)

Synonym
prosynap
jk-8792
lubeluzole
r-87926
lubeluzole (usan/inn)
D04789
prosynap (tn)
144665-07-6
r 87926
1-piperidineethanol, 4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-alpha-((3,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl)-, (s)-
(+)-(s)-4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-alpha-((3,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-piperidineethanol
CHEBI:135703
CHEMBL281724 ,
(2s)-1-[4-[1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(methyl)amino]piperidin-1-yl]-3-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)propan-2-ol
(s)-1-[4-(benzothiazol-2-yl-methyl-amino)-piperidin-1-yl]-3-(3,4-difluoro-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol
1-[4-(benzothiazol-2-yl-methyl-amino)-piperidin-1-yl]-3-(3,4-difluoro-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol(lubeluzole)
bdbm50066066
unii-v2sib71583
lubeluzole [usan:inn:ban]
v2sib71583 ,
SCHEMBL159725
(+)-(s)-4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-.alpha.-((3,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-piperidineethanol
lubeluzole [who-dd]
lubeluzole [mart.]
1-piperidineethanol, 4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-.alpha.-((3,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl)-, (s)-
lubeluzole [usan]
lubeluzole [mi]
lubeluzole [inn]
DTXSID60162779
lubeluzole dihydrochloride
(2s)-1-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl-methylamino)piperidin-1-yl]-3-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)propan-2-ol
Q6695177
(s)-1-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)propan-2-ol
NCGC00487398-02
HY-105084
CS-0024938
AKOS040747121

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lubeluzole is a novel benzothiazole compound that has shown neuroprotective activity in preclinical models of ischemic stroke. The drug has been shown to stereoselectively rescue sensorimotor function and reduce infarct size in photochemical stroke models in rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lubeluzole is a benzothiazole derivative that has shown neuroprotective properties in preclinical models of ischemic stroke. "( Molecular Insights into hERG Potassium Channel Blockade by Lubeluzole.
Cavalluzzi, MM; Convertino, M; Gailly, P; Gualdani, R; Lentini, G; Stary-Weinzinger, A; Tadini-Buoninsegni, F, 2018)		2.17
"Lubeluzole is a neuroprotective compound in the final stages of clinical evaluation. "( Treatment of experimental focal ischemia in rats with lubeluzole.
Aronowski, J; Grotta, JC; Strong, R, 1996)		1.99
"Lubeluzole is a novel benzothiazole compound that has shown neuroprotective activity in preclinical models of ischemic stroke. "( Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group.
Grotta, J, 1997)		3.18
"Lubeluzole is a neuroprotective compound that has been shown to stereoselectively rescue sensorimotor function and reduce infarct size in a photochemical stroke model in rats. "( Extracellular changes of taurine in the peri-infarct zone: effect of lubeluzole.
Clincke, G; de Ryck, M; Scheller, D; Tegtmeier, F, 1997)		1.97
"Lubeluzole is a benzothiazole derivative that has shown neuroprotective properties in different experimental models. "( Multinational randomised controlled trial of lubeluzole in acute ischaemic stroke. European and Australian Lubeluzole Ischaemic Stroke Study Group.
Diener, HC, )		1.83
"Lubeluzole is a neuroprotective compound that has been shown to stereoselectively rescue sensorimotor function and reduce infarct size in photochemical stroke models in rats."( Lubeluzole shows neuroprotective effects in an "in-vitro"-model for neuronal lesions in the chicken retina.
Hanke, W; Wiedemann, M, 1999)		2.47
"Lubeluzole is a novel neuroprotective drug, which in previous in vitro and focal ischemia studies has been shown to inhibit nitric oxide synthesis, to block voltage-gated Na+-ion channels, and to inhibit glutamate release."( Lubeluzole inhibits accumulation of extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus during transient global cerebral ischemia.
Koinig, H; Rueda, C; Vornik, V; Zornow, MH, 2001)		2.47
"Lubeluzole is a newly designed neuroprotectant which has proved effective in the treatment of experimental stroke in rats, mainly by inhibition of the glutamate-activated NO pathway, but also by counteracting osmotic stress by a mechanism associated with the release of the osmotically active amino acid taurine (Tau). "( Lubeluzole attenuates K(+)-evoked extracellular accumulation of taurine in the striatum of healthy rats and rats with hepatic failure.
Albrecht, J; Borkowska, HD; Hilgier, W; Oja, SS; Saransaari, P; Zielińska, M, 2001)		3.2
"Lubeluzole is a benzothiazole derivative that has shown neuroprotective properties in different experimental models inhibiting glutamate release, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and blocking voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels."( Lubeluzole for acute ischaemic stroke.
Conti, M; Gandolfo, C; Sandercock, P, 2002)		2.48

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lubeluzole [(S)-9] has been synthesized by a convergent synthesis, alkylation of N-methyl-N-piperidin-4-yl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine (4) with (+)-(R)-1-chloro-3-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)propan-2-ol [(+)-(R)-8] being the key step. "( Facile, alternative route to lubeluzole, its enantiomer, and the racemate.
Bruno, C; Carocci, A; Catalano, A; Cavalluzzi, MM; Corbo, F; Franchini, C; Lentini, G; Tortorella, V, 2006)		2.07

Actions

Lubeluzole blocked the increase of taurine in tissue immediately surrounding a photochemically induced thrombotic neocortical infarct. The drug did not increase morbidity among stroke survivors, as measured by the European Stroke Scale.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lubeluzole blocked the increase of taurine in tissue immediately surrounding a photochemically induced thrombotic neocortical infarct."( Extracellular changes of taurine in the peri-infarct zone: effect of lubeluzole.
Clincke, G; de Ryck, M; Scheller, D; Tegtmeier, F, 1997)		1.25
"Lubeluzole did not increase morbidity among stroke survivors, as measured by the European Stroke Scale, Barthel Index and Rankin Scale."( Multinational randomised controlled trial of lubeluzole in acute ischaemic stroke. European and Australian Lubeluzole Ischaemic Stroke Study Group.
Diener, HC, )		1.11
"Lubeluzole did not increase the frequency of ECG abnormalities."( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke.
Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )		1.16

Treatment

Treatment with lubeluzole within 6 hours of the onset of ischemic stroke had a nonsignificant effect on mortality and resulted in improved clinical outcome compared with placebo, with no safety concerns. Posttreatment with lubsuzole (0.31 mg/kg i.v.) blocked the peri-infarct increases of glutamate and taurine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lubeluzole treatment similarly resulted in significantly greater improvements in functional status (Barthel Index) (P = .038) and overall disability (Rankin Scale) (P = .034) after 12 weeks."( Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group.
Grotta, J, 1997)		2.46
"Posttreatment with lubeluzole, the S-isomer of a novel 3,4-difluoro benzothiazole, potently rescued tactile/proprioceptive hindlimb placing reactions contralateral to unilateral thrombotic infarcts in the hindlimb area of the parietal sensorimotor neocortex of rats. "( Lubeluzole protects sensorimotor function and reduces infarct size in a photochemical stroke model in rats.
Claes, C; Clincke, G; De Ryck, M; Duytschaever, H; Janssen, M; Keersmaekers, R; Van Reet, G, 1996)		2.07
"Posttreatment with lubeluzole (0.31 mg/kg i.v. "( Protection with lubeluzole against delayed ischemic brain damage in rats. A quantitative histopathologic study.
Borgers, M; Haseldonckx, M; Van de Ven, M; Van Reempts, J; Wouters, L, 1997)		0.97
"Treatment with lubeluzole within 6 hours of the onset of ischemic stroke had a nonsignificant effect on mortality and resulted in improved clinical outcome compared with placebo, with no safety concerns."( Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group.
Grotta, J, 1997)		2.09
"Post-treatment with lubeluzole ((S)-4-(2-benzothiazolylmethylamino)-alpha-[(3,4-difluoro-phenoxy) methyl]-1-piperidineethanol, 1.25 mg/kg i.v.), a new cerebroprotective drug, blocked the peri-infarct increases of glutamate and taurine, whereas the R-enantiomer was ineffective."( Lubeluzole blocks increases in extracellular glutamate and taurine in the peri-infarct zone in rats.
Clincke, G; De Ryck, M; Kolb, J; Scheller, DK; Szathmary, S; Tegtmeier, F; van Reempts, J, 1997)		2.05

Toxicity

Adverse experiences were similar in all three treatment groups. superficial thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the lubeluzole 10-mg group. Adverse experiences, predominantly lightheadedness and dizziness, were reported.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse experiences, predominantly lightheadedness and dizziness, were reported by subjects receiving doses of lubeluzole greater than or equal to 10 mg."( The safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of lubeluzole (Prosynap) in healthy volunteers.
Crabbé, R; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Tritsmans, L; Van Rooy, P, 1997)		0.75
" The majority of adverse experiences were mild to moderate and resolved during treatment."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the neuroprotective drug lubeluzole in patients with ischemic stroke.
De Keyser, J; Franke, CL; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Schellens, RL; Tritsmans, L; Van de Velde, V; van Gorp, J; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, )		0.38
" Adverse experiences were similar in all three treatment groups except that superficial thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the lubeluzole 10-mg group."( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke.
Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )		0.64

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Following the infusion, plasma lubeluzole concentrations decayed biphasically, with a mean distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) of 30 to 65 minutes and a mean terminal half-life (t1/2beta) of 15 to 24 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of lubeluzole (Prosynap) after single intravenous doses in healthy subjects.
Crabbe, R; Hantson, L; Heykants, J; Van de Velde, V; Van Osselaer, N; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1998)		0.91

Dosage Studied

Lubeluzole treatment by the current dosage schedule was not associated with a significant safety problem. Neither dosage had any statistically or clinically relevant effects on the QTc.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Neither dosage of lubeluzole had any statistically or clinically relevant effects on the QTc."( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke.
Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )		0.76
" On the other hand, lubeluzole treatment by the current dosage schedule was not associated with a significant safety problem."( Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment: A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo.
Cortens, M; Diener, HC; Ford, G; Grotta, J; Hacke, W; Kaste, M; Koudstaal, PJ; Wessel, T, 2000)		2.07
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
benzothiazoles
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.93900.01001.14052.9390AID179553
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.59950.00401.14854.7300AID179553; AID205296
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.93900.00600.86052.9390AID179553
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Calmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)Kd2.90001.80002.93333.5000AID1297606
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulumCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activityCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activityCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
calcium ion bindingCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
protein domain specific bindingCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytosolCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
spindle poleCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
cytoplasmCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
protein-containing complexCalmodulin Bos taurus (cattle)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (24)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID217926Inhibition of [3H]BTX binding to cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID115404Percent inhibition of convulsions in audiogenic DBA/2 mice at dose 20 mg/kg1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-30, Volume: 41, Issue:16
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of conformationally constrained analogues of N,N'-diaryl- and N-aryl-N-aralkylguanidines as potent inhibitors of neuronal Na+ channels.
AID419515Volume of distribution at steady state in human administered three way cross over study in 11, 10 and 12 healthy subjects at 5, 10, 15 mg dose respectively as 1 hr infusion2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID184913Percent inhibition of veratridine-induced glutamate release in rat brain slices at 10000 nmol/L; ND is No Data.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 6,7-benzomorphan derivatives as use-dependent sodium channel blockers for the treatment of stroke.
AID1297612Inhibition of full-length recombinant human CamKII expressed in insect Sf9 cells incubated for 30 mins in presence of 5 uM CaM/[gamma32P]ATP by scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 116The chemosensitizing agent lubeluzole binds calmodulin and inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II.
AID419521Mean residence time in human given 31 administration across 6 doses 2.5 to 25 mg administered 30 mins infusion each dose separated by 13 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID419520Clearance in human given 31 administration across 6 doses 2.5 to 25 mg administered 30 mins infusion each dose separated by 13 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID1297606Binding affinity to bovine brain CaM by FTPFACE analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 116The chemosensitizing agent lubeluzole binds calmodulin and inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II.
AID419519Volume of distribution at steady state in human given 31 administration across 6 doses 2.5 to 25 mg administered 30 mins infusion each dose separated by 13 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID764943Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A convenient synthesis of lubeluzole and its enantiomer: evaluation as chemosensitizing agents on human ovarian adenocarcinoma and lung carcinoma cells.
AID419516Clearance in human administered three way cross over study in 11, 10 and 12 healthy subjects at 5, 10, 15 mg dose respectively as 1 hr infusion2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID226359Displacement of [3H]BTX from sodium channel of rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 6,7-benzomorphan derivatives as use-dependent sodium channel blockers for the treatment of stroke.
AID419522Half life in human given 31 administration across 6 doses 2.5 to 25 mg administered 30 mins infusion each dose separated by 13 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID419517Mean residence time in human administered three way cross over study in 11, 10 and 12 healthy subjects at 5, 10, 15 mg dose respectively as 1 hr infusion2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID764944Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A convenient synthesis of lubeluzole and its enantiomer: evaluation as chemosensitizing agents on human ovarian adenocarcinoma and lung carcinoma cells.
AID419498Volume of distribution at steady state in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID419518Half life in human administered three way cross over study in 11, 10 and 12 healthy subjects at 5, 10, 15 mg dose respectively as 1 hr infusion2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
In silico prediction of volume of distribution in human using linear and nonlinear models on a 669 compound data set.
AID226365Displacement of [3H]-MK-801 from rat cerebral cortex glutamate NMDA receptor; ND is No Data.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 6,7-benzomorphan derivatives as use-dependent sodium channel blockers for the treatment of stroke.
AID185053Neuroprotective activity was determined in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of focal stroke2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID1297598Association constant, pKa of the compound by potentiometric titration method2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 116The chemosensitizing agent lubeluzole binds calmodulin and inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II.
AID764945Antiproliferative activity against human A2780 cells at 0.005 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A convenient synthesis of lubeluzole and its enantiomer: evaluation as chemosensitizing agents on human ovarian adenocarcinoma and lung carcinoma cells.
AID205296In vitro inhibition of [14C]- guanidinium influx in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing rat brain sodium channel type IIA (CNaIIA-1)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-30, Volume: 41, Issue:16
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of conformationally constrained analogues of N,N'-diaryl- and N-aryl-N-aralkylguanidines as potent inhibitors of neuronal Na+ channels.
AID764946Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells at 0.005 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A convenient synthesis of lubeluzole and its enantiomer: evaluation as chemosensitizing agents on human ovarian adenocarcinoma and lung carcinoma cells.
AID179553Inhibitory effect against veratridine-induced glutamate release from rat brain slices2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 6,7-benzomorphan derivatives as use-dependent sodium channel blockers for the treatment of stroke.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (70)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's33 (47.14)18.2507
2000's27 (38.57)29.6817
2010's7 (10.00)24.3611
2020's3 (4.29)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 20.47

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index20.47 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.51 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.40 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index21.17 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (20.47)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials14 (18.42%)5.53%
Reviews9 (11.84%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other53 (69.74%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		8.1110gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
taurine
[no description available]		2.6930amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		3.110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		210aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.110imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0210
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.910benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.5720aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.5420dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.110carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.1310organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.1310diarylmethane
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.5201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lomerizine
lomerizine: used to treat migraines		3.110diarylmethane
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.8230aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		210ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		210alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		210benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		1.99102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.110ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		1.9910benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		210inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.1310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.110aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.5940benzothiazoles
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210morpholines
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.1310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.1310
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.1101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		1.9910arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.5120mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.0210indazole
thiazoles
[no description available]		12.6965101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.1310diarylmethane
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		3.5120thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		710amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		210acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ameltolide
ameltolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110benzamides
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		3.520nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		210alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.110amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.3870glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		1.9910diarylmethane
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0810taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0510piperidines
bidisomide
bidisomide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510acetamides
sabeluzole
sabeluzole: structure given in first source		2.0510benzothiazoles
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		3.110stilbenoid
besipirdine
besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease		3.110
sipatrigine
sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage		3.5120pyrimidines
aptiganel
aptiganel: NMDA receptor antagonist used to study the effects of stroke; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydrochloride		3.1110naphthalenes
furnidipine
furnidipine: an L-type calcium channel blocker		1.9910
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		3.1110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lifarizine
lifarizine: sodium-calcium channel modulator; reduces ischemic brain damage		2.0110diarylmethane
octylonium
octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.3110benzamides
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.0510oleandomycins
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
l 692429
L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510
sinitrodil
sinitrodil: structure in first source		2.0510
4-amino-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide
4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide: a potent anticonvulsant against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; structure given in first source		3.110
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine: structure given in first source; n-methyl aspartate antagonist		3.110
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		3.1110
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		1.9910
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		6.991011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
candoxatrilat
candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		3.110diarylmethane
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		210thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
irampanel
irampanel: structure in first source		3.110
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		3.1110morphinane alkaloid
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.110cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		7.420alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.1110cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.01106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
ridogrel
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		210alkaloid
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione
6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source		210
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.9140maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
imidafenacin
imidafenacin: structure in first source		2.0510diarylmethane
clazosentan
clazosentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist used for cerebral vasospasm; structure in first source;		2.0510
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.1310
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0510
laniquidar
laniquidar: structure in first source		2.0510
u 62840
U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source		2.0510carbotricyclic compound;
carboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
human blood serum metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent;
vitamin K antagonist
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
tetrodotoxin
[no description available]		1.9910
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		7.6930
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		7.4682
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		12.76610
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		1.9910
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		1.9910ketal
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.1310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
pelrinone
pelrinone: structure given in first source		2.0510
noc 9
NOC 9: nitrogen oxide releaser		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.4120
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.4120
Apoplexy
[description not available]		08.58124
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Aura
[description not available]		03.3220
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.9210
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.3220
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		08.58124
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.03100
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.0810
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0810
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.03100
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.4110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.4110
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		04.0290
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.0290
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.3110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.3110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		07.3110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.3110
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.3110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.3110
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		03.0910
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.0150
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy
[description not available]		02.110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.79203
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		08.79203
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		03.4211
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.4211
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.18105
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.4211
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		03.4211
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		03.3711
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		07.0262
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		03.3711
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		07.0262
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		05.881
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		05.881
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9910
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9910
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		01.9910
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9910
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		01.9910
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		01.9910
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9910
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.420
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9910
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.3811
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.3811
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		01.9910
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		01.9910
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		01.9910
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.7921
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.7921
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		0210
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		0210
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3320
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.3320
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		0210
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		0210
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		03.3911
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.3911
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.0110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.0110