theophylline

Research Excerpts

Overview

Theophylline (THP) is an emerging drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Side effects can be greatly affected by caffeine-containing real foods. New products require validation since pharmacokinetics in dogs can vary by formulation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Theophylline is an important drug for treatment of canine chronic bronchitis and bradyarrhythmias, but new products require validation since pharmacokinetics in dogs can vary by formulation. "	( Pharmacokinetics of a 503B outsourcing facility-produced theophylline in dogs. de Oliveira, GAR; Forsythe, L; Li, Z; Reinhart, JM, 2022)	2.41
"Theophylline is a drug commonly used to treat asthma due to its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory properties. "	( Theophylline-Induced Relaxation Is Enhanced after Testosterone Treatment via Increased K Carbajal-García, A; Casas-Hernández, MF; Díaz-Hernández, V; Montaño, LM; Reyes-García, J; Sommer, B, 2023)	3.8
"Theophylline (THP) is an emerging drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose side effects can be greatly affected by caffeine-containing real foods. "	( Lanthanum vanadate-based carbon nanocomposite as an electrochemical probe for amperometric detection of theophylline in real food samples. Vinoth, S; Wang, SF, 2023)	2.57
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic index and primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2. "	( Identification of the perpetrator imperatorin in Xin-yi-san-theophylline interaction: observed and predicted herb-drug interaction in rats. Chen, AC; Chen, HY; Cheng, HC; Kao, LT; Lee, IJ; Lu, CK; Tsai, KC; Ueng, YF; Wang, HJ, 2023)	2.6
"Theophylline is an oral methylxanthine bronchodilator recommended as alternate therapy for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Theophylline for the management of respiratory disorders in adults in the 21st century: A scoping review from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pulmonary Practice and Research Network. Abdalla, M; Bissell, B; Boylan, PM; Malesker, MA; Santibañez, M; Smith, Z, 2023)	3.8
"Theophylline is a drug with a narrow therapeutic range. "	( An Electrochemical Sensor of Theophylline on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Modified with Nickel Nanoparticles. Anjani, QK; Gunlazuardi, J; Hartati, YW; Jiwanti, PK; Kondo, T; Putri, YMTA; Sari, AP; Wafiroh, S, 2023)	2.64
"Theophylline is a commonly used bronchodilator drug for treatment of chronic canine bronchitis, but no formulations validated in dogs are currently available. "	( Pharmacokinetics of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Cavett, CL; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Reinhart, JM, 2019)	2.22
"Theophylline acts as a bronchodilator and has an anti-inflammatory effect. "	( A retrospective study of theophylline-based therapy with tracheal collapse in small-breed dogs: 47 cases (2013-2017). An, JH; Chae, HK; Choi, M; Jeung, SY; Li, Q; Sohn, SJ; Song, WJ; Yoon, J; Youn, HY, 2019)	2.26
"Theophylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is being used clinically for asthma therapy. "	( Theophylline exerts complex anti-ageing and anti-cytotoxicity effects in human skin ex vivo. Bertolini, M; Chéret, J; Funk, W; Gherardini, J; Giesen, M; Heinen, G; Paus, R; Ramot, Y; Welss, T, 2020)	3.44
"Theophylline is a kind of methyl xanthine, which has been suggested to inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase and increase the intracellular level of cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP). "	( Theophylline enhances melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells through the activation of the MEK 1/2, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Chang, TM; Hii, CH; Huang, HC; Lu, JY; Yen, H, 2020)	3.44
"Theophylline is a potent bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. "	( Identifying conformational changes of aptamer binding to theophylline: A combined biolayer interferometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics study. Cao, Y; Cui, X; Huang, Q; Liu, Y; Lu, F; Song, M; Yuan, Y, 2020)	2.25
"Theophylline is a potential renal-protective therapy in neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia; however, the pharmacokinetics and dose needs in this population are not known. "	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	3.44
"Theophylline is a popular drug for many respiratory diseases. "	( Hand-in-hand RNA nanowire-based aptasensor for the detection of theophylline. Cheng, W; Meng, F; Miao, P; Pan, Y; Wang, J; Yang, M, 2018)	2.16
"Theophylline is a common bronchodilator for the treatment of diseases like asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. "	( A highly sensitive gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical aptasensor for theophylline detection. Chen, X; Guo, Z; Miao, P; Shen, Y; Tang, Y, 2018)	2.15
"Theophylline is an amphoteric xanthine derivative that is widely used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."	( Intercalated theophylline-smectite hybrid for pH-mediated delivery. Coleman, NJ; Maniruzzaman, M; Nandi, U; Trivedi, V, 2018)	1.57
"Theophylline is a rather forgotten medication; thus, intoxication is not usually considered among the etiologies of potentially treatable cardiologic emergencies, especially when its use is intentionally concealed."	( Atrial Fibrillation and Shock: Unmasking Theophylline Toxicity. Aggelopoulou, E; Agrios, I; Lazaridis, K; Tsiourantani, F; Tzortzis, S, 2018)	1.47
"Theophylline is a drug that has been around for decades."	( Low-dose oral theophylline combined with inhaled corticosteroids for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and high risk of exacerbations: a RCT. Barnes, PJ; Briggs, A; Burns, G; Chaudhuri, R; Chrystyn, H; Cotton, S; Davies, L; Devereux, G; Fielding, S; Gompertz, S; Haughney, J; Innes, K; Kaniewska, J; Lee, A; McMeekin, N; Morice, A; Norrie, J; Price, D; Soyza, A; Sullivan, A; Wilson, A, 2019)	1.6
"Theophylline turned out to be a safe, efficient agent for stimulating immotile spermatozoa in patients with retrograde ejaculation."	( Healthy live birth using theophylline in a case of retrograde ejaculation and absolute asthenozoospermia. Costamoling, W; Ebner, T; Mayer, RB; Moser, M; Oppelt, P; Shebl, O, 2014)	2.15
"Theophylline is a common drug for bronchial asthma and occasionally develops side-effects, such as acute encephalopathy; although the pathogenic mechanism of the side-effects is unknown."	( Theophylline potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in cultured astrocytes. Ihara, H; Kawabe, K; Moriyama, M; Nakamura, Y; Ogawa, M; Takano, K, 2014)	2.57
"Theophylline is a safe and effective treatment for PDPH. "	( Theophylline versus acetaminophen in the treatment of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). Hassani, E; Hatami, S; Javaheri, N; Mahoori, A; Noroozinia, H, 2013)	3.28
"Theophylline (TP) is a bronchodilator used orally to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that has been associated with multiple side effects, tempering its present use. "	( The formulation of a pressurized metered dose inhaler containing theophylline for inhalation. Goud, M; Haghi, M; Traini, D; Young, PM; Zhu, B, 2015)	2.1
"Theophylline is an old drug experiencing a renaissance owing to its beneficial antiinflammatory effects in chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( Theophylline Represses IL-8 Secretion from Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Independently of Phosphodiesterase Inhibition. Novel Role as a Protein Phosphatase 2A Activator. Ammit, AJ; Oliver, BG; Patel, BS; Rahman, MM; Rumzhum, NN; Verrills, NM, 2016)	3.32
"Theophylline is a commonly used bronchodilator. "	( Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Study Theophylline Metabolism and Its Interactions With Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine. Lightstone, FC; Navid, A; Ng, DM; Wong, SE, 2016)	2.11
"Theophylline is an inexpensive drug employed in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder medications and is toxic at higher concentration. "	( Molecularly imprinted poly(4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical theophylline sensor. Aswini, KK; Biju, VM; Vinu Mohan, AM, 2016)	2.08
"Theophylline is an orally acting xanthine that has been used since 1937 for the treatment of respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Xanthines and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. Page, CP; Spina, D, 2017)	1.9
"Theophylline is a natural compound present in tea. "	( Theophylline action on primary human bronchial epithelial cells under proinflammatory stimuli and steroidal drugs: a therapeutic rationale approach. Cannataro, R; D'Agostino, B; Falcone, D; Gallelli, L; Maselli, R; Pelaia, G; Perri, M; Savino, R; Serra, R; Spaziano, G, 2017)	3.34
"Theophylline is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist."	( Adenosine A1 receptor blockage mediates theophylline-associated seizures. Fukuda, M; Hino, H; Ishii, E; Kuzume, K; Morimoto, T; Suzuki, Y, 2010)	1.35
"Theophylline is also known to be an added risk factor for seizure exacerbation in patients with epilepsy."	( Methylxanthines, seizures, and excitotoxicity. Boison, D, 2011)	1.09
"Theophylline is a methylxantine, that inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE), induces histone deacetylase and antagonizes adenosine. "	( [Theophylline, a new look to an old drug]. Castillo Morfín, BM; Morfín Maciel, BM, )	2.48
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator with poor solubility in water."	( Nanosized rods agglomerates as a new approach for formulation of a dry powder inhaler. Abdelrahim, M; Eid, KA; Salem, H; Sharaf, M, 2011)	1.09
"Theophylline turned out to be a reliable tool in stimulating testicular spermatozoa after thawing. "	( Pharmacological stimulation of sperm motility in frozen and thawed testicular sperm using the dimethylxanthine theophylline. Arzt, W; Costamoling, W; Ebner, T; Mayer, RB; Shebl, O; Tews, G; Ziehr, S, 2011)	2.02
"Theophylline is a widely available medication which may further improve lung function and exercise performance."	( Effect of theophylline on exercise capacity in COPD patients treated with combination long-acting bronchodilator therapy: a pilot study. Aaron, SD; Alvarez, GG; Amjadi, K; Sabri, E; Tessier, C; Voduc, N, 2012)	1.5
"Theophylline seems to be an effective prophylaxis against CIN for moderate- and high-risk patients undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty. "	( Effectiveness of theophylline in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiographic procedures. Bilasy, ME; Ismail, HM; Maklady, FA; Oraby, MA, 2012)	2.16
"Theophylline is a psychomotor stimulant most widely used as a broncodilator."	( Efficacy of theophylline compared to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. Akhondzadeh, S; Izadian, ES; Kashani, L; Mohammadi, MR; Ohadinia, S, 2004)	1.42
"Theophylline is a difficult drug to use clinically, requiring careful titration and routine plasma monitoring due to the risk of toxic side effects, such as cardiovascular and central nervous system adverse events, with dose adjustments required in many patients, including smokers, the elderly and some patients on concomitant medications."	( PDE4 inhibitors in COPD--a more selective approach to treatment. Vignola, AM, 2004)	1.04
"Theophylline is a drug used in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease and a strong immunomodulator and has anti-inflammatory potential. "	( [The influence of theophilline on oxygen metabolism of neutrophils in vitro]. Puszczewicz, M; Zielińska, M, 2004)	1.77
"Theophylline is a commonly used medication for the treatment of asthma."	( Poly(methylene green) employed as molecularly imprinted polymer matrix for electrochemical sensing. Blackwell, AE; Minteer, SD; Ulyanova, YV, 2006)	1.06
"Theophylline is a drug that reduces the inflammatory effects of allergic asthma but is difficult to administer at an appropriate dosage without causing adverse side effects."	( Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles enhance anti-inflammatory effects of intranasally delivered theophylline. Lee, DW; Lockey, RF; Mohapatra, SS; Shirley, SA, 2006)	1.27
"Theophylline is a potent bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic index. "	( A simple fluorescent biosensor for theophylline based on its RNA aptamer. Fuller, EN; Gabarra, SA; Hamor, KH; Rankin, CJ; Shields, TP, 2006)	2.05
"Theophylline is a useful drug for the treatment of asthma. "	( A prospective survey on safety of sustained-release theophylline in treatment of asthma and COPD. Adachi, M; Fukuda, T; Kihara, N; Makino, S; Miyamoto, T; Nakajima, S; Nishima, S; Ohta, K, 2006)	2.03
"Theophylline is a risk factor of these syndromes."	( Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza and other viral infections. Ichiyama, T; Mizuguchi, M; Shiomi, M; Yamanouchi, H, 2007)	1.06
"Theophylline is a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases that, despite exerting bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects, is a third-line therapy rarely used to treat chronic airflow limitation. "	( A meta-analysis on the efficacy of oral theophylline in patients with stable COPD. Molfino, NA; Zhang, P, 2006)	2.04
"Theophylline is a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is usually reserved for patients with ongoing symptoms despite optimum inhaled bronchodilator treatment or when difficulty is encountered with inhaler devices."	( Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a new approach to oral treatment. Anderson, WJ; Butler, CA; Currie, GP; Skinner, C, 2008)	1.07
"5. Theophylline is a competitive antagonist of adenosine, isoguanosine and 1-methylisoguanosine on the guinea-pig atria."	( Effects of some naturally-occurring purine ribosides on purinergic receptors in cardiac and smooth muscle. Fuhrman, FA; Fuhrman, GJ, 1982)	0.78
"Theophylline is a potent bronchodilator that can be effective as maintenance medication for preventing chronic symptoms of asthma. "	( Improved efficacy and safety of theophylline in the control of airways hyperreactivity. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1982)	1.99
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant that is effective in the treatment of acute and chronic asthma, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and apnea/bradycardia episodes in newborns. "	( Theophylline. A "state of the art" review. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, )	3.02
"Theophylline, that is a potent adenosine receptor antagonist, and enprofylline (3-propylxanthine), that seems to lack antagonism of neuronal depressant effects of adenosine, have been tested for convulsive activity in three animal species. "	( Seizure activity in animals given enprofylline and theophylline, two xanthines with partly different mechanisms of action. Erjefält, I; Persson, CG, 1982)	1.96
"Theophylline is a safe, effective drug for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. "	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in neonates. Rigatto, H; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1981)	2.03
"Theophylline is a competitive antagonist of adenosine and may have potential as an anti-ischemic medication. "	( Effects of intravenous theophylline on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia: II. A concentration-dependent phenomenon. Ahlberg, AW; Barbour, MM; Cloutier, DJ; Garber, CE; Heller, GV; McClellan, JR, 1993)	2.04
"Theophylline is a non-selective inhibitor of PDE and is a potent relaxant of airways smooth muscle but its use is limited by its toxicity."	( Isoenzyme-selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors: effects on airways smooth muscle. Advenier, C; Raeburn, D, 1995)	1.01
"Theophylline (TH) is a methylated xanthine widely used in the treatment of asthmatic pregnant women. "	( Placental transfer of theophylline in an in vitro closed perfusion system of human placenta isolated lobule. Barzago, MM; Bonati, M; Bortolotti, A; Efrati, S; Lucchini, G; Omarini, D; Stellari, F, )	1.89
"Theophylline is a well known bronchodilator which has been used for more than 50 years in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases. "	( Effect of theophylline on exercise performance in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fink, G; Gabbay, U; Kaye, C; Spitzer, SA; Sulkes, J, 1994)	2.13
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator used extensively in the management of obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( Hypoxia, arterial pH and theophylline disposition. Lam, YW; Richer, M, 1993)	2.03
"Theophylline is a competitive receptor antagonist of adenosine and may have a potential as an anti-ischemic medication."	( Effects of intravenous theophylline on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. I. Impact on the ischemic threshold. Barbour, MM; Corning, JJ; Dweik, RB; Garber, CE; Heller, GV; McClellan, JR, 1993)	1.32
"Theophylline is a safe and effective medication for the management of chronic asthma. "	( Current issues in the use of theophylline. Bender, B; Milgrom, H, 1993)	2.02
"Theophylline is a mild bronchodilator and has significant extrapulmonary effects, but it may also have some anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Effect of theophylline on the production of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-8 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kobayashi, J; Kurita, C; Nagai, H; Nakao, T; Usami, E; Watanabe, S; Yamazaki, F; Yoshimura, T, 1995)	2.14
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator that is useful for severe and nocturnal asthma, but recent studies suggest that it may also have an immunomodulatory effect."	( Current therapies for asthma. Promise and limitations. Barnes, PJ, 1997)	1.02
"Theophylline is a bronchodilator and immunomodulator drug which has recently been demonstrated to attenuate the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells into lungs of asthmatics. "	( Effect of chronic theophylline treatment on the methacholine dose-response curve in allergic asthmatic subjects. Costello, JF; Cotter, T; Kilfeather, S; Page, CP; Spina, D; Sullivan, P, 1998)	2.08
"Theophylline is an immunomodulator; however, weak effects and the narrow therapeutic window make it a controversial drug."	( Differences in the anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline and pentoxifylline: important for the development of asthma therapy? Bitter-Suermann, S; Burdon, D; Entzian, P; Ernst, M; Schlaak, M; Zabel, P, 1998)	1.28
"Theophylline acts as a bronchodilator and has bronchoprotective activity in asthma. "	( Asthma therapy: theophylline. Thomson, NC, )	1.92
"Theophylline is an effective bronchodilatator used in the treatment of asthma which requires frequent control because of its narrow therapeutic index. "	( Fluorimetric determination of theophylline in serum by inhibition of bovine alkaline phosphatase in AOT based water/in oil microemulsion. Jourquin, G; Kauffmann, JM, 1998)	2.03
"Theophylline is a model substrate of cytochrome P4501A2. "	( Lack of drug interaction between omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and theophylline. Dilger, K; Klotz, U; Zheng, Z, 1999)	1.98
"Theophylline is an old medication with new forms."	( Theophylline for the treatment of bronchial asthma: present status. Kato, M; Kawai, M, 2000)	2.47
"Theophylline is a useful drug in the treatment of respiratory diseases with bronchospasm but it has very narrow safety margin. "	( Theophylline toxicity in Thai children. Punnakan, L; Udomittipong, K; Visitsunthorn, N, 2001)	3.2
"Theophylline is an established 'probe drug' to evaluate the drug metabolizing enzyme activity of animals."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and goats (Caprus hircus). Alhadrami, G; Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; Elsheikh, HA; Mustafa, AM; Zahurin, M, 2001)	1.32
"Theophylline was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of 2-chloroadenosine, with a Ki of 35 muM."	( Mouse neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase. Adenosine and adenosine analogues as potent effectors of adenylate cyclase activity. Blume, AJ; Foster, CJ, 1975)	0.98
"Theophylline which is a behavioural stimulant mimicked the effect of caffeine."	( Caffeine inhibits forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain. Mante, S; Minneman, KP, 1990)	1
"Theophylline is a second-line drug for the symptomatic treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases. "	( Management of chronic airway obstruction: theophylline--is it still necessary? Sybrecht, GW; Ukena, D, 1990)	1.99
"As theophylline is a difficult drug to use safely, and its toxicity is serious, its use should be confined to unusual circumstances, and the dose should be small."	( Aminophylline in acute asthma. Olson, LG, 1987)	0.79
"Theophylline is a competing antagonist of adenosine and a noncompeting antagonist of baclofen, clofelin and morphine."	( [Theophylline-induced changes in the presynaptic effects of adenosine, baclofen, clofelin and morphine in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig]. Kharin, NA; Komissarov, IV; Serdiuk, SE, 1987)	1.9
"Theophylline is an important antiasthmatic medication which has bronchodilator properties. "	( Sustained release theophylline preparations. Practical recommendations for prescribing and therapeutic drug monitoring. Glynn-Barnhart, A; Hill, M; Szefler, SJ, 1988)	2.05
"The theophylline title is a very important biologic parameter, necessary to the asthma treatment survey through such drug."	( [Significance and evaluation of theophyllinemia in clinical medicine]. Beziau, H; Blaive, B; Bonnaud, F; Bugnas, B; Fournier, JP; Lemoigne, F, 1986)	1.04
"Theophylline not only is a bronchodilator but also has other effects (inhibition of mediator release, enhancement of mucociliary clearance, enhancement of diaphragmatic contractility) that are potentially beneficial to asthmatic patients. "	( How much theophylline is enough? Fairshter, RD, 1988)	2.13
"Theophylline is an effective respiratory stimulant for apnea of prematurity. "	( Pharmacologic effects of theophylline in the newborn. Aranda, JV; Chemtob, S; Laudignon, N; Sasyniuk, BI, 1986)	2.02
"Theophylline is a very efficacious medication for the treatment of bronchospastic disorders: however, it has a narrow therapeutic range of 10 to 20 micrograms/mL. "	( Problems with generic theophylline and indiscriminate brand switching. Klein, GL, 1987)	2.03
"Theophylline is a commonly used bronchodilator in the treatment of chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) with a narrow therapeutic range of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml. "	( Evaluation of tetracycline on theophylline disposition in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Gotz, VP; Ryerson, GG, 1986)	2
"Theophylline is a widely used bronchodilator, but only recently have its positive cardiovascular actions been recognized in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Effects of theophylline on cardiovascular performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Matthay, RA, 1985)	2.1
"Theophylline is a medium-potency bronchodilator that is useful in the treatment of reversible airway obstruction from any cause. "	( Methylxanthine therapy and reversible airway obstruction. McFadden, ER, 1985)	1.71

Effects

Theophylline has an anti-inflammatory action that may account for its clinical effectiveness in the reduction of inflammatory cells in the airways. It has a modest effect on FEV1 and FVC and slightly improves arterial blood gas tensions in moderate to severe COPD.

Theophylline has fewer disruptive effects than caffeine on motor parameters and produces less stress and anxiety effects. It is suspected as a risk factor of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Theophylline has a similar potency (Ki = 14 microM) at both A1 and A2 receptors."	( 1,3-Dialkyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthines: potent water-soluble antagonists for A1- and A2-adenosine receptors. Butts-Lamb, P; Daly, JW; Padgett, W; Shamim, MT; Waters, J, 1985)	0.99
"Theophylline has a protective effect in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis which might be due to its anti-inflammatory activities. "	( The effect of theophylline on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Ghasemi-Pirbaluti, M; Hosseini, MJ; Motaghi, E; Najafi, A, 2017)	2.26
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index with a short half-life which necessitates frequent dosing."	( Evaluating Suspension Formulations of Theophylline Cocrystals With Artificial Sweeteners. Aitipamula, S; Kanaujia, P; Wong, ABH, 2018)	1.47
"Theophylline has an anti-inflammatory role in COPD."	( Theophylline inhibits cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle by upregulating HDAC2 expression and decreasing NF-κB activation. Bai, J; Bin, Y; He, Z; Huang, D; Liang, Q; Liang, Y; Ma, Z; Xiao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhong, X, 2019)	2.68
"Theophylline has a lower efficacy/tolerance ratio than inhaled bronchodilators."	( [Pharmacological treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Allain, YM; Giraud, F; Huchon, G; Roche, N, 2009)	1.07
"Theophylline has an anti-inflammatory action that may account for its clinical effectiveness in the reduction of inflammatory cells in the airways. "	( Theophylline inhibits the differentiation of human monocyte into dendritic cell potentially via adenosine receptor antagonism. Kondo, Y; Morishima, T; Tsuge, M; Wada, T; Yashiro, M; Yasui, K, 2009)	3.24
"Theophylline has an anhydrous form and a monohydrated form, and the dissolution rate of the anhydrous form is higher than that of the monohydrated form. "	( Quantification of pharmaceutical polymorphs and prediction of dissolution rate using theophylline tablet by terahertz spectroscopy. Hisazumi, J; Nakagami, H; Suzuki, T; Terada, K, 2011)	2.04
"Theophylline has a modest effect on FEV1 and FVC and slightly improves arterial blood gas tensions in moderate to severe COPD. "	( Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atallah, AN; Castro, AA; Cendon, S; De Brito, JA; Goldstein, R; Jones, PW; Lacasse, Y; Mazzini, R; Ram, FS, 2002)	2.27
"Theophylline has a high compliance but little therapeutic effect."	( [Conservative treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea: comparison of theophylline and nasal continous positive airway pressure ventilation]. Di Martino, E; Rieger, M; Westhofen, M, 2004)	1.28
"Theophylline has a mild inotropic effect in healthy subjects."	( Cardiovascular effects of theophylline. Partial attenuation by beta-blockade. Conrad, KA; Prosnitz, EH, 1981)	1.28
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index which complicates rapid effective administration. "	( Rectal administration of theophylline in aqueous solution. Pedersen, S; Sommer, B, 1981)	2.01
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of asthma treatment. Schmit, B; Taburet, AM, 1994)	1.01
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin, therefore it should be formulated as a sustained release pharmaceutical form. "	( [Biopharmaceutical studies of similar theophylline products in the national market]. Alvarez, J; Concha, AM; Pezoa, R; Ramírez, M, 1997)	2.01
"Theophylline has a place in management as an additional long term control medication for patients whose asthma is not controlled by an inhaled, short acting beta-agonists and inhaled steroid."	( Asthma therapy: theophylline. Thomson, NC, )	1.2
"Theophylline has a short-term relevant beneficial effect only on patients with mild OSA. "	( [Drug therapy of sleep apnea syndromes: results of short-term treatment with theophylline]. Di Martino, E; Emmerling, O; Saadi, R; Werner, E, 1999)	1.97
"Theophylline has a biphasic effect on resistance."	( Electrophysiological and electron-microscopical correlations with fluid and electrolyte secretion in rabbit ileum. Holman, GD; Naftalin, RJ; Simmons, NL; Walker, M, 1979)	0.98
"As theophylline has a narrow therapeutic range, routine monitoring with measurements of serum theophylline is mandatory in patients with MOF."	( Theophylline and ethylenediamine pharmacokinetics following administration of aminophylline to septic patients with multiorgan failure. Hansen, M; Heslet, L; Klitgaard, NA; Toft, P, 1991)	2.24
"Theophylline has a similar potency (Ki = 14 microM) at both A1 and A2 receptors."	( 1,3-Dialkyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthines: potent water-soluble antagonists for A1- and A2-adenosine receptors. Butts-Lamb, P; Daly, JW; Padgett, W; Shamim, MT; Waters, J, 1985)	0.99
"Theophylline has been reported to induce cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. "	( Enhanced expression of death receptor 5 is responsible for increased cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, )	1.8
"Theophylline has also been reported to increase the length and complexity of the dendritic process in melanocytes."	( Theophylline enhances melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells through the activation of the MEK 1/2, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Chang, TM; Hii, CH; Huang, HC; Lu, JY; Yen, H, 2020)	2.72
"Theophylline was found to have been studied on eight occasions and theobromine on one, the number of subjects per study ranging from seven to 15."	( Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review. Kennedy, M, 2021)	1.73
"Theophylline has been suggested to have a neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke; however, results from animal stroke models and clinical trials in humans are controversial. "	( Perfusion Changes in Acute Stroke Treated with Theophylline as an Add-on to Thrombolysis : A Randomized Clinical Trial Subgroup Analysis. Andersen, G; Fiehler, J; Forkert, ND; Hjort, N; Modrau, B; Nygård Johansen, M; Vorum, H; Winder, A, 2022)	2.42
"Theophylline has a protective effect in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis which might be due to its anti-inflammatory activities. "	( The effect of theophylline on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Ghasemi-Pirbaluti, M; Hosseini, MJ; Motaghi, E; Najafi, A, 2017)	2.26
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index with a short half-life which necessitates frequent dosing."	( Evaluating Suspension Formulations of Theophylline Cocrystals With Artificial Sweeteners. Aitipamula, S; Kanaujia, P; Wong, ABH, 2018)	1.47
"Theophylline has been used for decades to treat both acute and chronic asthma. "	( Efficacy and side effects of intravenous theophylline in acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, J; Mahemuti, G; Ren, L; Tieliwaerdi, N; Zhang, H, 2018)	2.19
"Theophylline has an anti-inflammatory role in COPD."	( Theophylline inhibits cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle by upregulating HDAC2 expression and decreasing NF-κB activation. Bai, J; Bin, Y; He, Z; Huang, D; Liang, Q; Liang, Y; Ma, Z; Xiao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhong, X, 2019)	2.68
"Theophylline has been used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for more than 80 years. "	( Theophylline inhibits the cough reflex through a novel mechanism of action. Adcock, JJ; Belvisi, MG; Birrell, MA; Dubuis, E; Grace, MS; Maher, SA; Wortley, MA, 2014)	3.29
"Theophylline has fewer disruptive effects than caffeine on motor parameters and produces less stress and anxiety effects. "	( Differences between the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine and theophylline in motor and mood effects: studies using medium to high doses in animal models. Correa, M; López-Cruz, L; Pardo, M; Salamone, JD, 2014)	2.07
"Theophylline has recently been suspected as a risk factor of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD), although there has been no systematic study on the relationship between acute encephalopathy in children taking theophylline (AET) and AESD."	( Clinical and genetic features of acute encephalopathy in children taking theophylline. Akasaka, M; Amemiya, K; Anzai, Y; Hirose, S; Ihara, Y; Ishii, A; Kamei, A; Kawawaki, H; Kikuchi, K; Kubota, M; Miyamoto, A; Mizuguchi, M; Saitoh, M; Shinohara, M; Shiomi, M; Yamagata, T; Yamanaka, G, 2015)	2.09
"Theophylline has also been shown to increase the proportion of participants that report an improvement in pain scores when compared with conventional treatment.There is a lack of conclusive evidence for the other drugs assessed (sumatriptan, adrenocorticotropic hormone, pregabalin and cosyntropin).These conclusions should be interpreted with caution, due to the lack of information to allow correct appraisal of risk of bias, the small sample sizes of the studies and also their limited generalisability, as nearly half of the participants were postpartum women in their 30s."	( Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache. Basurto Ona, X; Bonfill Cosp, X; Osorio, D, 2015)	1.14
"Theophylline has been shown to improve respiratory function and oxygenation in patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Chronic Use of Theophylline and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-analysis. Horita, N; Inoue, M; Ishigatsubo, Y; Kaneko, T; Kojima, R; Miyazawa, N, 2016)	2.23
"Theophylline has been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, but due to its low water solubility reveals very poor bioavailability. "	( The challenging case of the theophylline-benzamide cocrystal. Emmerling, F; Fischer, F; Greiser, S; Schmidt, MU, 2016)	2.17
"Theophylline has been used for decades in the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases."	( Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Action of Theophylline in a Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Inflammation. Kertys, M; Kosutova, P; Mikolka, P; Mokra, D; Mokry, J; Simekova, M; Urbanova, A, 2016)	1.41
"Theophylline has a lower efficacy/tolerance ratio than inhaled bronchodilators."	( [Pharmacological treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Allain, YM; Giraud, F; Huchon, G; Roche, N, 2009)	1.07
"Theophylline has been widely used to treat asthma, but recent studies have revealed that the possible risks for seizure may result in the revision of the therapeutic guidelines."	( Theophylline-associated status epilepticus in an infant: pharmacokinetics and the risk of suppository use. Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Nakamura, M; Yamagishi, A, 2009)	3.24
"Theophylline has an anti-inflammatory action that may account for its clinical effectiveness in the reduction of inflammatory cells in the airways. "	( Theophylline inhibits the differentiation of human monocyte into dendritic cell potentially via adenosine receptor antagonism. Kondo, Y; Morishima, T; Tsuge, M; Wada, T; Yashiro, M; Yasui, K, 2009)	3.24
"Theophylline has also been combined successfully with inhaled steroids."	( Interactions between theophylline and salbutamol on cytokine release in human monocytes. Ezeamuzie, CI; Shihab, PK, 2010)	1.4
"Theophylline has been shown to ameliorate impaired steroid sensitivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by facilitating corticosteroid-induced silencing of proinflammatory genes."	( Theophylline improves steroid sensitivity in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Day, CP; Henderson, E; Jones, DE; Kendrick, SF; Palmer, J, 2010)	2.52
"Theophylline has an anhydrous form and a monohydrated form, and the dissolution rate of the anhydrous form is higher than that of the monohydrated form. "	( Quantification of pharmaceutical polymorphs and prediction of dissolution rate using theophylline tablet by terahertz spectroscopy. Hisazumi, J; Nakagami, H; Suzuki, T; Terada, K, 2011)	2.04
"Theophylline has been shown to increase TMCCR in humans and dogs. "	( Effects of theophylline on tracheal mucociliary clearance rates in healthy cats. Cantwell, S; Dudzic, EM; Dunn, ME; Matte, GG; Semple, H; Shmon, CL; Taylor, SM; Wilkinson, AA, 2002)	2.15
"Theophylline has also been used in the treatment of patients with asthma, although there is a perception that this drug does not offer the patient any advantages over conventional therapeutic strategies."	( Theophylline and PDE4 inhibitors in asthma. Spina, D, 2003)	2.48
"Theophylline has a modest effect on FEV1 and FVC and slightly improves arterial blood gas tensions in moderate to severe COPD. "	( Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atallah, AN; Castro, AA; Cendon, S; De Brito, JA; Goldstein, R; Jones, PW; Lacasse, Y; Mazzini, R; Ram, FS, 2002)	2.27
"Theophylline has been widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma mainly due to its bronchodilating effect."	( Theophylline attenuates the adhesion of eosinophils to endothelial cells. Choo, JH; Kikuchi, I; Nagata, M; Sakamoto, Y; Sutani, A, 2003)	2.48
"Theophylline has weak antiinflammatory effects."	( [New drug therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Kino, H, 2003)	1.04
"Theophylline has a high compliance but little therapeutic effect."	( [Conservative treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea: comparison of theophylline and nasal continous positive airway pressure ventilation]. Di Martino, E; Rieger, M; Westhofen, M, 2004)	1.28
"Theophylline has been reduced usage in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease because of the high frequency of side effects and the relatively low efficacy. "	( [Development of theophylline in treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Xu, YJ, 2004)	2.11
"Theophylline has been proposed as a drug that is able to reduce eosinophil activation in asthma. "	( Theophylline inhibits integrin-dependent eosinophil superoxide production. Baraldi, E; Berton, G; Bodini, A; Boner, AL; Chatzimichail, A; Peroni, DG; Piacentini, GL; Vicentini, L, )	3.02
"Theophylline has been used widely as a bronchodilator for the treatment of bronchial asthma and has been suggested to modulate immune response. "	( Global expression profiling of theophylline response genes in macrophages: evidence of airway anti-inflammatory regulation. Chen, JJ; Liao, WY; Lin, YC; Tsai, MF; Wang, CH; Yang, PC; Yao, PL, 2005)	2.06
"Theophylline has been shown to restore steroid sensitivity in vitro."	( Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new horizons. Barnes, PJ, 2005)	2.49
"Theophylline has been used in the management of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for over 50 years. "	( Anti-fibrotic effects of theophylline on lung fibroblasts. Hirata, H; Hoshino, S; Inoue, K; Kawase, I; Kida, H; Kijima, T; Kumagai, T; Osaki, T; Tachibana, I; Takimoto, T; Yanagita, M; Yano, Y; Yoshida, M, 2006)	2.08
"Theophylline has been relegated to a second- or even third-line therapy in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), behind glucocorticosteroids and beta2-agonists, although recent findings have suggested that theophylline possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in addition to its well-recognized effects as a bronchodilator. "	( Are phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors just more theophylline? Boswell-Smith, V; Cazzola, M; Page, CP, 2006)	2.04
"Theophylline has been shown to have corticosteroid-sparing effects for the treatment of human asthma. "	( Theophylline does not potentiate the effects of a low dose of dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Cesarini, C; Hamilton, E; Lavoie, JP; Picandet, V, 2006)	3.22
"Theophylline has steroid-sparing effects in horses with RAO."	( Theophylline does not potentiate the effects of a low dose of dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Cesarini, C; Hamilton, E; Lavoie, JP; Picandet, V, 2006)	3.22
"Theophylline has been shown to modulate some functions of both neutrophils and eosinophils."	( Theophylline attenuates the neutrophil-dependent augmentation of eosinophil trans-basement membrane migration. Hagiwara, K; Kanazawa, M; Kikuchi, I; Kikuchi, S; Kobayashi, T; Nagata, M; Takaku, Y, 2007)	2.5
"Theophylline has several mechanisms of action, including bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects that have found use in the treatment of bronchial asthma. "	( [Effects of theophylline on ion transport in rabbit tracheal epithelium]. Horie, T; Ichimura, K; Majima, T, 1999)	2.13
"Theophylline has a mild inotropic effect in healthy subjects."	( Cardiovascular effects of theophylline. Partial attenuation by beta-blockade. Conrad, KA; Prosnitz, EH, 1981)	1.28
"Theophylline has been reported to stimulate the intracellular release of calcium in a number of cell types and the drug dantrolene is known to inhibit the intracellular release of calcium from the skeletal muscle and nerve cells."	( Effect of ethanol on calcium metabolism in rat erythrocyte ghosts. Pande, U; Pant, HC, 1984)	0.99
"Theophylline has long been a cornerstone of bronchodilator therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, but until recently its use carried the risk of serious, even fatal, toxicity. "	( Theophylline therapy. Titrating dosage requirements. Uden, DL; Wyatt, RA; Zaske, DE, 1984)	3.15
"Theophylline has recently shown to affect lymphocyte reactivity. "	( Effects of theophylline on the neonatal immune response. Baley, JE; Miller, K; Pittard, WB; Ruuskanen, O, 1982)	2.1
"Theophylline (TH), which has been shown in experimental dogs to increase bile-salt-independent bile flow, was studied in its effect on the biliary excretion and concentration of the intravenous contrast medium ioglycamide in cholecystectomized anesthetized dogs equipped with a Thomas cannula through which the common bile duct could be cannulated. "	( The effect of theophylline on canine bile flow, biliary excretion and concentration of ioglycamide. Tötterman, S, 1982)	2.07
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index which complicates rapid effective administration. "	( Rectal administration of theophylline in aqueous solution. Pedersen, S; Sommer, B, 1981)	2.01
"Theophylline has not been proved effective for the treatment of bronchiolitis."	( Theophylline toxicity in term infants. Friesen, FR; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1980)	2.43
"Theophylline has been in clinical use for the treatment of bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases for well over 50 yrs. "	( Theophylline and selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Banner, KH; Page, CP, 1995)	3.18
"Theophylline has been widely used as a bronchodilatory drug for the treatment of neonatal apnoea in premature newborns and patients with obstructive airways disease. "	( Influence of endogenous and exogenous effectors on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Focus on biotransformation. Meyer, FP; Tröger, U, 1995)	1.96
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of asthma treatment. Schmit, B; Taburet, AM, 1994)	1.01
"Theophylline has been regarded as a drug that is absorbed completely in the entire gastrointestinal tract but slowly in the colon for humans."	( Utility of gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs: bioavailability study of a commercial sustained-release dosage form of theophylline. Kawata, M; Mizuta, H; Sagara, K; Shibata, M, 1994)	1.22
"Theophylline has been used for several decades in the treatment of asthma and remains the most widely prescribed anti-asthma drug worldwide, although the development of newer anti-asthma medications, especially inhaled steroids, has resulted in declining use of theophylline in industrialized countries. "	( Theophylline in the management of asthma: time for reappraisal? Barnes, PJ; Pauwels, RA, 1994)	3.17
"Theophylline has shown itself to be a useful bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma, although its use has been restricted of late due to its lesser potency and greater side effects when compared with beta-adrenergic inhalants. "	( [The usefulness of theophylline in the treatment of moderate-severe asthma]. Bazo Fernández, E; Cebollero Rivas, P; Colás Sanz, C; Duce Gracia, F; Garisa Rocha, R, 1994)	2.06
"Theophylline intoxication has become an important clinical problem in the NICU, in large part because of its increased and extensive use for treatment of neonatal respiratory diseases. "	( Theophylline misadventures: Part I. O'Donnell, J, 1994)	3.17
"Theophylline has been a mainstay of asthma therapy despite its narrow therapeutic index, which makes toxicity a common problem. "	( Theophylline toxicity in children: a retrospective review. Powell, EC; Reynolds, SL; Rubenstein, JS, 1993)	3.17
"Theophylline toxicity has been associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) due to reduced total-body clearance of theophylline."	( Are current pediatric dose recommendations for intravenous theophylline appropriate? Greenwald, M; Koren, G; Robieux, I; Shear, N; Shilalukey, K; Spino, M, 1993)	1.25
"Theophylline has been shown to delay the onset of myocardial ischemia and to prolong exercise duration. "	( Effects of intravenous theophylline on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. I. Impact on the ischemic threshold. Barbour, MM; Corning, JJ; Dweik, RB; Garber, CE; Heller, GV; McClellan, JR, 1993)	2.04
"Theophylline has unpredictable metabolism when first administered, and continued monitoring of drug concentrations is essential."	( Theophylline. Current thoughts on the risks and benefits of its use in asthma. Nasser, SS; Rees, PJ, 1993)	2.45
"Theophylline has been extensively studied as a treatment of asthma. "	( Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines. A meta-analysis of theophylline and caffeine. Bender, BG; Krasowski, M; Leventhal, BL; Phillips, W; Stein, MA, 1996)	1.97
"Theophylline has been used to treat central apnea associated with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (periodic breathing). "	( Effect of theophylline on sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure. Javaheri, S; Liming, JD; Lindower, P; Parker, TJ; Roselle, GA; Wexler, L, 1996)	2.14
"Theophylline has been shown by several investigators to attenuate the late asthmatic response (LAR) to inhaled allergen, suggesting that it has anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory properties. "	( Low-dose theophylline modulates T-lymphocyte activation in allergen-challenged asthmatics. Costello, J; Jaffar, ZH; Page, C; Sullivan, P, 1996)	2.15
"Theophylline has been shown to inhibit the late asthmatic response, but the mechanisms are not clear."	( Theophylline's effect on neutrophil function and the late asthmatic response. Borish, L; Kraft, M; Martin, RJ; Pak, J, 1996)	2.46
"Theophylline has traditionally been considered for its effect on airway calibre in the treatment of bronchial asthma. "	( Low-dose theophylline: a new anti-inflammatory role in asthma management? Djukanović, R; MacLeod, D, 1996)	2.15
"Theophylline has been used widely in the management of asthma in pregnancy, and the assessment of fetal breathing movements is used routinely for evaluation of fetal status."	( Maternal theophylline administration and breathing movements in late-gestation human fetuses. Araki, T; Ishikawa, M; Power, GG; Yoneyama, Y, 1996)	1.43
"Theophylline has recently been shown to reduce hematocrit and erythropoietin blood levels in normal subjects and in patients with erythrocytosis after renal transplantation."	( Effect of theophylline on erythrocytosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Beeri, M; Hubert, A; Kramer, MR; Matzner, Y; Oren, R, 1997)	1.42
"Theophylline clearance has traditionally been reported as directly proportional to body weight."	( Aspects of theophylline clearance in children. Anderson, BJ; Holford, NH; Woollard, GA, 1997)	1.41
"Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic margin, therefore it should be formulated as a sustained release pharmaceutical form. "	( [Biopharmaceutical studies of similar theophylline products in the national market]. Alvarez, J; Concha, AM; Pezoa, R; Ramírez, M, 1997)	2.01
"Theophylline, a drug that has been used for several decades, has several different actions at a cellular level, including inhibition of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes, antagonism of adenosine, enhancement of catecholamine secretion, and modulation of calcium fluxes. "	( Theophylline: recent advances in the understanding of its mode of action and uses in clinical practice. Lipsky, JJ; Vassallo, R, 1998)	3.19
"Theophylline has emerged as a reasonable alternative strategy."	( Theophylline for chronic symptomatic bradycardia in the elderly. Crouch, MA; Ling, CA, )	2.3
"Theophylline has a place in management as an additional long term control medication for patients whose asthma is not controlled by an inhaled, short acting beta-agonists and inhaled steroid."	( Asthma therapy: theophylline. Thomson, NC, )	1.2
"Theophylline has been used for over a century in the treatment of asthma and while it is used principally as a bronchodilator, a number of recent studies have demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. "	( The role of theophylline and phosphodiesterase4 isoenzyme inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs. Landells, LJ; Page, CP; Spina, D, 1998)	2.12
"Theophylline has been used as a bronchodilator in acute and chronic asthma management, although there is accumulating evidence that it may have anti-inflammatory effects. "	( Effect of theophylline withdrawal on airway inflammation in asthma. Adachi, M; Akabane, T; Hashimoto, T; Kihara, N; Kobayashi, H; Kohno, Y; Minoguchi, K; Mita, S; Miyamoto, M; Oda, N; Wada, K; Yokoe, T, 1998)	2.15
"Theophylline has been used as a bronchodilator in acute and chronic asthma management but recent evidences suggest that it has anti-inflammatory effects. "	( [Effect of slow-release theophylline on airway inflammation in bronchial asthma]. Adachi, M; Akiyama, K; Kokubu, F; Minoguchi, K; Mita, S; Sano, Y; Suzuki, H; Yasuhara, H, 1998)	2.05
"Theophylline has also been shown to reduce T cell proliferation and accumulation."	( Theophylline. A review of its potential steroid sparing effects in asthma. Faulds, D; Markham, A, 1998)	2.46
"Theophylline has a short-term relevant beneficial effect only on patients with mild OSA. "	( [Drug therapy of sleep apnea syndromes: results of short-term treatment with theophylline]. Di Martino, E; Emmerling, O; Saadi, R; Werner, E, 1999)	1.97
"Theophylline toxicity has been recognized since its introduction into clinical medicine. "	( [A case of acute renal failure with rhabdomyolysis caused by the interaction of theophylline and clarithromycin]. Ebihara, I; Koide, H; Omuro, H; Saka, S; Shimada, N, 1999)	1.97
"Theophylline has been reported to reduce airway inflammation, in addition to its well-known bronchodilating effect."	( Once-daily theophylline reduces serum eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil levels in induced sputum of asthmatics. Aizawa, H; Hara, N; Inoue, H; Iwanaga, T; Matsumoto, K; Takahashi, N; Takata, S; Yoshida, M, 2000)	1.42
"Theophylline has been shown in one small study to be superior to kinesthetic stimulation at treating clinically important apnea of prematurity."	( Kinesthetic stimulation versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants. Henderson-Smart, DJ; Osborn, DA, 2000)	1.31
"Theophylline has been widely used to treat apnea of premature neonates. "	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine after intravenous administration of aminophylline to premature neonates in Korea. Ahn, HW; Choi, JH; Park, KJ; Shin, WG; Suh, OK, 1999)	2.07
"Theophylline has been used for several decades in the treatment of asthma. "	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics with concomitant steroid and gold therapy. Almeida, AM; Caramona, MM; Falcão, AC; Rocha, MJ, 2000)	3.19
"Theophylline has been recommended in the literature as a therapeutic option in mild OSAHS. "	( The therapeutic effect of theophylline in mild obstructive sleep Apnea/Hypopnea syndrome: results of repeated measurements with portable recording devices at home. Behnke, G; Hein, H; Jörres, RA; Magnussen, H, 2000)	2.05
"Theophylline has been used in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases since 30s. "	( [Theophylline--contemporary views on cellular mechanism of action]. Chorostowska-Wynimko, J, 2000)	2.66
"Theophylline (Th) has been selectively conjugated to the four amino groups of melittin (Mel) by solid phase peptide synthesis. "	( Selectively conjugated melittins for liposome time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of theophylline in serum. Bacigalupo, MA; Ius, A; Longhi, R; Meroni, G, 2000)	1.98
"But theophylline has no significant effect in NO."	( [The role of glucocorticosteroid and theophylline in asthmatic inflammation of murine model and the inhibition in NO production in lung]. Gao, Z; He, Q; Yu, B, 1998)	1.05
"Theophylline has antiinflammatory effects in asthma, and in the present study we investigated whether a similar effect occurs in COPD patients treated with low doses of theophylline."	( Effect of theophylline on induced sputum inflammatory indices and neutrophil chemotaxis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barnes, PJ; Culpitt, SV; de Matos, C; Donnelly, LE; Rogers, DF; Russell, RE, 2002)	1.44
"Theophylline has rarely been associated with hyponatremia. "	( SIADH and hyponatremia with theophylline. Alexandridis, GH; Christidis, DS; Elisaf, MS; Liberopoulos, EN, )	1.87
"Theophylline has no influence on the relaxing effect of 1 microng/ml fendiline."	( The influence of the calcium antagonist fendiline on tone and motility of the guinea pig gut smooth muscle and the cAMP and cGMP concentrations of the isolated terminal ileum. Heim, F; Mitznegg, P; Sprügel, W, 1977)	0.98
"Theophylline has become useful not just as an acute bronchodilator, but also as a major prophylactic agent for the suppression of symptoms of chronic asthma. "	( Theophylline for treatment of asthma. Weinberger, M, 1978)	3.14
"Theophylline has a biphasic effect on resistance."	( Electrophysiological and electron-microscopical correlations with fluid and electrolyte secretion in rabbit ileum. Holman, GD; Naftalin, RJ; Simmons, NL; Walker, M, 1979)	0.98
"Theophylline has been utilized as an adjunct in facilitating ventilator weaning and in the management of apnea with or without bradycardia."	( Use of theophylline in neonates as an aid to ventilator weaning. Capers, CC; Job, ML; Land, PA; Murphy, JE; Ward, ES, 1992)	1.46
"Theophylline, a drug which has been used in asthma therapy for many years, provides additional benefit for patients already treated with effective doses of beta-agonists and/or corticosteroids."	( Asthma--something old, something new .... Milgrom, H, 1991)	1
"Theophylline has been associated with a variety of behavioral side effects in asthmatic children. "	( Psychological change associated with theophylline treatment of asthmatic children: a 6-month study. Bender, BG; Comer, C; Ikle, D; Lerner, JA; Szefler, S, 1991)	2
"Theophylline has been classified as a drug with a low hepatic extraction ratio and it has been believed that changes in hepatic blood flow have little effect on its clearance."	( [Theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with liver diseases with reference to estimated hepatic blood flow]. Kanakubo, Y; Nomura, F; Ohnishi, K; Ohto, M; Rikihisa, T; Takeda, Y, 1991)	1.91
"Theophylline has been inserted by diffusion into this gel; concentrations around 150 mg theophylline/g dry hydrogel being obtained."	( Bioactive polymers 66. Theophylline retardation in xanthan-based hydrogels. Dumitriu, M; Dumitriu, S, 1991)	1.31
"As theophylline has a narrow therapeutic range, routine monitoring with measurements of serum theophylline is mandatory in patients with MOF."	( Theophylline and ethylenediamine pharmacokinetics following administration of aminophylline to septic patients with multiorgan failure. Hansen, M; Heslet, L; Klitgaard, NA; Toft, P, 1991)	2.24
"Theophylline metabolism has been studied in a reconstituted monooxygenase system with purified forms of cytochrome P-450: P-450a, P-450b, P-450d and P-450k as well as in liver microsomes of control and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats. "	( [Theophylline metabolism by rat liver microsomal monooxygenases]. Grishanova, AIu; Guliaeva, LF; Mishin, VM; Vavilin, VA, 1990)	2.63
"Theophylline has been shown to be a potent cardiovascular teratogen in animals, but there has been no evidence linking theophylline with congenital anomalies in infants. "	( Cardiovascular anomalies associated with prenatal exposure to theophylline. Myers, TL; Park, JM; Schmer, V, 1990)	1.96
"Theophylline has been shown to induce the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. "	( Effect of theophylline on calcium metabolism and circulating vitamin D metabolites. Duncan, WE; Fortenbery, EJ; McDermott, MT, 1990)	2.12
"Theophylline has been demonstrated to be a useful agent in the therapy of chronic asthma. "	( Therapeutic monitoring of theophylline. Rationale and current status. Bierman, CW; Williams, PV, 1989)	2.02
"Theophylline has been shown previously to inhibit a number of cellular immune functions of granulocytes and T-lymphocytes. "	( Effects of theophylline on human natural killer cells. Brown, S; Jennings, CD; Marshall, ME; Phillips, B; Rhoades, JR; Riley, LK, 1989)	2.11
"Theophylline has the potential for serious toxicity at excessive serum concentrations."	( Theophylline use: an overview. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	2.43
"Theophylline has protective action on histamine bronchospasm which is dependent on the blood levels of theophylline attained."	( Modulation of non-specific bronchial reactivity. Crimi, N; Mistretta, A; Palermo, F, 1986)	0.99
"Theophylline has been utilized widely as a bronchodilator. "	( Favorable cardiovascular effects of theophylline in COPD. Matthay, RA, 1987)	1.99
"Theophylline has demonstrated a very high degree of clinical efficacy as a prophylactic maintenance drug for chronic asthma when dose levels maintain serum concentrations of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml. "	( Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1986)	1.97
"Theophylline has been utilized widely as a bronchodilator, but only in recent years have its positive cardiovascular effects been recognized in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( Theophylline improves global cardiac function and reduces dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disease. Mahler, DA; Matthay, RA, 1986)	3.16
"Theophylline has emerged as a major prophylactic agent for controlling the symptoms of chronic asthma, but it provides little if any relief of pulmonary symptoms caused by irreversible chronic airways obstruction. "	( Update on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Hendeles, L; Massanari, M; Weinberger, M, 1985)	1.96
"Theophylline has been administered to 76 premature infants with apnea in two therapeutic indications: curative and preventive treatment. "	( [Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and caffeine during treatment of apnea in premature infants with theophylline]. Alix, D; Berthou, F; Gouedard, H; Riche, C, )	1.86

Actions

Theophylline was found to increase hemoglobin saturation and decrease carbon dioxide pressures without significant effects on the overall efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange. It did not enhance the natriuretic effect of ANP nor its effect to stimulate urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Theophylline is known to increase diaphragmatic contractility and reduce fatigue, so in this study, we evaluated the effect of theophylline in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation.Patients who depended on mechanical ventilation were included in the study."	( Effects of theophylline therapy on respiratory muscle strength in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation: A retrospective cohort study. Chu, CM; Hu, HC; Kao, KC; Liu, YC; Yu, TJ, 2019)	1.63
"Theophylline also showed a lower mean "sum of pain" when compared with placebo."	( Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache. Basurto Ona, X; Bonfill Cosp, X; Osorio, D, 2015)	1.14
"Theophylline has a lower efficacy/tolerance ratio than inhaled bronchodilators."	( [Pharmacological treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Allain, YM; Giraud, F; Huchon, G; Roche, N, 2009)	1.07
"Theophylline is known to increase the risk of epileptic seizures and might have a role in seizure-induced brain damage. "	( Selective bilateral hippocampal lesions after theophylline-induced status epilepticus causes a permanent amnesic syndrome. Bogdahn, U; Kohl, Z; Lürding, R; Schröder, M; Schuierer, G; Uyanik, G; Weidner, N, 2011)	2.07
"Theophylline produced a 7% increase in mean arterial pressure which was not attenuated by either metoprolol or propranolol."	( Cardiovascular effects of theophylline. Partial attenuation by beta-blockade. Conrad, KA; Prosnitz, EH, 1981)	1.28
"Theophylline and cAMP inhibit the X-ray contraction probably non-specifically."	( Contractile reaction of isolated frog aorta after X-irradiation. Greimel, H; Michailov, MC; Prechter, I; Welscher, UE, 1983)	0.99
"Theophylline did not enhance the effect of a submaximal dose of prostaglandin E2 on 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[3H]vitamin D3 production."	( Stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 on 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in rats. Matsumoto, T; Ogata, E; Suda, T; Takahashi, N; Yamada, M, 1983)	0.99
"Theophylline did not enhance the ability of ouabain to induce arrhythmia."	( Negative inotropic effect of the combination of theophylline and ouabain in rabbit right ventricle: relation to elevated baseline tension. Zavecz, JH, 1984)	1.24
"Theophylline did not inhibit the ability of APPCP to potentiate the vasoconstriction to NE."	( Modulation of the vasoconstrictor response to adrenergic stimulation by nucleosides and nucleotides. Blumberg, A; Lukacsko, P, 1982)	0.99
"Theophylline may produce a paradoxical increase in awareness of asthma in some individuals."	( Influence of treatment with beclomethasone, cromoglycate and theophylline on perception of bronchoconstriction in patients with bronchial asthma. Higgs, CM; Laszlo, G, 1996)	1.26
"Theophylline did not increase whole-body lipolysis (glycerol rate of appearance [Ra]) or free fatty acid (FFA) release during exercise, but fat oxidation was lower than control values (9.5 +/- 3.0 v 18.0 +/- 4.2 micromol x min(-1) x kg(-1), P < .01)."	( Effect of theophylline on substrate metabolism during exercise. Coggan, AR; Gastaldelli, A; Raguso, CA; Sidossis, LS; Wolfe, RR, 1996)	1.42
"Theophylline levels were lower at all time points with GFJ coadministration as compared to water but were significantly lower only during the absorption phase from 1 to 4 h."	( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Badyal, D; Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC; Malhotra, S, 1999)	1.27
"The theophylline levels were lower at all the time points with kinnow juice co-administration as compared to water but were significantly so only during the absorption phase from 1-4 hours."	( Influence of kinnow juice on the pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC, 2000)	1.02
"Theophylline caused an increase in the intracellular cAMP levels of IL-5-stimulated eosinophils."	( The downregulation of Bcl-2 expression is necessary for theophylline-induced apoptosis of eosinophil. Chang, HS; Chung, IY; Kim, DJ; Kim, YH; Lee, NM; Nam-Kung, EK; Park, CS, 2000)	1.27
"Theophylline did not increase the cyclic AMP concentration, but potentiated the effects of isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 on the cyclic AMP levels, and significantly inhibited cytotoxicity."	( Role of cyclic nucleotides in human lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Christoffersen, T; Wisloff, F, 1977)	0.98
"Theophylline did not increase the evoked transmitter release appreciably."	( Effects of theophylline and N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate on sympathetic ganglionic transmission in rats. Hsu, SY; McIsaac, RJ, 1978)	1.37
"Theophylline augmented the increase in cellular cyclic AMP caused by histamine or prostaglandin E1 and the actions of histamine and prostaglandin E1 were additive."	( Cellular cyclic AMP in dispersed mucosal cells from guinea pig stomach. Batzri, S; Gardner, JD, 1978)	0.98
"The theophylline-induced increase in glycogenolysis coincides with a higher rate of both lactate output and oxidation of endogenous 14C-labelled substrates."	( The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Insulin release due to glycogenolysis in glucose-deprived islets. Koser, M; Malaisse, WJ; Malaisse-Lagae, F; Ravazzola, M; Sener, A, 1977)	0.74
"The theophylline-dependent increase in the ratio R of Na+ is still present, and is consistent with an increase in Na+ exchange flux across the mucosal border--unmasked by removal of the paracellular flux components."	( The effects of theophylline and choleragen on sodium and chloride ion movements within isolated rabbit ileum. Naftalin, RJ; Simmons, NL, 1979)	1.09
"The theophylline induced increase in blood flow caused an enhancement in the absorption of antipyrine to 153%, HTO and urea to 135% and salicylic acid 123% of controls."	( Methylxanthines and intestinal drug absorption. Beubler, E; Lembeck, F, 1976)	0.74
"Theophylline was found to increase microclimate-pH at the intestinal surface, but the magnitude of delta pH alone could not explain the effect of theophylline on the CLi of quinidine."	( Effect of theophylline on the intestinal clearance of drugs in rats. Bair, CH; Huang, JD, 1992)	1.41
"Theophylline did not produce any significant change in the avoidance response at the dose range of 3-300 mg/kg."	( Behavioral evaluation of psycho-pharmacological and psychotoxic actions of methylxanthines by ambulatory activity and discrete avoidance in mice. Asahi, T; Kuribara, H; Tadokoro, S, 1992)	1
"Theophylline clearance was lower during combined treatment, although this relationship did not reach statistical significance."	( Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Davis, RL; Kelly, HW; Powell, JR; Quenzer, RW, 1992)	1.27
"Theophylline did not increase the incorporation of glucose into the cells."	( Study of the biological effects of theophylline on V79 cells: viability, membrane permeability, and metabolic cooperation. Bohusova, T; Gabelova, A; Slamenova, D, 1991)	1.28
"Theophylline did not enhance the natriuretic effect of ANP nor its effect to stimulate urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate."	( Renal actions of theophylline and atrial natriuretic peptide in humans: a comparison by means of clearance studies. Beutler, JJ; Bijlsma, JA; Dorhout Mees, EJ; Koomans, HA, 1990)	1.34
"Theophylline was found to increase hemoglobin saturation and decrease carbon dioxide pressures without significant effects on the overall efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange."	( [Effects of theophylline on the course of hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency]. Bevignani, G; Chiappini, F; Fresu, R, 1990)	1.38
"As theophylline and IBMX inhibit only the inotropic action of orciprenaline, there might be a different mechanism for their interaction regarding the chronotropic action of orciprenaline compared to triamterene and papaverine."	( Interaction of phosphodiesterase inhibitors triamterene, papaverine, theophylline, IBMX and amrinone with other positive inotropic acting substances on isolated guinea-pig atria. Greeff, K; Schmitt, M, 1987)	1.02
"Theophylline is known to increase free fatty acid levels."	( Ketosis, a complication of theophylline toxicity. Coughlan, G; McGing, P; Phelan, D; Ryan, T, 1989)	1.3
"3. Theophylline did not inhibit the absorption of Na+ but reversed Cl- absorption to secretion."	( Effect of theophylline on ion transport in the lizard colon. Badía, P; García, T; Gómez, T; Lorenzo, A; Rodriguez, A, 1987)	1.19
"2 Theophylline caused an increase in short circuit current and reversed the direction of net C1- movement, due mainly to a decrease in mucosal-serosal flux."	( Effects of theophylline, choleragen and loperamide on rabbit ileal fluid and electrolyte transport in vitro. Ahsan, MA; Ilundain, A; Naftalin, RJ; Sandhu, BK; Smith, PM, 1987)	1.22
"Theophylline can cause life-threatening seizures when administered in excessive doses. "	( Caffeine as a potential risk factor for theophylline neurotoxicity. Levy, G; Yasuhara, M, 1988)	1.99
"Theophylline can increase the transepithelial secretion of fluid into the respiratory tract lumen by stimulating the chloride pump which is controlled by cyclic AMP."	( Theophylline and mucociliary clearance. Ziment, I, 1987)	2.44
"This theophylline-induced increase in inulin clearance after 30 minutes of ischemia was accompanied by an increase in renal plasma flow."	( Effect of theophylline on the initiation phase of postischemic acute renal failure in rats. Bidani, AK; Churchill, PC; Lin, JJ, 1986)	1.13
"Theophylline is said to produce an inhibiting effect on the replication of the Newcastle disease virus in chick embryo fibroblast cultures when used in conc. "	( [Inhibition of NDV replication by theophylline]. Neĭcheva, I; Vasileva, L, 1985)	1.99
"Theophylline could inhibit DMI hydroxylation but with atypical kinetics."	( Inhibition of desmethylimipramine 2-hydroxylation by drugs in human liver microsomes. Birgersson, C; Ericsson, O; Göransson, M; Henthorn, T; Sjöqvist, F; Spina, E; von Bahr, C, 1985)	0.99
"Theophylline induces increase of hepatic cytochrome P-450 contents and P-450 dependent polysubstrate monooxygenases (e.g. "	( [Interactions between theophylline and drug metabolizing liver enzymes in the rat]. Bolsen, K; Goerz, G; Lissner, R; Merk, H, 1985)	2.03
"Theophylline appears to produce a potentiation of the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline on the rat uterus by means of a non-specific mechanism."	( The potentiation of rat uterine inhibitory responses to noradrenaline by theophylline and nitroglycerine. Levy, B; Wilkenfeld, BE, 1968)	1.2

Treatment

Theophylline treatment suppressed IL-17 production through inhibiting cytokines controlling Th17 differentiation. Treatment also reduced MPO activity and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in inflamed colon.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Theophylline-treated cancer cells were analyzed for the transcript and protein expression of candidate apoptotic genes such as TNFR1, caspase-8, -9, -3 using qPCR and immunoblotting, respectively."	( Reactive oxygen species-dependent upregulation of death receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, is responsible for theophylline-mediated cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Ghosal, N; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, 2022)	1.65
"Theophylline treatment suppressed IL-17 production through inhibiting cytokines controlling Th17 differentiation; TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23."	( Theophylline Attenuates BLM-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Th17 Differentiation. Hahn, HJ; Lee, HJ; Oh, SR; Park, SJ, 2023)	3.07
"Theophylline treatment also reduced MPO activity and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1 β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in inflamed colon."	( The effect of theophylline on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Ghasemi-Pirbaluti, M; Hosseini, MJ; Motaghi, E; Najafi, A, 2017)	1.54
"Theophylline treatment increased patient saliva Shh and improved taste dysfunction both subjectively and by gustometry."	( Theophylline increases saliva sonic hedgehog and improves taste dysfunction. Abdelmeguid, M; Henkin, RI; Hosein, S; Knöppel, AB; Stateman, WA, 2017)	3.34
"Theophylline treatment for lung diseases has traditionally been thought to act by phosphodiesterase inhibition; however, increasing evidence has suggested other plausible mechanisms."	( Lung injury after simulated cardiopulmonary bypass in an isolated perfused rat lung preparation: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase/Akt signaling and the effects of theophylline. Chambers, DJ; Markou, T, 2014)	1.32
"Theophylline treated rats exhibited a significant decrease in hepatic vacuolation, apoptosis, leucocyte infiltration, and accumulation of collagen fibers in comparison to the Con A group."	( Theophylline, an old drug with multi-faceted effects: Its potential benefits in immunological liver injury in rats. Elsirafy, OM; Hamam, GG; Hasanin, AH; Hussein, RM; Kawy, HS; Wahba, YS, 2015)	2.58
"Theophylline treatment resulted in a time-dependent (at 4- and 8 weeks) bone loss."	( Theophylline, a methylxanthine drug induces osteopenia and alters calciotropic hormones, and prophylactic vitamin D treatment protects against these changes in rats. Bhadauria, S; Chattopadhyay, N; China, SP; Gayen, JR; Godbole, MM; Gupta, SK; Hossain, Z; Khan, K; Mandalapu, D; Mittal, M; Pal, S; Porwal, K; Sanyal, S; Sharma, VL; Shrivastava, R; Taneja, I; Trivedi, AK; Wahajuddin, M, 2016)	2.6
"Theophylline, used in the treatment for various pulmonary pathologies, is usually given orally with drug levels measured primarily in blood serum and occasionally in saliva. "	( Comparative monitoring of oral theophylline treatment in blood serum, saliva, and nasal mucus. Henkin, RI, 2012)	2.11
"Theophylline treatment significantly reduced the incidence of contrast-induced AKI and had a modest improvement on kidney function after contrast exposure in the general population. "	( Effect of theophylline on prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dai, B; Fu, L; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Mei, C; Zhang, J, 2012)	2.22
"Oral theophylline treatment improved taste and smell acuity in 6 patients after 2 to 12 months of treatment. "	( Intranasal theophylline treatment of hyposmia and hypogeusia: a pilot study. Henkin, RI; Minnick-Poppe, L; Schultz, M, 2012)	1.28
"Theophylline treatment causes side effects such as tachycardia, hyperglycaemia, abdominal distension, and vomiting. "	( Theophylline and gastric emptying in very low birthweight neonates: a randomised controlled trial. Alexiou, N; Costalos, C; Gounaris, A; Kokori, P; Konstandinidi, K; Skouroliakou, M; Varchalama, L, 2004)	3.21
"Theophylline treatment significantly increased lipid peroxidation by 43% in the heart of exercised rats."	( Interaction of exercise and adenosine receptor agonist and antagonist on rat heart antioxidant defense system. Husain, K; Somani, SM, 2005)	1.05
"Theophylline treatment was efficacious only in children of the first group."	( In vitro influence of theophylline on anti-IgE-induced release from leucocytes and whole blood in asthmatic children. Burtin, C; Fermanian, J; Lebel, B; Paupe, H; Scheinmann, P, 1981)	1.3
"Theophylline treatment inhibited DNA synthesis and the cell growth rate, and caused an elevation of intracellular cAMP levels."	( Effects of theophylline treatment on mouse B-16 melanoma cells in vitro. Kolb, CA; Mansfield, JM, 1980)	1.37
"Theophylline pretreatment failed to alter anticonvulsant protection by trimethadione and sodium valproate, but significantly decreased the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine and phenobarbital."	( Interactions of the anticonvulsant carbamazepine with adenosine receptors. 2. Pharmacological studies. Chow, SC; Johnston, GA; Skerritt, JH, 1983)	0.99
"Theophylline pretreatment prior to acute ethanol administration markedly reduced the duration of ethanol-induced sleep and similarly decreased the intensity and duration of motor incoordination."	( Possible role of adenosine in the CNS effects of ethanol. Dar, MS; Mustafa, SJ; Wooles, WR, 1983)	0.99
"Theophylline treatment slightly decreased the generation of H2O2 in liver mitochondria, but treatment with pargyline, Ro4-1284 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP had little effect."	( Noradrenaline treatment of rats stimulates H2O2 generation in liver mitochondria. Patole, MS; Puranam, RS; Ramasarma, T; Swaroop, A, 1983)	0.99
"Both theophylline and cromolyn treatment groups showed improvement from base-line status in terms of symptom scores, pulmonary function, and decreased use of inhaled albuterol."	( A double-blind study comparing the effectiveness of cromolyn sodium and sustained-release theophylline in childhood asthma. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Kraemer, MJ; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG; Ward, DJ, 1984)	0.94
"Theophylline-treated cells showed morphological changes consistent with a more differentiated state such as increased dendrite formation and contact inhibition."	( Association of morphological differentiation with enhanced surface antigen expression and susceptibility to natural killer cell lysis in theophylline-treated human melanoma cells. Clark, DA; Dent, PB; Kwong, PC; Liao, SK; Smith, JW, 1983)	1.19
"Theophylline treatment resulted in comparable and highly significant improvements in both groups."	( Theophylline improves pneumogram abnormalities in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome. Brouillette, RT; Hanson, D; Hunt, CE, 1983)	2.43
"The theophylline-treated cells showed a marked increase in tyrosine-uptake rate with elevated Vmax and unchanged Km."	( Studies on the transport of tyrosine, leucine, and methionine in cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cells. Saga, K; Shimojo, T, 1982)	0.75
"The theophylline-treated infants had lower Apgar scores and gestational ages when compared to those who did not receive theophylline."	( Developmental outcome of premature infants treated with theophylline. Eitzman, DV; Holstrum, WJ; Nelson, RM; Resnick, MB, 1980)	0.99
"Theophylline treatment reduced EAR (maximum FEV1 fall from baseline: 26.3 +/- 6.7 vs 32.2 +/- 9.5% after placebo treatment) but not LAR (19.5 +/- 6.5 vs 26.3 +/- 6.1%)."	( Oral slow-release theophylline does not prevent early and late asthmatic response to allergen in sensitized subjects. Bacci, E; Bancalari, L; Carrara, M; Dente, FL; Di Franco, A; Giannini, D; Giuntini, C; Paggiaro, PL; Vagaggini, B, 1995)	1.35
"Oral theophylline treatment causes a sustained increase in resting oxygen consumption and heart rate but does not modify the metabolic response to acutely inhaled salbutamol."	( Effect of oral theophylline on resting energy expenditure in normal volunteers. Agrawal, A; Dash, A; Moxham, J; Ponte, J; Venkat, N, 1994)	1.16
"Oral theophylline treatment may be helpful in controlling severe asthma during pregnancy. "	( Slow-release theophylline in pregnant asthmatics. Riikonen, S; Stenius-Aarniala, B; Teramo, K, 1995)	1.17
"Theophylline treatment at term was not associated with premature contractions or premature rupture of membranes, hemorrhage, placenta previa, abruption of the placenta, abnormal fetus position, frequent induction or augmentation of labor, prolonged third phase of delivery, or increased hemorrhage post partum."	( Slow-release theophylline in pregnant asthmatics. Riikonen, S; Stenius-Aarniala, B; Teramo, K, 1995)	1.38
"Sex, theophylline treatment, race, and length of mechanical ventilation affected the developmental trajectories of some apnea variables."	( Pathologic apnea and brief respiratory pauses in preterm infants: relation to sleep state. Edwards, LJ; Holditch-Davis, D; Wigger, MC, )	0.59
"Theophylline treatment was given to 11 patients."	( Erythrocytosis after renal transplantation. The response to theophylline treatment. Dranitzki-Elhallel, M; Ilan, Y; Popovtzer, MM; Rubinger, D; Silver, J, 1994)	1.25
"The theophylline treatment induced a significant improvement in BTV from 3.8 to 7.6 mm/min in the left main bronchus and from 0.5 to 5.4 mm/min in the right, while placebo was inactive."	( [The effect of theophylline on the mucociliary clearance function in ventilated intensive care patients]. Georgieff, M; Hähnel, J; Kilian, J; Konrad, F; Schreiber, T, 1994)	1.12
"Theophylline is effective treatment for posttransplantation bradyarrhythmias, thereby resulting in a reduced need for pacemaker implantation."	( Use of theophylline for treatment of prolonged sinus node dysfunction in human orthotopic heart transplantation. Acker, MA; Augustine, SM; Baughman, KL; Cameron, DE; Gardner, TJ; Gillinov, MA; Redmond, JM; Reitz, BA; Stuart, RS; Zehr, KJ, )	1.31
"Theophylline treatment with sustained steady state concentrations about 17 mg/l provides worthwhile objective and subjective further benefits for patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease when it is added to bronchodilators and corticosteroids."	( Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease. Addis, GJ; Howie, CA; McKay, SE; Thomson, AH; Whiting, B, 1993)	2.15
"In theophylline-treated animals, NMDA responses were completely abolished during hypoxia (28 +/- 2 vs."	( Inhibitory effects of hypoxia and adenosine on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced pial arteriolar dilation in piglets. Bari, F; Busija, DW; Louis, TM; Thore, CR, 1998)	0.81
"Theophylline- and caffeine-treated B16-F10 cells exhibited low adhesion to laminin/collagen type IV and reduced invasion through Matrigel in an in vitro assay. "	( Inhibition of melanoma pulmonary metastasis by methylxanthines due to decreased invasion and proliferation. Abbruzzese, A; Autuori-Pezzoli, V; Beninati, S; Cardinali, M; Kleinman, HK; Lentini, A; Mattioli, P; Nicolini, L; Pietrini, A, 1998)	1.74
"Theophylline treatment caused significantly increased food intake and urinary excretion as compared to either control or placebo, P < 0.01. "	( Influence of theophylline on urinary excretion of total, free and acyl carnitine in rats. al-Kholaifi, AM; Alhomida, AS, )	1.94
"Theophylline treatment resulted in a significant increase in REE by 15%."	( Increased resting energy expenditure is related to plasma TNF-alpha concentration in stable COPD patients. Beaufrère, B; Beaujon, G; Bedu, M; Caillaud, D; Coudert, J; Nguyen, LT; Ritz, P; Vasson, M, 1999)	1.02
"The theophylline-treated and CK-elevating drug-treated group showed about 100% higher serum CK levels (225 IU/L) than any other group (102-124 IU/L), and no increase in the serum theophylline level."	( Synergistic effect of combining theophylline and drugs that potentially elevate serum creatine kinase. Iwano, J; Izumida, T; Minakuchi, K; Nakamura, Y; Sone, S; Takiguchi, Y; Yokota, M, 2000)	1.07
"theophylline) for the treatment of apnea, were eligible."	( Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants. Henderson-Smart, DJ; Steer, P, 2000)	1.03
"Theophylline-treated B16-F10 melanoma cells show a lower experimental metastatic potential in vivo. "	( Theophylline administration markedly reduces hepatic and pulmonary implantation of B16-F10 melanoma cells in mice. Abbruzzese, A; Beninati, S; Caraglia, M; Facchiano, F; Lentini, A; Vidal-Vanaclocha, F, 2000)	3.19
"Theophylline treatment caused a significant increase in renal CPT activity as compared to either control or placebo groups. "	( Oral theophylline changes renal carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in rats. Alhomida, AS, )	2.09
"Theophylline treatment significantly improved symptom scores and FEV1.0, FEV1.0 % (P < 0.05) and reduced sputum eosinophils (P < 0.01) in asthmatic subjects. "	( Effects of theophylline on CD4+ T lymphocyte, interleukin-5, and interferon gamma in induced sputum of asthmatic subjects. Hu, SP; Nie, HX; Wu, XJ; Yang, J, 2002)	2.15
"Theophylline treatment resulted in a slightly but significantly elevated serum calcium comparing to controls without exogeneous calcitonin."	( Influence of methyl xanthine treatment on calcitonin effect. Boross, M; Holló, I, 1978)	0.98
"Theophylline treatment doubled Cl permeability but did not significantly affect Na or urea permeability, suggestingspecificity of affect."	( Transport of Na, Cl, and water by the rabbit corneal epithelium at resting potential. Klyce, SD, 1975)	0.98
"Theophylline treatment was not efficient in the prevention of apnea when a serious underlying disease was present."	( Kinetics and efficacy of theophylline in the treatment of apnea in the premature newborn. Assael, BM; Bonati, M; Caccamo, ML; Gerna, M; Latini, R; Mandelli, M; Marini, A; Sereni, F; Tognoni, G, 1978)	1.28
"Theophylline and db-cAMP treatments also produced strikingly different morphologies in the monolayered cells."	( Stimulation of melanotic expression in a melanoma cell line by theophylline. Steinberg, ML; Whittaker, JR, 1976)	1.22
"Theophylline pretreatment blunted adenosine-mediated forearm blood flow increments and angiotensin II release."	( Adenosine activates a vascular renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive subjects. Favilla, S; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S; Virdis, A, 1992)	1
"Theophylline's role in the treatment of airway obstruction has been challenged, yet it remains a useful agent in the management of obstructive lung disease. "	( Theophylline in asthma and COPD: changing perspectives and controversies. Poe, RH; Utell, MJ, 1991)	3.17
"Theophylline-treated animals had a significantly increased urinary calcium excretion (p less than 0.0001), a significantly decreased total body calcium per gram body weight (p less than 0.05), and significantly decreased serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations (p less than 0.002) when compared to control animals."	( Effect of theophylline on calcium metabolism and circulating vitamin D metabolites. Duncan, WE; Fortenbery, EJ; McDermott, MT, 1990)	1.4
"Theophylline treatment also reduced sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline but not 5-hydroxytryptamine."	( Theophylline down-regulates adenosine receptor function. Connick, JH; Mally, J; Stone, TW, 1990)	2.44
"Theophylline pretreatment also showed a preventive effect at 1 to 5 mM."	( Intracellular calcium release induced by histamine releasers and its inhibition by some antiallergic drugs. Mio, M; Okamoto, M; Tasaka, K, 1986)	0.99
"Both theophylline treatment and inhibition of extracellular ATP breakdown resulted in increased ATP and nucleoside release."	( ATP release from affinity-purified rat cholinergic nerve terminals. Brown, SJ; Richardson, PJ, 1987)	0.73
"Theophylline pretreatment produced no alteration in ethanol-induced ataxia."	( Behavioral interactions of ethanol and methylxanthines. Close, G; Dar, MS; Jones, M; Mustafa, SJ; Wooles, WR, 1987)	0.99
"Theophylline pretreatment prevented the increase in Bmax elicited by ethanol."	( Mediation of acute ethanol-induced motor disturbances by cerebellar adenosine in rats. Clark, M; Dar, MS, 1988)	1
"The theophylline treatment caused a significant increase in total reflux time and reflux symptoms but did not worsen the asthma."	( Influence of theophylline on gastro-oesophageal reflux and asthma. Ekström, T; Tibbling, L, 1988)	1.13
"With theophylline treatment, dipyridamole-thallium-201 SPECT showed total absence of reversible perfusion defects."	( Effect of maintenance oral theophylline on dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging using SPECT and dipyridamole-induced hemodynamic changes. Akhtar, R; Bamrah, VS; Daley, PJ; Krubsack, AJ; Mahn, TH; Zielonka, JS, 1988)	1.03
"Two theophylline treatments were compared in a randomized, multiple-dose, crossover study on 20 patients present with nonallergic bronchial asthma. "	( Therapeutic advantage of unequal dosing of theophylline in patients with nocturnal asthma. Dorow, P; Steinijans, VW, 1987)	1.09
"Theophylline as a single treatment caused significant changes in none of the test variables, though favorable trends were observed."	( Efficacy of inhaled metaproterenol and orally-administered theophylline in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Dullinger, D; Kronenberg, R; Niewoehner, DE, 1986)	1.24
"Theophylline-treated cells of the human melanoma line showed an increase in NK-sensitivity in vitro and a concomitant decrease in tumorigenicity and spontaneous metastasis in Balb/c nude mice. "	( NK-mediated reduction of malignancy in human melanoma cells treated with theophylline. Abramow-Newerly, W; Gitelman, I; Roder, JC, )	1.81
"The theophylline/placebo-treated group also required higher serum concentrations of theophylline to control wheezing, 10.5 micrograms/ml versus 5.0 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01)."	( Albuterol syrup in the treatment of asthma. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG, 1985)	0.75
"In theophylline untreated tissues, calcium-deprived bathing solutions decreased tissue galactose accumulation and increased mucosal to serosal sugar flux."	( Calcium-dependence of sugar transport in rat small intestine. Alcalde, AI; Barcina, Y; Ilundain, A; Larralde, J, 1985)	0.78
"Treatment with theophylline at the doses of 20 and 50mg/kg attenuated acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis as shown by improvement in body weight loss, macroscopic score, ulcer area, hematocrit and histopathological score. "	( The effect of theophylline on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Ghasemi-Pirbaluti, M; Hosseini, MJ; Motaghi, E; Najafi, A, 2017)	1.17
"Treatment with theophylline is associated with an elevated incidence of exacerbations and hospitalizations. "	( The effects of theophylline on hospital admissions and exacerbations in COPD patients: audit data from the Bavarian disease management program. Donnachie, E; Fexer, J; Hofmann, F; Keller, M; Mehring, M; Schneider, A; Wagenpfeil, S, 2014)	1.11
"Treatment with theophylline showed better VAS scores compared with acetaminophen at two, six and 12 hours and also compared with conservative treatment at eight, 16 and 24 hours."	( Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache. Basurto Ona, X; Bonfill Cosp, X; Osorio, D, 2015)	0.76
"The treatment with theophylline and nitric oxide modulators were done from day 14 to day 28."	( Protective role of theophylline and their interaction with nitric oxide (NO) in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Babu, S; Chaudhary, MJ; Pal, R; Pant, KK; Tiwari, PC, 2015)	1.06
"Treatment with theophylline, paraxanthine, 1-methylxanthine (MX), 3-MX, or 7-MX also inhibited glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes."	( Inhibitory effects of caffeine and its metabolites on intracellular lipid accumulation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ashida, H; Hashimoto, T; Kanazawa, K; Nakabayashi, H; Nishiumi, S, 2008)	0.69
"Treatment with theophylline seems to delay gastric emptying in very low birthweight neonates, and this must be taken into consideration when this drug is used to treat apnoea of prematurity."	( Theophylline and gastric emptying in very low birthweight neonates: a randomised controlled trial. Alexiou, N; Costalos, C; Gounaris, A; Kokori, P; Konstandinidi, K; Skouroliakou, M; Varchalama, L, 2004)	2.12
"Treatment with theophylline decreased the percentage of neutrophil and the concentrations of LTB4 in BALF of the COPD rats, attenuated the pathological changes of small airways, such as airway occlusion, goblet-cell metaplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis and smooth muscle proliferation."	( [Changes of leukotriene B4 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and effects of theophylline on leukotriene B4]. Ding, YL; Liu, Z; Yao, WZ; Zheng, J; Zhu, YL, 2005)	0.89
"Pretreatment with theophylline reversed these behavioral changes."	( Theophylline, adenosine receptor antagonist prevents behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical changes associated with an animal model of tardive dyskinesia. Bishnoi, M; Chopra, K; Kulkarni, SK, )	1.9
"2 Pretreatment with theophylline (25-50 microM) had no significant effect on the concentration-response curves obtained with either purine compound."	( Purine receptors in the guinea-pig internal anal sphincter. Crema, A; Frigo, GM; Lecchini, S; Manzo, L; Onori, L; Tonini, M, 1983)	0.58
"Treatment with theophylline or aminophylline was associated with a reduction in the number of episodes of apnea greater than or equal to 20 seconds accompanied by bradycardia less than or equal to 80 beats per minute (P less than .001)."	( Undetected episodes of prolonged apnea and severe bradycardia in preterm infants. Alexander, JR; Farndon, PA; Jones, RA; Kong, C; Levitt, GA; Richards, JM; Southall, DP; Wilson, AJ, 1983)	0.61
"Treatment with theophylline-ephedrine-hydroxyzine was associated with fewer side effects than any other treatment, except hydroxyzine alone."	( Combined vs. single-entity pharmacologic inhibition of induced asthma. Falliers, CJ; Redding, MA, 1980)	0.6
"Treatment with theophylline requires monitoring of dosage, preferably by determining the theophylline content in whole blood or serum, because theophylline pharmaco kinetics is most variable and therefore difficult to define, and because of possible interactions with other drugs. "	( [Drug monitoring: theophylline--comparison of 3 methods for determination]. Göbel, D; Kropp, R, 1995)	0.98
"Treatment with theophylline (200 microM), a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (100 nM), a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, prior to and during hydrogen peroxide superfusion prevented the inhibition."	( Acute peroxide treatment of rat hippocampal slices induces adenosine-mediated inhibition of excitatory transmission in area CA1. Bickford, PC; Dunwiddie, TV; Masino, SA; Mesches, MH, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with theophylline in combination with either lansoprazole or pantoprazole was well tolerated."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline. Goldwater, DR; Hunt, RH; Pan, WJ; Pilmer, BL; Zhang, Y, 2000)	0.87
"in untreated and in theophylline-treated male mice (50 mg/kg i.p."	( Long-term theophylline treatment changes the effects of angiotensin II and adenosinergic agents on the seizure threshold. Georgiev, V; Kambourova, T; Tchekalarova, J, 2000)	1.02
"Treatment with theophylline significantly increased FEV1 (3.64 l/sec before and 3.84 l/sec after p < 0.001)."	( [The effect of 6 week treatment with theophylline on spirometric parameters, nonspecific bronchial reactivity and the concentration of soluble interleukin 2 receptor in serum of asthmatic patients]. Chazan, R; Droszcz, W; Grubek-Jaworska, H; Mazurek, J; Wrońska, J, 2000)	0.92
"Treatment with theophylline protected eosinophils against IL-5-mediated inhibition of apoptosis with a simultaneous suppression of survival in a dose-dependent manner."	( The downregulation of Bcl-2 expression is necessary for theophylline-induced apoptosis of eosinophil. Chang, HS; Chung, IY; Kim, DJ; Kim, YH; Lee, NM; Nam-Kung, EK; Park, CS, 2000)	0.89
"Pretreatment with theophylline enhanced the responses to dibutyryl cAMP and NaF."	( A role of cyclic nucleotides in neuromuscular transmission. Dretchen, KL; Morgenroth, VH; Skirboll, LR; Standaert, FG, 1976)	0.58
"Treatment with theophylline plus dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in the appearance of microvilli on SV40-3T3 cells and also appeared to increase the area of intercellular contacts in both 3T3 and SV40-3T3 cells."	( Dibutyryl cyclic AMP treatment of 3T3 and SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells in aggregates. Effects on mobility and cell contact ultrastructure. Drumm, J; Gershman, H; Rosen, JJ, 1977)	0.6
"Treatment with theophylline (2.10(-3) M), a phosphodieterase inhibitor, results in an increase in the cAMP content and delays growth and cap formation."	( Changes in the cyclic AMP content during growth and development of Acetabularia. Minder, C; Vanden Driessche, T, 1978)	0.6
"Treatment with theophylline did not alter the elevation of plasma [ADO] after dipyridamole infusion, but abolished responses of fetal heart rate to dipyridamole infusion."	( Plasma adenosine and cardiovascular responses to dipyridamole in fetal sheep. Power, GG; Yoneyama, Y, 1992)	0.62
"Treatment with theophylline had been indicated in 78 patients (69%) with chronic bronchitis, and 30 (26%) with asthma. "	( [The use of the determination of plasma theophylline concentrations in the hospital]. Arnau, JM; Artaza, A; García, L; Laporte, JR; Moreno, U; Pou, L; Vallano, A; Vidal, X, 1991)	0.9
"Pretreatments of theophylline failed to alter the pharmacokinetic indices of doxapram."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline in apnea of prematurity. Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Malek, F; Peliowski, A, 1991)	0.85
"Pretreatment with theophylline had raised plasma renin activity, but the effect of ANP to lower plasma renin activity was not diminished."	( Renal actions of theophylline and atrial natriuretic peptide in humans: a comparison by means of clearance studies. Beutler, JJ; Bijlsma, JA; Dorhout Mees, EJ; Koomans, HA, 1990)	0.94
"treatment. Theophylline (3-6 mg.kg-1) was infused i.v."	( High-dose inhaled versus intravenous salbutamol combined with theophylline in severe acute asthma. Swedish Society of Chest Medicine. , 1990)	0.89
"Treatment of theophylline toxicity primarily involves supportive care along with gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal to facilitate drug removal."	( Adverse reactions and interactions with theophylline. Skinner, MH, )	0.75
"Pretreatment with theophylline at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o."	( Spinal antinociceptive effects of adenosine compounds in mice. Doi, T; Kuzuna, S; Maki, Y, 1987)	0.6
"Treatment with theophylline, in contrast, markedly elevated the sialic acid content, which was accompanied by dramatic increments in tyrosinase activity and pigmentation as well as a slight increase in adhesiveness."	( Cellular sialic acid level and phenotypic expression in B16 melanoma cells: comparison of spontaneous variations and bromodeoxyuridine- and theophylline-induced changes. Kinoshita, Y; Sato, S; Takeuchi, T, 1989)	0.82
"Pretreatment with theophylline or 7-(2-chloroethyl)-theophylline, adenosine antagonists, markedly reduced ethanol-induced MI and inhibition of SMA during a 60 min test period compared with saline + ethanol group."	( Mediation of acute ethanol-induced motor disturbances by cerebellar adenosine in rats. Clark, M; Dar, MS, 1988)	0.6
"Treatment with theophylline markedly reduced the diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging for coronary artery disease."	( Effect of maintenance oral theophylline on dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging using SPECT and dipyridamole-induced hemodynamic changes. Akhtar, R; Bamrah, VS; Daley, PJ; Krubsack, AJ; Mahn, TH; Zielonka, JS, 1988)	0.91
"Treatment with theophylline, diuretics, and theophylline plus diuretics resulted in a significant improvement in pulmonary mechanics and mechanical power of breathing, but not in VO2."	( Improving pulmonary function does not decrease oxygen consumption in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Durand, DJ; Kao, LC; Nickerson, BG, 1988)	0.61
"The treatment of theophylline intoxication is reviewed. "	( Treatment of theophylline intoxication. Berlinger, WG; Goldberg, MJ; Park, GD, 1986)	0.98
"Treatment of theophylline overdosage with hemodialysis and/or hemoperfusion is accepted as necessary in the most severe cases. "	( Hemoperfusion/hemodialysis in the treatment of acute theophylline poisoning--description of a fatal case. Rongved, G; Westlie, L, 1986)	0.89
"Treatment of theophylline intoxication involves attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and initiation of measures to remove theophylline from the body (gastric lavage or emesis, repeated charcoal administration by mouth, and charcoal hemoperfusion in serious cases)."	( Theophylline toxicity. Ellis, EF, 1985)	2.06
"Pretreatment with theophylline blocked the increase in I(sc) and PD produced by TCDC and pretreatment with either TCDC or GCDC inhibited the expected theophylline response."	( Effect of conjugated dihydroxy bile salts on electrolyte transport in rat colon. Binder, HJ; Rawlins, CL, 1973)	0.58
"Treatment with theophylline augmented the effects of a submaximal dose of this halogenated hydrocarbon on serum urea and glucose as well as the key gluconeogenic enzymes in liver and kidney cortex."	( Role of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in the action of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)on hepatic and renal metabolism. Kacew, S; Singhal, RL, 1974)	0.59

Toxicity

Theophylline may be a safe and effective alternative to reverse regadenoson-associated side effects. The upper limit of safe plasma theophyllin concentration in horses is approximately 15 micrograms/ml.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacologic and toxic actions are discussed ; hypothesis of a toxic effect at smooth muscular cells level is proposed."	( [Demonstration of the myotoxic effect of theophylline on the isolated kidney glomerulus of the rat]. Cambar, J; Canellas, J; Saurel, J, 1979)	0.53
" Fourteen patients (30%) had a toxic reaction to theophylline."	( Clinical experience with theophylline. Relarionships between dosage, serum concentration, and toxicity. Jacobs, MH; Kessler, G; Senior, RM, 1976)	0.81
"The rationale for melanoma-specific antitumor agents containing phenolic amines is based in part on the ability of the enzyme tyrosinase to oxidize these prodrugs to toxic intermediates."	( Thymidylate synthase as a target enzyme for the melanoma-specific toxicity of 4-S-cysteaminylphenol and N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol. Bloomer, WD; Prezioso, JA; Wang, N, 1992)	0.28
" All four chemicals tested, boric acid, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and theophylline, were found to be toxic to development or reproduction when tested previously by conventional developmental toxicity or continuous breeding protocols."	( Assessment of a short-term reproductive and developmental toxicity screen. Chapin, RE; Harris, MW; Jokinen, MP; Lockhart, AC, 1992)	0.5
" We conclude that the emetic side effect of xanthine bronchodilators results from the inhibition of one or more forms of PDE rather than from adenosine antagonism."	( Mechanism for the emetic side effect of xanthine bronchodilators. Howell, RE; Kinnier, WJ; Muehsam, WT, 1990)	0.28
" Although the number of subjects studied is small, our data suggest that air-driven nebulised high-dose salbutamol may be safe in the treatment of severe chronic obstructive airway disease but when combined with oral theophylline, a significant fall in plasma potassium may occur."	( Air-driven nebulised high-dose salbutamol in severe chronic obstructive airways disease: is it safe? Friend, JA; Lai, CK; Legge, JS, 1991)	0.47
" This article reviews toxic effects of these bronchodilator agents."	( Toxic effects of drugs used in the ICU. Toxic effects of bronchodilators. Truwit, JD, 1991)	0.28
" She was monitored and treated conservatively with serial doses of activated charcoal, which resulted in a reduction of her serum theophylline level to a therapeutic concentration in 15 hours without adverse sequelae."	( Theophylline toxicity secondary to ciprofloxacin administration. Goss, TF; Laughlin, PH; Nix, DE; Spivey, JM, 1991)	1.93
" Management errors found included delay (greater than 10 hours) in taking action from time toxic blood levels were drawn (20 patients), inappropriately high dosing of patients with congestive heart failure (17 patients), failure to recognize obvious symptoms (16 patients), recurrent toxicity (11 patients), additional emergency department treatment of already toxic patients (7 patients), overlap of intravenous and oral therapy (6 patients), patient discharged with no physician awareness of toxicity or dosage change (5 patients)."	( Inpatient theophylline toxicity: preventable factors. Hegde, HK; Hryhorczuk, DO; LaCloche, L; Schiff, GD, 1991)	0.68
" We report the case of a patient suffering from an acute, intentional theophylline overdose who exhibited the classic features of a toxic ingestion and describe the first reported use of IV esmolol in the treatment of accompanying cardiovascular manifestations."	( Acute theophylline toxicity and the use of esmolol to reverse cardiovascular instability. Friedman, B; Scott, J; Seneff, M; Smith, M, 1990)	0.99
"30%) that did not produce overt maternal toxicity, but the adverse developmental effects in mice were observed at doses that caused reduced maternal water consumption and body weight gain."	( The developmental toxicity of orally administered theophylline in rats and mice. George, JD; Kimmel, CA; Lindström, P; Marr, MC; Morrissey, RE; Price, CJ; Schwetz, BA, 1990)	0.53
" One or more toxic manifestations were present in 109 (94%) cases."	( Theophylline toxicity: clinical features of 116 consecutive cases. Sessler, CN, 1990)	1.72
"Toxic-range STCs are relatively common in the ED population, occur primarily as a result of patient and physician dosing errors, and cause a broad range of toxic manifestations of varying severity."	( Theophylline toxicity: clinical features of 116 consecutive cases. Sessler, CN, 1990)	1.72
"Concomitant use of the bronchodilator theophylline and the antibacterial agent enoxacin has been associated with significant neurologic and other adverse effects."	( Effect of enoxacin on theophylline neurotoxicity. Hoffman, A; Levy, G, 1989)	0.86
" Although there are ever increasing efforts to improve techniques for testing drugs, and for anticipating and confirming possible adverse effects, arrangements for monitoring and detecting adverse drug reactions are far from satisfactory."	( Interpretation and application of world-wide safety data on diltiazem. McGraw, BF; Quigley, MA; White, KL, 1985)	0.27
" Toxic levels of theophylline were associated with hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypotension in both the patient and the experimental series."	( Theophylline toxicity and the beta-adrenergic system. Curtis, GP; Kearney, TE; Manoguerra, AS; Ziegler, MG, 1985)	2.05
" It can be concluded from this study that nedocromil sodium is a safe and effective drug in the management of asthma."	( A group comparative study of the safety and efficacy of nedocromil sodium (Tilade) in reversible airways disease: a preliminary report. Bewtra, AK; Bodman, SF; Chick, TW; Koepke, JW; Nair, N; Nathan, RA; Selner, JC; Storms, WW; Townley, RG; van As, A, 1986)	0.27
" This system has been applied to the quantitation of toxic activities that disrupt cell monolayers and their neutralization."	( A semi-automated system for the assessment of toxicity to cultured mammalian cells based on detection of changes in staining properties. Barer, MR; Drasar, BS; Mann, GF, 1986)	0.27
"5 X 10(-3) M was toxic to all cell lines."	( Lymphotoxic activity of methyl prednisolone in vitro--I. Comparative toxicity of methyl prednisolone in human cell lines of B and T origin. Bell, JB; Hall, JG; Hobbs, SM; Jackson, E; Millar, BC, 1987)	0.27
"While there are several comprehensive reviews on the toxic effects of theophylline, caffeine and theobromine in animals, data on the toxicity of these methylxanthines in humans have not been extensively reviewed in one document."	( Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 1. Theophylline. Stavric, B, 1988)	0.78
" Critical review of toxic manifestations due to exposure to relatively large doses of caffeine and theophylline indicates that such combined exposure may potentiate the toxic effects of either drug."	( Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 3. Theobromine, paraxanthine and the combined effects of methylxanthines. Stavric, B, 1988)	0.49
"The purpose of this study was to define the minimum toxic concentrations and clinical signs of theophylline toxicity in healthy, conscious dogs."	( Determination of the acute oral toxicity of theophylline in conscious dogs. Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Munsiff, IJ; Neff-Davis, CA, 1988)	0.75
" In the gavage study, 400 mg/kg was acutely toxic for both species, but mice and rats differed in that this same daily dose administered as two separate doses of 200 mg/kg was acutely toxic in rats but not in mice."	( Studies on the short-term toxicity of theophylline in rats and mice. Bristol, DW; Collins, JJ; Heath, JE; Lamb, JC; Lindamood, C; Prejean, JD, 1988)	0.55
" No relationship between the serum concentrations and the severity of toxic effect was seen."	( Reassessment of theophylline toxicity. Serum concentrations, clinical course, and treatment. Bertino, JS; Walker, JW, 1987)	0.62
" The aim of acute toxicity was, up to now, to determine LD50 level or eventually a minimal lethal dose."	( Grip strength test and infrared thermometry as non-invasive methods to complement acute toxicity data in mice. Nordmann, H, 1985)	0.27
" Toxic effects of theophylline occurred in four subjects when they took the dose with food whereas no toxic effects occurred during the fasting regimen."	( Food-induced "dose-dumping" from a once-a-day theophylline product as a cause of theophylline toxicity. Hendeles, L; Hill, M; Milavetz, G; Vaughan, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	0.86
"The adverse effects of theophylline were recognized soon after its introduction into clinical medicine."	( Theophylline toxicity. Ellis, EF, 1985)	2.02
"In accordance with a case report of a 7-year-old boy with bronchial asthma, who was twice treated with aminophylline and each time reacted upon this with an aggressive behaviour, which was completely abolished after stopping the medication and which did not appear after application of theophylline, we became suspicious, that this side effect could be due only to the ethylenediamine."	( [Aggressive behavior as a side effect of ethylenediamine (but not of theophylline)]. Niggemann, B, 1985)	0.68
" The upper limit of safe plasma theophylline concentration in horses is approximately 15 micrograms/ml."	( Some dynamic and toxic effects of theophylline in horses. Button, C; Errecalde, JO; Mülders, MS, 1985)	0.83
" The patient experienced toxic symptoms, and plasma concentrations were determined."	( Theophylline toxicity--a consequence of congestive heart failure. LeGatt, DF, 1983)	1.71
" Ten asthmatic children who reported a feeling of chest tightness and subsequent wheezing after taking a preparation containing brompheniramine maleate were studied in addition to 10 control asthmatic children who reported no such adverse effect."	( Adverse effects of brompheniramine on pulmonary function in a subset of asthmatic children. Schuller, DE, 1983)	0.27
" Careful product selection, the slow progressive titration of dose over nine days, and the accurate measurement and interpretation of serum theophylline concentration prevent adverse effects and interactions."	( Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1980)	0.71
"The desirable effects of methylxanthine use in the neonate, appropriately prescribed and monitored, outweigh the importance of adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of caffeine and theophylline in the newborn infant. Aranda, JV; Clozel, M; Howell, J, 1981)	0.55
" The dose of aminophylline (125 mg/hour) previously recommended results in a toxic serum theophylline concentration in a majority of patients if the infusion is continued for more than 24 to 48 hours."	( Theophylline toxicity after the use of aminophylline in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Bailey, RT; Blouin, RA; Rapp, RP; Young, B, 1981)	1.93
"Treatment with cyclosporine may be associated with adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects as well as with the potentiation of effects of certain other drugs."	( Cyclosporine enhances theophylline neurotoxicity in rats. Afargan, M; Hoffman, A; Pinto, E; Schattner, A, 1994)	0.6
" We report the case of a 44-year-old woman who presented with toxic effects of theophylline secondary to the use of an over-the-counter product for asthma."	( Theophylline toxic effects from an over-the-counter asthma medication. Purdom, D; Scarpinato, L, 1993)	1.96
" Patients may present with a vast array of toxic manifestations, including life-threatening cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity."	( Theophylline toxicity. Cooling, DS, )	1.57
" While patients may present following an intentional over-dose, a significant percentage become toxic accidentally or iatrogenically, as a result of theophylline's narrow therapeutic index."	( Theophylline toxicity from an over-the-counter preparation. Augenstein, WL; Bahner, DR; Frenia, ML, )	1.77
" Patients were classified by pattern of ingestion: 20 patients had acute ingestions; 17 patients had an acute ingestion while on chronic medication; and 126 patients became toxic on chronic therapy."	( Theophylline toxicity in children: a retrospective review. Powell, EC; Reynolds, SL; Rubenstein, JS, 1993)	1.73
"Reliable methods for measuring serum theophylline levels have provided the clinician with a range of serum theophylline concentrations to maximize therapeutic results while minimizing potential adverse effects."	( Clinical theophylline toxicity: acute and chronic. Byrd, RP; Lopez, P; Mercer, P; Roy, TM, 1993)	0.98
" The rats were observed for toxic signs and survival over a period of 15 days."	( Reversal of acute theophylline toxicity by calcium channel blockers in dogs and rats. Alleva, FR; Balazs, T; Joseph, X; Vick, JA; Whitehurst, VE; Zhang, J, 1996)	0.63
" Addition of the intact MAS did not alter the developmental toxicity of 1-methyl- or 3-methylxanthine which were slightly more developmentally toxic on an equimolar basis than theophylline itself."	( Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of theophylline, dimethyluric acid, and methylxanthine metabolites using Xenopus. Bantle, JA; Fort, DJ; Hull, MA; Propst, T; Stover, EL, 1996)	0.75
" Analyses of post-marketing surveillance and a database of all spontaneously reported adverse events were also evaluated."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
"Overall in the clinical trial programme adverse events were reported by 20% of those receiving ranitidine compared with 27% of those receiving placebo."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
"Review of data from a large population of controlled clinical trials with analyses of postmarketing surveillance studies and spontaneously reported adverse events confirmed the excellent safety profile of ranitidine."	( The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use. Fitzgerald, K; Koch, KM; Mills, JG; Sirgo, MA; Webster, C; Wood, JR, 1997)	0.3
" All treatments were well tolerated, with the most frequently reported drug-related adverse events being nausea, taste perversion, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily. Breisch, S; Chodosh, S; Lakshminarayan, S; Swarz, H, 1998)	0.3
" Results indicated that the lowest concentration of guarana tested was not toxic and that the IC50 values calculated with the NR, KB, and MTT assays were lower than the highest concentration tested (40 mg/ml)."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of guarana with in vitro bioassays. Diaz, MM; Lopez, A; Muñoz-Mingarro, D; Pozuelo, JM; Santa Maria, A, 1998)	0.3
" Some of these agents have narrow therapeutic ranges and are associated with potentially serious adverse reactions, toxic effects, or drug interactions."	( Possible theophylline toxicity during anesthesia. Redden, RJ, 1996)	0.71
" In Ex I and II, no subjects had adverse effects and in Ex I no influence on ECG was seen."	( Usefulness and safety of theophylline injection form (Theodrip) for the treatment of acute asthma. Fukui, H; Katoh, H; Kawai, H; Kojima, J; Ohnishi, A; Onodera, K; Taniguchi, T, 2000)	0.61
" From the reports of suspected adverse reactions received by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation, it appears that more than half the cases concerned patients at risk of developing smoking-related diseases."	( [Uneasiness about the safety of bupropion as an aid to smoking cessation unjustified ]. Chavannes, NH; de Graaf, L; van Grootheest, AC; van Schayck, CP; Wagena, EJ, 2001)	0.31
"5 mg kg(-1)/day injections of theophylline showed toxic signs, in which plasma concentrations of theophylline were less than 110 and 22."	( Toxicity of theophylline depends on plasma concentration by single and also repeated dosing in rats. Furuta, H; Kamei, J; Kojima, J; Onodera, K; Shibata, M; Sogawa, N; Wachi, M, 2001)	0.98
" This case demonstrates that hemodialysis is a safe and effective means of enhancing theophylline elimination for neonatal theophylline overdose."	( Treatment of severe theophylline toxicity with hemodialysis in a preterm neonate. Ferris, ME; Gitomer, JJ; Khan, AM, 2001)	0.86
"The incidence of drug-induced adverse effects is likely to increase as a result of advanced age and exposure of elderly patients to polypharmacy."	( Asthma medications and their potential adverse effects in the elderly: recommendations for prescribing. Newnham, DM, 2001)	0.31
" Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), because of their efficacy, remain a cornerstone in managing persistent pediatric asthma, but also are associated with significant adverse effects, including growth suppression."	( Balancing safety and efficacy in pediatric asthma management. Skoner, DP, 2002)	0.31
" Some significant changes in vital signs and a number of mild adverse reactions were reported, but the overall safety profile of tamsulosin and theophylline was acceptable."	( Effects of the concomitant administration of tamsulosin (0.8 mg/day) on the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of theophylline (5 mg/kg): a placebo-controlled evaluation. Forrest, A; Ito, Y; Kamimura, H; Miyazawa, Y; Schentag, JJ; Starkey, LP; Swarz, H, )	0.54
" Treatment-related adverse events and discontinuations were more frequent among patients receiving THEO than among those receiving formoterol."	( Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Della Cioppa, G; Kottakis, J; Kristufek, P; Levine, BE; Rossi, A; Thomson, MH; Till, D, 2002)	0.53
" Reports of adverse events associated with the use of these non-prescription supplements have raised concerns in the United States regulatory community."	( The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Greenway, FL, 2001)	0.31
" Any adverse event occurring during the treatment period was recorded on a diary card."	( Efficacy and safety of oxitropium bromide, theophylline and their combination in COPD patients: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre study (BREATH Trial). Bellia, V; Bensi, G; Bianco, S; Foresi, A; Grassi, V; Olivieri, D; Volonté, M, 2002)	0.58
"10 years, 1997 with COPD), 261 theophylline-related adverse events were observed in 179 (4."	( A prospective clinical study of theophylline safety in 3810 elderly with asthma or COPD. Fukuchi, Y; Grouse, L; Mizutani, R; Ohta, K; Rabe, KF; Rennard, SI; Zhong, NS, 2004)	0.89
" None of the patients treated in this study had any adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous theophylline administration for treatment of mild acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Inoue, H; Kobayashi, H; Pian, HD; Tanifuji, Y; Yamauchi, K; Yoshida, T, 2005)	0.61
"These results suggest that IAT is useful for patients with mild acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma and is safe if serum theophylline concentrations are measured."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous theophylline administration for treatment of mild acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Inoue, H; Kobayashi, H; Pian, HD; Tanifuji, Y; Yamauchi, K; Yoshida, T, 2005)	0.81
" In the meantime, health care providers and pregnant women must work with the information that is available to evaluate the risks and benefits of a particular medication and alternative choices for treatment of asthma or allergy during pregnancy, while considering the potential for adverse effects if the woman with severe or uncontrolled asthma is under-treated."	( Safety of asthma and allergy medications in pregnancy. Chambers, C, 2006)	0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" The aim of this survey was to determine the occurrence of serious adverse reactions."	( A prospective survey on safety of sustained-release theophylline in treatment of asthma and COPD. Adachi, M; Fukuda, T; Kihara, N; Makino, S; Miyamoto, T; Nakajima, S; Nishima, S; Ohta, K, 2006)	0.58
" No serious adverse reactions were observed among the patients in this survey, although 54 patients (1."	( A prospective survey on safety of sustained-release theophylline in treatment of asthma and COPD. Adachi, M; Fukuda, T; Kihara, N; Makino, S; Miyamoto, T; Nakajima, S; Nishima, S; Ohta, K, 2006)	0.58
"The present survey demonstrates that sustained-release theophylline is safe, as long as used appropriately, although adverse reactions tend to develop early after initiation of administration."	( A prospective survey on safety of sustained-release theophylline in treatment of asthma and COPD. Adachi, M; Fukuda, T; Kihara, N; Makino, S; Miyamoto, T; Nakajima, S; Nishima, S; Ohta, K, 2006)	0.83
" Theophylline, a re-emerging drug for the treatment of obstructive airway disease, has a narrow therapeutic index which precludes its safe use."	( Free radicals and theophylline neurotoxicity : an experimental study. Gulati, K; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2007)	1.58
"We evaluated mechanisms contributing to the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on DNA synthesis, cell number and size, and cell signaling mediated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) in PC12 cells, a neuronotypic cell line that recapitulates the essential features of developing mammalian neurons."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" Nicotine, which stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but also possesses a mixture of prooxidant/antioxidant activity, had adverse effects by itself but also protected undifferentiated cells from the actions of CPF and had mixed additive/protective effects on cell number in differentiating cells."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
"Our results show definitive contributions of cholinergic hyperstimulation, oxidative stress, and interference with AC signaling in the developmental neurotoxicity of CPF and point to the potential use of this information to design treatments to ameliorate these adverse effects."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" Older people experience more adverse drug effects because of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes and particularly drug-drug and drug-disease interactions."	( Potential adverse effects of bronchodilators in the treatment of airways obstruction in older people: recommendations for prescribing. Gupta, P; O'Mahony, MS, 2008)	0.35
"Compared with the placebo, theophylline can improve lung function, arterial blood gas tensions and walking distance while the incidence of drug-related adverse events is higher."	( [Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of oral theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Fu, PF; Li, M; Peng, AM; Wang, CH; Yan, ZM; Zhang, GL; Zhang, Q, 2010)	0.92
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Although they have been known to have various adverse effects, most of the mechanisms remain still unknown."	( [Safety profile of antimicrobial agents]. Hori, S, 2011)	0.37
" Each patient was followed up fortnightly for the assessment of efficacy parameters using a pulmonary function test (PFT), clinical symptoms and emergency drug use, and safety was assessed by recording adverse drug reactions."	( Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kumar, R; Lal, D; Manocha, S; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2015)	0.67
"The comparative study showed that doxofylline was more effective as evidenced by improvement in PFT as well as clinical symptoms, and reduced incidence of adverse effects and emergency bronchodilator use."	( Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kumar, R; Lal, D; Manocha, S; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2015)	0.67
"Cisplatin is a potent antineoplastic agent used and its major limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity."	( The efficacy of theophylline in preventing cisplatin-related nephrotoxicity in patients with cancer. Dogruel, F; Karademir, LD; Kocyigit, I; Oymak, O; Sipahioglu, MH; Tokgoz, B; Unal, A; Yazici, C, 2016)	0.78
" It was established that the presence of an alkyl or allyl group increased the toxicity, whereas the presence of an aryl group in the cation decreased the toxic effect of ILs."	( Different antibacterial activity of novel theophylline-based ionic liquids - Growth kinetic and cytotoxicity studies. Borkowski, A; Chrzanowski, Ł; Cłapa, T; Markiewicz, B; Narożna, D; Pęziak, D; Selwet, M; Ławniczak, Ł, 2016)	0.7
" Adverse reactions were identified in 21 (21."	( Predictive Factors for Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Theophylline for Extubation in Infants with Apnea of Prematurity. Douchi, T; Irie, T; Irikura, M; Ishitsuka, Y; Kondo, T; Kondo, Y; Mitarai, F; Orita, Y; Shimodozono, Y; Takeda, Y, 2016)	0.68
"1 weeks old, and adverse reactions can easily develop when theophylline is administered soon after birth."	( Predictive Factors for Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Theophylline for Extubation in Infants with Apnea of Prematurity. Douchi, T; Irie, T; Irikura, M; Ishitsuka, Y; Kondo, T; Kondo, Y; Mitarai, F; Orita, Y; Shimodozono, Y; Takeda, Y, 2016)	0.92
"Given the low cost of theophylline, and its similar efficacy and rate of side effects compared with other drugs, we suggest that theophylline, when given with bronchodilators with or without steroids, is a cost-effective and safe choice for acute asthma exacerbations."	( Efficacy and side effects of intravenous theophylline in acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, J; Mahemuti, G; Ren, L; Tieliwaerdi, N; Zhang, H, 2018)	1.06
" The primary outcome measures were the efficacy of aminophylline treatment and adverse reactions observed upon administration."	( Factors affecting the efficacy and safety of aminophylline in treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonatal intensive care unit. Dong, Z; Lu, X; Lyu, Q; Mao, Y; Miao, C; Ye, C; Yu, L; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
"73%) infants had adverse reactions."	( Factors affecting the efficacy and safety of aminophylline in treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonatal intensive care unit. Dong, Z; Lu, X; Lyu, Q; Mao, Y; Miao, C; Ye, C; Yu, L; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
" Monitoring of serum theophylline concentration should be implemented in the absence of clinical response or in case of suspected adverse reactions."	( Factors affecting the efficacy and safety of aminophylline in treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonatal intensive care unit. Dong, Z; Lu, X; Lyu, Q; Mao, Y; Miao, C; Ye, C; Yu, L; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.83
" In addition, we assessed the risk of adverse events by normalising data on safety as a function of person-weeks."	( Efficacy and safety profile of xanthines in COPD: a network meta-analysis. Barnes, PJ; Calzetta, L; Cazzola, M; Criner, GJ; Gabriella Matera, M; Martinez, FJ; Papi, A, 2018)	0.48
" All side effects and adverse events were recorded."	( Safety of regadenoson with theophylline reversal during dynamic computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with coronary artery disease. Demkow, M; Kępka, C; Kruk, M; Marczak, M; Miłosz-Wieczorek, B; Oleksiak, A; Śpiewak, M, 2020)	0.86
"Regadenoson may be a safe vasodilator for CTP and MR MPI in patients with CAD."	( Safety of regadenoson with theophylline reversal during dynamic computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with coronary artery disease. Demkow, M; Kępka, C; Kruk, M; Marczak, M; Miłosz-Wieczorek, B; Oleksiak, A; Śpiewak, M, 2020)	0.86
" Dogs were monitored for potential adverse effects."	( Multidose pharmacokinetics and safety of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Campos, V; Fries, R; Kadotani, S; Lester, C; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Perkowski, C; Reinhart, JM, 2021)	0.86
" Short-term efficacy, pulmonary ventilation function, patient quality of life, peripheral blood TNF-alpha and PGDF-B levels, and adverse drug reactions were observed."	( Effects of Doxofylline Combined with Ceftazidime on Clinical Efficacy, Drug Safety, and Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated with Infection. Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" During the treatment, the remission time of typical respiratory manifestations was recorded, and the adverse reactions were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of combined doxofylline and salbutamol in treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bao, H; Du, X; Zhao, D, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, the adverse reaction rate had no significant difference between two groups (p>0."	( Efficacy and safety of combined doxofylline and salbutamol in treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bao, H; Du, X; Zhao, D, 2021)	0.62
" Interactions may occur between drugs used in combination to treat various diseases and may cause adverse events (AEs)."	( Analysis of drug adverse events in elderly patients based on the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database. Nagai, N; Okada, A; Sera, S; Taguchi, M; Yamada, H, 2022)	0.72
"The Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database was used to determine the incidence of AEs in elderly patients (aged 80 years or older) compared with patients aged less than 80 years old by evaluating the reporting odds ratio using the data obtained from reports."	( Analysis of drug adverse events in elderly patients based on the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database. Nagai, N; Okada, A; Sera, S; Taguchi, M; Yamada, H, 2022)	0.72
"Utilizing electronic medical records at the University of Colorado hospital, we identified patients ≥ 18 years of age who had a pharmacologic stress test using regadenoson during periods of aminophylline shortage (3/1/2013 to 5/31/2013 and 4/1/2018 to 8/30/2018) in which theophylline was used as an alternative antidote for side effect reversal."	( Safety and efficacy of IV theophylline for regadenoson-associated side effect reversal. Page, RL; Pham, VA; Quaife, RA; Raines, J; Shakowski, C, 2023)	1.39
" No adverse effects or events were reported."	( Safety and efficacy of IV theophylline for regadenoson-associated side effect reversal. Page, RL; Pham, VA; Quaife, RA; Raines, J; Shakowski, C, 2023)	1.21
"Due to limited availability of aminophylline, theophylline may be a safe and effective alternative to reverse regadenoson-associated side effects."	( Safety and efficacy of IV theophylline for regadenoson-associated side effect reversal. Page, RL; Pham, VA; Quaife, RA; Raines, J; Shakowski, C, 2023)	1.47

Pharmacokinetics

The ka and Cmax values for theophylline were significantly decreased, and the tmax was significantly increased. The pharmacokinetic characteristics (mean and standard deviation) were as follow: half life (T 1/2 6.94 mg/kg) of anhydrous theophylli.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" 3 The values of plasma theophylline half-life and clearance analyzed using a two-compartment open system model were found different between the two assay methods and dissimilar to those previously reported by using ultraviolet method."	( The effect of assay methods on plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of theophylline: HPLC and EIA. Ishizaki, T; Morishita, N; Watanabe, M, 1979)	0.8
" An inverse relationship was found between theophylline half-life and age."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in the young infant. Danish, M; Lecks, HI; Ragni, MC; Rosen, JP; Saccar, CL; Yaffe, SJ, 1979)	1.97
" Thus both theophylline and dyphylline showed pronounced difference in their pharmacokinetic profile."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline following intravenous injection in rabbits. Locock, RA; Ng, PK, 1979)	0.93
" In the therapeutic use of theophylline monitoring of the serum theophylline concentration is generally advised because of the elsewhere reported variability in the biological half-life of the compound."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ten elderly patients. Jakobsen, P; Magnussen, I; Nielsen-Kudsk, F, 1978)	0.88
" Marked inter- and intraindividual variations in the elimination half-life were noted."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of oral theophylline capsules. Brousseau, DR; Canada, AT; Eastwood, G; Lesko, LJ; Walker, D, 1979)	0.51
" The half-life of theophylline in cirrhotic patients was prolonged wiht a mean of 28."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hepatic disease. Imhoff, TE; Jusko, WJ; Lee, RV; Mangione, A; Shum, LY, 1978)	0.92
"Theophylline clearance rates and half-life values were measured in 15 infants aged three to 23 months, after infusion of aminophylline by the intravenous route for at least 24 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in infancy. Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1978)	2.02
"The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of equivalent theophylline doses of a delayed release formulation of oxtriphylline and a sustained release formulation given as single or six hourly repetitive dosings in six adult asthmatics."	( Pharmacokinetics of delayed (DR) versus sustained release (SR) theophylline formulations following single (SD) and repetitive dosing (RD). Bell, T; Katsampes, C; Leung, P, 1978)	0.73
"A system was developed for guiding theophylline therapy in acutely ill patients with respiratory disease and for recovery of pharmacokinetic information."	( System for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of theophylline therapy. Jusko, WJ; Koup, JR; Kuritzky, PM; Pyszczynski, DR; Schentag, JJ; Vance, JW, 1976)	0.79
" Data are lacking relating pharmacokinetic alterations to haemodynamic measurements in patients with cardiac failure."	( Pharmacokinetics in patients with cardiac failure. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
"), a value similar to that of children, but the half-life (30."	( Pharmacokinetic aspects of theophylline in premature newborns. Aranda, JV; Loughnan, PM; Neims, AH; Parsons, WD; Sitar, DS, 1976)	0.55
" 2 Pharmacokinetic assessment of the data indicated no significant intra-subject changes in kinetic parameters before or after chronic treatment with ephedrine HCl (11 mg three times a day) alone or in combination."	( The pharmacokinetics of ephedrine after oral dosage in asthmatics receiving acute and chronic treatment. May, CS; Paterson, JW; Pickup, ME; Ssendagire, R, 1976)	0.26
" levels in plasma indicated that theophylline behaves according to a two-compartment open modelmby relating the pharmacological activities to the drug level data using different pharmacokinetic types of calculation, it was concluded that the site of action of theophylline in the central nervous system lies closer to the central (plasma) compartment than to the peripheral one."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in relation to increased pain sensitivity in the rat. Paalzow, LK, 1975)	0.86
" However, the pharmacokinetic interaction between mexiletine and theophylline has not been clarified."	( [The effect of mexiletine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with bronchial asthma]. Hariya, Y; Hayakawa, H; Inafuku, M; Nagasawa, K; Nakahara, Y; Ohtsu, F; Suzuki, T; Yoshioka, Y, 1992)	0.81
" A theory is developed, for drugs that can be described by pure catenary pharmacokinetic models, which enables one to quantitatively determine at what time a cyclic infusion of drug should be initiated, what the frequency of infusion should be, and what the amplitude of the infusion should be to obtain maximum therapeutic benefit at steady state."	( Fundamental pharmacokinetic limits on the utility of using a sinusoidal drug delivery system to enhance therapy. Burnette, RR, 1992)	0.28
" Attention should be paid higher values of half-life in pregnancy in comparison with those obtained previously in healthy volunteers."	( [Pharmacokinetic examination of theophylline in pregnancy in cases of fetal anoxia]. Chmielewski, S; Jankowski, A; Skublicki, S; Szymański, M; Szymański, W, 1992)	0.57
" Animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 20 min each in the morning and evening every day for 26 days in the pharmacokinetic study, and 27 days for the enzyme assays."	( Influences of long-term cigarette smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics of theophylline, and on liver microsomal enzymes in rats. Araki, Y; Eto, K; Furuno, K; Gomita, Y; Mimaki, Y; Okazaki, M, 1992)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that THEO serum levels and elimination were not altered by concurrent CP administration."	( Effects of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials alone and in conjunction with theophylline on seizures in amygdaloid kindled rats. Mechanistic and pharmacokinetic study. Schwark, WS; Vancutsem, PM, 1992)	0.52
"The effect of Chinese herbal medicines (Huan Shao Tan and Pu Chung Yi Chi Tang) and western drugs (sodium phenobarbital and cimetidine) on the serum concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and cytochrome P-450 of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of three different ages were examined."	( Effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the pharmacokinetics of western drugs in Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages (II): Aminophylline-huan shao tan and aminophylline-pu chung yi chi tang. Chen, SM; Hou, SJ; Lin, SY; Perng, RI; Young, TK, 1992)	0.47
" The pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine in the suckling pup following iv bolus administration (5 mg/kg) was more prolonged compared with adult rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its demethylated metabolites in lactating adult rabbits and neonatal offspring. Predictions of breast milk to serum concentration ratios. Burgio, D; McNamara, PJ; Yoo, SD, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic profile of TH was determined."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline in isolated perfused liver of rabbits at different ages. Development of drug-metabolizing activity during ontogenesis. Barzago, MM; Bonati, M; Bortolotti, A; Celardo, A; Corada, M; Guaitani, A, )	0.43
" Analysis of theophylline plasma kinetics showed decreased clearance, increased half-life and increased volume of distribution in old vs."	( The effects of age on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of theophylline in vivo and in vitro in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Lesko, L; McMahon, TF; Peggins, JO; Weiner, M, 1992)	0.89
"This work deals with the pharmacodynamic problem of relating a drug effect E(t) to an observable pharmacokinetic (PK) predictor variable r(t), which may be a venous and/or arterial drug level, some other PK variable, or a drug infusion scheme."	( Pharmacodynamic system analysis of the biophase level predictor and the transduction function. Modi, NB; Veng-Pedersen, P, 1992)	0.28
" To address this matter, pharmacokinetic studies were performed in nine patients with severe, steroid-requiring asthma (ages 18-76 yrs) after the sixth weekly intramuscular dose of MTX."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate in adult asthmatics. Cochran, JE; Cott, GR; Erzurum, SC; Glynn-Barnhart, AM; Leff, JA; Martin, RJ; Szefler, SJ, 1992)	0.28
"The effect of a clinical pharmacokinetic consultation program for theophylline on the outcomes of pediatric patients with asthma was studied."	( Pharmacokinetic consultation program in a pediatric asthma clinic. Botha, JH; Miller, R; Tyrannes, I; Wesley, AG, 1992)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetic equations of Chiou, Koup, and Kurland are often used in the pediatric setting to predict steady-state theophylline clearance using non-steady serum theophylline concentrations."	( Ability of three pharmacokinetic equations to predict steady-state serum theophylline concentrations in pediatric patients. Hogue, SL; Phelps, SJ; Reiter, PD, 1992)	0.72
" The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 16."	( The pharmacokinetics of a slow-release theophylline preparation in horses after intravenous and oral administration. Errecalde, JO; Landoni, MF, 1992)	0.55
" Pharmacokinetic dose prediction methods have been developed allowing individual dosage adaptation."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic dose prediction methods. Oellerich, M, 1992)	0.28
" The relevance of the observed pharmacokinetic phenomena in serum is questionable for the CNS processes because animals convulsed late (starting 90 min) and no significant changes of brain levels of 1 were observed."	( Pharmacodynamic interactions between isoniazid and theophylline in mice and rats, and the influence of pyridoxine. Desta, Z; Steingruber, M, 1992)	0.54
" The application of the design technique is illustrated in two typical situations: lacking a probability model for the pharmacokinetic parameters (etomidate) and having a probability model for the pharmacokinetic parameters (theophylline)."	( Open-loop stochastic control of pharmacokinetic systems: a new method for design of dosing regimens. Lago, PJ, 1992)	0.47
"The influence of usual regimens of the H2 blocking drugs, cimetidine, ranitidine, and nizatidine on the steady-state plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline was studied in seventeen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Comparative investigation of the influence of nizatidine, ranitidine, and cimetidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in COPD patients. Bachmann, K; Jauregui, L; Levine, L; Martin, M; Mauro, LS; Sullivan, TJ, 1992)	0.68
"Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters after each treatment were determined by model independent pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Davis, RL; Kelly, HW; Powell, JR; Quenzer, RW, 1992)	1.99
"When administered alone, ciprofloxacin and cimetidine caused a significant increase in theophylline elimination half-life and a decrease in clearance."	( Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Davis, RL; Kelly, HW; Powell, JR; Quenzer, RW, 1992)	0.77
" There was no significant difference in theophylline half-life before treatment (7."	( [The influence of repirinast, an anti-allergic drug, on theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with bronchial asthma]. Dohi, Y; Houya, I; Kiuchi, H; Nagata, M; Sakamoto, Y; Tabe, K; Yamamoto, K, 1991)	0.8
" Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were determined noncompartmentally, and results of single and combined administration were compared."	( Effect of temafloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Callens, E; Chauvin, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Ruff, F; Santais, MC, 1991)	1.44
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs were estimated by model-independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of N7-substituted theophylline derivatives and their interaction with quinolone in rats. Apichartpichean, R; Hasegawa, T; Muraoka, I; Nabeshima, T; Nadai, M; Takagi, K, 1991)	0.53
" After a 10 mg/kg dose iv to adult rabbits and ip to rabbits at birth, the pharmacokinetic profile of TH was analyzed during liver perfusion at comparable TH concentrations in the medium."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in the newborn and adult rabbit. In vivo and isolated perfused liver approaches. Barzago, MM; Bonati, M; Bortolotti, A; Celardo, A; Corada, M; Guaitani, A, )	0.45
" Alcohol taken the night before caused a statistically significant decrease in plasma clearance together with an increase in elimination half-life of 33 percent with consequent increases in plasma concentrations."	( Social nocturnal alcohol consumption and pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Thompson, PJ, 1992)	0.52
" Since Cl and Vss increased similarly, the half-life of verofylline in obese rats did not change."	( Verofylline pharmacokinetics in dietary-induced obese rats: role of fat mass and protein binding in determining volume of distribution. Jusko, WJ; Shum, L, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to the concentration of theophylline in the sera of patients in the second group."	( [The effect of ranitidine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with obstructive lung disease]. Bojović, I; Despotović, N; Dmitrović, V; Milovanović, M; Paranos, S; Vidanović, M, )	0.65
" The potential exists for many clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between these and other concurrently administered drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions with calcium channel antagonists (Part I). Bottorff, MB; Myre, SA; Schlanz, KD, 1991)	0.28
" After the patient recovered, a pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that normal methylxanthine metabolism was re-established."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its metabolites during acute renal failure. A case report. Coates, PE; Elias-Jones, AC; Leakey, TE; Smith, KJ, 1991)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic model used was a one-compartment open model with single path Michaelis-Menten elimination."	( Steady-state population pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in adult asthmatic patients. Gervais, P; Houze, P; Koen, R; Lagier, G; Thomas, G, 1991)	0.52
" Time concentration curve of serum theophylline with the three formulations after single and multiple dosage schedules revealed significantly retarded absorption with the SR preparation."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained release and conventional tablets of theophylline plus hydroxyethyltheophylline and its comparison with tablet aminophylline. Gupta, KL; Gupta, S; Raina, RK; Samotra, K, )	0.65
" We conclude that in order to obtain complete pharmacokinetic profile of slow-release formulation FHA should also be included into the calculations."	( Evaluation of slow-release theophylline pharmacokinetics by Fourier's harmonic analysis. Jurcic, B; Lenardic, A; Suskovic, S, 1991)	0.58
"A scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic study of the behaviour of (Bronchoretard forte, CAS 58-55-9) was carried out in 8 healthy male volunteers to evaluate the sensitivity of the preparation to changes in gastric pH."	( Effect of pretreatment with ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal transit of a sustained release theophylline preparation. Barkworth, MF; Blackshaw, PE; Greaves, JL; Perkins, AC; Rehm, KD; Washington, N; Wilson, CG, 1991)	0.49
" The plasma theophylline concentrations after both standard and fatty diet were found to be comparable at each point of time and pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, T1/2a, T1/2 beta and AUC0-alpha, were also comparable."	( Effect of fatty diet on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a liquid theophylline preparation in volunteers. Biswas, NR; Garg, SK; Giriyappanavar, CR; Khosla, PP; Kumar, N; Lal, A; Saha, N; Sharma, PL; Tripathi, SK, 1991)	0.89
"To assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (Euphylong as retard pellets) children were studied belonging to age groups between 9 to 13 and 5 to 9 years in twice-daily dosage with unequal distribution of the daily doses."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of twice-daily unequal administration of theophylline retard pellets in children of various age groups]. Berdel, D; Heimann, G; Reinhardt, D; Sauter, R; Steinijans, VW; von Berg, A, 1991)	0.77
" The results of the presented multicenter study with Euphylong therefore confirm the pharmacokinetic and clinical data gained from single center studies with small patient numbers hitherto."	( [Multicenter study with a large number of patients for the validation of pharmacokinetic and clinical findings from controlled studies with small patient cohorts]. Götz, JK; Sauter, R, 1991)	0.28
"The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions were studied between nimesulide, a recently introduced non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and theophylline, another highly protein-bound drug, in patients who were receiving slow-release theophylline for a chronic airflow-obstruction and who also needed anti-inflammatory treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of slow-release theophylline during treatment with nimesulide. Auteri, A; Blardi, P; Bruni, F; Di Perri, T; Domini, L; Pasqui, AL; Saletti, M; Scaricabarozzi, I; Vargui, G; Verzuri, MS, 1991)	0.73
" An earlier tmax and a higher Cmax and AUC were observed in the subjects who received piperine and propranolol."	( Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Bano, G; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Raina, RK; Sharma, SC; Zutshi, U, 1991)	0.51
"Special interest in alternative approach to clinical pharmacokinetic research nowadays, especially in pediatric practice, is concerned on biological fluids obtainable by non- invasive methodology."	( When is the use of alternative biological fluid in pharmacokinetics possible; an example of theophylline. Agbaba, D; Miljkovic, B; Pokrajac, M; Varagic, VM, 1991)	0.5
" The range of clinically acceptable variation in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug A defines the equivalence range."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction as an equivalence problem. Hartmann, M; Huber, R; Radtke, HW; Steinijans, VW, 1991)	0.28
" Only a minor difference in theophylline half-life between control and continuous cimetidine infusion (7."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics: effect of continuous versus intermittent cimetidine i.v. infusion. Gaska, JA; Rocci, ML; Tietze, KJ; Vlasses, PH, 1991)	2.02
"To examine the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline, both drugs (1."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline in apnea of prematurity. Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Malek, F; Peliowski, A, 1991)	0.75
"The pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine was studied in 15 premature infants."	( Pharmacokinetic aspects of caffeine in premature infants. Carnevale, A; Chiarotti, M; De Carolis, MP; De Giovanni, N; Muzii, U; Romagnoli, C; Tortorolo, G, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to the concentration of theophylline in the sera of patients in the second group."	( [Effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease]. Bojović, I; Bozović, M; Despotović, N; Dmitrović, V; Milovanović, M; Paranos, S; Vidanović, M, 1991)	0.76
" Tmax was greater in theophylline tablets and a significant difference was apparent in the tablet-syrup and tablet-granule populations."	( [A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics and urinary metabolites of sustained-release theophylline syrup, granule and tablet preparations]. Horiuchi, Y; Takemura, T; Ueno, K, 1991)	0.82
" The half-life is relatively long for this class of drugs, being approximately 2-3 hr."	( The pharmacokinetics of ceftibuten in humans. Affrime, M; Barr, WH; Lim, J; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E; Symchowicz, S, )	0.13
" We conducted a two-way crossover study in 15 healthy male subjects to assess the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction between mexiletine and theophylline."	( Influence of mexiletine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. Destache, CJ; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM; Nipper, HC; Stoysich, AM, 1991)	0.73
" Half-life time (T1/2) was from four to 118 hours."	( [Post-dosage loading concentrations of theophylline and pharmacokinetic study after the fifth maintenance dosage in premature newborns with apnea]. Belmont-Gómez, A; Calderón-Mandujano, B; González-Treviño, J; Juárez-Olguín, H; Prado-Serrano, A; Rodríguez-Palomares, C; Udaeta-Mora, E, 1991)	0.55
" Further confirmation that there was no interference between erdosteine and theophylline was obtained from the data available on the group of patients receiving only theophylline, since its plasma levels and related pharmacokinetic parameters were identical to those obtained in patients receiving both drugs."	( Effects of erdosteine on sputum biochemical and rheologic properties: pharmacokinetics in chronic obstructive lung disease. Casadei, MC; Fregnan, GB; Guerzoni, P; Marchioni, CF; Moretti, M; Muratori, M; Scuri, R, 1990)	0.51
" The mean elimination half-life was 14 +/- 7 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic study of controlled-release choline theophyllinate in elderly patients. Beck, PR; Clarke, I; Gregory, J; le Cotonnec, JY; Mondal, BK, 1990)	0.28
"Studies of theophylline pharmacokinetics in humans have shown that a higher peak concentration and area under the curve (AUC), with a shorter time to peak (tp) occur after a morning dose than after an evening dose."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline in the cat. Dye, JA; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Neff-Davis, CA, 1990)	0.97
"The steady-state plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline were studied during intermittent treatment with dirithromycin."	( Changes in the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline during treatment with dirithromycin. Bachmann, K; DeSante, K; Jauregui, L; Martin, M; Nunlee, M; Sides, GD; Sullivan, T, 1990)	0.76
" The main differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters manifested themselves in the period of half-absorption--the least one for euphylline and the greatest one for theopac."	( [A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of oral preparations of theophylline]. Gavrilenko, LN; Gneushev, ET; Kunes, VG; Maĭorova, EM; Tsoĭ, AN, )	0.37
" There were no significant changes in theophylline plasma clearance, terminal half-life or volume of distribution during pinacidil administration."	( Lack of effect of pinacidil on theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man. Mellemkjaer, S; Nielsen, CB; Nielsen-Kudsk, JE; Siggaard, C, 1990)	0.84
" The maximum plasma drug concentration, minimum mean residence time, and minimum elimination half-life were observed at mid-cycle."	( Influence of the menstrual cycle on theophylline pharmacokinetics in asthmatics. Bruguerolle, B; Faraj, F; Razzouk, H; Toumi, M; Vervloet, D, 1990)	0.55
" Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different during thiabendazole therapy."	( Theophylline and antiparasitic drug interactions. A case report and study of the influence of thiabendazole and mebendazole on theophylline pharmacokinetics in adults. Gannon, R; Schneider, D; Shore, E; Sweeney, K, 1990)	2.63
" The mean half-life and volume of distribution were 10."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in black Zimbabwean males. Jameson, JP; Munyika, A, 1990)	1.72
" Serum theophylline concentration versus time curves were plotted and pharmacokinetic parameters determined for each subject."	( Lack of effect of piroxicam on theophylline clearance in healthy volunteers. Barlow, JC; Maponga, C; Schentag, JJ, 1990)	1.02
" No significant change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline or in the urinary recovery of unchanged drug and its metabolites was observed."	( Effect of mequitazine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic patients. Apichartpichean, R; Hasegawa, T; Kuzuya, T; Muraoka, I; Nadai, M; Takagi, K, 1990)	0.78
"In standard clinical practice the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline is monitored by measuring blood levels of the drug."	( [Different rates of theophylline clearance. A statistical study of a group of asthmatics]. Ardizzi, A; Bernardi, W; Bianchi, M; Bruna, S; Gai, R; Galietti, F; Giorgis, GE; Oliaro, A, 1990)	0.84
" Ceftibuten failed to alter either the systemic clearance of theophylline (CL), its volume of distribution (Vss), or its elimination half-life (t1/2)."	( Failure of ceftibuten to alter single dose theophylline clearance. Bachmann, K; Jauregui, L; Martin, M; Nunlee, M; Schwartz, J, 1990)	0.78
" Consequently, there was no significant prolongation of theophylline half-life after INH (7."	( Lowering of theophylline clearance by isoniazid in slow and rapid acetylators. Santoso, B, 1990)	0.9
" The elimination half-life of moricizine is 2 to 6 hours, but its duration of antiarrhythmic action is much longer suggesting active metabolites."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of moricizine. Barbey, JT; Schwartz, SL; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1990)	0.28
" The purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccination of horses with equine influenza virus affected pharmacokinetic parameters describing the distribution and elimination of intravenously administered theophylline."	( The lack of effect of inoculation with equine influenza vaccine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in the horse. Blay, PK; Clarke, CR; Edington, N; Horner, MW; Moss, MS; Short, CR, 1986)	0.69
", a randomized, crossover study was undertaken to determine if there were a pharmacokinetic interaction between these two medications."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the terfenadine-theophylline interaction. Fitzsimmons, WE; Luskin, AT; Luskin, SS; MacLeod, CM, 1989)	0.54
" The mean half-life of elimination was shown to be 17."	( Pharmacokinetics and cardio-respiratory effects of oral theophylline in exercised horses. Appelgren, LE; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Kallings, P; Persson, S; Wiese, B, 1989)	0.52
" Blood samples are taken on days 4 and 5 to check steady-state plasma levels of theophylline and on days 6 and 7 to determine the main pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and rioprostil. d'Athis, P; de Lauture, D; Olive, G; Paccaly, D; Prunieras, F; Rey, E; Richard, MO; Strauch, G, 1989)	0.78
"A possible pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and repirinast has been investigated in asthmatic patients."	( Lack of effect of repirinast on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic patients. Apichartpichean, R; Hasegawa, T; Horiuchi, T; Kuzuya, T; Nadai, M; Ogura, Y; Takagi, K, 1989)	0.78
" It is concluded that the pharmacokinetic properties of 8-PT are likely to complicate its use in-vivo."	( Pharmacokinetics of 8-phenyltheophylline in the rat. Bowmer, CJ; Collis, MG; Wormald, A; Yates, MS, 1989)	0.57
" The precision of the serum concentration prediction from salivary measurements in individual patients was sufficient to obtain identical pharmacokinetic parameters and parallel concentration-time curves."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily theophylline dose following the morning versus evening administration. Elis, J; Trnavská, Z; Vondra, V, 1989)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline, calculated from its plasma concentration at steady-state, were not affected by the co-treatment."	( Lack of effect of ponsinomycin on the plasma pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Bizouard, J; Couet, W; Fourtillan, JB; Girault, J; Ingrand, I; Reigner, B, 1989)	0.79
"Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were compared in healthy males and healthy premenopausal females who were matched for age and smoking status."	( Sex-related differences in theophylline pharmacokinetics. Bertino, JS; Nafziger, AN, 1989)	2.02
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of this product were shown to be comparable."	( [The pharmacokinetics of theopek--a new Soviet prolonged-action drug form of theophylline--in patients with bronchial asthma]. Abazova, FI; Belousov, IuB; Chervinskaia, TA; Kholodov, LE; Sokolov, AV, )	0.36
"05) between the control and treatment phases with respect to any of the following pharmacokinetic parameters of TH: area under the plasma total TH concentration time curve; fraction unbound in plasma; area under the plasma unbound TH concentration time curve; terminal half-life; apparent volume of distribution; apparent total plasma clearance and renal clearance."	( Lack of effect of co-trimoxazole on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered theophylline. Lo, KF; Nation, L; Sansom, LN, )	0.36
" Theophylline was given at a dose of 6 mg/kg orally on an empty stomach and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the estimated plasma concentration of theophylline."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in well-nourished and malnourished asthmatic children. Garg, SK; Kumar, L; Lal, R; Shukla, VK; Singh, S, 1989)	2.63
"In a double blind randomized cross-over design including 18 healthy male volunteers a pellet formulation designed for twice-daily dosage (reference-formulation) and of common use in the Federal Republic of Germany was compared to Euphylong-pellets (formulation E) with respect to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile."	( [Comparison of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of a theophylline pellet formulation designed for once-daily dosage with a pellet preparation designed for twice-daily dosage]. Keinke, O, 1989)	0.51
"The authors have explored the effects of cefonicid on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release theophylline formulation in 12 adult patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease, by comparing the pharmacokinetic data obtained following four days of medication with theophylline alone with those found at the end of seven days of combined treatment with the same theophylline preparation plus cefonicid."	( The effects of cefonicid on the pharmacokinetics of a once-a-day theophylline formulation. Cazzola, M; D'Amato, G; Lobefalo, G; Lupis, F; Martucci, P; Vanacore, L, 1989)	0.72
"In an open randomized cross-over study involving a total of 12 healthy male subjects (mean age: 29 years), the pharmacokinetic profile of Pulmo-Timelets was compared with that of a theophylline controlled-release tablet (each administered at a dose of 600 mg theophylline in the controlled-release form) in the steady state after saturation with a single evening application over 4 days."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Repeated single evening administration of Pulmo-Timelets slow-release capsules in comparison with theophylline slow-release tablets]. Behrendt, WA; Breuel, HP; Heusinger, JH; Wolfstädter, HD, 1989)	0.79
"The disposition of theophylline in healthy ruminating calves was best described by a first-order 2-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of theophylline given intravenously and orally to ruminating calves. Davis, LE; Koritz, GD; Langston, VC; Neff-Davis, C, 1989)	0.89
"001) and no significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic data derived from the respective concentration-time curves."	( The pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its dimethylxanthine metabolites in patients with chronic liver disease. Chakraborty, J; Marks, V; Morgan, MY; Scott, NR; Stambuk, D, 1989)	0.28
" A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination was used, with intravenous aminophylline and oral theophylline administration modeled as zero-order infusions."	( The population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in neonates and young infants. Banagale, RC; Faix, RG; Grasela, TH; Moore, ES, 1989)	0.76
"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of sustained-release anyhdrous theophylline (Theolair-SR) were similar when doses were given either immediately after or two hours after low-fat meals in children with moderate asthma requiring daily theophylline maintenance."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of sustained-release theophylline (Theolair-SR) in relation to timing of doses after low-fat meals. Harrison, LI; Kvam, DC; McCarville, SE; Moyer, TP; O'Connell, EJ; Sachs, MI; Welsh, PW; Wick, KA, 1989)	0.76
"Elimination half-life and apparent volume of distribution of theophylline were determined in ten healthy volunteers who used smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) regularly but did not smoke cigarettes."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline and levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in smokeless tobacco users. Brown, WJ; Parish, RC; Terrell, JR, 1989)	0.81
" Special attention was paid to circadian rhythms in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects, during 24 h of measuring."	( Chronopharmacodynamics and kinetics after symmetric and asymmetric multiple theophylline doses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Berg, WC; Gimeno, F; Jonkman, JH; Steenhuis, EJ; van Veenen, R; Weibel, MA, 1989)	0.51
" Slo-bid and Theo-Dur appear to have pharmacokinetic characteristics which, if given once-daily, would maintain plasma theophylline concentrations of 5-20 micrograms/ml in the cat."	( Sustained-release theophylline pharmacokinetics in the cat. Dye, JA; Jones, SD; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Neff-Davis, CA, 1989)	0.82
" In the multiple dose study which lasted five days, Cmax, the mean minimum concentration (Cmin), the peak-trough fluctuation (delta P-T) and Tmax in plasma were 13."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sustained-release theophylline formulation, Slo-bid, in both single and multiple dosing studies of asthmatic children]. Baba, M; Iwasaki, E, 1989)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline in plasma were calculated."	( Effects of alpha-interferon on theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism. De Noord, OE; Eckert, M; Farrow, PR; Grasmeijer, G; Guentert, TW; Jonkman, JH; Nicholson, KG; Oosterhuis, B, 1989)	0.85
" The elimination half-life (T 1/2), total body clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) of theophylline were calculated using model-independent methods."	( Effect of quinolone antimicrobials on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Adair, CG; Casabar, E; Kasik, JE; Lettieri, J; Prince, RA; Wexler, DB, 1989)	0.76
" In this article some problems and common errors in the data-reduction methods applied in biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic research are discussed."	( Data-reduction problems in biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. Wynne, HJ; Zuidema, J, 1989)	0.28
"Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data collected prospectively from pediatric patients receiving theophylline were analyzed using the NONMEM (nonlinear mixed effects model) digital computer program."	( Evaluation of theophylline pharmacokinetics in a pediatric population using mixed effects models. Casto, DT; Driscoll, MS; Littlefield, LC; Ludden, TM, 1989)	0.86
"5% of the variability in Vss and CL respectively, and represent an innovative approach to the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Relationship of bioelectrical impedance to pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in healthy males. Peterson, E; Popovich, J; Zarowitz, BJ, 1989)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic of paraxanthine, one of the primary metabolites of caffeine, is described for the first time."	( Pharmacokinetics of paraxanthine, one of the primary metabolites of caffeine, in the rat. Bonati, M; Bortolotti, A; Jiritano, L, )	0.13
" Concomitant famotidine administration did not alter any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (AUC0- infinity; 38."	( Cimetidine versus famotidine: the effect on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Ferguson, RK; Mojaverian, P; Rocci, ML; Saccar, CL; Vlasses, PH, )	0.59
" In the latter total biliary diversion had no effect on the clearance or half-life of theophylline after intravenous administration."	( Studies on the mechanisms of action of activated charcoal on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Desmond, PV; Ghabrial, H; Harman, PJ; Kamm, M; Martin, CJ; Mashford, ML; Mckinnon, RS, 1987)	0.74
"01) increased half-life (8."	( The effects of a beta-2 selective adrenergic agonist and a beta-nonselective antagonist on theophylline clearance. Bertino, JS; Goldberg, A; Lombardi, TP; Middleton, E; Slaughter, RL, 1987)	0.49
"The pharmacokinetic mechanism of the theophylline-terbutaline interaction has been studied."	( Increased theophylline clearance in asthmatic patients due to terbutaline. Garty, M; Ilfeld, DN; Mazar, A; Paul-Keslin, L; Rosenfeld, JB; Spitzer, S, 1989)	0.95
" Data was analyzed by two different pharmacokinetic approaches."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline before and after nephrectomy in dogs. Brashear, RE; Karol, MD; Veng-Pedersen, P, )	0.45
" In nocturnal asthma the pharmacodynamic differences may be eliminated with evening dosing."	( Comparison between steady state pharmacokinetics and effects of two once-daily, slow-release theophylline formulations in nocturnal asthma. Almind, M; Frølund, L; Madsen, F; Nielsen, NH; Svendsen, UG; Weeke, B, 1988)	0.49
"The effect of influenza vaccination on steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in six healthy young adults by comparing pharmacokinetic parameters found on days 4 and 5 during a 5-day course of theophylline alone with those obtained after influenza vaccination on day 4 of a second study phase."	( No effect of influenza vaccination on theophylline pharmacokinetics as studied by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, HPLC, and EMIT assay methods. Beugelink, JK; de Zeeuw, RA; Jedema, JN; Jonkman, JH; Oosterhuis, B; van der Boon, WV; Wymenga, AS, 1988)	0.78
" In steady-state we did the pharmacokinetic studies at 1 h, 4 h and 6 h after the administration of one dose."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in children with acute asthmatic crisis]. Casasín Edo, T; Closa Monasterolo, R; Gómez Papi, A; Llusa Arbos, M; Tarrés Roure, A, 1988)	0.59
" Percent changes in venous pCO2 and pO2 were used as parameters of the pharmacodynamic action."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of theophylline in geriatric patients with multiple diseases]. Bauer, M; Mühlberg, W; Platt, D; Salzner, U, 1987)	0.54
"4 degrees C (mean +/- SD) was achieved at the time of the pharmacodynamic measurements."	( Kinetics of drug action in disease states. XXVI: Effect of fever on the pharmacodynamics of theophylline-induced seizures in rats. Levy, G; Yasuhara, M, 1988)	0.5
"We have compared the pharmacokinetic properties of a slow-release theophylline-hydroxyzine combination and a slow-release theophylline preparation both after a single dose administration and at steady state after the dosage of twice/day for four days in ten healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of a slow-release theophylline-hydroxyzine combination and a plain slow-release theophylline preparation. Karttunen, P; Kokkonen, P; Parviainen, M; Savolainen, K; Silvasti, M; Tukiainen, H, 1988)	0.77
" We evaluated their relaxant effects on tracheal smooth muscle isolated from guinea pigs and pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats using 1,3-dimethylxanthine (theophylline, TPH) as the reference drug."	( Studies on alkyl-xanthine derivatives. II. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of a new bronchodilator, 1-methyl-3-propylxanthine (MPX). Hasegawa, T; Kuzuya, T; Miyamoto, K; Nadai, M; Ogawa, K; Ruttikorn, A; Takagi, K, 1988)	0.47
" Theophylline clearance, volume of distribution and half-life were not influenced by atenolol pretreatment."	( Lack of effect of atenolol on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Bertino, JS; Cerasa, LA; Ludwig, EA; Middleton, E; Savliwala, M; Slaughter, RL, 1988)	1.43
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile after single and multidose oral administration of a new slow-release theophylline formulation and the bioavailability at steady-state during two dosing intervals (5th and 8th day) in 6 healthy subjects."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics following single and repeated administration of slow-release capsules. Barbanoj, MJ; Izquierdo, I; Jane, F; Nomen, M; Obach, R; Torrent, J, )	1.78
" In the remaining 13 patients, optimal concentrations of the drug were attained during most of the 24 hours, and there were only minor pharmacokinetic differences between the two periods of treatment."	( The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of slow-release theophylline with asymmetric dosing in asthmatic Chinese. Pang, JA; Swaminathan, R; Zhang, YG, 1988)	0.53
"8 years using orally derived pharmacokinetic data and the first-order absorption equation."	( A pharmacokinetic dosing method for oral theophylline in pediatric patients. Bradley, JM; Brocks, DR; Lee, KC; Tam, YK; Weppler, CP, 1988)	0.54
"3 years) were administered aminophylline, 5 mg/kg, before and after a 6-day course of norfloxacin, 400 mg every 12 hours, and changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were measured and compared."	( Evaluation of the effect of norfloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Dales, RE; Ho, G; Tierney, MG, 1988)	0.51
"We compared a least squares regression method, used prospectively to individualise the intravenous aminophylline and oral theophylline dosage of 48 patients, with 3 other pharmacokinetic methods - Chiou's, the steady-state clearance and the Bayesian - used retrospectively to analyse the same patient data."	( A comparison of the accuracy of a least squares regression, a Bayesian, Chiou's and the steady-state clearance method of individualising theophylline dosage. Hurley, SF; McNeil, JJ, 1988)	0.69
"The predictive performance of 2 theophylline pharmacokinetic dosing programs (Abbott and Simkin) was evaluated using a group of 44 inpatients who had 2 serum concentrations (TSC) measured during hospitalization."	( The relative predictive performance of two theophylline pharmacokinetic dosing programs. Bottorff, MB; Greene, WL; Hoon, TJ; Whidden, MA; Wood, CA, 1988)	0.82
" A crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetic and clinical response to Theolan Suspension (administered every 12 hours) with aminophylline solution (administered every 8 hours) in children younger than 12 years of age is reported."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a sustained-release liquid theophylline preparation. Altman, RE; Bottini, PB; Brown, DA; DuRant, RH; Guill, MF; Lawless, TE; Pruitt, AW, 1988)	0.51
" Total clearance, terminal half-life and volume of distribution of erythromycin were not altered by concomitant theophylline treatment."	( Influence of theophylline on the renal clearance of erythromycin. Gundert-Remy, U; Hildebrandt, R; Möller, H, 1987)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetic and clinical efficacy of three theophylline slow-release formulations was studied in 29 children suffering chronic bronchial asthma."	( [Monitoring of three delayed-release preparations of theophylline in the plasma of children: pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic significance]. Domínguez Granados, R; Girón Caro, F; Gómez Rubio, M; Molina Font, JA; Pita Calandre, E, 1987)	0.77
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study of theophylline between the first and repeated oral administration and the assessment of clinical utility of theophylline test-dose concept were performed in 6 (study I) and 4 (study II) healthy male volunteers with different dosing schedules."	( Time-dependent pharmacokinetics of theophylline: failure of application of the test-dose concept. Goto, M; Hasegawa, M; Johno, I; Kitazawa, S; Yokochi, Y, 1987)	0.82
" No significant differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters between these two dosage forms were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral theophylline in Thai asthmatic children. Geadsomnuig, S; Habananada, S; Koysooko, R; Pinthong, T; Tuchinda, M; Wattanapermpool, J, 1987)	0.58
"The pharmacokinetic interactions of ofloxacin (2 X 200 mg) and theophylline (3 X 200 mg) were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers over a period of two weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and theophylline alone and in combination. Beck, S; Fourtillan, JB; Granier, J; Saint-Salvi, B; Salmon, J; Surjus, A; Tremblay, D; Vincent Du Laurier, M, 1986)	0.79
" single) and showed no significant effect on total body clearance, serum half-life (T1/2) and AUC of theophylline, while enoxacin by the same pretreatment increased significantly serum theophylline concentrations and resulted in significant effect on all the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Lack of effect of ofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. Miyazaki, K; Okazaki, O; Tachizawa, H, 1987)	0.77
" With pharmacokinetic individualization of theophylline dosage, more patients achieved serum concentrations in the therapeutic range, and there was a tendency for more rapid clinical improvement."	( A randomized controlled clinical trial of pharmacokinetic theophylline dosing. Brignell, MJ; Dziukas, LJ; Hurley, SF; McNeil, JJ, 1986)	0.78
" These results agree with clinical data reported on the influence of estroprogestative drugs on theophylline kinetics in women (higher elimination half-life and lower clearance)."	( [Changes in the pharmacokinetics of theophylline during estrus in rats]. Bruguerolle, B, 1987)	0.77
"The possible pharmacokinetic interactions between pirenzepin and theophylline were investigated in an open single blind trial."	( Pirenzepin does not alter the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Meryn, S; Rameis, H; Sertl, K, 1987)	0.76
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline did not change during co-administration of ofloxacin and nalidixic acid."	( The influence of quinolone derivatives on theophylline clearance. van Herwaarden, CL; Vree, TB; Wijnands, WJ, 1986)	0.81
" No significant changes in ICG clearance or half-life were noted."	( Effect of multiple dose oral ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and indocyanine green. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Whitbread, MA, 1987)	0.51
" A novel universal elementary dosing regimen (uedr), that allows general pharmacokinetic modeling of these clinical regimens, is presented and developed mathematically."	( Efficient pharmacokinetic modeling of complex clinical dosing regimens: the universal elementary dosing regimen and computer algorithm EDFAST. Kreeft, JH; Sebaldt, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" Increases in half-life during the third trimester (13."	( Longitudinal effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Cousins, L; Gardner, MJ; Jusko, WJ; Middleton, E; Schatz, M; Zeiger, R, 1987)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance (Cl), volume of distribution, and half-life were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Intraindividual variability in theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects with mild/moderate asthma. Adams, E; Choi, L; Goldberg, A; Middleton, E; Slaughter, RL, 1987)	0.56
" The accuracy of a computer based pharmacokinetic prediction method based on Bayesian analysis has been evaluated for an oral show release form of theophylline."	( The accuracy of a pharmacokinetic theophylline predictor using once daily dosing. Chrystyn, H; Mulley, BA; Peake, MD, 1987)	0.75
"A pharmacokinetic analysis of two sustained-release dosage forms of theophylline (Theo-Dur and Theotrim) was carried out following single and multiple dose administrations of the two formulations in five healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of sustained-release dosage forms of theophylline in humans: comparison of single and multiple dose studies. Bialer, M; Friedman, M; Hussein, Z; Raz, I, )	0.61
" Saliva appears to be a convenient and noninvasive alternative to blood for the assessment of the variable pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and for around-the-clock monitoring of individual dosage regimens, especially in paediatric patients."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline in serum and saliva. Elis, J; Rejholec, V; Spicák, V; Trnavská, Z, 1987)	0.74
"A new technique, the area method, is derived for the determination of partition coefficients for both blood-flow limited and membrane limited physiological pharmacokinetic models."	( Area method for the estimation of partition coefficients for physiological pharmacokinetic models. Gallo, JM; Lam, FC; Perrier, DG, 1987)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic response of theophylline following the oral administration of activated charcoal was investigated in rabbits."	( Kinetics of theophylline clearance in gastrointestinal dialysis with charcoal. Huang, JD, 1987)	0.94
" The lack of change in the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline indicates that adjustment of the dosage regimen should not be necessary immediately after smoking withdrawal."	( Lack of effect of withdrawal from cigarette smoking on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Eldon, MA; Luecker, PW; MacGee, J; Ritschel, WA, 1987)	0.77
" Compared to the theophylline levels in non-smokers, lower concentrations were observed in smokers at elimination phase by measurements of both the plasma and salivary levels, but shorter elimination half-life in smokers was indicated only in salivary data."	( Study of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline following administration of two sustained release dosage forms as assessed by salivary data: Part II. Higashi, A; Inotsume, N; Iwaoku, R; Matsuda, I; Matsukura, M; Nakano, M; Ohmori, N; Tobino, Y, 1986)	0.87
" The intravenous antipyrine test demonstrated an unusually short half-life (5."	( Large theophylline requirements due to high theophylline clearance: verification by the antipyrine test. Blyden, GT; Greenblatt, DJ; LeDuc, BW, 1986)	0.75
" Values for elimination half-life (7."	( Theophylline clearance in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving supplemental oxygen and the effect of acute hypoxemia. Charan, NB; Crowley, JJ; Cusack, BJ; Mercer, GD; Vestal, RE, 1986)	1.71
"By the presented study the relative bioavailabilities and some important pharmacokinetic parameters should be evaluated after oral application of a single-dose of three different diphenhydramine (DPH, 2-diphenylmethoxy-N,N-dimethylethylamine)preparations in a randomized, cross-over design to 12 healthy volunteers."	( [Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diphenhydramine in man]. Gielsdorf, W; Graf, F; Lutz, D; Pabst, G, 1986)	0.27
"13 L/kg, a value similar to those previously reported, but the half-life (16."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature infants on the first day of life. Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Stile, IL; Zolfaghari, S, 1986)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out after at least one week's treatment with this dose."	( Methods of comparing pharmacokinetics of slow release preparations: a comparison of "Theo-Dur" and "Phyllocontin" in patients with asthma. Jackson, SH; Shah, K; Turner, P, 1986)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data [volume of distributions (V), elimination constants (k)] measured in a group of 55 adult bronchitic patients were utilized to conduct the simulations."	( Evaluation of the effect of variability in the volume of distribution of theophylline on the predictability of the iterative and the Chiou methods using computer simulations. Pancorbo, S, 1986)	0.5
" Oral administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal significantly decreased the serum half-life and AUC (area under the curve) and increased the total body clearance of both theophylline and phenobarbital as compared with their respective controls."	( Accelerated clearance of intravenously administered theophylline and phenobarbital by oral doses of activated charcoal in rats. A possibility of the intestinal dialysis. Arimori, K; Nakano, M, 1986)	0.71
" The approximate volume of distribution (aVd) and extrapolated peak concentration (Cp0) in the 3 groups were not different."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in pregnant and lactating rats. Ben-Zvi, Z; Brandstetter, Y; Kaplanski, J; van Creveld, C, 1986)	1.71
" Data were collected retrospectively for three time periods: three months before, four months during, and three months after a period of intervention by a pharmacist with special responsibilities for pharmacokinetic monitoring of patients on a medical team."	( Impact of decentralized pharmacokinetics consultation service. Bernstein, LR; Herfindal, ET; Winter, ME, 1986)	0.27
"01) with no change in plasma half-life or plasma binding."	( Increased clearance of propranolol and theophylline by high-protein compared with high-carbohydrate diet. Bai, SA; Fagan, TC; Gaffney, TE; Oexmann, MJ; Walle, T; Walle, UK, 1987)	0.54
" The results indicated little clinical difference between the two medications although there were statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior between the two theophylline preparations."	( A comparative trial of the clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 12-hour and 24-hour controlled release theophylline preparations in patients with chronic asthma. Decouto, J; Edelman, L; Janky, DG; Miller, E; Tinkelman, DG, 1985)	0.67
"High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) were compared in a theophylline pharmacokinetic study."	( Comparison of high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence polarization immunoassay methods in a theophylline pharmacokinetic study. Bottorff, MB; Lalonde, RL; Straughn, AB, 1985)	0.69
" The present results suggest that the mechanism responsible for the observed pharmacokinetic changes in the protein-deficient rats is related to the reduced amount and/or activity of the hepatic mixed function oxidases."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in protein-calorie malnutrition. Jung, D, )	0.45
"The effect of cefaclor on the steady state pharmacokinetics of theophylline was investigated in healthy young adults by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters as found during a nine days course of theophylline alone and as obtained during co-medication with the antibiotic cefaclor."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline during co-treatment with cefaclor. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1986)	0.8
"The effect of the antibiotic drug amoxicillin on steady state pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in healthy adults by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters as found during a 9 day course of theophylline alone and as obtained during comedication with amoxicillin."	( Lack of effect of amoxicillin on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.78
"The effect of the antibiotic drug cefaclor on steady state pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in healthy adults by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters as found during a 9 days course of theophylline alone and as obtained during comedication with cefaclor."	( No effect of cefaclor on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.8
" The biological half-life of theophylline was found to be 14."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in horses. Appelgren, LE; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Lindholm, A; Ottosson, T; Paalzow, G; Paalzow, L, 1985)	0.86
"The influence of the antibiotic drug doxycycline on steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in nine healthy adults by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters measured during a 9-day course of theophylline alone and during comedication with doxycycline."	( No influence of doxycycline on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.78
"We have carried out a steady state pharmacokinetic comparison of three different theophylline preparations in nine healthy volunteers using a once a day dosage schedule of 600 mg theophylline given before bedtime for four days."	( Night-time pharmacokinetics of once a day theophylline: a steady state comparison of three preparations. Karttunen, P; Nykänen, S; Saano, V; Tukiainen, H, 1985)	0.76
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (T 1/2, Kel, VD, Cl and AUC) did not differ between both groups."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a new slow-release theophylline preparation in asthmatic children]. Caballero, L; Gil, MC; Mazón, A; Nieto, A, 1985)	0.54
" While much is known about the determinants of theophylline disposition in patients with asthma, enabling individualized pharmacokinetically based therapy, it is difficult to predict the clinical pharmacodynamic outcome."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of theophylline. Baker, J; Ezra, D; Lenert, LL; Nichols, AI; Peck, CC, 1985)	0.82
"Thirteen volunteers received an iv dose of theophylline followed by blood sampling for 8 h to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Personality and theophylline pharmacokinetics. Cooper, CA; Jackson, SH; Turner, TH, 1985)	0.88
" It appears that during the first 3-9 months of low dose oral contraceptive treatment, these steroids do not alter the pharmacokinetic behaviour of theophylline in adolescent females."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in adolescent females following coadministration of oral contraceptives. Chin, TF; Correia, J; Koren, G; MacLeod, SM; Tesoro, A, 1985)	1.91
"A computer-based approach for estimating pharmacokinetic data and predicting plasma drug concentrations based on two measurements of plasma drug concentrations was compared with a standard two-point method for estimating aminoglycoside (AG) pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Experience with a computer-based technique for estimating pharmacokinetic constants from limited data. Bachmann, K; Forney, R; Gronau, G; Pongsin, V, 1985)	0.27
"The influence of amoxycillin and theophylline on their mutual steady-state pharmacokinetics was studied in healthy adults by comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters as obtained during a 10-day course of each drug alone and after giving the drugs in combination."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and theophylline during cotreatment with both medicaments. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, AH; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.81
" The mean peak serum concentrations of both drugs, the time at which peak serum concentrations occurred, and elimination half-life values were similar for theobromine and theophylline."	( The bronchodilator effect and pharmacokinetics of theobromine in young patients with asthma. Becker, AB; Gillespie, CA; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1985)	0.46
"A pharmacokinetic method for individualizing theophylline dosage is described."	( The effectiveness of drug level monitoring and pharmacokinetics in individualizing theophylline therapy. Fitzpatrick, RW; Moss-Barclay, C, 1985)	0.75
" After a single dose of Theo-Dur, the peak concentration of theophylline was smaller and occurred later than after single doses of Nuelin SA, Phyllocontin and Slo-phyllin, suggesting that absorption occurs over a longer period."	( The rise and fall of serum theophylline concentration: a comparison of sustained-release formulations in volunteers with rapid theophylline clearance. Kuhn, S; Mucklow, JC, 1985)	0.81
" The lower interindividual deviations with respect to the parameters of Cmax and AUC after administration of GTR-80 as against the control preparation should be of interest in therapeutical use."	( [Pharmacokinetics and biologic availability of a new theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Brüller, W; Fischer, M; Tritthart, W, 1985)	0.52
" These results suggest the need for cautious interpretation of some venous pharmacokinetic data."	( Instantaneous input hypothesis in pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, ML; Chiou, WL; Lam, G; Lee, MG, 1981)	0.26
" The results indicate that, from a metabolic and pharmacokinetic viewpoint, aminophylline and theophylline are not equivalent."	( A metabolic and pharmacokinetic comparison of theophylline and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine). Caldwell, J; Monks, TJ; Smith, RL, 1981)	0.74
"Authors have studied pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in a sample of 21 children with bronchial asthma, through evolution of plasmatic concentrations, evaluated by RIA, in order to appreciate therapeutic response to it depending on the time-variation of such concentrations."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in infantile bronchial asthma. Clinical findings]. Girón, F; Loscertales, M; Martínez Sampere, JJ; Olea, N; Pedraza, V; Puentes, C; Ruiz Estremera, A, 1982)	0.84
" For the evaluation of drug input schemes it is essential to know the pharmacokinetic parameters and their variation for different dosage forms."	( Pharmacolinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis of theophylline for three different drug forms. Appel, R; Reinhardt, D; Richter, O, 1981)	0.51
" This review addresses the clinical pharmacokinetic aspects of drug therapy in haemodialysis patients and considers: (a) the effects of ESRD on the general pharmacokinetics of drugs; (b) dialysis clearance and its impact on drug and metabolite elimination; (c) the definition of dialysability and the criteria for evaluation of drug dialysability; (d) pharmacokinetic parameters which are useful in the prediction of drug dialysability; and (e) the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the adjustment of dosage regimens in haemodialysis patients."	( Drug therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Lee, CS; Marbury, TC, )	0.13
" This paper presents seven cases where pharmacokinetic profiling specifically identified the etiology for low theophylline concentrations."	( Use of pharmacokinetic profile in evaluating patients with repeatedly low theophylline concentrations. Baswell, B; Georgitis, JW; Shen, DD; Szefler, SJ, 1984)	0.71
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of three oral sustained-release theophylline preparations in steady state (350 mg Theograd, 350 mg Theolair Retard [= Nuelin Retard], and 300 mg Theolin Retard [= Theodur]) were compared in a group of six normal subjects and six patients with moderately severe asthmatic bronchitis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three sustained-release theophylline preparations (350 mg Theograd, 350 mg Theolair Retard and 300 mg Theodur) in steady state in healthy volunteers and asthmatics--Part I: Theophylline plasma levels. Drost, RH; Kreukniet, J; Maes, RA; van der Vet, AP, 1984)	0.75
" Compared with pair-fed control rats, pentobarbital demonstrated a significantly prolonged clearance and elimination half-life without a change in volume of distribution."	( Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, quinidine, lidocaine, and theophylline in the thermally injured rat. DiGregorio, GJ; Fruncillo, RJ, 1984)	0.51
" The structural identifiability of the model was proved by computer analysis, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( The fate of drotaverine-acephyllinate in rat and man. II. Human pharmacokinetics of drotaverine-14C-acephyllinate. Deutsch, T; Eckhardt, S; Kerpel-Fronius, S; Szatmári, I; Szüts, T; Vargay, Z; Várkonyi, P, )	0.13
" No statistically significant differences existed among the three dosage forms with respect to Cmax and AUC corrected for the elimination rate constant and the dose (mg kg-1)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline following enema and suppository administration in man. Cole, ML; Kunka, RL, )	0.4
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study between a sustained-release theophylline tablet (Theona) and aminophylline powder following multiple oral administrations every 12 h at a 200 mg theophylline dose was performed in ten healthy adult volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release theophylline preparation in healthy subjects. Goto, M; Nakamoto, Y; Sugiyama, M; Yamashina, H, 1983)	0.77
" A self-teaching module incorporating basic pharmacokinetic concepts and sample problems was developed."	( Achieving pharmacist proficiency in pharmacokinetic dosage adjustments. Bearce, WC; Coleman, LT; Kardasinski, DS; Kinoshita, KE; Louie, RA; MacMillan, IR; Saya, FG, 1983)	0.27
" The theophylline half-life was reduced with charcoal from 10."	( Increased serum theophylline clearance with orally administered activated charcoal. Berman, JM; Light, RW; Mahutte, CK; Michiels, TM; True, RJ, 1983)	1.13
" Clinical, pharmacokinetic and pulmonary function studies were made."	( [Sustained-action oral theophylline in the asthmatic child. Clinical, pharmacokinetic and respiratory function studies]. Baculard, A; Boule, M; Gaultier, C; Morgant, G; Tournier, G, 1983)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetic studies are undertaken with two theophylline formulations commercially available and the commonly used aminophylline to achieve the optimal therapeutic benefit."	( [Possibilities for optimizing therapy with theophylline preparations. I. On the pharmacokinetics of theophylline preparations]. Iwainsky, H; Sehrt, I; Wiesner, B, 1984)	0.78
" This phenomenon could be explained by the finding of a significantly prolonged half-life of theophylline during night-time, provided that the plasma concentrations were in the range of 5 to 15 mg X l-1 (which coincides approximately with the therapeutic range of the drug)."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline after sustained release and intravenous administration to adults. Balant, LP; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1984)	0.79
" Plasma elimination half-life is significantly different (8,01 +/- 1,95 h in the morning, 6,23 +/- 1,75 h in the evening)."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and circadian rhythm]. Decourt, S; Dry, J; Flouvat, B; Fodor, F; Pradalier, A, 1982)	0.58
" Elimination half life (T1/2), total body clearance (Cl), volume of distribution (Vd) and area under the concentration curve (AUCiv) were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and bioavailability of a sustained release theophylline preparation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Brooks, JG; Schwartz, RH; Valet, SB, 1983)	0.59
"05 in Ka, tmax and Cmax compared to sustained-release tablets)."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in plain uncoated and sustained-release dosage forms in relation to smoking habit. I. Single dose study. Chiba, K; Echizen, H; Horai, Y; Ishizaki, T; Ohnishi, A; Sasaki, T; Suganuma, T, 1983)	0.53
" The pharmacokinetic changes in clearance and volume of distribution found in malnutrition should counteract each other, so from a clinical point of view theophylline can be given to Ethiopian children according to the standard dosage recommendation, regardless of nutritional status."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in Ethiopian children of differing nutritional status. Bolme, P; Eriksson, M; Mariam, TW; Paalzow, L, 1983)	0.79
" A brief analysis of the pharmacokinetic consequences that may result from a variable dosage frequency is presented."	( Pharmacokinetic predictions based on a variable dosage frequency in chronic treatment. Donati-Cori, G; Messori, A; Tendi, E, 1983)	0.27
" For predicting the drug uptake by the suckling infant a pharmacokinetic model was designed allowing estimations of drug uptake by the infant on the basis of the kinetics of the translactal passage and the kinetics of the drug in the infant."	( [Pharmacokinetics of drugs from the breast-feeding mother passing into the body of the infant, using theophylline as an example]. Brandenburg, G; Reinhardt, D; Richter, O, 1983)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic method used to individualize theophylline therapy offered an accurate and efficient method of achieving therapeutic concentrations."	( Individualizing theophylline therapy: the impact of clinical pharmacokinetics on patient outcomes. Hurst, D; Marshall, J; Mungall, D; Penn, D; Robinson, A; Scott, J; Williams, R, 1983)	0.86
" Over the short term of the study the pharmacokinetic differences did not produce significant differences in clinical efficacy."	( Sustained-release theophylline. Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic comparison of two preparations. Howick, J; Kelly, HW; McWilliams, BC; Menendez, R, 1983)	0.6
"05), half-life increased 48% (6."	( Cimetidine inhibits theophylline clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a study using stable isotope methodology during multiple oral dose administration. Mercer, GD; Musser, B; Thummel, KE; Vestal, RE, 1983)	0.59
"Plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic data of a sustained-release theophylline (Theolair retard) was compared with that of a short-acting theophylline (Theolair) in six normals and six patients with asthmatic bronchitis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a short- and long-acting theophylline medication (theolair and Theolair retard) in normals and asthmatics. Part I: pharmacokinetics. Kreukniet, J; Maes, RA; Meering, PG; Utama, I, 1983)	0.74
" This corresponded to an average increase in elimination half-life of 73% (range, 50 to 97%)."	( Cimetidine decreases theophylline clearance. Bentley, J; Dorr, R; Jackson, JE; Powell, JR; Wandell, M, 1981)	0.58
" Paracetamol, the only metabolised drug which is conjugated for which pharmacokinetic parameters have been accurately determined in obesity, undergoes increased clearance in obese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of drugs in obesity. Abernethy, DR; Greenblatt, DJ, )	0.13
" We found no evidence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and erythromycin at steady state."	( The effect of erythromycin on theophylline pharmacokinetics at steady state. Bauman, JL; Hasegawa, GR; Leeds, NH; Maddux, MS; Organek, HW, 1982)	0.79
"The development and implementation of a quality assurance program for a clinical pharmacokinetic service is described."	( Quality assurance program for a clinical pharmacokinetic service. Blouin, RA; Lawson, LA; Parker, PF, 1982)	0.26
" 2 OPT uses prior information on the distribution of population pharmacokinetic parameters and plasma drug concentration measurements to obtain the "most likely' set of parameters for the individual."	( OPT: a package of computer programs for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; Whiting, B, 1982)	0.26
" Pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, such as total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and half-life of elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in patients following short-term intravenous infusion. Ahrens, J; Eicke, R; Steinijans, VW, 1982)	0.59
" However, because in such studies bioavailability itself is unknown, it is difficult to resolve which pharmacokinetic parameters vary within individuals."	( A method for estimating within-individual variability in clearance and in volume of distribution from standard bioavailability studies. Moore, JK; Riegelman, S; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1982)	0.26
"001) between plasma Cmax or AUCx values and the administered dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline: a dose-range study. Chanoine, F; Rovei, V; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1982)	0.59
"One may attempt to individualize drug dosage by estimating an individual's pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Bayesian individualization of pharmacokinetics: simple implementation and comparison with non-Bayesian methods. Beal, SL; Sheiner, LB, 1982)	0.26
" Simulations based on obtained pharmacokinetic data showed that in the average child below nine years of age oral theophylline, 6-8 mg/kg three times daily, would give plasma levels between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml (55-110 mumol/l) for about 60-70% of the day."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose regimen of oral theophylline in children. Bolme, P; Eriksson, M; Lönnerholm, G; Paalzow, L, 1982)	0.74
"016 liter/kg/h was reduced for age and the serum half-life was prolonged to 18."	( The pharmacokinetics of theophylline in an infant with hepatic failure. Haworth, JC; Luciuk, GH; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1982)	0.57
" Total theophylline clearance (CLtot), apparent volume of distribution (V), and elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta) were calculated."	( Impact of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Bachmann, KA; Bond, LW; Mahajan, VK; Schwartz, JI, )	0.84
" A two-compartment open model was found to describe the decline in the serum concentrations, giving a mean distribution half-life of 6 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of proxyphylline in adults after intravenous and oral administration. Selvig, K, 1981)	0.26
" Significant decreases of plasma clearance and a prolongation of the plasma elimination half-life were found only in cases with decompensated liver cirrhosis and to a lesser extent in cases of acute hepatitis."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of theophylline in patients with liver diseases. Lissner, R; Richter, E; Schuppan, D; Staib, AH; von Bomhard, G; Zilly, W, 1980)	0.54
" No significant difference was found in the pharmacokinetic parameters or protein binding with the two preparations."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline and aminophylline in man. Aslaksen, A; Bakke, OM; Vigander, T, 1981)	0.55
"Simultaneous administration of terbutaline and theophylline to guinea pigs did not cause significant alterations of the pharmacokinetic properties of any of the drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of terbutaline and theophylline in guinea pigs when administered simultaneously. Madsen, SM; Ribel, U, 1981)	0.79
" The overall clearance calculation projects an average half-life reduction of approximately 65% during hemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of dyphylline elimination by uremic patients. Lee, CC; Majeske, BL; Marbury, TC; Wang, LH, 1981)	0.26
"The described pharmacokinetic program for TI-59 is in clinical practice applicable in analyses of plasma concentration profiles established after single-dose, intravenous or oral administration of drugs showing one- or two-compartment first-order pharmacokinetics."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis and calculations using a program for the minicalculator TI-59. Nielsen-Kudsk, F, 1981)	0.26
"Three programs are presented which have been developed to simulate conditions encountered in the pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens."	( A package of computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy. Sullivan, TJ; Wunderley, DJ, 1980)	0.26
" It therefore has its own pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( Pharmacokinetics of etofylline after intravenous and oral administration to humans. Merkus, FW; Verhoeven, J; Zuidema, J, 1981)	0.26
"3 ml/kg/h), plasma theophylline half-life (4."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic children in the acute episode and in remission. Arnold, JD; Hill, GN; Sansom, LN, 1981)	0.86
" Cimetidine prolonged theophylline half-life compared to that in control periods an average of 36."	( Alteration of theophylline clearance and half-life by cimetidine in normal volunteers. Bernhard, H; Reitberg, DP; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.94
" There is some inter-infant variability, but generally, compared to children and adults, prolonged half-life values and low clearance rates have been found: the apparent volume of distribution is larger and protein binding of the drug is decreased."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in neonates. Rigatto, H; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1981)	0.59
" The mean plasma half-live of theophylline was 22."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine in premature infants with apnea (author's transl)]. Lipowsky, G; Riechert, M; Stiegler, H; Stöckl, H, 1981)	0.87
" After the last tablet on day 6 the fall-off curve was followed in order to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in low and high multidose regimens. de Vries, K; de Zeeuw, RA; Greving, JE; Jonkman, JH; Koëter, GH; Schoenmaker, R, 1981)	0.53
" The mean half-life of theophylline following intravascular administration was 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine: a potential model for human drug bioavailability studies. Bevill, RF; Bourne, DW; Gautam, SR; Hunt, JP; Koritz, GD; Prasad, VI, 1981)	0.9
" Except in one case theophylline exhibited two compartment characteristics after intravenous administration, while the oral data in only one patient showed this pharmacokinetic configuration and had to be analysed according to one-compartment characteristics in the other five subjects."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in man of orally administered theophylline. Jensen, TS; Magnussen, I; Naeser, K; Nielsen-Kudsk, F, 1980)	0.82
" For this and other reasons, at the Hospital Pharmacological Service a clinical pharmacokinetic laboratory was set up about two years ago."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics: the pharmacological monitoring of plasmatic levels in therapy. Bonora, MR; Guaglio, R; Rondanelli, R; Terzoni, PA, 1980)	0.26
" The half-life of absorption was 19 +/- 9 min (mean +/- SD)."	( Disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of microcrystalline theophylline. Berg, WC; de Zeeuw, RA; Greving, JE; Jonkman, JH; Orie, NG; Schoenmaker, R, 1980)	0.5
" Oxtriphylline syrup demonstrated no appreciable change in the pharmacokinetic parameter of half-life in this young age group."	( Pharmacokinetics and taste acceptance of an alcohol-free oxtriphylline solution. Ellenberg, D; Ha, L; Jarboe, CH; Kadlec, GJ; Karibo, JM; Katsampes, C; Pollard, S; Simon, T; Sublett, J, 1980)	0.26
"This experiment was performed to evaluate the usefulness of an experimental fibrosis model by bile duct ligation as a pharmacokinetic model of a disease state."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline: effects of hepatic fibrosis in rats induced bile duct ligation. Ham, SH; Han, SS; Kim, JB; Kim, KY; Sohn, DH, 1995)	0.61
" On the basis of this model, the pharmacodynamic parameters of both CPA and CPT could be estimated."	( Modelling of the pharmacodynamic interaction of an A1 adenosine receptor agonist and antagonist in vivo: N6-cyclopentyladenosine and 8-cyclopentyltheophylline. Appel, S; Danhof, M; IJzerman, AP; Langemeijer, MW; Mathôt, RA, 1995)	0.49
" Based on the primary pharmacokinetic characteristics for rate and extent of absorption, Cmax and AUC, both formulations were bioequivalent."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a theophylline effervescent tablet]. Fuhr, U; Keller, A; Sauter, R; Staib, AH; Steinijans, VW, 1995)	0.6
"4 years) into a 36-hour, multiple-dose, oral theophylline pharmacokinetic study using plain aminophylline tablets at a dosage of 5 mg of theophylline base/kg every 8 hours."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in Thai children. Aranyanark, N; Tuchinda, M; Vichyanond, P; Visitsuntorn, N, 1994)	1.99
" Biotransformation is the most clinically important pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Influence of endogenous and exogenous effectors on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Focus on biotransformation. Meyer, FP; Tröger, U, 1995)	0.52
" The ka and Cmax values for theophylline were significantly decreased, and the tmax was significantly increased."	( Influences of immobilization and footshock stress on pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine in rats. Eto, K; Furuno, K; Gomita, Y; Oishi, R; Okazaki, M, 1995)	0.82
" Cmax of the test preparation is higher than that of the reference."	( [Pharmacokinetics of two theophylline sustained-release preparations in healthy humans]. Keller, A; Schulz, HU, 1994)	0.59
"To evaluate an animal model of multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC) therapy and correlate the pharmacokinetic properties of four drugs with the efficacy of MDAC."	( Correlation of drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of multiple-dose activated charcoal therapy. Chyka, PA; Holley, JE; Mandrell, TD; Sugathan, P, 1995)	0.29
" Our results confirm the fever-induced decrease in total plasma proteins and albumin but do not demonstrate any significant change in theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Fever-induced changes in theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. Bruguerolle, B; Dubus, JC, 1993)	0.79
" The pharmacokinetic properties of an inhaled drug are of interest."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of asthma treatment. Schmit, B; Taburet, AM, 1994)	0.29
"Abbott Laboratories has developed a new software package (Abbottbase pharmacokinetic system or PKS package) that employs the principles of pharmacokinetics to assist clinical pharmacologists and clinicians in designing dosage regimens."	( Abbott PKS system: a new version for applied pharmacokinetics including Bayesian estimation. Catalin, J; Durand, A; Gauthier, T; Guder, F; Lacarelle, B; Pisano, P; Villard, PH, 1994)	0.29
" The literature was searched for pharmacokinetic data of intravenously administered theophylline alone and in the presence of cimetidine in humans, dogs and rats."	( Interspecies scaling of cimetidine-theophylline pharmacokinetic interaction: interspecies scaling in pharmacokinetic interactions. Calvo, B; Domínguez-Gil, A; Gascón, AR; Hernández, RM; Pedraz, JL, 1994)	0.79
" No statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (volume of distribution, elimination half-life, AUC, plasma clearance) following the two treatments."	( The quinolone, flumequine, has no effect on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Audebert, C; Auquier, P; Blin, O; Durand, A; Horriere, F; Karsenty, H; Lacarelle, B, 1994)	0.77
" An one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination was used."	( [Evaluation of theophylline population pharmacokinetics in adult hospitalized patients using NONMEM analysis]. Chen, G; Li, Z, 1994)	0.64
" All pharmacokinetic parameters were equivalent between the treatments, except for the time to peak serum level (Tmax), which was significantly shorter for the morning dose."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of morning and evening doses of once-a-day theophylline capsules. Chang, SF; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Kehe, CR; Kisicki, JC; Lavoie, KA, 1994)	0.52
"Concentration-effect relationships between oral theophylline and its nonpulmonary pharmacodynamic effects were examined in a double-blind, randomized, two-way crossover study in which 10 healthy subjects received a single dose of 500 mg ordinary-release theophylline or placebo."	( Relationships between pharmacokinetics and nonpulmonary pharmacodynamic effects of theophylline. Henry, JA; Huseyin, TS; Minton, NA, 1994)	0.77
" The intentional differences in pharmacokinetic profiles between the once-daily and twice-daily administration were reflected in the maximum concentrations (15."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a once-daily theophylline formulation (Euphylong) when given twice daily. Götz, J; Jonkman, JH; Sauter, R; Steinijans, VW, 1994)	0.55
" This is consistent with a prolongation in the elimination half-life of antipyrine in animals pretreated with capsaicin (2."	( Effects of capsaicin on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, theophylline and quinine in rats. Clark, CR; Ferry, DG; Kepple, M; Nyika, S; Wanwimolruk, S, 1993)	0.53
" Compared to fasting subjects, carbohydrate and fat rich diet caused an enhancement of absorption half life and a lower Cmax with a delayed tmax and elimination of the bronchodilator."	( Effect of macrocomponents of food on the pharmacokinetics of a long acting preparation of anhydrous theophylline. Bano, G; Raina, RK, 1993)	0.5
" Thirty min after the first administration on the first day (single) and 30 min after the last administration in the morning of the 8th day (repeated premedication), pharmacokinetic examinations with retarded theophylline capsules (250 mg) or enteric coated tablets of diclofenac (50 mg) were performed."	( Potential pharmacokinetic interactions of nocloprost clathrate with retarded theophylline and enteric coated diclofenac after single and repeated premedication in healthy volunteers. Amon, I; Franke, G; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Stolz, E; Zschiesche, M, 1993)	0.7
"Steady-state theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were studied in a panel of 14 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in COPD patients treated with dirithromycin. Bachmann, K; Jauregui, L; Sides, G; Sullivan, TJ, 1993)	0.94
"In three groups (each n = 12) of unselected hospitalized patients treated either with digoxin, theophylline, or gentamicin routinely performed TDM measurement of trough steady-state plasma levels (+ peak levels in case of gentamicin) was combined with a pharmacokinetic study at steady state (multiple blood sampling during one dosing interval)."	( Generation of pharmacokinetic data during routine therapeutic drug monitoring: Bayesian approach vs. pharmacokinetic studies. Bühl, K; Drewelow, B; el Desoky, E; Engel, G; Harings-Kaim, A; Klotz, U; Meinshausen, J, 1993)	0.5
" In this study, we have compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of a theophylline slow-release tablet and a syrup form, when administered in multiple doses to healthy adult volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of two different pharmaceutical forms of theophylline (a slow release tablet and a syrup) after multiple dose administration to healthy human volunteers. de Nucci, G; Hofstätter, EA; Muscará, MN, )	0.61
" Theophylline pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained over 36 h after all theophylline administrations."	( Effect of moricizine on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose theophylline in healthy subjects. Benedek, IH; Davidson, AF; Pieniaszek, HJ, 1993)	1.44
" The influence of hepatic dysfunction, smoking habit, age and the measurement of arterial blood gases (oxygen tension: PaO2, carbon dioxide tension: PaCO2, blood pH) and clinical laboratory tests (serum albumin concentration, haematocrit) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline was examined by the likelihood ratio test."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline. II: Intravenous infusion to patients with stable chronic airway obstruction. Hori, R; Kawakatsu, K; Nishimura, K; Okumura, K; Tanigawara, Y; Yano, I; Yasuhara, M, 1993)	0.75
" It also was noticed that young dogs have a slower elimination half-life (1 week old, t 1/2 beta = 987 minutes) than do older animals (8 weeks old, t 1/2 beta = 138 minutes)."	( Effect of age on theophylline pharmacokinetics in dogs. Alberola, J; Arboix, M; Pérez, Y; Puigdemont, A, 1993)	0.63
" The half-life for acetaminophen was determined to be 20."	( Pharmacokinetic monitoring in subcutaneous tissue using in vivo capillary ultrafiltration probes. Kissinger, PT; Linhares, MC, 1993)	0.29
"This study was undertaken to determine if a computerized pharmacokinetic program for adjusting theophylline infusion rates could attain a goal serum theophylline level more accurately than physician-derived adjustments and what clinical impact this would have."	( A randomized controlled trial of computerized pharmacokinetic theophylline dosing versus empiric physician dosing. Casner, PR; Ho, H; Reilly, R, 1993)	0.75
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was done using the Non-Linear Mixed Effects Model (Nonmem) to analyse the data."	( Determination of theophylline clearance in South African children. Botha, JH; Miller, R; Tyrannes, I; Wesley, A, 1993)	0.63
" Venous blood sampling for pharmacokinetic assessment was done over a complete dosing interval on day 7 of each phase."	( Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of a chronotherapeutically formulated once-daily theophylline preparation (Uniphyl). Babul, N; Buttoo, KM; Fraser, IM; Stewart, JH; Walker, SE, )	0.34
" Parameters related to the pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and T-3761 were estimated by noncompartmental methods."	( Influence of a newly developed quinolone, T-3761, on pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Haghgoo, S; Hasegawa, T; Nabeshima, T; Nadai, M; Takagi, K; Yamaki, K, 1995)	0.76
"The pharmacokinetic interaction potential of the new proton-pump inhibitor lansoprazole and theophylline was assessed in a double-blind, two-period (13-day duration per period), multiple-dose crossover study in 14 healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole and theophylline. Cavanaugh, JH; Granneman, GR; Karol, MD; Locke, CS, 1995)	0.76
"The population pharmacokinetic parameters for a once-daily administered preparation, Uniphyl were estimated from data collected in the premarketing clinical trial."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline. III. Premarketing study for a once-daily administered preparation. Hori, R; Iwai, T; Iwakawa, S; Komada, F; Maekawa, H; Okumura, K; Shimizu, T; Tanigawara, Y, 1995)	0.58
" Cimetidine significantly decreased the total body clearance and extended the plasma half-life of theophylline, but did not change its volume of distribution."	( Drug interactions between theophylline and H2-antagonists, roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine: pharmacokinetic analysis in rats in vivo. Furuhata, M; Nagai, N; Ogata, H, 1995)	0.81
" A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to quantitate changes in the formation clearance (Cl(f)) of NAPQI to assess in vivo the activation and inhibition of NAPQI formation by methylxanthines."	( Effects of caffeine and theophylline on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics: P450 inhibition and activation. Lee, CA; Lillibridge, JH; Nelson, SD; Slattery, JT, 1996)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline were determined, and the urinary recovery of unchanged theophylline and its major metabolites were calculated."	( Effects of lansoprazole on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of theophylline. Ihara, N; Kokufu, T; Koyama, H; Mori, S; Nakajima, K; Ohta, T; Sugioka, N, 1995)	0.81
" When nefazodone and theophylline were co-administered, theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters did not significantly differ from those obtained when theophylline was administered with placebo."	( Lack of an effect of nefazodone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of theophylline during concurrent administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Rapoport, D; Roberts, D, 1995)	0.84
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: maximum concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, mean residence time, absorption constant, area under the curve of plasma concentration versus time, distribution volume (Vd beta), and total clearance."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline administered as a controlled-release tablet. Arancibia, A; Chavez, H; Gai, MN; Manquez, N; Pinilla, E; Romero, P; Thielemann, AM, 1996)	0.59
" Compared with control values, plasma theophylline half-life of distribution and of elimination, areas under plasma curves, clearance and volume of distribution did not show any significant difference."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rabbits following single and repeated administration of Capsicum fruit. Bouraoui, A; Brazier, JL; Rousseau, M; Zouaghi, H, )	1.85
" Therefore, until multicenter trials in large subject populations can provide stable, accurate equations applicable to a wide variety of patient populations, bioelectrical impedance offers no advantage over standard pharmacokinetic dosing methods for the drugs studied."	( Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements for drug pharmacokinetics. Zarowitz, BJ, 1996)	0.29
" The range of clinically acceptable variation in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug A defines the equivalence range."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction as an equivalence problem. Hartmann, M; Huber, R; Radtke, HW; Steinijans, VW, 1996)	0.29
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the MULTI(ELS) computer program according to a one-compartment model."	( Application of population pharmacokinetics to the optimization of theophylline therapy. Barrueco, M; Buelga, DS; Dominguez-Gil, A; Otero, MJ; Vázquez, MA, 1996)	0.53
" Theophylline concentrations were determined for 46 h after each dose, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Induction of theophylline clearance by rifampin and rifabutin in healthy male volunteers. Bruzzese, VL; Gillum, JG; Israel, DS; Polk, RE; Sesler, JM, 1996)	1.57
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from concentrations of BAY x 1005 and theophylline as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma collected before the morning dose on days 5 and 6 and at various times on day 7 of each period until 24 hours after drug administration."	( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between theophylline and the leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor BAY x 1005. Groen, H; Jonkman, JH; Leeuwenkamp, OR; Moesker, HL; Sollie, FA, 1996)	0.77
" Marked decrease in area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), diminished volume of distribution, increased total body clearance, and shortened elimination half-life were observed."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rabbits and in humans with hyperlipidemia. Droździk, M; Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Górnik, W; Pawlik, A; Wójcicki, J, 1996)	0.58
" Concomitant administration of these drugs may, thus, prolong the half-life of theophylline, elevate serum theophylline concentrations, and increase the risk of theophylline-related adverse events."	( [The effect of new quinolone antimicrobial agents and macrolide antibiotics on the clearance of theophylline]. Honma, M, 1996)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics of 2 batches at the lower (T1) and the upper (T2) in vitro dissolution specification range of this new formulation and a pellet formulation (R) as a comparator were evaluated in an open, randomized, 3-way, multiple-dose, crossover study design with an asymmetric dosage regimen of 400 mg and 200 mg theophylline."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a new liquid sustained-release formulation of theophylline designed for the elderly and children: microcaps as sachet. Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Von Nieciecki, A; Weiss, G, 1996)	0.69
" The investigation was aimed at evaluating the feasibility of an animal model of hyperlipidemia for pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in humans suffering from lipid metabolism disturbances."	( [Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hyperlipidemia in animals and humans]. Górnik, W, 1996)	0.78
" There were no significant differences in mean Cmax or AUC(0-12) between the two groups on day 7 or on day 14, nor were there significant within-group differences on the two days."	( Effect of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. Dogolo, LC; Friedman, HL; Teng, R; Vincent, J; Willavize, SA, 1997)	0.51
" The serum concentration-time curves for each animal were analyzed separately to estimate model-independent pharmacokinetic variables."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys. Matthews, NS; Mealey, KL; Peck, K; Taylor, TS, 1997)	0.3
"Mean pharmacokinetic values for caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine did not differ significantly in horses, compared with donkeys."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys. Matthews, NS; Mealey, KL; Peck, K; Taylor, TS, 1997)	0.56
" Cefaclor is not metabolized to a significant degree, but it degrades chemically in the body with an approximate half-life of 2 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of cefaclor. Derendorf, H; Schifferer, H; Sourgens, H, 1997)	0.3
" Plasma clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were estimated by the Bayesian approach using either only the first peak level (Bay 1) or all three monitored concentrations (Bay 3)."	( Disposition of intravenous theophylline in asthmatic children: Bayesian approach vs direct pharmacokinetic calculations. el Desoky, E; Ghazal, MH; Klotz, U; Mohamed, MA, 1997)	0.59
"Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline were estimated in a three-month infant following an accidental overdose of intravenous aminophylline."	( Aspects of theophylline clearance in children. Anderson, BJ; Holford, NH; Woollard, GA, 1997)	0.94
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics, peritoneal permeability and hydrophobicity of three xanthine derivatives, theophylline, enprofylline and 1-methyl-3-propylxanthine (MPX), were investigated in rats."	( Structure-related pharmacokinetics of xanthines after direct administration into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Hasegawa, T; Kuzuya, T; Nabeshima, T; Shiraki, R, 1997)	0.51
" Mean (+/-SD) values for theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters for the levofloxacin and placebo treatments, respectively, were peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 11."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between intravenous theophylline and orally administered levofloxacin. Curtin, CR; Fowler, CL; Gisclon, LG; Hafkin, B; Natarajan, J; Williams, RR, 1997)	0.84
" It is concluded that, judged from these animal data, there is no evidence of a drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction for the combination of chloroquine and theophylline."	( No effect of chloroquine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in the rat. Ashton, M; Motti, BA, 1998)	0.79
" These drugs must be administered parenterally and have a half-life of only a few minutes."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part II. Heintz, B; Kirsten, D; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K, 1998)	0.3
"A scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic study of the behavior of Bronchoretard forte (theophylline, CAS 58-55-9) was carried out in 8 healthy male volunteers to evaluate the sensitivity of the preparation to changes in gastric pH."	( [The effect of pretreatment with ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal transit of a sustained-release theophylline preparation]. Barkworth, MF; Blackshaw, PE; Greaves, JL; Perkins, AC; Rehm, KD; Washington, N; Wilson, CG, 1998)	0.73
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic characteristics of both modes of administration were evaluated in a randomised, two-way crossover study in 18 female and male elderly volunteers under multiple-dose conditions."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a theophylline sustained-release formulation after single and twice daily dosage]. Dilger, C; Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Stanislaus, F; von Nieciecki, A, 1998)	0.61
" Following individual dosing of 100-300 mg theophylline twice a day, a pharmacokinetic profile for 24 h was derived after seven days of multiple dosing."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in sustained-release formulation in young asthmatics]. Fuchs, WS; Heese, U; Laicher, A; von Nieciecki, A; Witschital, K, 1998)	0.88
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics of 2 batches at the lower (T1) and upper (T2) in vitro dissolution specification range of this new formulation and a pellet formulation (R) as a comparator were evaluated in an open, randomised, 3-way, multiple dose, crossover study with an asymmetric dosage regimen of 400 mg and 200 mg theophylline."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a new fluid theophylline sustained-release drug form. Microcapsules in a sachet]. Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; von Nieciecki, A; Weiss, G, 1998)	0.75
" To compare the treatments, analysis of variance-based point estimates and 90% confidence intervals (given in parentheses) were calculated for the mean ratios of the pharmacokinetic parameters from the test (rufloxacin coadministration) over those from the reference (theophylline without rufloxacin) period."	( Absence of effect of rufloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in steady state. Cesana, M; Fuhr, U; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Müller, C; Rietbrock, S; Sörgel, F; Staib, AH, 1998)	0.76
"The safety profile of any pharmacological agent is defined on the basis of its toxicity, tolerability and potential for pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions with other compounds, which may belong to the same or to a different pharmacological class."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with anti-ulcer drugs. Negro, RD, 1998)	0.3
" Prediction of food effect response on the basis of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug molecule or formulations is discussed."	( [Role of food interaction pharmacokinetic studies in drug development. Food interaction studies of theophylline and nifedipine retard and buspirone tablets]. Drabant, S; Farsang, C; Gachályi, B; Klebovich, I; Renczes, G, 1998)	0.52
"Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline following multiple-dose administration of both drugs in healthy volunteers."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and theophylline: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.78
" Pharmacokinetic parameters used to test the effectiveness of the formulations included, elimination rate, rate and kinetic order of absorption, relative availability as compared with an immediate release capsule of pure theophylline, and percentage area under the curve fluctuation (%AUCF) at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation in dogs of theophylline in a novel zero-order release core-in-cup tablet. Danckwerts, MP; Moodley, I; van der Watt, JG, 1998)	0.76
"Allometric scaling is an empirical examination of the relationships between the pharmacokinetic parameters and size (usually body weight, ratio of organ- and body weight, breathing number, etc."	( [Interspecies allometric scaling in pharmacokinetics of drugs]. Sylvia, M, 1998)	0.3
" Montelukast decreased theophylline Cmax by 12% and 10%, AUC0-->infinity by 43% and 44%, and elimination half-time by 44% and 39% at 200 mg/d (oral and intravenous, respectively), and at 600 mg/d, montelukast decreased theophylline Cmax by 25%, AUC0-->infinity by 66%, and elimination half-time by 63%."	( Effect of montelukast on single-dose theophylline pharmacokinetics. Bachmann, K; Ebel, D; Huhn, RD; Hunt, TL; Jauregui, L; Larson, P; Malmstrom, K; Miller, K; Peszek, I; Reese, JH; Reiss, TF; Schwartz, J; Scott, M; Shingo, S; Sullivan, TJ, 1998)	0.88
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline after administration of theophylline alone and concomitantly with ABT-761 were compared using a paired t-test."	( Lack of cytochrome P450 1A2 interaction effect of ABT-761 on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Awni, WM; Cavanaugh, JH; Hansen, R; Qian, J; Wong, SL, 1998)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic consultation services have been implemented in many teaching hospitals and tertiary care facilities in the past."	( A regional pharmacokinetic consultation service. Bédard, M; McLean, W, 1994)	0.29
" Serum concentrations of fluvoxamine, caffeine and paraxanthine were measured and standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Lack of correlation between fluvoxamine clearance and CYP1A2 activity as measured by systemic caffeine clearance. Dahlqvist, R; Hägg, S; Söderström, E; Spigset, O, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic behavior of this formulation was compared with a market formulation (Theobid)."	( Comparative pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation of oral sustained-release theophylline formulation in adult asthmatics. Devarajan, PV; Parmar, DV; Sule, PN, 1999)	0.53
" The geometric mean Cmax of theophylline, when coadministered with indinavir, was within 8% of theophylline when administered alone."	( Effect of indinavir on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy subjects. Deutsch, PJ; Laurent, A; Mistry, GC; Sterrett, AT, 1999)	0.84
" Thus, not only drug monitoring but also pharmacokinetic investigations from blood plasma have become possible without further sample pretreatment."	( Pharmacokinetic investigations with direct injection of plasma samples: possible savings using capillary electrophoresis (CE). Kunkel, A; Wätzig, H, 1999)	0.3
" No significant changes in other theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were evident."	( Lack of effect of dirithromycin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Amsden, GW; McConnell, SA; Nafziger, AN, 1999)	0.86
" The parameters AUC, Cmax and tmax for ropinirole were compared before, during and after oral theophylline co-treatment."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between ropinirole and theophylline in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brefel-Courbon, C; Eagle, S; Fitzpatrick, K; Rascol, O; Taylor, A; Thalamas, C, 1999)	0.77
"0 microg x h(-1) x ml(-1), respectively: mean Cmax with and without ropinirole: 11."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between ropinirole and theophylline in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brefel-Courbon, C; Eagle, S; Fitzpatrick, K; Rascol, O; Taylor, A; Thalamas, C, 1999)	0.55
"These results suggest a lack of significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs at current therapeutic doses."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between ropinirole and theophylline in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brefel-Courbon, C; Eagle, S; Fitzpatrick, K; Rascol, O; Taylor, A; Thalamas, C, 1999)	0.55
"The potential influence of clopidogrel on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was evaluated in 15 healthy male subjects during the pharmacokinetic steady state of theophylline, after single and multiple doses."	( Clopidogrel does not affect the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Caplain, H; Necciari, J; Thebault, JJ, 1999)	0.79
" We report that cimetidine in doses that may cause pharmacokinetic interactions did not affect the concentration-effect relationship of either the stimulating action of theophylline or the depressant activity of ethanol."	( The effect of cimetidine on the pharmacodynamics of theophylline-induced seizures and ethanol hypnotic activity. Gilhar, D; Habib, G; Hoffman, A; Perlstein, I; Pinto, E, 1999)	0.75
" This double-blind (with respect to gemifloxacin), randomized, crossover study investigated the possibility of pharmacokinetic interaction between gemifloxacin and theophylline."	( Lack of effect of gemifloxacin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. Allen, A; Bird, N; Davy, M; Fuder, H; Rost, KL, )	0.56
" In the theophylline study, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters among the four phases studied."	( Pharmacokinetic changes of theophylline and amikacin through the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Kotegawa, T; Matsuki, S; Nakamura, K; Nakano, S; Tsutsumi, K, 1999)	1.03
" The one-compartment model as a pharmacokinetic model was assumed."	( [Population pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline: relationship between serum concentrations and clinical effects in therapeutic drug monitoring]. Fukuoka, M; Goshima, T; Matsumoto, M; Matsumoto, Y; Matsuzaki, T; Noguchi, S; Tanikawa, K, 1999)	0.57
"Several statistical regression models and artificial neural networks were used to predict the hepatic drug clearance in humans from in vitro (hepatocyte) and in vivo pharmacokinetic data and to identify the most predictive models for this purpose."	( Combining in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data for prediction of hepatic drug clearance in humans by artificial neural networks and multivariate statistical techniques. Coassolo, P; Lavé, T; Schneider, G, 1999)	0.3
"The aims of the study were to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters, clearance rate (CL), and volume of distribution (V) of theophylline in premature neonates during the first few days after birth, and to identify factors contributing to interindividual variability."	( The pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature neonates during the first few days after birth. Botha, JH; du Preez, MJ; Holford, NH; McFadyen, ML, 1999)	0.82
" There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide when given as monotherapy and when administered concurrently with cimetidine."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.54
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Xanthium were compared with those of Theo-Dur in twelve Thai children with stable persistent asthma by randomized, double blind, crossover study."	( Comparative study of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of slow release theophylline oral preparations in Thai children with persistent asthma. Jiraporncharoen, K; Kanthawatana, S; Tontayapiwat, A; Trakultivakorn, M, 1999)	0.54
" Plasma was assayed for theophylline by HPLC and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Badyal, D; Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC; Malhotra, S, 1999)	0.86
"To study the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline at steady state."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline. Goldwater, DR; Hunt, RH; Pan, WJ; Pilmer, BL; Zhang, Y, 2000)	0.75
"No significant changes in the steady-state theophylline maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), minimum plasma concentration (Cmin), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC0-12), or apparent total oral clearance (CL/F) were observed within the two treatment groups when theophylline was administered alone or in combination with lansoprazole or pantoprazole."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline. Goldwater, DR; Hunt, RH; Pan, WJ; Pilmer, BL; Zhang, Y, 2000)	0.8
" The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and caffeine after intravenous administration of aminophylline to seven Korean low-birthweight neonates with apnea to those in other countries."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline and caffeine after intravenous administration of aminophylline to premature neonates in Korea. Ahn, HW; Choi, JH; Park, KJ; Shin, WG; Suh, OK, 1999)	0.86
" Both PKS and CAPCIL failed to predict theophylline serum levels based exclusively on population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics with concomitant steroid and gold therapy. Almeida, AM; Caramona, MM; Falcão, AC; Rocha, MJ, 2000)	2.02
" The following results were obtained: 1) Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma theophylline after an intravenous bolus injection were close to those after the dosing of aminophylline in dogs by a crossover method."	( Pharmacokinetic study of theophylline in dogs after intravenous administration with and without ethylenediamine. Kawai, H; Kojima, J; Kokubun, S; Matsumoto, T; Onodera, K, 2000)	0.84
" The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was 31."	( The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of caffeine in camels. Abdel Hadi, AA; Alkatheeri, NA; Almuhrami, AM; Barezaig, IM; Boni, NS; Elghazali, M; Wasfi, IA, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma was assayed for theophylline by a HPLC method and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared."	( Influence of kinnow juice on the pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC, 2000)	0.85
" Clearances of theophylline in the treated groups were significantly lower than in the control group, and the half-life of theophylline was longer than in the control."	( Effect of combined therapy of oral anti-tubercular agents on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Ahn, HC; Lee, HB; Lee, YC; Rhee, YK; Yang, JH, 2000)	0.9
" Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the four drugs were obtained following intravenous administrations of antipyrine (7 mg/kg), theophylline (5 mg/kg), phenytoin (10 mg/kg) and nifedipine (1 mg/kg)."	( The impact of acute phase response on the plasma clearance of antipyrine, theophylline, phenytoin and nifedipine in rabbits. Kokue, E; Saitoh, T; Shimoda, M, 2000)	0.73
" The plasma pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin for treatments A and C were equivalent with respect to Css(max) (estimated true ratio 109%, 90% CI 97 to 123%) and AUCss(tau) (ratio 104%, 90% CI 100 to 108%); the median tmax values were also similar (0."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, and theophylline. Kubitza, D; Stass, H, 2001)	0.53
" The validity of the human kinetic subfactor has been analysed in relation to CYP1A2 metabolism using published in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters selected to reflect chronic exposure (metabolic and total clearances and area under the plasma concentration-time curve: CLm, CL and AUC) and acute exposure (the peak plasma concentration, C(max))."	( Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates. Dorne, JL; Renwick, AG; Walton, K, 2001)	0.31
" This study was designed to assess the effect of tegaserod on the single-dose pharmacokinetic and safety profile of theophylline."	( Tegaserod coadministration does not alter the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy subjects. Appel-Dingemanse, S; Khalilieh, S; Lasseter, K; McLeod, JF; Osborne, S; Pommier, F; Svendsen, K; Zhou, H, 2001)	0.76
" Drug plasma levels were determined by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained."	( Influence of hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy on theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. Calvo, MB; Gascon, AR; Hernandez, RM; Maza, AM; Pedraz, JL; Solinis, MA, )	0.37
" The elimination half-life (t 1/2 lambda z) in goats (112 ."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and goats (Caprus hircus). Alhadrami, G; Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; Elsheikh, HA; Mustafa, AM; Zahurin, M, 2001)	0.59
"These findings showed that the quantitative isobolographic approach is appropriate to assess the nature and intensity of the pharmacodynamic interaction between two drugs when data are collected within the biophase, but that data interpretation outside the biophase can be risky due to further pharmacokinetic complexities, in particular slow or/and nonlinear diffusion into the biophase."	( Ignoring pharmacokinetics may lead to isoboles misinterpretation: illustration with the norfloxacin-theophylline convulsant interaction in rats. Bouquet, S; Cadart, M; Couet, W; Marchand, S; Pariat, C, 2002)	0.53
" Theophylline and tamsulosin pharmacokinetic data were determined following administration of the drugs on days 1 and 9 and day 9, respectively."	( Effects of the concomitant administration of tamsulosin (0.8 mg/day) on the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of theophylline (5 mg/kg): a placebo-controlled evaluation. Forrest, A; Ito, Y; Kamimura, H; Miyazawa, Y; Schentag, JJ; Starkey, LP; Swarz, H, )	1.25
"To report a case showing patient noncompliance, supported by outcomes of pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline as a surrogate drug."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline to assess noncompliance in therapy. Kinoshita, M; Konishi, H; Minouchi, T; Nakatsuka, T; Tamaki, S; Yamaji, A; Yoshida, M, 2002)	0.82
"An adjusted pharmacokinetic equation that predicts in vivo plasma drug profiles for controlled release (CR) dosage forms having square root of time drug release kinetics has been derived."	( An adjusted pharmacokinetic equation for predicting drug levels in vivo based on in vitro square root of time release kinetics. Roshdy, MN; Schnaare, RL; Schwartz, JB; Sugita, ET; Zietz, S, 2002)	0.31
"In order to obtain an experimental evidence for Enoxacin(ENX) to be correctly used in clinical treatment, we studied the effect of ENX on the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline(TP)."	( [Effect of enoxacin on pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats]. Bao, D; Kuang, X; Liu, D, 1999)	0.76
" Hence, the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline, 1,3-DMU and 1-MU were compared after intravenous administration of aminophylline, 5 mg/kg as theophylline, to control Sprague-Dawley rats and NARs."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous theophylline in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats. Kim, EJ; Lee, MG; Suh, OK, 2003)	0.87
", its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties] and how these PK properties differ between individuals in a population (i."	( An evaluation of population D-optimal designs via pharmacokinetic simulations. Dodds, MG; Foracchia, M; Hooker, AC; Vicini, P, 2003)	0.32
" By comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline before and after daily treatment with daidzein, the effect of daidzein on the metabolism of theophylline was evident."	( Effect of daidzein on CYP1A2 activity and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. Li, HD; Peng, WX; Zhou, HH, 2003)	0.82
" The statistical technique employed may be of value in future pharmacokinetic studies for the examination of multiple effects on pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of age and sex on theophylline clearance in young subjects. Gardner, MJ; Jusko, WJ, 1982)	0.57
"The concentration and half-life of theophylline was decreased and its clearance was increased significantly at days 5-7 after administration of antituberculosis agents compared to before the therapy was started."	( The clearance of theophylline is increased during the initial period of tuberculosis treatment. Ahn, HC; Lee, YC, 2003)	0.94
" This was a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study in which the subjects were administered aminophylline as a continuous infusion at low doses (mean 10."	( Determination of theophylline clearance after cimetidine infusion in critically ill patients. Fasihi, M; Hadjibabaie, M; Mojtahedzadeh, M; Rezaee, S; Sadray, S, )	0.47
"Children's risks can differ from those in adults for numerous reasons, one being differences in the pharmacokinetic handling of chemicals."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of caffeine and theophylline in neonates and adults: implications for assessing children's risks from environmental agents. Ginsberg, G; Hattis, D; Russ, A; Sonawane, B, 2004)	0.56
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
"To evaluate the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 2 commercially available extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs."	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs. Bach, JE; Kukanich, B; McKiernan, BC; Papich, MG, 2004)	0.76
"The present work aimed to estimate the theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters (TH-PKP) in preterm neonates with apnea during the first month of life in order to optimize its dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in preterm neonates during the first month of life. Ali, AS; Fida, NM; Islam, SI; Sheikh, AA, 2004)	0.92
"Phenobarbital significantly enhanced TH clearance (CL) and reduced its half-life (t0."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in preterm neonates during the first month of life. Ali, AS; Fida, NM; Islam, SI; Sheikh, AA, 2004)	0.65
"The pharmacokinetic profile of cilomilast (Ariflo), a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, was investigated in three separate studies."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between cilomilast and theophylline or smoking in healthy volunteers. Murdoch, RD; Schofield, JP; Webber, DM; Zussman, B, 2004)	0.57
"The chimpanzee (CHP) was evaluated as a pharmacokinetic model for humans (HUMs) using propranolol, verapamil, theophylline, and 12 proprietary compounds."	( The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) as a pharmacokinetic model for selection of drug candidates: model characterization and application. Bai, SA; Christ, DD; Diamond, S; Grace, JE; Grossman, SJ; He, K; Qian, M; Wong, H; Wright, MR; Yeleswaram, K, 2004)	0.54
"The stimulant effect of caffeine, as an additive in diacetylmorphine preparations for study purposes, may interfere with the pharmacodynamic effects of diacetylmorphine."	( Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline after inhalation in combination with diacetylmorphine. Beijnen, JH; de Jonge, ME; den Hoed, R; Hendriks, VM; Huitema, AD; Sparidans, RW; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM; Zandvliet, AS, 2005)	0.55
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of theophylline with rutaecarpine, the effects of rutaecarpine on CYP1A2 activity and theophylline pharmacokinetics were investigated."	( Alteration of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline by rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of the medicinal herb Evodia rutaecarpa, in rats. Chen, RM; Chen, TL; Don, MJ; Tsai, TH; Ueng, YF, 2005)	0.86
"We propose tests based on non-linear mixed effects models (NLMEM) in pharmacokinetic interaction and bioequivalence cross-over trials comparing two treatments or two formulations."	( Evaluation by simulation of tests based on non-linear mixed-effects models in pharmacokinetic interaction and bioequivalence cross-over trials. Mentré, F; Panhard, X, 2005)	0.33
"To create a general physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for drug disposition in infants and children, covering the age range from birth to adulthood, and to evaluate it with theophylline and midazolam as model drugs."	( Prediction of drug disposition in infants and children by means of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling: theophylline and midazolam as model drugs. Björkman, S, 2005)	0.73
" Volume of distribution (V dss), total and renal clearance (CL and CL R) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were estimated by PBPK modelling, as functions of age, and compared with literature data."	( Prediction of drug disposition in infants and children by means of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling: theophylline and midazolam as model drugs. Björkman, S, 2005)	0.54
" Prediction of the disposition of theophylline and midazolam, two model drugs with dissimilar physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, yielded results that generally tallied with literature data."	( Prediction of drug disposition in infants and children by means of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling: theophylline and midazolam as model drugs. Björkman, S, 2005)	0.81
" The half-life of elimination from plasma was more than four times longer in Cyp1a2(-/-) than Cyp1(+/+) mice and more than 10 times different after TCDD pretreatment."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics: comparison of Cyp1a1(-/-) and Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout mice, humanized hCYP1A1_1A2 knock-in mice lacking either the mouse Cyp1a1 or Cyp1a2 gene, and Cyp1(+/+) wild-type mice. Curran, CP; Dalton, TP; Derkenne, S; Dragin, N; Nebert, DW; Shertzer, HG, 2005)	1.77
"We previously established a method to predict the drug metabolism capacity of injured liver based on pharmacokinetic estimation of the amount of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in vivo (PKCYP test), by introducing the apparent liver-to-blood free concentration gradient in vivo (qg) as a parameter."	( Prediction of theophylline clearance in CCl4-treated rats using in vivo CYP1A2 and CYP3A2 contents assessed with the PKCYP test. Isawa, M; Kose, N; Nakashima, E; Sai, Y; Suwa, T; Yamamoto, K, 2005)	0.69
" Pharmacokinetic data were calculated by noncompartmental model."	( Herb-drug interaction of Evodia rutaecarpa extract on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Jan, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH, 2005)	0.56
"The final pharmacokinetic parameters were CL (mL/h) = [6."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in very premature Japanese infants with apnoea. Fukuda, T; Imamura, T; Irie, T; Irikura, M; Kondo, G; Kondo, Y; Maeda, T; Shin-o, T; Yukawa, E, 2005)	0.61
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in rats did not change significantly when the drug was intravenously administered after three consecutive days of pretreatment with 17 mg/kg, orally, of 1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3), an investigatory drug having dual inhibitory action on cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)."	( The effect of 1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone on pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline. Jeon, TW; Lee, ES; Lee, SK; Shanmugam, S; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2006)	0.84
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and ciprofloxacin were altered significantly in the cadmium-exposed animals."	( The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and ciprofloxacin in rats. Aly, ZH; Radwan, MA; Zaghloul, IY, 2007)	0.85
" However this correlation was found only in a very narrow range of concentrations of TP, and pharmacokinetic analysis of TP in tears has not been carried out for a wide range of concentrations of TP."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in Guinea pig tears. Honda, A; Konishi, T; Miyazaki, H; Nakajima, M; Sato, S, 2007)	0.66
"Among nonsmokers, the peak concentration (C(max)) and area under concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] of tizanidine did not differ significantly between females and males."	( Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Schröder, MT, 2008)	0.35
" Long-term oral intake of danshen extract does not change the basic pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline."	( Effect of danshen extract on pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. A, J; Mao, G; Qiu, F; Sun, H; Sun, J; Wang, G; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.82
" The developed assay method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers following oral administration of DFL tablet."	( Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method with electrospray ionization for quantitation of doxofylline in human serum: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Mullangi, R; Narasu, ML; Shankar, BP; Sreenivas, N, 2008)	0.35
" However, in 96-h KPLPS rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and 1,3-DMU returned fully or partially to those in control rats."	( Time-dependent effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin (KPLPS) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats: return of the parameters in 96-hour KPLPS rats to the control levels. Jung, YS; Kim, YC; Lee, DY; Lee, JH; Lee, MG; Yang, KH, 2008)	0.8
"280) and Cmax (6."	( MK-0873, a PDE4 inhibitor, does not influence the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Boot, JD; Cohen, AF; De Haas, SL; De Smet, M; Denker, A; Diamant, Z; Leathem, T; Miller, D; Schoemaker, RC; Van Doorn, MB; Van Gerven, JM; Wagner, J, 2008)	0.58
"A study was conducted to clarify differences in the theophylline pharmacokinetics of two orally available products, theophylline alcohol and Apnecut, in premature neonates and infants using population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( [Population pharmacokinetic analysis of two theophylline formulations in premature neonates and infants with apnea]. Hanada, K; Ishikawa, Y; Ito, Y; Kushida, K; Nakamura, T; Ogata, H; Saito, M; Suda, Y; Tsuchiwata, S, 2008)	0.86
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" Theophylline pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Beagle dogs, comparing bulk powder, commercial sustained-release granules (Theodur), sustained-release microspheres, floatable microspheres and mucoadhesive microspheres."	( Comparison of gastroretentive microspheres and sustained-release preparations using theophylline pharmacokinetics. Miyazaki, Y; Takayama, K; Yakou, S, 2008)	1.48
" In this study, we examined the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), one of the most popular dietary supplements, on the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in rats."	( The effect of coenzyme Q10 on the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline. Baskaran, R; Choi, HG; Jeong, TC; Kim, JH; Nagayya-Sriraman, S; Shanmugam, S; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2008)	0.78
" As pharmacokinetic studies in this population are hampered by limitations in the number and volume of plasma samples, we developed an LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of these medications in small volume human plasma specimens for pharmacokinetic evaluations in neonates."	( A tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, caffeine, phenytoin, ranitidine, and theophylline in small volume pediatric plasma specimens. Budha, NR; Christensen, ML; Mehrotra, N; Meibohm, B; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.55
" Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) modelling is a predictive technique that quantitatively relates the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug to such (patho-)physiological conditions."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.35
" Predictions of pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters were compared with literature data for the model compounds alfentanil, lidocaine (lignocaine), theophylline and levetiracetam."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.54
"The predicted versus observed plasma concentration-time profiles for alfentanil and lidocaine were similar, such that the pharmacokinetic changes associated with Child-Pugh class A, B and C liver cirrhosis were adequately described."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.35
" Such data include physicochemical and in vitro drug properties, biorelevant solubility and dissolution, and in vivo pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Predicting pharmacokinetics of drugs using physiologically based modeling--application to food effects. Bolger, MB; Fraczkiewicz, G; Lukacova, V; Parrott, N, 2009)	0.35
"Diazepam in doses of 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg produced long-time and reproducible pharmacodynamic effects."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of flumazenil and theophylline application in rats acutely intoxicated by diazepam]. Dordević, S; Jaćević, V; Jović-Stosić, J; Kilibarda, V; Potrebić, O; Segrt, Z; Vucinić, S; Vukcević-Perković, N, 2009)	0.59
" These effects are a result of different mechanisms of their action, longer half-life of theophylline in relation to that of flumezenil and presumably the diuretic effect of theophylline."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of flumazenil and theophylline application in rats acutely intoxicated by diazepam]. Dordević, S; Jaćević, V; Jović-Stosić, J; Kilibarda, V; Potrebić, O; Segrt, Z; Vucinić, S; Vukcević-Perković, N, 2009)	0.81
" The here obtained pharmacodynamic profiles of the drugs suggest that both milrinone and theophylline may be considered as potent relaxing agents of the lower oesophageal sphincter."	( Milrinone and theophylline act as lower oesophageal sphincter relaxing agents: a comparative pharmacodynamic study in the rabbit. Batzias, GC; Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou, M; Psarra, TA, 2009)	0.94
"This study investigates the effect of theophylline along the rabbit gastrointestinal tract in comparison with the pharmacodynamic effect produced by the combined application of its three major metabolites."	( The gastrointestinal effects that may follow the administration of theophylline reflect the pharmacodynamic profiles of both the parent drug and its metabolites. Batzias, GC; Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou, M; Peeters, TL; Psarra, TA, 2010)	0.87
"The pharmacokinetic study indicated that the usage of a sustained-release formula should not usually be over 15 mg/ml, but the additional use of an aminophylline suppository elevated the concentration to over 20 mg/ml and resulted in the severe adverse effects."	( Theophylline-associated status epilepticus in an infant: pharmacokinetics and the risk of suppository use. Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Nakamura, M; Yamagishi, A, 2009)	1.8
" The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) of theophylline were shortened by 14% and 17%, respectively, in the AG pretreated group when high-dose theophylline (5mg/kg) was given."	( Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Chien, CF; Lee, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2010)	0.81
" This method can be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of norfloxacin and enoxacin after repeated administration to assess changes in CYP1A2 activity in healthy subjects."	( A simple chromatographic method for determining norfloxacin and enoxacin in pharmacokinetic study assessing CYP1A2 inhibition. Homma, M; Kobayashi, D; Kobayashi, T; Kohda, Y; Momo, K, 2011)	0.37
") decreased metabolism of caffeine to paraxanthine, with overall decrease in caffeine clearance (6-20%), increase in area under the curve (AUC; 7-24%) and plasma half-life (t(1/2) 14-16%)."	( Effects of the aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on caffeine pharmacokinetics and liver microsomal CYP1A2 activity in humans and rats. Wang, X; Yeung, JH, 2010)	0.36
"Many applications in biostatistics rely on nonlinear regression models, such as, for example, population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, or modeling approaches for dose-response characterization and dose selection."	( Simultaneous confidence bands for nonlinear regression models with application to population pharmacokinetic analyses. Bretz, F; Gsteiger, S; Liu, W, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate whether a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction exists between theophylline (THEO), a CYP1A2 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index, and the concomitant substrate roflumilast (ROF), a novel selective PDE4 inhibitor partially metabolized by CYP1A2."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.84
" Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation (AUC, Cmax, t1/2, tmax) including percent peak-trough fluctuation (%PTF) of THEO were taken."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.62
" With coadministered THEO, only steady-state total exposure to ROF (AUC) was increased by 28% whereas other pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, Cmax, tmax) of ROF and of the active metabolite roflumilast-N-oxide (R-NO), its main contributor to the pharmacodynamic effects, remained unchanged."	( Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults. Bethke, TD; Böhmer, G; Gleiter, CH; Hünnemeyer, A; Lahu, G, 2011)	0.62
"This was a cross-over pharmacokinetic study in 30 healthy male subjects who received a single oral 100mg caffeine dose after 24-h caffeine abstinence or after maintaining their regular caffeine intake (no caffeine abstinence)."	( Pharmacokinetics of caffeine in plasma and saliva, and the influence of caffeine abstinence on CYP1A2 metrics. Gross, AS; McLachlan, AJ; Perera, V; Xu, H, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and antofloxacin in vivo and in vitro."	( Modulation of pharmacokinetics of theophylline by antofloxacin, a novel 8-amino-fluoroquinolone, in humans. Cheng, JL; Fan, HW; Liu, HY; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Pan, X; Xiao, DW; Xie, L; Yang, HW, 2011)	0.9
" Incorporation of the relevant physiological and biochemical changes into predictive bottom-up pharmacokinetic models in order to optimize dosage regimens may offer a logical way forward for the cases where no clinical data exist."	( Application of a systems approach to the bottom-up assessment of pharmacokinetics in obese patients: expected variations in clearance. Aarabi, M; Allabi, AC; Almond, LM; Ghobadi, C; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Rowland-Yeo, K, 2011)	0.37
"Extension of a mechanistic predictive pharmacokinetic model to accommodate physiological and biochemical changes associated with obesity and morbid obesity allowed prediction of changes in drug clearance on the basis of in vitro data, with reasonable accuracy across a range of compounds that are metabolized by different enzymes."	( Application of a systems approach to the bottom-up assessment of pharmacokinetics in obese patients: expected variations in clearance. Aarabi, M; Allabi, AC; Almond, LM; Ghobadi, C; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Rowland-Yeo, K, 2011)	0.37
"01), showing that there was a significant pharmacokinetic difference in theophylline clearance between the groups."	( Influences of pyrexia and age on theophylline clearance in young children with asthma. Imai, K; Kihira, K; Kimura, Y; Mimaki, Y; Morita, T; Munehisa, Y; Nomura, H; Yoshikuni, Y, 2012)	0.89
" The elimination half-life (t1/2) of theophylline was increased by 20%."	( Effect of decursinol angelate on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its metabolites in rats. An, JH; Chae, JW; Kang, W; Kwon, KI; Ma, Jy, 2012)	0.9
" In particular, the attention was focused on the study of theophylline (THEO) and THEO-MultiPEG conjugates pharmacokinetic after oral administration in rabbit."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of multi PEG-theophylline conjugates. Bonora, GM; Cateni, F; Drioli, S; Grassi, M; Zacchigna, M, 2012)	0.89
"The prepared immediate release and controlled release pastilles were subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats."	( Evaluation of in vivo behavior of controlled and pulsatile release pastilles using pharmacokinetic and γ-scintigraphic techniques. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"The in vivo pharmacokinetic study of controlled release pastille formulation showed significant decrease in C(max) with increase in t(max), which indicates that the effect of dosage form would last for longer duration."	( Evaluation of in vivo behavior of controlled and pulsatile release pastilles using pharmacokinetic and γ-scintigraphic techniques. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"The results indicated that the clearance, elimination rate constant (K(el)) of theophylline was significantly decreased and area under concentration-time curve (AUC), C(max), half-life was increased in decursin (25mg/kg) pretreatment when theophylline (10mg/kg) was given."	( Effect of decursin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its metabolites in rats. Baek, IH; Chae, JW; Kwon, KI, 2012)	0.86
"Conducting pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in pregnant women is challenging."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women. Isoherranen, N; Ke, AB; Nallani, SC; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Unadkat, JD; Zhao, P, 2013)	0.39
" The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of doxofylline in rats."	( Development of a validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of doxofylline on rat dried blood spots and urine: application to pharmacokinetics. Agwane, SB; Naidu, ChG; Prasad, KG; Rao, RN; Saida, S, 2013)	0.39
" However, the mean volume of distribution was higher than the values reported in other population pharmacokinetic studies, which may have been due to the use of 2 sampling time points."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature Korean infants. Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, HS; Kim, SE; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Sohn, JA; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2013)	0.68
"A new approach for calculation of sample size in pediatric clinical pharmacokinetic studies was suggested based on desired precision for a pharmacokinetic parameter of interest."	( Precision criteria to derive sample size when designing pediatric pharmacokinetic studies: which measure of variability should be used? Aarons, L; Johnson, TN; Ogungbenro, K; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Salem, F; Vajjah, P, 2014)	0.4
" The program simulates the drug delivery and transport by means of (I) a six-compartment physiological pharmacokinetic flow model, (II) a system of traditional compartment models, or (III) a target-mediated drug disposition system."	( Maxsim2 - Real-time interactive simulations for computer-assisted teaching of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Andersson, K; Gabrielsson, J; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Jirstrand, M; Tobin, G, 2014)	0.4
"Although both POPPK and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can account for age and other covariates within a paediatric population, they generally do not account for real-time growth and maturation of the individuals through the time course of drug exposure; this may be significant in prolonged neonatal studies."	( Changes in individual drug-independent system parameters during virtual paediatric pharmacokinetic trials: introducing time-varying physiology into a paediatric PBPK model. Abduljalil, K; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2014)	0.4
"The approval of generic drugs requires the evidence of average bioequivalence (ABE) on both the area under the concentration-time curve and the peak concentration Cmax ."	( An approximate approach to sample size determination in bioequivalence testing with multiple pharmacokinetic responses. Huang, CY; Liu, JP; Tsai, CA, 2014)	0.4
"The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of commonly used herb Commiphora myrrha on the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline (narrow therapeutic index drug) in rabbits."	( Investigating the Potential Effect of Commiphora myrrha on the Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline, a Narrow Therapeutic Index Drug. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Alam, MA; Raish, M, 2015)	0.85
" Plasma concentrations of theophylline were determined using HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental analysis."	( Effects of fenugreek, garden cress, and black seed on theophylline pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Al-Suwayeh, SA; AlKharfy, KM; Mahrous, GM, 2015)	0.97
"Treatment with fenugreek (25 g, orally) lead to a decrease in Cmax and AUC0-t of theophylline of about 28% (p < 0."	( Effects of fenugreek, garden cress, and black seed on theophylline pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Al-Suwayeh, SA; AlKharfy, KM; Mahrous, GM, 2015)	0.89
"The concurrent use of fenugreek or garden cress alters theophylline pharmacokinetic behavior in an animal model."	( Effects of fenugreek, garden cress, and black seed on theophylline pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Al-Suwayeh, SA; AlKharfy, KM; Mahrous, GM, 2015)	0.91
" Maternal and foetal pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Theophylline Pharmacokinetics in Foetal Sheep: Maternal Metabolic Capacity is the Principal Driver. Cherala, G; DuBois, B; Giraud, GD; Jonker, SS; Louey, S, 2015)	1.86
"This study sought to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of caffeine and its CYP1A2 metabolites across the 3 trimesters of pregnancy."	( Pregnancy-induced changes in the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites. Campbell, SC; Clark, EA; Schoen, K; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Tak, C; Varner, MW; Yu, T, 2016)	0.43
"The pretreatment of rabbits with BC resulted in a significant increase in maximum blood concentration, time of peak concentration and area under the concentration time profile curve until last observation which was about 41."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of Acacia catechu with CYP1A substrate theophylline in rabbits. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Alam, MA; Raish, M, 2015)	0.65
" To help understand optimal aminophylline (salt formulation of theophylline) dosing strategies in this population, a population-based pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) from 71 children (median age 5 months; 90% range 1 week to 10 years) who underwent cardiac surgery requiring CPB and received aminophylline as part of a previous randomized controlled trial."	( Theophylline Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in Children Following Congenital Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Axelrod, DM; Frymoyer, A; Grimm, PC; Su, F; Sutherland, SM, 2016)	2.12
" ADRs occur because of interhuman pharmacokinetic variability and interactions with coprescribed medicines."	( Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Study Theophylline Metabolism and Its Interactions With Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine. Lightstone, FC; Navid, A; Ng, DM; Wong, SE, 2016)	0.67
"Numerous population pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline have been conducted in paediatric and adult patients."	( Theophylline: a review of population pharmacokinetic analyses. Jiang, DQ; Li, MX; Ma, YJ; Meng, JX; Wang, LQ; Wang, Y; Zhao, HH, 2016)	2.13
" A nonlinear mixed effect modelling approach (NONMEM) was the most commonly used software to develop a population pharmacokinetic model."	( Theophylline: a review of population pharmacokinetic analyses. Jiang, DQ; Li, MX; Ma, YJ; Meng, JX; Wang, LQ; Wang, Y; Zhao, HH, 2016)	1.88
" Future studies are warranted to detect the influence of new factors, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 gene polymorphisms, on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline because some pharmacokinetic variability was not fully explained."	( Theophylline: a review of population pharmacokinetic analyses. Jiang, DQ; Li, MX; Ma, YJ; Meng, JX; Wang, LQ; Wang, Y; Zhao, HH, 2016)	2.08
" Therefore, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to estimate fetal drug exposure throughout pregnancy."	( Development of a Novel Maternal-Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model II: Verification of the model for passive placental permeability drugs. Unadkat, JD; Zhang, Z, 2017)	0.46
" We anticipate that DISSECTIV will be used to expose unidentified active chemical species and resolve pharmacodynamic interactions within other chemically complex systems, such as those found in counterfeit or illegal drug preparations, post-metabolic tissue samples and natural product extracts."	( Vaccine-driven pharmacodynamic dissection and mitigation of fenethylline psychoactivity. Janda, KD; Wenthur, CJ; Zhou, B, 2017)	0.46
"The accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model prediction in children, especially those younger than 2 years old, has not been systematically evaluated."	( Predictive Performance of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Drugs Extensively Metabolized by Major Cytochrome P450s in Children. Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Cheung, SYA; Johnson, TN; Li, J; Xu, H; Zhou, D; Zhou, W, 2018)	0.48
"Allometric approaches are widely used for interspecies scaling for the prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters during drug development."	( Multistep Unified Models Using Prior Knowledge for the Prediction of Drug Clearance in Neonates and Infants. Forshee, R; Jiang, Z; Mahmood, I; Tegenge, MA, 2018)	0.48
"In population pharmacokinetic modeling, bodyweight is often incorporated as an important covariate using fixed (0."	( Age- and Bodyweight-dependent Allometric Exponent Model for Scaling Clearance and Maintenance Dose of Theophylline From Neonates to Adults. Mahmood, I; Tegenge, MA, 2018)	0.7
"To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diphenhydramine in dogs after intravenous (1 mg/kg) and oral (5 mg/kg) administration, and when given orally as dimenhydrinate at a dose of 10 mg/kg (≈5 mg/kg diphenhydramine)."	( Diphenhydramine pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of diphenhydramine and oral administration of dimenhydrinate to healthy dogs, and pharmacodynamic effect on histamine-induced wheal formation: a pilot study. Bäumer, W; Ehling, S; Papich, MG, 2019)	0.51
"Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis of diphenhydramine and chlorotheophylline at defined intervals."	( Diphenhydramine pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of diphenhydramine and oral administration of dimenhydrinate to healthy dogs, and pharmacodynamic effect on histamine-induced wheal formation: a pilot study. Bäumer, W; Ehling, S; Papich, MG, 2019)	0.74
"Oral absorption of diphenhydramine was approximately three times greater with a longer half-life when it was administered as the combination product dimenhydrinate."	( Diphenhydramine pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of diphenhydramine and oral administration of dimenhydrinate to healthy dogs, and pharmacodynamic effect on histamine-induced wheal formation: a pilot study. Bäumer, W; Ehling, S; Papich, MG, 2019)	0.51
" An oral, modified and compounded theophylline product (MCT), which could fulfil this need, is available through a USP-compliant, veterinary compounding pharmacy; however, its pharmacokinetic properties are unknown."	( Pharmacokinetics of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Cavett, CL; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Reinhart, JM, 2019)	1.06
" The aim of the presented work was to predict theophylline pharmacokinetics (PK) after incorporating the changes in plasma albumin concentration occurring in patients with asthma into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to see whether these changes can affect the systemic theophylline concentrations in asthma."	( Investigating the Role of Altered Systemic Albumin Concentration on the Disposition of Theophylline in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Asthma by Using the Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. Alanazi, MM; Alasmari, F; Alqahtani, F; Imran, I; Khalid, R; Majeed, A; Rasool, MF; Saeed, H, 2020)	1.04
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and other covariates on theophylline clearance by population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis."	( Differences in Theophylline Clearance Between Patients With Chronic Hepatitis and Those With Liver Cirrhosis. Araki, H; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Kashihara, Y; Kurata, Y; Muraki, S, 2020)	1.11
"A full Bayesian statistical treatment of complex pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic models, in particular in a population context, gives access to powerful inference, including on model structure."	( Well-tempered MCMC simulations for population pharmacokinetic models. Bois, FY; Chiu, WA; Gao, W; Hsieh, NH; Reisfeld, B, 2020)	0.56
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in 22 neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia who were part of a prospective study or retrospective chart review."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2
" The median half-life was 39."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2
"In neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia, theophylline clearance was low with a 50% longer half-life compared to full-term normothermic neonates without HIE."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2.26
" Theophylline clearance was low in neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia with a 50% longer half-life compared to full-term normothermic neonates without HIE."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2.91
"This pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-interaction trial investigated the effects of repeated dosing of a plant-derived pharmaceutical formulation of highly purified cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex in the United States and Epidyolex in Europe; 100 mg/mL oral solution) on caffeine clearance via modulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in healthy adults."	( A Phase 1 Open-Label, Fixed-Sequence Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Trial to Investigate the Effect of Cannabidiol on the CYP1A2 Probe Caffeine in Healthy Subjects. Critchley, D; Tayo, B; Thai, C, 2021)	0.62
" There was no significant difference in half-life between single-dose and multidose administration."	( Multidose pharmacokinetics and safety of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Campos, V; Fries, R; Kadotani, S; Lester, C; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Perkowski, C; Reinhart, JM, 2021)	0.86
" The objective of this study was to apply physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in pediatric patients to investigate the absorption and pharmacokinetics of 4 drugs belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I administered as oral liquid formulations."	( Evaluation of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models to Predict the Absorption of BCS Class I Drugs in Different Pediatric Age Groups. Burckart, GJ; Dallmann, A; Liu, XI; van den Anker, JN, 2021)	0.62
" This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PC and HC on theophylline clearance (CL) by population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis with consideration of the severity of HF assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification."	( Reduced theophylline clearance due to hepatic congestion secondary to right heart failure - A population pharmacokinetic study. Araki, H; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Kurata, Y; Muraki, S, 2021)	1.3

Compound-Compound Interactions

Long-term ambulatory Holter-monitoring was used to evaluate the arrhythmogenic effects of beta 2-agonist therapy, alone and in combination with a xanthine derivative. The results indicate that theophylline alone has only a moderate acute bronchodilating effect at recommended plasma concentrations but gives a good effect when combined with inhaledBeta 2-adrenostimulants.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins or cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on net water, sodium and chloride and unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes was examined in acute isolated loops of jejunum of weanling swine."	( Effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins and cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on unidirectional sodium and chloride flux in the small intestine of weanling swine. Forsyth, GW; Hamilton, DL; Nielsen, NO; Roe, WE, 1978)	0.68
" Omeprazole contains a benzimidazole moiety and thus has the potential to interact with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme group."	( Clinical implications of drug interactions with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system associated with omeprazole. Humphries, TJ, 1991)	0.28
" Since cimetidine--the predecessor drug of ranitidine--interacts with a variety of other agents and moreover ranitidine is often administered in combination with other drugs the interaction potential of ranitidine has been subject to extensive investigations."	( The drug interaction potential of ranitidine: an update. Klotz, U; Kroemer, HK, 1991)	0.28
" We have characterized PCN or macrolides induced cytochromes P-450 by their specific ability to interact with macrolide derivatives and, using the cytochrome P-450 spectral binding assays, we have shown that some compounds, implicated in drug interaction with macrolides, interact preferentially with the same cytochromes."	( Specific drug binding to rat liver cytochrome P-450 isozymes induced by pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile and macrolide antibiotics. Implications for drug interactions. Delaforge, M; Sartori, E, 1990)	0.28
"Early investigational trials with new quinolone antibiotics revealed two important drug-drug interactions: decreased fluoroquinolone absorption when co-administered with magnesium-aluminum antacids and inhibition of theophylline metabolism."	( Drug-drug interactions with ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. Polk, RE, 1989)	0.46
"Long-term ambulatory Holter-monitoring was used to evaluate the arrhythmogenic effects of beta 2-agonist therapy, alone and in combination with a xanthine derivative, theophylline or enprofylline."	( Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with mild-to-moderate obstructive lung disease. Comparison of beta-agonist therapy alone and in combination with a xanthine derivative, enprofylline or theophylline. Conradson, TB; Eklundh, G; Olofsson, B; Pahlm, O; Persson, G, 1985)	0.66
"Rifampin, a potent inducer of the hepatic microsomal system, has been shown to cause clinically important interactions when combined with other drugs, including oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, digitoxin, methadone hydrochloride, sulfonylureas, and barbiturates."	( Update on rifampin drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Bekemeyer, WB; Self, TH, 1987)	0.27
" In a single-blind study of 14 normal volunteers, we infused salbutamol in doses used in clinical practice and examined the effects of the addition of theophylline alone or combined with (-)-adrenaline on plasma potassium levels, heart rate and blood pressure."	( Salbutamol induced hypokalaemia: the effect of theophylline alone and in combination with adrenaline. Addis, GJ; Reid, C; Reid, JL; Whitesmith, R; Whyte, KF, 1988)	0.73
") of stable isotope-labeled theophylline was administered with the oral dose of theophylline."	( Aging and drug interactions. I. Effect of cimetidine and smoking on the oxidation of theophylline and cortisol in healthy men. Cusack, BJ; Dawson, GW; Mercer, GD; Park, BK; Vestal, RE, 1987)	0.79
"5 mg) combined with 280 mg anhydrous theophylline orally in the randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in eight asthmatics."	( Effects of oral theophylline combined with oral and inhaled beta-2-adrenostimulants in asthmatics. Svedmyr, K, 1982)	0.88
" These effects, combined with the common use of cimetidine in clinical practice, make the risk of adverse drug interactions a relatively frequent risk in the clinical setting."	( Drug interactions involving cimetidine--mechanisms, documentation, implications. Greene, W, 1984)	0.27
"The haemodynamic response to two xanthines, enprofylline and theophylline, was studied in 6 healthy male volunteers at rest, during exercise and in combination with the beta 2-agonist, terbutaline."	( Cardiovascular effects of two different xanthines in healthy subjects. Studies at rest, during exercise and in combination with a beta-agonist, terbutaline. Conradson, TB, 1984)	0.51
"The therapeutic value of 80 micrograms atropine methonitrate delivered per metered aerosol and its combination with 450 micrograms reproterol was investigated in a controlled double-blind cross-over trial in 17 patients with chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction."	( Comparative studies of atropine methonitrate and its combination with reproterol in chronic airway obstruction. Aurich, R; Macha, HN, 1982)	0.26
" The results indicate that theophylline alone has only a moderate acute bronchodilating effect at recommended plasma concentrations but gives a good effect when combined with inhaled beta 2-adrenostimulants."	( Bioavailability of theophylline from three different tablets in asthmatic patients and their bronchodilating effects in combination with terbutaline inhalation. Mellstrand, T; Svedmyr, K; Svedmyr, N, 1982)	0.89
"The fluoroquinolones have been shown to interact with the hepatic metabolism of theophylline and increase serum theophylline concentrations."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.88
"Many drugs have been shown to interact adversely with theophylline, including ciprofloxacin, verapamil, and cimetidine."	( Rate of exposure to theophylline-drug interactions. Pashko, S; Sena, MM; Simons, WR; Stoddard, ML, )	0.7
" Different mechanisms have to be considered as causes for potential drug-drug interactions."	( Lack of pantoprazole drug interactions in man. Bliesath, H; Hartmann, M; Huber, R; Radtke, HW; Steinijans, VW; Wurst, W; Zech, K, 1994)	0.29
" After a dose of 100 mg/kg of caffeine given alone and in combination with 50 mg/kg of theophylline, hepatic GSH levels were decreased by 22."	( Hepatic glutathione and lipid peroxidation in rats treated with theophylline. Effect of dose and combination with caffeine and acetaminophen. Abdel-Meguid, EM; Farag, MM, 1994)	0.75
" This study shows that the additive bronchodilating effect of theophylline, when used in combination with salbutamol, 200 micrograms, and ipratropium, 40 micrograms, is significant but small in stable COPD."	( Is oral theophylline effective in combination with both inhaled anticholinergic agent and inhaled beta 2-agonist in the treatment of stable COPD? Ikeda, A; Izumi, T; Koyama, H; Nishimura, K, 1993)	0.96
"Antimicrobials of the fluoroquinolone class are involved in a number of clinically important drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Marchbanks, CR, )	0.13
" We present the first case (to our knowledge) of a potentially serious drug-drug interaction between zafirlukast and theophylline."	( A drug interaction between zafirlukast and theophylline. Bonner, MW; Cantilena, LR; Katial, RK; Marino, M; Smith, LJ; Stelzle, RC, )	0.6
" Drug-drug interactions are important in clinical practice because short and long term therapeutic regimens frequently require coadministration of different drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with anti-ulcer drugs. Negro, RD, 1998)	0.3
"1 To investigate the effect of moderate hypoxia alone or combined with an inflammatory reaction or after 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) pre-treatment on cytochrome P450 (P450), conscious rabbits were exposed for 24 h to a fractional concentration of inspired O2 of 10% (mean PaO2 of 34 mmHg)."	( Effect of hypoxia alone or combined with inflammation and 3-methylcholanthrene on hepatic cytochrome P450 in conscious rabbits. Bélanger, PM; Dalkara, S; El-Kadi, AO; Kurdi, J; Maurice, H; Ong, H; Souich, P, 1999)	0.3
" This study assessed the comparative frequency of potential drug-drug interactions in patients receiving either omeprazole or lansoprazole."	( Prevalence of potential proton-pump inhibitor drug interactions: a retrospective review of prescriptions in community pharmacies. Fask, A; Saltiel, E, 1999)	0.3
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.74
"Many fluoroquinolone antibiotics are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems and may produce potentially important drug interactions when administered with other drugs."	( Drug interactions with clinafloxacin. Abel, R; Alvey, CW; Bron, NJ; Hounslow, NJ; Koup, JR; Randinitis, EJ; Rausch, G; Sedman, AJ; Vassos, AB, 2001)	0.31
"To investigate the effect of small dose of oral theophyllin combined with low dose of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on clinical symptoms, bronchial responsiveness and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA)."	( [Effect of low dose of inhaled corticosteroid combined with small dose of oral theophylline on treatment of bronchial asthma]. Huang, H; Li, J; Mo, H, 2000)	0.53
"It was suggested that small dose of oral theophylline combined with low dose of inhaled BDP might have the same effect on relief of clinical symptoms and bronchial responsiveness, without suppression on HPAA function, comparing with relatively higher dose of inhaled BDP."	( [Effect of low dose of inhaled corticosteroid combined with small dose of oral theophylline on treatment of bronchial asthma]. Huang, H; Li, J; Mo, H, 2000)	0.8
"The aim of this work is to identify the medicines which interact with the herbal remedy St John's wort (SJW), and the mechanisms responsible."	( St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Arlett, P; Bergquist, C; Gerden, B; Henderson, L; Yue, QY, 2002)	0.31
" Its combination with pamabrom, a mild diuretic agent, (Women s Tylenol Menstrual Relief Caplets, Midol Teen) was approved by the FDA for use in this indication."	( Is acetaminophen, and its combination with pamabrom, an effective therapeutic option in primary dysmenorrhoea? De Los Santos, AR; Di Girolamo, G; González, CD; Sánchez, AJ, 2004)	0.32
" This study was performed to compare the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) combined with slow-release theophylline (SRT) with that of double-dose ICS in asthma control, anti-inflammatory activity and safety."	( Comparison of inhaled corticosteroid combined with theophylline and double-dose inhaled corticosteroid in moderate to severe asthma. Li, SP; Liao, XQ; Lin, KX; Qian, GS; Song, YX; Wang, CZ; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZQ; Zhuo, WL, 2005)	0.79
"Both ICS combined with SRT and double-dose ICS had the same effect on asthma control, improving symptoms and ameliorating lung function."	( Comparison of inhaled corticosteroid combined with theophylline and double-dose inhaled corticosteroid in moderate to severe asthma. Li, SP; Liao, XQ; Lin, KX; Qian, GS; Song, YX; Wang, CZ; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZQ; Zhuo, WL, 2005)	0.58
" Therefore, we studied the effect of the beta2-agonist reproterol in combination with DSCG."	( Effect of reproterol either alone or combined with disodium cromoglycate on airway responsiveness to methacholine. Jörres, RA; Kanniess, F; Magnussen, H, 2005)	0.33
" However, Eudragit RS and Eudragit RL in combination with inulin made free films which had more swelling and permeation of drug in the colonic medium rather than the other media."	( Permeability and swelling studies on free films containing inulin in combination with different polymethacrylates aimed for colonic drug delivery. Afrasiabi Garekani, H; Akhgari, A; Farahmand, F; Sadeghi, F; Vandamme, TF, 2006)	0.33
"Most proton pump inhibitors are extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, as are many other drugs, giving rise to potential drug-drug interactions."	( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
"Mean C(max) and AUC values were generally similar for each test substrate when administered with multiple once-daily doses of dexlansoprazole MR or placebo."	( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
" The blood theophylline levels were monitored by microdialysis sampling combined with HPLC-UV."	( Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Chien, CF; Lee, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2010)	0.96
"Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy has been used in the patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as major traditional interventions for the treatment of the disease."	( Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, 4-center study. Bai, YP; Guo, LX; Li, JS; Li, SY; Li, ZG; Shao, SJ; Wang, MH; Wang, YF; Xie, Y; Yu, XQ; Zhang, NZ; Zhang, YJ; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, the Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy in patients with stable COPD."	( Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, 4-center study. Bai, YP; Guo, LX; Li, JS; Li, SY; Li, ZG; Shao, SJ; Wang, MH; Wang, YF; Xie, Y; Yu, XQ; Zhang, NZ; Zhang, YJ; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
" 244 patients who were divided into the trial group (n=122, treated with Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with Shu-Fei Tie acupoint sticking therapy and oral placebo sustained-release theophylline) and the control group (n=122, treated with oral sustained-release theophylline and placebo Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with placebo Shu-Fei Tie acupoint sticking therapy)."	( Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, 4-center study. Bai, YP; Guo, LX; Li, JS; Li, SY; Li, ZG; Shao, SJ; Wang, MH; Wang, YF; Xie, Y; Yu, XQ; Zhang, NZ; Zhang, YJ; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.57
"Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy showed beneficial effects for patients with stable COPD in the measured parameters over the 4-month treatment period and 6 months follow-up, with no relevant between-group differences in adverse events."	( Bu-Fei Yi-Shen granule combined with acupoint sticking therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, 4-center study. Bai, YP; Guo, LX; Li, JS; Li, SY; Li, ZG; Shao, SJ; Wang, MH; Wang, YF; Xie, Y; Yu, XQ; Zhang, NZ; Zhang, YJ; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
" The uterine effects of terbutaline alone or in combination with rolipram were tested in vivo."	( Uterus-relaxing effect of β2-agonists in combination with phosphodiesterase inhibitors: studies on pregnant rat in vivo and on pregnant human myometrium in vitro. Ducza, E; Falkay, G; Gáspár, R; Hajagos-Tóth, J; Klukovits, A; Kormányos, Z; Seres, AB; Verli, J, 2013)	0.39
"We conclude that theophylline overdose combined with metoclopramide may provoke new-onset seizures, especially in young patients following heart transplantation."	( Seizures after heart transplantation--two cases of non-immunosuppressant drug interactions in young patients. Baszyńska-Wachowiak, H; Buczkowski, P; Jemielity, M; Pawłowska, M; Perek, B; Straburzyńska-Migaj, E; Urbanowicz, T, 2014)	0.74
" In this study, we established a melanogenesis regulation assay system using a fluorescent protein reporter combined with the promoters for the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (Tyr) and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) genes in MeWo human melanoma cells."	( Establishment of a melanogenesis regulation assay system using a fluorescent protein reporter combined with the promoters for the melanogenesis-related genes in human melanoma cells. Chen, CY; Chiu, YW; Lin, CC; Lin, YJ; Yang, CH, 2015)	0.42
" In the current study, stepwise injection analysis (SWIA) was successfully combined with single-drop liquid microextraction (SDLME) and solvent exchange procedure."	( Stepwise injection potentiometric determination of caffeine in saliva using single-drop microextraction combined with solvent exchange. Bulatov, A; Kirsanov, D; Medinskaia, K; Nikolaeva, L; Timofeeva, I, 2016)	0.43
"To evaluate and contrast the therapeutic effect and safety of fluticasone aerosol combined with theophylline tablets in patients with moderate to severe asthma, compared with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate aerosol."	( Intervention Studies of Inhaled Corticosteroids Combined with Long-acting Theophylline or Long-acting β Chen, P; Dai, A; Kong, L; Shang, S; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.88
"After a screening period, patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the experiment group (fluticasone aerosol combined with theophylline tablets) or the control group (salmeterol/fluticasone aerosol combined with placebo tablets) for 12 weeks of treatment."	( Intervention Studies of Inhaled Corticosteroids Combined with Long-acting Theophylline or Long-acting β Chen, P; Dai, A; Kong, L; Shang, S; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.86
"There was no significant difference in therapeutic effect and safety between the 2 groups in treating patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma, which suggests that fluticasone aerosol combined with theophylline tablets is worth considering for use in primary hospitals or for low-income populations."	( Intervention Studies of Inhaled Corticosteroids Combined with Long-acting Theophylline or Long-acting β Chen, P; Dai, A; Kong, L; Shang, S; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.85
" The metabolic profile of guarana from the two largest producing regions was investigated using UPLC-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis."	( Chemical profiling of guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) from different geographical origins using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics. Canuto, KM; Coutinho, JP; da Silva, GS; de Brito, ES; de Jesus, RM; Nascimento, MM; Ribeiro, PRV; Zocolo, GJ, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study to evaluate the effects of evocalcet on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of probe substrates for CYP isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A) was conducted in healthy male volunteers using a novel cocktail combination."	( Assessment of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions for Evocalcet, a New Calcimimetic Agent, Based on In Vitro Investigations and a Cocktail Study in Humans. Akizawa, T; Endo, Y; Fukagawa, M; Kannami, A; Maeda, H; Nagata, Y; Nakamura, H; Narushima, K; Ohtsuka, S; Shimazaki, R; Shiramoto, M; Uchimura, T, 2019)	0.51
"Tiotropium combined with low-dose theophylline significantly improved the symptoms and general health of patients with stable COPD of groups B and D after 6 months of follow-up."	( Effects of Tiotropium Combined with Theophylline on Stable COPD Patients of Group B, D and its Impact on Small Airway Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cheng, DY; Fan, LL; Wu, HX; Xiong, XF; Zhu, M, 2018)	1.03
"BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of doxofylline combined with ceftazidime on clinical efficacy, drug safety, and prognosis in patients with COPD complicated with infection."	( Effects of Doxofylline Combined with Ceftazidime on Clinical Efficacy, Drug Safety, and Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated with Infection. Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" In the present study, we elucidated the mechanism behind the cytotoxic effect of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) on cancer cell line MDA-MB-231."	( Enhanced expression of death receptor 5 is responsible for increased cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, )	0.58
"Cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with TRAIL was measured via trypan blue assay and MTT assay."	( Enhanced expression of death receptor 5 is responsible for increased cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, )	0.7
"We observed theophylline in combination with rhTRAIL to be significantly cytotoxic to the cancer cells in comparison to theophylline and rhTRAIL alone."	( Enhanced expression of death receptor 5 is responsible for increased cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, )	0.73
"Theophylline in combination with TRAIL significantly increases cytotoxicity in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line when compared to theophylline and rhTRAIL alone via upregulation of DR5 levels."	( Enhanced expression of death receptor 5 is responsible for increased cytotoxicity of theophylline in combination with recombinant human TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Dutta, S; Pal, A; Pal, R; Tapadar, P, )	1.8

Bioavailability

The effect of differing fat contents of food on the bioavailability of theophylline following a 400-mg single dose of Theo-24 was studied in mini-swine.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
", ionic strength) to: (a) correlate in vitro release rates with bioavailability data, (b) discriminate between alternative formulations during dosage form development, or (c) serve as a selective control procedure for a series of sustanined-release dosage forms."	( Continuous dissolution rate determination as a function of the pH of the medium. Dauvois, M; Michaelis, AF; Turi, P, 1976)	0.26
" The experiments suggesting a relationship between the activity and the bioavailability of the ester 19 are also described."	( Troponoids. 3. Synthesis and antiallergy activity of N-troponyloxamic acid esters. Bagli, JF; Bogri, T; Lippmann, W; Martel, R; Palameta, B; Pugsley, T; Robinson, W, 1979)	0.26
"The bioavailability of theophylline from single doses of an elixir (Elixophyllin) and two different tablet formulations, as compared to intravenous aminophylline, was studied with a crossover design in 12 normal volunteers."	( Theophylline bioavailability: a comparison of the oral absorption of a theophylline elixir and two combination theophylline tablets to intravenous aminophylline. Azarnoff, DL; Fixley, M; Shen, DD, 1977)	2.01
" The qualities of both drugs as to their bioavailability and effect on airway obstruction shall be examined by means of another comparative study."	( [Comparative examination of theophylline-serum-concentrations and bronchospasmolytic effect of cholintheophyllinate (euspirax) and theophyllin-aethylendiamine (euphyllin retard) in patients with obstructive airway diseases (author's transl)]. Oellerich, M; Schnitker, J; Wettengel, R, 1979)	0.55
"The comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline was studied in normal subjects."	( Comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline in man. Sharma, PL; Sharma, RM, 1979)	0.7
"The oral bioavailability of liquid-filled theophylline capsules relative to a nonalcoholic aminophylline solution was determined in normal volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of oral theophylline capsules. Brousseau, DR; Canada, AT; Eastwood, G; Lesko, LJ; Walker, D, 1979)	0.77
"The bioavailability of a rapidly dissolving tablet of theophylline and three brands of standard aminophylline tablets was estimated in a four way cross-over study involving 8 healthy adult volunteers."	( Comparative bioavailability of a microcrystalline theophylline tablet and uncoated aminophylline tablets. Cooper, D; Milne, RW; Sansom, LN, 1979)	0.76
" Comparison of bioavailability and absorption characteristics suggest usefulness of some of these products for the purpose of maintaining safe and effective blood levels with twice-a-day dosing."	( Theophylline bioavailability following oral administration of six sustained-release preparations. Bloom, FL; Kalof, DD; Spangler, DL; Wittig, HJ, 1978)	1.7
"Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two commercial tablet formulations (I and II) relative to an acute dose of elixir was evaluated in healthy volunteers."	( Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two solid dosage forms. Azarnoff, DL; Fixley, M; Shen, DD, 1978)	3.14
" Therapy is initiated with 16 mg/kg/day or 400 mg/day (whichever is less) in divided doses at appropriate intervals depending on the rate of absorption of the product used."	( Guide to oral theophylline therapy for the treatment of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M; Wyatt, R, 1978)	0.62
"To assess the potential for therapeutic problems related to the bioavailability of oral theophylline preparations, we examined the rate and extent of absorption for various formulations in adult volunteers."	( The relation of product formulation to absorption of oral theophylline. Bighley, L; Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1978)	0.72
"The bioavailability of dyphylline from sustained-release tablets, studied in seven normal subjects given a single dose of the drug, was 67."	( Bioavailability of a sustained-release dyphylline formulation. Bierman, CW; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1977)	0.26
"The absolute bioavailability of theophylline was investigated by comparing the areas under concentration-time curves for intravenous theophylline with a plain uncoated anhydrous theophylline tablet and a theophylline solution."	( Absolute bioavailability of oral theophylline. Bighley, L; Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1977)	0.82
"The influence of various test meals, and of fluid volumes, on the bioavailability of theophylline from a solid dosage form has been studied in healthy male volunteers."	( Influence of diet and fluid on bioavailability of theophylline. Craig, WA; Lyons, LL; Trochta, GA; Welling, PG, 1975)	0.73
"0 M, glycerin and propylene glycol increase significantly the intestinal absorption rate of theophylline from the small intestine of anesthetized rats."	( Effect of various alcohols on intestinal net water flux and theophylline absorption in rats. Houston, JB; Levy, G, 1975)	0.72
" Dyphylline is rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability is independent of route of administration or formulation."	( The pharmacokinetics of dihydroxypropyltheophylline: a basis for rational therapy. Bierman, CW; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1975)	0.52
"The bioavailability of theophylline from formulations containing this drug alone and also in combination with phenobarbital and ephedrine has been studied in normal volunteers and asthmatic subjects."	( Influence of formulation on bioavailability of theophylline. Domoradzki, J; Reed, CE; Sims, JA; Welling, PG, 1976)	0.82
" Accumulation of caffeine, with its subsequent metabolism to theophylline, in patients, who consume average quantities of caffeine-containing beverages relative to those patients who avoid such drinks could interfere with bioavailability studies in normal volunteers."	( The human metabolism of caffeine to theophylline. Hossie, RD; McGilveray, IJ; Sved, S, 1976)	0.77
"Differences in bioavailability of many drugs from their various dosage forms have been shown to be relatively common in human medicine."	( Bioavailability and bioinequivalence of drug formulations in small animals. Watson, AD, 1992)	0.28
" Compared to TheoDur, the two Soviet drugs, Theobiolongas and Theopaek, had lower bioavailability (86% and 82%, respectively), and higher rate of absorption."	( Bioavailability of two Soviet sustained-release theophylline formulations in comparison with TheoDur. Kiivet, RA; Pruunsild, T; Svensson, JO; Teder, P, 1992)	0.54
"30 h, and the calculated bioavailability was above 100%."	( The pharmacokinetics of a slow-release theophylline preparation in horses after intravenous and oral administration. Errecalde, JO; Landoni, MF, 1992)	0.55
" To provide additional studies in this important field, the in vivo bioavailability of Bronchoretard, a theophylline sustained-release preparation, not available at present in Italy, has been compared with that of Diffumal, formulation of large consumption."	( HPLC analysis of theophylline: bioequivalence study of two sustained-release formulations at steady state. Balbi, A; Bottino, GB; Mazzei, M; Sottofattori, E, 1992)	0.84
" In a second study the influence of the starch:drug ratio on the bioavailability was investigated."	( Performance of a modified starch hydrophilic matrix for the sustained release of theophylline in healthy volunteers. De Wilde, GA; Lefebvre, RA; Remon, JP; Vandenbossche, GM, 1992)	0.51
"In order to determine the effects of repeated administration under fed and fasting conditions on the bioavailability and clinical efficacy of Uniphyl tablets, 22 adult asthmatics took the drug immediately following their evening meal for seven consecutive days and under fasting conditions for an additional seven consecutive days."	( Repeated dosing of Uniphyl tablets under fed and fasting conditions: comparison of serum theophylline levels, pulmonary function, and asthma symptoms. Arkinstall, WW; Brar, PS; Stewart, JH, 1991)	0.5
"In a single-dose cross-over study with 12 healthy male volunteers the relative bioavailability of theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) in a dosage of 700 mg (sustained-release preparation) under fasting- and non-fasting conditions was investigated."	( Influence of food on the bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-released theophylline preparation. Dingler, E; Lohmann, A; Sommer, W, 1991)	0.76
"The influence of fatty diet and standard diet on the bioavailability and plasma half life of conventional theophylline was studied in the rabbit."	( A study on bioavailability of theophylline in rabbits as influenced by fatty diet. Ashok Kumar, S; Chakrabarti, A; Garg, SK, 1991)	0.78
"00 hr) dosing was characterized by significantly low rate of absorption (t 1/2a and Tmax) but higher extent of absorption (AUC0-alpha) compared to that after nocturnal dosing (22."	( A study on the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline in rabbits. Chakrabarti, A; Garg, SK; Kumar, A, 1991)	0.55
" The volume of distribution, the elimination rate constant, the total clearance, and bioavailability of the drugs under comparison did not differ significantly."	( [The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic characteristics of theopek and theobiolong in bronchial asthma patients]. Abazova, FI; Belousov, IuB; Bondarenko, GP; Didkovskiĭ, NA; Kablashova, NA; Kholodov, LE; Kozhanov, AM; Noreĭka, RM, 1991)	0.28
" Bioavailability for each 12-h period was defined as: BIO = (AUC oral/AUC iv) x (Dose iv/Dose oral)x100."	( Evaluation of slow-release theophylline pharmacokinetics by Fourier's harmonic analysis. Jurcic, B; Lenardic, A; Suskovic, S, 1991)	0.58
" One week later the subjects participated in a three-way crossover theophylline bioavailability study receiving at weekly intervals, single doses at 7 AM of (a) 5 x 100-mg immediate-release tablets, (b) 2 x 300-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets, and (c) 2 x 300-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets after ranitidine pretreatment of 150 mg every 4 hr beginning at 2 PM the previous day."	( The effect of raising gastric pH with ranitidine on the absorption and elimination of theophylline from a sustained-release theophylline tablet. Betlach, CJ; Bialer, M; González, MA; Liebermann, P; Meyer, MC; Straughn, AB; Vashi, VI, 1991)	0.74
" The investigations--in most cases estimations of the nonbiotransformated part of antituberculotic drugs and theophylline had following purposes: security of the necessary dose especially in the case of INH (hereditary INH-polymorphismus), proof of a sufficient permeation of INH and RMP in the tuberculous kidney, control of the usefulness or uselessness of the INH-depot-preparations, relations between the concentration in the serum and dose respectively of the appearance of side effects, estimation of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters during the development of an useful retard-preparation of theophylline."	( [Clinical pharmacology in optimization of therapy of lung diseases]. Iwainsky, H; Wiesner, B; Winsel, K, 1991)	0.49
" Euphylong showed a bioavailability of 83%, the maximum of the serum level was attained at night."	( [Euphylong in standard dosage: comparison with an international retard preparation for twice-daily administration in recommended dosage]. Huber, W; Maier-Stocker, P; Siemon, G, 1991)	0.28
"The effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline has been examined in a crossover study."	( Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Bano, G; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Raina, RK; Sharma, SC; Zutshi, U, 1991)	0.73
"Since most bioavailability studies are usually done with only a limited number of volunteers (usually 10-30), the statistical properties of the calculated bioavailability parameters are not well defined."	( An approach to select the appropriate statistical method for testing bioequivalence. Gouws, E; Koeleman, HA; Ritschel, WA; Steyn, HS, 1991)	0.28
" The interindividual variability in CL/F was 25%, whereas the same estimates in V/F and in the first-order absorption rate constant could not be obtained."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rectal theophylline in neonates. Chow, P; Evans, TJ; Karlsson, MO; Kelman, AW; McGovern, EM; Thomson, AH, 1991)	0.55
" Ceftibuten is very well absorbed in young and old patients."	( The pharmacokinetics of ceftibuten in humans. Affrime, M; Barr, WH; Lim, J; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E; Symchowicz, S, )	0.13
"Absorption Profile and Absolute Bioavailability of a Theophylline Retard Preparation."	( [Absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of a theophylline--retard preparation]. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Rehm, KD; Weber, W, 1990)	0.78
"We evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of 4 sustained release theophylline preparations."	( [The bioavailability of 4 sustained-release theophylline preparations from the Chilean market]. Biagini, L; Chávez, H; Saavedra, I; Zamora, P, 1990)	0.77
"We have reported that the morning mean rate of absorption (ka) in immediate release aminophylline tablet is significantly faster than the evening one without any obvious change in AUC, the distribution (Vd), the rate of elimination (kel) or the elimination half-time (t1/2) and this altered absorption is a cause of circadian variation of theophylline concentrations with sustained-release preparations."	( [Posture and circadian variations in serum theophylline concentrations]. Hukushima, K; Iikura, Y; Kishida, M, 1990)	0.71
" The theophylline absorption rate was slightly increased after this antrectomy, whereas other pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under the concentration time curve (AUC) and the elimination half-life (t1/2), remained unchanged."	( Theophylline absorption and gastric emptying after partial gastrectomy in dogs. Derendorf, H; Harrison, D; Hocking, M; Limberg, J, 1990)	2.24
" The effect of food on the bioavailability of the sustained-release capsule was investigated by administering 300 mg single doses of Austyn, with a high-fat meal and without food and a divided 300 mg dose of the reference product Elixophyllin elixir, given after fasting."	( Bioavailability of a new sustained-release theophylline capsule in fasted and non-fasted healthy subjects: single and multiple dosing studies. Boehm, G; Dwyer, M; Penna, AC; Sansom, LN; West, RJ; Williams, DB, 1990)	0.54
" Concentrations of TC above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) did not affect the absorption rate of the hydrophilic drugs PA and TP; the barrier function of the intestinal wall for PA and TP was not altered in the presence of taurocholate."	( Intestinal absorption of drugs. III. The influence of taurocholate on the disappearance kinetics of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs from the small intestine of the rat. Breäs, R; Poelma, FG; Tukker, JJ, 1990)	0.28
" Depending upon the retardation principle, both the mean bioavailability and its scatter differed from one preparation to the other, one of them being, on average, more completely absorbed than the other, while, at the same time, showing an appreciably more variable bio-availability."	( [Bioequivalence of theophylline retard capsules in children and relation of metabolism to administration route]. Berdel, D; Bonnacker, I; Buhr, W; Süverkrüp, R; von Berg, A, 1990)	0.61
" The peak plasma concentration, area under the curve and bioavailability of theophylline in Theolong in the fasting group were significantly higher the respective parameters in the nonfasting group, suggesting a decrease in the absorption process."	( [Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary excretion of two sustained release theophylline preparations in nonanesthetized dogs]. Miyazaki, H; Sakumoto, S; Suzuki, S; Taneike, T, 1990)	0.72
"Moricizine is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of moricizine. Barbey, JT; Schwartz, SL; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1990)	0.28
" However, in vivo bioavailability after oral administration of tablets to rabbits corresponded to over 95% of total drug, compared with the same dose administered intravenously."	( Dissolution of theophylline from film-coated slow release mini-tablets in various dissolution media. Fassihi, AR; Munday, DL, 1989)	0.63
" In spite of a decrease in the absorption rate, which led to a shift to the right of about 2 h of the plasma concentration-time curve, the bioavailability of both formulations were not significantly modified by a hyperlipidic meal as compared to a balanced meal."	( Influence of hyperlipidic food on the kinetics of slow-release formulations of theophylline. Andre, C; Benchekroun, Y; Brazier, JL; Gillet, A, 1989)	0.5
" Absolute bioavailability was 87% for the immediate-release and 97% for the sustained-release formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of an immediate-release aminophylline and a sustained-release theophylline formulation in the horse. Goetz, TE; McKiernan, BC; Munsiff, IJ, 1989)	0.5
"In a double blind randomized cross-over design including 18 healthy male volunteers a pellet formulation designed for twice-daily dosage (reference-formulation) and of common use in the Federal Republic of Germany was compared to Euphylong-pellets (formulation E) with respect to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile."	( [Comparison of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of a theophylline pellet formulation designed for once-daily dosage with a pellet preparation designed for twice-daily dosage]. Keinke, O, 1989)	0.51
"Beagle dogs were evaluated as an animal model to study the effect of food on the bioavailability of two commercially available oral controlled-release theophylline products."	( The beagle dog as an animal model for a bioavailability study of controlled-release theophylline under the influence of food. LeMarchand, A; Sager, AO; Shiu, GK; Skelly, JP; Velagapudi, RB, 1989)	0.7
" The consequence may be an effect on the rate of absorption or on the amount absorbed, or both simultaneously."	( Food interactions with sustained-release theophylline preparations. A review. Jonkman, JH, 1989)	0.54
" The relative bioavailability of Pulmo-Timelets vis-a-vis the reference preparation referred to the area under the curve (AUC) in the 24-hour dosage interval, revealed a figure of 82%."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Repeated single evening administration of Pulmo-Timelets slow-release capsules in comparison with theophylline slow-release tablets]. Behrendt, WA; Breuel, HP; Heusinger, JH; Wolfstädter, HD, 1989)	0.6
"In a multiple dose cross-over experiment in 12 healthy male adults the bioavailability and sustained release characteristics of new once daily BY912 400 mg theophylline capsules (= B, Byk Gulden Research Laboratories, FRG) were studied using Theo-24 capsules (= T, Searle & Co."	( Sustained release properties of the once daily theophylline capsule BY912 as compared with Theo-24 capsules. Beier, W; Crasmeijer, G; Jonkman, JH; Steinijans, VW; van der Boon, WJ, )	0.59
" Excellent bioavailability of theophylline was confirmed from paired oral and intravenous tests in seven subjects, including two with exocrine pancreatic failure."	( Factors contributing to the accelerated clearance of theophylline and antipyrine in adults with exocrine pancreatic disease. Acheson, DW; Braganza, JM; Houston, JB; Hunt, LP; Rose, P, 1989)	0.82
" Bioavailability of orally administered drug was not significantly less than unity."	( The population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in neonates and young infants. Banagale, RC; Faix, RG; Grasela, TH; Moore, ES, 1989)	0.55
"The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from Theolong granule and Theodur-G were studied in five healthy volunteers both in fasting conditions and after taking two different meals."	( Influence of food on bioavailability from two controlled-release granules of theophylline. Ishikawa, M; Miura, K; Nakai, K; Ohmiya, Y; Sato, E; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Unno, K, 1989)	0.76
"3 h), absolute bioavailability (SB = 82 +/- 27%; TD = 76 +/- 38%), and time to peak plasma concentrations (SB = 8 h; TD = 8 h)."	( Sustained-release theophylline pharmacokinetics in the cat. Dye, JA; Jones, SD; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Neff-Davis, CA, 1989)	0.61
" These include (1) a 16-year-old girl with consistent temporal fluctuation in STCs during administration of a sustained-release formulation every 8 hours because of delayed absorption and enhanced elimination of theophylline at night, (2) a 13-year-old girl with markedly delayed absorption of a once-daily preparation administered in the evening, (3) a 5-year-old boy with erratic absorption of a liquid theophylline preparation with significantly increased STCs during the night, and (4) a 49-year-old man with 60% bioavailability of aminophylline tablets."	( Are theophylline "levels" a reliable indicator of compliance? Hill, M; Kossoy, AF; Lin, FL; Szefler, SJ, 1989)	1.02
" The average of relative bioavailability (3 cases) is 82%, 83%, 102%."	( Sustained-release theophylline-uniphyllin in nocturnal asthmatics. Chiang, CD; Huang, WL; Jih, KS; Lin, TM; Mu, JY; Shih, WL; Yang, GY; Yiin, KT, 1989)	0.61
" Although bioavailability was slightly reduced for the granules, fluctuations of Cp was less, and we failed to find a food effect that was clinically important in geriatric subjects."	( Slow release theophylline disposition and effect in elderly patients with chronic obstructive lung disease: influence of dose formulation and institutionalization. Aoki, FY; Mitenko, PA; Montgomery, PR; Sitar, DS; Vanzieleghem, M, )	0.5
" The simultaneous administration of cimetidine in patients treated with sustained-release anhydrous theophylline thus proved capable of seriously undermining the strategy of theophylline usage precisely on account of the high degree of bioavailability of theophylline in the sustained-release formulation."	( H2-antagonist derangement of the kinetics of sustained-release oral theophylline. Dal Negro, R; Pomart, C; Trevisan, F; Turco, P; Zoccatelli, O, 1985)	0.72
"The relative bioavailability of two slow-release theophylline formulations using bead-filled capsules."	( Oral bioavailability of slow-release theophylline from unencapsulated beads in preschool children with chronic asthma. Harris, JB; Milavetz, G; Smith, GD; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, MM, 1988)	0.8
" The addition of terbutaline to the repeated administration of theophylline lowered the relative bioavailability of theophylline by approximately 11% during the night interval."	( Theophylline-terbutaline, a steady state study on possible pharmacokinetic interactions with special reference to chronopharmacokinetic aspects. Borgström, L; de Noord, OE; Jonkman, JH; van der Boon, WJ, 1988)	1.96
" Absolute bioavailability of theophylline from Euphylong was 88 and 100%, depending on the rate and the total dose of the intravenous reference infusions."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. Böhm, A; Sauter, R; Staudinger, H; Steinijans, VW, 1988)	0.82
"In order to evaluate the role of the alkaline phosphatase in intestinal transport processes, we studied the influence of known modulators of the alkaline phosphatase (polyclonal anti-calf AP antibodies, theophylline and zinc ions) on the absorption rate of glucose, inorganic phosphate and glucose liberated from glucose-6-phosphate into calf duodenal brush border membrane vesicles."	( Relation between intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and brush border membrane transport of inorganic phosphate, D-glucose, and D-glucose-6-phosphate. Portmann, P; Roubaty, C, 1988)	0.46
" In cirrhosis the bioavailability of a flow-dependent drug increases because of both portosystemic shunting and hepatocyte dysfunction."	( Disposition of a flow-limited drug (lidocaine) and a metabolic capacity-limited drug (theophylline) in liver cirrhosis. Buccino, G; Cocciolo, M; Colli, A; Parravicini, R; Scaltrini, G, 1988)	0.5
"Assessment in young children of the bioavailability of slow-release theophylline formulations is hampered by the requirement for frequent blood sampling."	( Evaluation of passively absorbed saliva for determination of oral slow-release theophylline bioavailability in children. Merrick, JG; Milavetz, G; Smith, GD; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, MM, 1988)	0.74
" The bioavailability of theophylline from TDS was 94% (range 54%-121%)."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in children, comparing sustained release spheres (Theo-Dur sprinkle) with elixir. Croner, S; Friberg, K; Kjellman, NI; Leijon, I; Thuresson, SO, 1988)	2.02
"The influence of food on the bioavailability of the controlled-release theophylline preparations Theostat and Theolair was studied in 12 healthy subjects after multiple dosing (b."	( Influence of food on steady state serum concentrations of theophylline from two controlled-release preparations. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; Lefebvre, RA, 1988)	0.75
"In a preceding in vivo study in horses, wide interindividual variation was found in the extent of bioavailability and time to reach peak concentration after peroral administration of one specific theophylline sustained-release dosage form."	( In vitro evaluation of a sustained-release veterinary peroral pellet preparation. Agrawala, P; Berger, K; Kraeling, M; Ritschel, WA; Sathyan, G, 1988)	0.46
" In general, ranitidine-induced changes in the in vivo absorption rate parameters for both dosage forms were opposite to those predicted from the in vitro dissolution rates."	( Effect of pH on the in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of controlled-release theophylline in dogs. Meyer, MC; Vashi, VI, 1988)	0.5
"Absorption and bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release gelatin capsule were investigated in 10 male rabbits after oral administration (20 mg/kg), with and without a ground capsicum fruit suspension."	( Effects of capsicum fruit on theophylline absorption and bioavailability in rabbits. Ben Mustapha, H; Bouraoui, A; Brazier, JL; Toumi, A, 1988)	0.85
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile after single and multidose oral administration of a new slow-release theophylline formulation and the bioavailability at steady-state during two dosing intervals (5th and 8th day) in 6 healthy subjects."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics following single and repeated administration of slow-release capsules. Barbanoj, MJ; Izquierdo, I; Jane, F; Nomen, M; Obach, R; Torrent, J, )	1.78
"The effect of differing fat contents of food on the bioavailability of theophylline following a 400-mg single dose of Theo-24 was studied in mini-swine."	( The effect of food on the absorption of controlled-release theophylline in mini-swine. Prasad, VK; Sager, AO; Shiu, GK; Skelly, JP; Velagapudi, RB, 1988)	0.75
" Ofloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration."	( Ofloxacin: its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and potential for clinical application. Drew, RH; Gallis, HA, 1988)	0.27
" Bio-availability of theophylline from the halved tablets relative to the whole tablets was: 116% (100%, 134%) for the extent of absorption as judged by the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) and 115% (99%, 135%) for the rate of absorption as judged by maximum concentration (Cmax)."	( Comparative bio-availability of theophylline whole and halved sustained-release tablets. Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Luus, HG; Müller, FO; Steinijans, VW; van der Meer, MJ; van Dyk, M, 1987)	0.88
" Therefore, we studied the bioavailability of a commonly prescribed slow-release theophylline formulation (Slo-Bid Gyrocaps), administered twice daily by sprinkling the beads on applesauce."	( Bioavailability of a slow-release theophylline capsule given twice daily to preschool children with chronic asthma: comparison with liquid theophylline. Hendeles, L; Hill, M; McKenzie, M; Sallent, J; Stecenko, A, 1988)	0.78
" Administration of a high-protein test meal with T produced a significant decrease of the zero-order absorption rate constant of theophylline (K omicron 37."	( Influence of food on the absorption of theophylline administered in the form of sustained release tablet and microgranules. Boutin, MS; Delhotal-Landes, B; Flouvat, B; Karpouzas, I; Prinseau, J, )	0.61
"The sustained-release properties and relative bioavailability of Theolin Retard and Pharphylline Retard were studied in eight healthy adults after treatment for five days with twice daily 450 mg, respectively 425 mg."	( Comparison of the in vitro dissolution properties and in vivo steady-state pharmacokinetics of two sustained-release theophylline preparations. Grasmeijer, G; Jonkman, JH; Van der Boon, WJ, 1988)	0.48
" Many of the formulation-related changes in theophylline concentrations appeared to be idiosyncratic and could not be predicted by the overall bioavailability differences between the drugs."	( Clinical relevance of the substitution of different brands of sustained-release theophylline. Baker, JR; DeNapoli, T; Gonzalez, U; Grabenstein, J; Moessner, H; Renard, R; Schuster, B; Summers, R, 1988)	0.76
" Relative bioavailability of theophylline suspension was 89% of that for the solution."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a sustained-release liquid theophylline preparation. Altman, RE; Bottini, PB; Brown, DA; DuRant, RH; Guill, MF; Lawless, TE; Pruitt, AW, 1988)	0.8
"2 mg/kg, n = 5) administered intramuscularly was good as indicated by its high bioavailability (101."	( [Theophylline: pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary excretion in dogs]. Kuze, T; Miyazaki, H; Taneike, T, 1988)	1.19
"The effect of different intravenous infusions on the absolute bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release formulation has been investigated."	( Absolute bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release formulation using different intravenous reference infusions. Beier, W; Böhm, A; Schulz, HU; Steinijans, VW, 1987)	0.79
" The present study also showed that the formulation was good sustained-release properties with adequate bioavailability and that the in vitro sustained-release characteristic was confirmed to be reflected in the plasma concentration-time profile of theophylline in the in vivo."	( Absorption of theophylline from a sustained-release theophylline tablet formulation, Theo-Dur. Hasegawa, T; Imaeda, N; Mizukami, Y; Ogura, Y; Satake, T; Suzuki, R; Takagi, K; Yamaki, K, 1987)	0.81
"Correlation between in vitro dissolution characteristics and in vivo salivary bioavailability parameters of four commercial sustained-release and one immediate-release theophylline (TP) or aminophylline dosage forms were examined."	( Dissolution of theophylline from sustained-release dosage forms and correlation with saliva bioavailability parameters. Chung, BH; Shim, CK, 1987)	0.82
"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a new controlled-release theophylline preparation in the form of capsules containing pellets of coated drug were studied in 10 healthy subjects."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a new controlled-release theophylline preparation in the form of capsules containing pellets. Brusasco, V; Crimi, P; Valenti, S, 1987)	0.75
" controlled-release test dosage form), the dosage form index (DI), the fraction of drug absorbed (absolute bioavailability) (f) and the extent of (relative) bioavailability (EBA) of the experimental dosage form were determined."	( In vivo evaluation of a theophylline oral controlled-release unit dosage form. Gangadharan, B; Hussain, SA; Ritschel, WA, 1987)	0.58
"The drug in vivo absorption rate reflects the distribution of drug molecules absorption times."	( The use of Weibull distribution to describe the in vivo absorption kinetics. Piotrovskii, VK, 1987)	0.27
" However, these small differences were not large enough to cause concern or to require bioavailability studies."	( Analysis of in vitro dissolution of whole vs. half controlled-release theophylline tablets. Elkins, J; Schuirman, D; Shah, VP; Skelly, JP; Yamamoto, LA, 1987)	0.51
"The bioavailability and pharmacological effects of slow-release preparations oxtriphylline (Choledyl SA) and anhydrous theophylline (Theo-Dur) were compared in a single-blind, randomized, crossover study in 10 normal men."	( Bioavailability and pharmacological effects of two slow-release theophylline preparations: intrasubject tablet-to-tablet variability. Calimlim, JF; Diamond, GL; Lasagna, L; Liang, R; Rivera-Calimlim, L, 1986)	0.72
" Major implications of nonlinearity in theophylline kinetics with respect to bioavailability studies, predictions of steady-state serum theophylline concentrations, and dosage adjustments at steady state are presented in detail."	( Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline. Lesko, LJ, 1986)	0.84
" However, clinically important differences in extent and rate of absorption exist among the 15 slow-release formations available under 29 different brand names or as generic products in the United States."	( Selection of a slow-release theophylline product. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1986)	0.57
" Reports of large intrapatient variability of theophylline elimination rate and consequent clearance raise concerns regarding this assumption and also challenge the practice of assuming relative constancy of elimination rate in the performance of bioavailability studies of slow-release formulations."	( Stability of theophylline elimination rate. Milavetz, G; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, MM, 1987)	0.9
"Three separate single-dose, randomized, cross-over studies in normal, healthy volunteers were performed to investigate the possible influence of drug intake in relation to concomitant food intake and of different dietary habits such as cold and hot evening meals on the bioavailability of theophylline from Euphylong."	( Effect of drug intake prior to or after meals on serum theophylline concentrations: single-dose studies with Euphylong. Beier, W; Karlsson, S; Sahner-Ahrens, I; Schulz, HU; Steinijans, VW, 1987)	0.7
" However, bioavailability was complete both after single doses and during steady state."	( Absorption characteristics of once-a-day slow-release theophylline preparation in children with asthma. Pedersen, S; Steffensen, G, 1987)	0.52
"The bioavailability of theophylline microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent was studied in rats."	( Bioavailability studies of theophylline ethylcellulose microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent. Lin, SY; Yang, JC, 1987)	0.88
" The method has been used to study the absorption kinetics and bioavailability of a sustained release formulation of the drug when co-administered to human volunteers with a conventional formulation of the drug labelled with the stable isotope."	( Analytical methodology to determine stable isotopically labelled and unlabelled theophylline in human plasma using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bailey, E; Caldwell, J; Farmer, PB; Hotchkiss, SA; Peal, JA, 1987)	0.5
" The relative bioavailability of Euphyllin retard vs."	( Comparison of steady state serum theophylline concentrations in healthy volunteers after dosing with Euphyllin retard and PulmiDur. Bahner, ML; Karlsson, S; Lührmann, B; Schulz, HU, 1987)	0.55
"), pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that the rectal route enables to obtain a bioavailability which is markedly higher by oral route, and plasma concentrations at a therapeutic level."	( [Drug administration through the rectum: reliability, tolerance]. Cheymol, G, )	0.13
" Bioavailability for both formulations was essentially complete over 2 consecutive study days (95 +/- 22% and 87 +/- 8% for Theo-Dur versus 88 +/- 21% and 87 +/- 24% for Theo-24 on Days 1 and 2, respectively)."	( Theophylline absorption from two sustained-release products. Implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Hill, MR; Rogers, RJ; Szefler, SJ; Wiener, MB, 1987)	1.72
" Bioequivalency was demonstrated depending upon the extent of bioavailability of the two preparations."	( Effect of food on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline following administration of two sustained release dosage forms: Part I. Higashi, A; Inotsume, N; Iwaoku, R; Matsuda, I; Matsukura, M; Nakano, M; Ohmori, N; Tobino, Y, 1986)	0.52
" Simulation analysis suggested that these results could be explained by diurnal variation in the clearance or absorption rate or a combination of both."	( Comparison of single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline using stable isotopes. Koup, JR; Mercer, GD; Thummel, KE; Vestal, RE, 1986)	0.51
" Bioequivalency as to the extent of bioavailability of the two preparations was demonstrated by measurements of plasma and salivary levels."	( Study of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline following administration of two sustained release dosage forms as assessed by salivary data: Part II. Higashi, A; Inotsume, N; Iwaoku, R; Matsuda, I; Matsukura, M; Nakano, M; Ohmori, N; Tobino, Y, 1986)	0.53
"In rabbits, a three way cross-over test was carried out to assess bioavailability of digoxin from commercially available 'Deriphyllin-Digoxin' tablets."	( Assessment of bio(in)equivalence of deriphyllin-digoxin in human volunteers. II. Evaluation of rabbits as qualitative animal model. Bansinath, M; Chopra, KS; Ghosh, SS; Mathur, VS; Shukla, VK, 1986)	0.27
"A method affording direct estimation of the drug absorption rate from blood level data using arbitrary time intervals has been derived based on the staircase input principle."	( Estimation of drug absorption rates using a deconvolution method with nonequal sampling times. Iga, K; Ogawa, Y; Shimamoto, T; Yashiki, T, 1986)	0.27
"To evaluate the bioavailability of a new theophylline preparation suitable for once-a-day (od) oral administration, we performed a nonrandomized crossover study in which the absorption of the OD and a standard twice-a-day (bid) preparation were compared."	( Bioavailability of a once daily-administered theophylline preparation. A comparison study. Abdel Rahman, MS; Bartholf, R; Lavietes, MH; Mangura, BT; Maniatis, T, 1986)	0.8
" The relative bioavailability of E with respect to U under steady-state conditions is 93 (83-105)%."	( Once daily theophylline: multiple-dose comparison of an encapsulated micro-osmotic system (Euphylong) with a tablet (Uniphyllin). Beier, W; Radtke, HW; Schulz, HU; Steinijans, VW, 1986)	0.66
" The results provide a rational basis for the further development of theophylline formulations and are indispensable for planned development and to account for variation in the bioavailability of retarded release drug preparations."	( Measurement of theophylline absorption from different regions of the gastro-intestinal tract using a remote controlled drug delivery device. Graul, EH; Harder, S; Loew, D; Pfab, R; Staib, AH, 1986)	0.86
"The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from Theo-Dur Sprinkle were investigated in adults both in fasting conditions and after two different meals."	( Absorption of Theo-Dur Sprinkle with food: importance of types of meals and medication times. Pedersen, S, 1986)	0.53
" With Theo-Dur Sprinkle the bioavailability was reduced to 44%, and the absorption profiles became unpredictable with marked interindividual variations."	( Effects of food on the absorption of theophylline in children. Pedersen, S, 1986)	0.54
" The stable isotope methodology allowed correction for changes in patient clearance, which allowed more precise estimates of the bioavailability characteristics of these sustained-release theophylline products."	( Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of sustained-release theophylline dosage forms. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Howald, WN; Koup, JR; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG; Walker, SB, 1986)	0.69
"" Extensive pharmacokinetic evaluation in patients with food intake not controlled has yielded bioavailability comparable to that of twice-daily theophylline."	( The Contin delivery system: dosing considerations. Leslie, S, 1986)	0.47
"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline after a single intravenous administration of theophylline and multiple oral administration of a sustained-release theophylline tablet formation were studied in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in beagle dogs and asthmatic patients after multiple oral doses of sustained-release theophylline tablet formulation. Hasegawa, T; Mizukami, Y; Nosaka, H; Ogura, Y; Satake, T; Takagi, K, 1986)	0.86
"Fifteen healthy volunteers took part in a study to investigate the effect of food on the bioavailability of a slow-release formulation of theophylline."	( Evaluation of the effect of food on the absorption of sustained-release theophylline and comparison of two methods for serum theophylline analysis. Bennati, D; Boner, AL; Plebani, M; Scott, JC; Stevens, MT; Valletta, EA, )	0.57
" The method is particularly useful for assessing the bioavailability of slow-release theophylline preparations."	( New method for bioavailability assessment of slow-release preparations of theophylline. Hirayama, H; Kasuya, Y; Kubota, N; Ohno, T; Takahashi, H, 1985)	0.72
" Like tetracycline, erythromycin also appears to have the potential for increasing the bioavailability of digoxin in patients who excrete high amounts of reduced digoxin metabolites, apparently through destruction of the gut flora that form these compounds."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the macrolide antibiotics. Ludden, TM, )	0.13
" These values were then utilised to: explain another set of different oral clearances following doses of 2 and 6 mg/kg reported in the literature; estimate relative effects of dose rate and type of input on absolute bioavailability; estimate AUC (0-infinity) as a function of single dose over the range 0 to 1500 mg; estimate the average steady-state serum concentration of theophylline (Cssav and steady-state oral clearance (CLsspo) as a function of dose rate in mg/day; illustrate how Michaelis-Menten kinetics alters the apparent first-order elimination rate constant and the half-life estimated from terminal log-linear plots at concentrations appreciably lower than the Km value; and illustrate how Michaelis-Menten kinetics affects the estimation of a zero-order absorption rate constant using the Wagner-Nelson method."	( Theophylline. Pooled Michaelis-Menten parameters (Vmax and Km) and implications. Wagner, JG, )	1.74
" These results suggest a better bioavailability of Th, likely accounted for by a more advanced pharmaceutical technology."	( Serum theophylline and ventilatory function in chronic obstructive lung disease. Comparison between two slow-release formulations of theophylline. Cornelli, U; Grassi, V; Sorbini, CA; Tantucci, C; Verdecchia, P, 1985)	0.75
"Cromolyn is a white crystalline powder which is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Cromolyn sodium: a review. König, P; Shapiro, GG, )	0.13
"The absolute bioavailability of oral theophylline in five tetraplegic, five paraplegic and three control (intact neuraxes) subjects was studied."	( The absolute bioavailability of oral theophylline in patients with spinal cord injury. Brunnemann, SR; Eltorai, IM; Gordon, SK; Segal, JL, )	0.68
"The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from a single dose of a slow release theophylline sprinkle product (Somophyllin) were investigated in 10 asthmatic children both in fasting conditions and after a standardized breakfast."	( Food and fasting absorption of a single dose of a sustained release theophylline sprinkle formulation in children. Pedersen, S; Steffensen, G, 1986)	0.76
"The bioavailability of theophylline and the serum concentration fluctuations after administration of a sustained release tablet (Theograd 250 mg, one tablet twice daily) were studied in the steady state in six volunteers."	( Food and a sustained release theophylline tablet on chronic dosing: bioavailability, peak-trough and trough-trough differences. Jonkman, JH; Lagas, M, 1985)	0.87
"The confidence interval approach to bioavailability assessment depends first on selection of the confidence level, usually 95%, and then determination of the confidence limits for the expected bioavailability ratio AUC(Test)/AUC(Reference)."	( Generalization of distribution--free confidence intervals for bioavailability ratios. Diletti, E; Steinijans, VW, 1985)	0.27
" The data obtained from the dissolution and absolute bioavailability studies in the rabbit were subjected to linear least-squares regression analysis, and good correlations were obtained between the dose-normalized peak serum level, time-to-peak, percent of the dose absorbed at 1 h and at 6 h, or the dose-normalized area under the curve from t = 0 to t = 00 and from t = 0 to t = 6 h and D30, D60, or the rate constant for dissolution."	( In vitro-in vivo correlation and dissolution studies with oral theophylline dosage forms. el-Yazigi, A; Sawchuk, RJ, 1985)	0.51
"Absorption of theophylline from one commercial product labelled as aminophylline sustained release was compared to the absorption from an oral solution of aminophylline in a single-dose bioavailability study."	( [Bioavailability of a delayed-action aminophylline preparation]. Bartoli, A; Ciardelli, L; Guarnone, E; Piacentini, P; Regazzi, MB, 1985)	0.63
"The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from a sustained theophylline sprinkle product (Somophyllin) were investigated in ten healthy adult volunteers both in fasting conditions and after a standardized solid meal."	( Influence of food on the absorption of theophylline from a sustained release formulation (Somophyllin). Møller-Petersen, J; Pedersen, S, 1985)	0.8
" In a 12-subject, three-way, single-dose, randomized, crossover study the bioavailability of theophylline relative to immediate-release aminophylline tablets increased from 53% +/- 23% (means +/- SD) to 96% +/- 46% when Uniphyl (two 400 mg tablets) was taken under fasting and nonfasting (high fat content meal) conditions, respectively."	( Food-induced changes in theophylline absorption from controlled-release formulations. Part I. Substantial increased and decreased absorption with Uniphyl tablets and Theo-Dur Sprinkle. Burns, T; Karim, A; Palmer, M; Streicher, J; Wearley, L, 1985)	0.8
" There is a discussion of whether a change in pH, agitation of the formulation, diffusion conditions or the absorption rate constant along the gastrointestinal tract might explain the biphasic linear correlation of the in vitro and in vivo data observed."	( In vitro--in vivo correlation of dissolution, a time scaling problem? Transformation of in vitro results to the in vivo situation, using theophylline as a practical example. Brockmeier, D; Dengler, HJ; Voegele, D, 1985)	0.47
"A six-way-crossover bioavailability study was conducted with twelve healthy male volunteers to evaluate the relative bioavailability of three tablet formulations containing dyphylline and three tablet formulations containing dyphylline-guaifenesin."	( Bioavailability of dyphylline and dyphylline-guaifenesin tablets in humans. Meyer, MC; Raghow, G; Straughn, AB; Wood, GC, 1985)	0.27
"This study was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and the in vitro release rates of theophylline from suppositories containing either theophylline or aminophylline."	( Theophylline versus aminophylline in rectal administration. Touitou, E; Yosselson-Superstine, S, 1985)	1.93
" However, there are clinically important differences in the extent and rate of absorption among the 15 slow-release formulations available under 29 brand names in the United States."	( Theophylline product and dosing interval selection for chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	1.71
" The bioavailability increased from 65 +/- 8%, observed on preprandial administration to 87 +/- 14%, when Theograd-350 mg tablets were taken after a meal."	( Influence of food on the rate and extent of absorption of theophylline after single dose oral administration of a controlled release tablet. Jonkman, JH; Lagas, M, 1985)	0.51
"The bioavailability profiles of two sustained-release oral theophylline preparations, Respbid and Theo-Dur, were compared in 19 adults with obstructive airways disease."	( Comparison of two sustained-release theophylline preparations in adult patients with obstructive airways disease. Allen, WT; Conlon, PF; Harkaway, PS; Hirsh, JD, 1985)	0.79
" By generally applied measurements, including mean serum theophylline concentration, bioavailability over a single daytime dosing interval, and percent change in serum theophylline concentration over a single dosing interval, the preparations did not differ."	( Theophylline absorption in young asthmatic children receiving sustained-release formulations. Haltom, JR; Szefler, SJ, 1985)	1.96
" This is of particular interest as previous animal studies suggest that theophylline may be partially absorbed by an active transport mechanism operating in glucose uptake, and as carbohydrate has been found to increase the absorption rate of phenytoin, another acidic drug with a pKa similar to that of theophylline."	( Different effects of different nutrients on theophylline absorption in man. Johansson, O; Lindberg, T; Melander, A; Wåhlin-Boll, E, 1985)	0.76
"Demonstration of bioavailability (or bioequivalence) is a condition for marketing of a drug product, unless a waiver is granted."	( Evaluation of bioavailability by different methods. Betzien, G; Hussain, SA; Kaufmann, B; Ritschel, WA; Schneider, B, 1985)	0.27
" In respect to bioavailability and tolerance the 1-g xanthinol nicotinate retard tablet was comparable with corresponding dosages of 500-mg retard tablets."	( [Bioavailability and tolerance of xanthinol nicotinate depot preparations. Comparison of a conventional 500 mg xanthinol nicotinate depot tablet with new 500 mg and 1 g depot tablets]. Buscher, G; Dierdorf, D; Freytag, A; Mügge, H; von Schrader, HW; Wolf, D, 1985)	0.27
"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a new anhydrous sustained release theophylline preparation (GTR-80 300 mg, Theospirex) were compared to those of an orally administered marketed solution containing theophylline-ethylenediamine and to a sustained release preparation containing theophylline-ethylene-diamine (control preparation)."	( [Pharmacokinetics and biologic availability of a new theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Brüller, W; Fischer, M; Tritthart, W, 1985)	0.75
" Additionally, cimetidine decreases liver blood flow and increases the bioavailability of drugs with high hepatic extraction ratios."	( Cimetidine as an inhibitor of drug metabolism: therapeutic implications and review of the literature. Bauman, JH; Kimelblatt, BJ, 1982)	0.26
" An oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enprofylline to rats was almost completely recovered in the urine as unchanged drug, showing that this xanthine is well absorbed and negligibly metabolised."	( Tracheal relaxant and cardiostimulant actions of xanthines can be differentiated from diuretic and CNS-stimulant effects. Role of adenosine antagonism? Edholm, LE; Erjefält, I; Karlsson, JA; Lamm, CJ; Persson, CG, 1982)	0.26
" The extent of bioavailability was estimated via the area under the curves and by numerical evaluation of the invasion function."	( Pharmacolinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis of theophylline for three different drug forms. Appel, R; Reinhardt, D; Richter, O, 1981)	0.51
" Single-dose bioavailability studies comparing a slow release product with an oral solution or plain uncoated tablet in a crossover design permit examination of the rate and extent of absorption."	( A clinical and pharmacokinetic basis for the selection and use of slow release theophylline products. Hendeles, L; Iafrate, RP; Weinberger, M, )	0.36
" The same dosage per kilogram for either preparation gave virtually identical mean serum levels suggesting there is no difference in the rate of absorption between the two preparations."	( A comparative trial of two slow-release theophylline tablets in the treatment of asthma; Nuelin S.A. and Theocontin Continus tablets. Davies, BH; Davies, PD; Hakeem, V; Munn, J, 1984)	0.54
" Some of these in vitro results were rank-correlated to previously reported bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Dissolution studies of some sustained-release theophylline dosage forms. Plett, KD; Scerbo, C; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1984)	0.53
"The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from a slow-release theophylline sprinkle preparation were investigated in 12 asthmatic children both in fasting conditions and after a standardized meal."	( Erratic absorption of a slow-release theophylline sprinkle product. Møller-Petersen, J; Pedersen, S, 1984)	0.8
" In addition, the slower elimination at higher serum concentrations may confound the assessment of bioavailability of slow-release formulations when the doses used result in a substantial disparity in the range of serum concentrations attained for the slow-release formulation and the reference."	( Dose dependency for absorption and elimination rates of theophylline. Implications for studies of bioavailability. Milavetz, G; Vaughan, L; Weinberger, M, )	0.38
" Between Theograd, Theolair (Nuelin) Retard, and Theolin (Theodur) Retard no statistically significant difference in absolute bioavailability was observed, and virtually no side effects were reported."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three sustained-release theophylline preparations (350 mg Theograd, 350 mg Theolair Retard and 300 mg Theodur) in steady state in healthy volunteers and asthmatics--Part I: Theophylline plasma levels. Drost, RH; Kreukniet, J; Maes, RA; van der Vet, AP, 1984)	0.51
"Absorption characteristics and absolute bioavailability of a new sustained release theophylline tablet for pediatric use were investigated in seven volunteers, both after administration of whole tablets and tablets broken into four equal parts."	( The absolute bioavailability of a new pediatric sustained release theophylline tablet, when given as whole or divided tablets. Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; Thürkow-Luikens, AJ; van der Boon, WJ, 1984)	0.73
"We examined the influence of a large-volume, therapeutic antacid regimen, administered for three full days, on the steady-state bioavailability of a conventional-release and sustained-release theophylline product, Aminophyllin and Theodur, respectively."	( Lack of influence of an intensive antacid regimen on theophylline bioavailability. Reed, RC; Schwartz, HJ, 1984)	0.71
" Assessment of methylprednisolone disposition following oral and intravenous doses revealed no effect of cimetidine on the bioavailability (74 to 81 percent absorption) or plasma clearance (22 to 24 liters per hour) of the steroid."	( Cimetidine-methylprednisolone-theophylline metabolic interaction. Ebling, WF; Gardner, MJ; Green, AW; Jusko, WJ, 1984)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline in horses were investigated following both intravenous and intragastric administration of aminophylline solutions at doses corresponding to 15 and 10 mg/kg theophylline base."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline in horses. Baggot, JD; Button, C; Errecalde, JO; Mulders, MS, 1984)	0.8
"Investigations have proved that in the case of po preparations disintegration time, dissolution rate and in vivo absorption rate are closely interrelated."	( Correlation between disintegration, dissolution and in vivo absorption rate in the case of compounds with benzyl-isoquinoline structures and its pharmacokinetic aspects. Marton, S; Rácz, I; Szentmiklósi, P, )	0.13
"The effects of diurnal variation on bioavailability assessments were examined using computer-simulated data based on the changes observed in theophylline kinetics."	( Influence of pharmacokinetic diurnal variation on bioavailability estimates. Bauer, LA; Gibaldi, M; Vestal, RE, )	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of the depot preparation is about 92%."	( [In vivo testing of a peroral theophylline depot preparation with zero-order release]. Förster, H; Lippold, BC, 1984)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline from a commercial oral elixir of theophylline, a rectal suppository of aminophylline, and a rectal enema of theophylline monoethanolamine was compared in six normal subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline following enema and suppository administration in man. Cole, ML; Kunka, RL, )	0.66
"A study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers to determine the effects on the bioavailability of theophylline from a biconvex-shaped, slow-release 400 mg theophylline tablet formulation when the tablet was taken whole or as two separate halves in a single dose."	( Alteration of pharmacokinetics after halving a slow-release theophylline tablet. Clee, MD; Hockings, N; Moody, JP; Primrose, WR, 1983)	0.72
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 3 oral dyphylline preparations, solution (S), regular (R) and sustained release (SR), were studied in 8 healthy subjects (mean age 25 years)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of three dyphylline preparations. Bukantz, SC; Lockey, RF; Samaan, SS; Stablein, JJ, 1983)	0.27
"The bioavailability of Theodel, a new scored tablet of theophylline, was investigated in eight healthy adult volunteers."	( Bioavailability of Theodel, a new theophylline tablet, in humans. Chanoine, F; Donath, A; Grenot, C; Rovei, V; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1983)	0.79
"The absolute bioavailability of a new aminophylline sustained-release formulation (BY108) was determined."	( Comparison of aminophylline and theophylline sustained-release formulations by their bioavailability and steady-state serum levels. Fischer, R; Steinijans, VW; Zech, K, 1983)	0.55
"The presented study reviews the pharmacodynamics of theophylline therapy and reports the relative bioavailability of a new theophylline sustained release formulation (GTR-80) compared with another 300 mg containing theophylline sustained release preparation."	( [Comparative bioavailability of 2 oral theophylline sustained-release preparations]. Buchebner, J; Fáy, E; Lücker, PW; Tritthart, W, 1983)	0.79
"The absolute oral bioavailability of a sustained release theophylline tablet (Nuelin-SR250), given 12 hourly was determined in 14 asthmatic children aged 5 to 13 years."	( Bioavailability and diurnal variation in absorption of sustained release theophylline in asthmatic children. Birkett, DJ; Coulthard, KP; Grgurinovich, N; Grygiel, JJ; Lines, DR, 1983)	0.74
"Twelve patients with chronic airways obstruction took part in a bioavailability study of a sustained-release preparation of theophylline (Nuelin SR)."	( Effect of food and tablet division on the absorption of a sustained-release preparation of theophylline. Boutagy, JS; Hudson, BJ; Munro, IA; Shenfield, GM; Vandenberg, RA, 1984)	0.69
" Regarding the results Aminophylline retard belongs to the formulations with diminished bioavailability and is therefore not satisfactorily qualified for an optimal treatment."	( [Possibilities for optimizing therapy with theophylline preparations. I. On the pharmacokinetics of theophylline preparations]. Iwainsky, H; Sehrt, I; Wiesner, B, 1984)	0.53
" This finding indicates complete bioavailability of the sustained release tablets on both occasions."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline after sustained release and intravenous administration to adults. Balant, LP; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1984)	0.57
" No significant formulation related impact from the studied rectal dosage forms on the bioavailability of the drug was found."	( The rabbit as an experimental model for biopharmaceutical studies following rectal administration of theophylline. Braeckman, P; Moerman, E; Van Aerde, P; Van Severen, R, 1984)	0.48
"The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of theophylline from a new sustained-release formulation ( Theotard ) and from a standard sustained-release formulation (Theo-Dur) were compared in 6 healthy, adult, male volunteers."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of a novel sustained-release dosage form of theophylline in humans. Bar-On, H; Bialer, M; Raz, I; Salame, K, 1984)	0.74
" The bioavailability was complete (93% after 30 h) both with and without food, and no difference was found in the time to peak of the plasma concentration curve (7 h), or the mean residence time (14 h)."	( Food does not effect in bioavailability of theophylline from Theolin Retard. de Wolff, FA; Dijkman, JH; Edelbroek, PM; Kulstad, S; Sips, AP, 1984)	0.53
"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline from a plain uncoated and 2 newly designed, sustained-release tablet formulations, as compared to intravenous aminophylline, were studied in 12 healthy adult male volunteers."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in plain uncoated and sustained-release dosage forms in relation to smoking habit. I. Single dose study. Chiba, K; Echizen, H; Horai, Y; Ishizaki, T; Ohnishi, A; Sasaki, T; Suganuma, T, 1983)	0.79
" In a cross-over study during multiple dose intervals the effectiveness of this administration technique was demonstrated for maintaining bioavailability and sustained-release characteristics."	( Bioavailability of sustained-release theophylline granules in apple sauce in pediatric asthmatic patients. Carroll, S; Lotner, GZ; Spangler, DL; Tinkelman, DG; Vanderpool, GE, 1983)	0.54
" This study was made to assess the bioavailability of two sustained-release microencapsulated formulations and one sustained-release Diffucaps formulation, in comparison with an equivalent dose of theophylline solution."	( Bioavailability of sustained-release theophylline formulations. Bonora Regazzi, M; Cristiani, D; Rondanelli, R; Vidale, E, 1983)	0.73
"The effect of coadministration of an antacid on bioavailability of a sustained-release theophylline tablet preparation (Theo-Dur) was studied by crossover comparison in five young, healthy, nonsmoking volunteers."	( Effect of antacid on bioavailability of a sustained-release theophylline preparation. Curry, SH; Darzentas, LJ; Stewart, RB; Yost, RL, )	0.6
"The bioavailability of theophylline after oral administration of a new sustained release tablet Theograd-250 mg was studied in 7 healthy volunteers, under fasting and non-fasting conditions."	( Greatly enhanced bioavailability of theophylline on postprandial administration of a sustained release tablet. Jonkman, JH; Lagas, M, 1983)	0.85
" The absolute bioavailability of Afonilum was 108 +/- 11%."	( A crossover study after oral and intravenous administration of theophylline in male volunteers (absolute bioavailability of Afonilum tablets). Kaumeier, HS; Kehrhahn, OH; Neugebauer, G; Schuppan, D; Schwarz, JA; Staib, AH, 1983)	0.51
" The mean bioavailability of Theo-Dur was 94%, Phyllocontin continus 88%, and Euphyllin Retard 84%."	( Absorption of sustained-release theophylline tablets. Fagerström, PO; Heintz, L, 1983)	0.55
"5 h and the bioavailability was 96% following oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in cats. Davis, LE; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Neff-Davis, CA; Pheris, DR, 1983)	0.56
" However, the use of saliva theophylline concentrations to determine product bioavailability has never been evaluated."	( Determination of theophylline bioavailability using saliva theophylline concentrations. Miller, KW; Strand, LM; Uden, DL; Zaske, DE, )	0.76
"The bioavailability and absorption patterns of whole and divided sustained-release theophylline tablets, Theo-Dur, were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of whole and half Theo-Dur tablets. Fagerström, PO, 1980)	0.49
" In adult patients with BA (but not with CAO) theophylline plasma levels and bioavailability are higher after simultaneous erythromycin dosing."	( Theophylline kinetics and ventilatory flow in bronchial asthma and chronic airflow obstruction: influence of erythromycin. Bah, H; Duroux, P; Giudicelli, JF; Mathieu, M; Richer, C; Thuillez, C, 1982)	1.97
" Bioavailability up to 7 h after administration was determined from the serum concentration-time course."	( Influence of food intake on bioavailability of theophylline in premature infants. Bergt, U; Heimann, G; Murgescu, J, 1982)	0.52
" These differences were not reflected in the bioavailability studies."	( Dissolution and bioavailability studies of whole and halved sustained-release theophylline tablets. Frith, EM; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1982)	0.49
" However, because in such studies bioavailability itself is unknown, it is difficult to resolve which pharmacokinetic parameters vary within individuals."	( A method for estimating within-individual variability in clearance and in volume of distribution from standard bioavailability studies. Moore, JK; Riegelman, S; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1982)	0.26
"The bioavailability of three different theophylline tablets (microcrystallinic theophylline, Theolair, Nuelin, 3M Riker), choline theophyllinate as a new film-coated tablet (Teovent, Ferrosan, Sweden) and theophyllaminopropanol (Oxyphylline, Draco, Sweden) was investigated in eight adult asthmatics and a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study."	( Bioavailability of theophylline from three different tablets in asthmatic patients and their bronchodilating effects in combination with terbutaline inhalation. Mellstrand, T; Svedmyr, K; Svedmyr, N, 1982)	0.86
"The bioavailability of theophylline following single oral doses of a theophylline capsule, a theophylline tablet, and an aminophylline tablet in beagle dogs was compared against an intravenous standard."	( Theophylline bioavailability in the dog. Szeto, DW; Tse, FL, 1982)	2.02
"The absolute and relative bioavailability of three sustained release theophylline preparations marketed in Switzerland was tested in 11 healthy volunteers."	( [Bioavailability of 3 theophylline delayed-release preparations. Comparison of theophylline concentrations in the serum and saliva in the steady state]. Bochsler, HP; Meyer, UA, 1982)	0.81
" Food significantly reduced the absorption rate of theophylline whereas the extent of absorption of theophylline was unaffected by food."	( Influence of food on the absorption rate and bioavailability of a sustained release theophylline preparation. Moeller-Petersen, J; Pedersen, S, 1982)	0.74
" The absolute bioavailability of the two oral formulations was calculated from the areas under the serum curves."	( [Human pharmacokinetics of theophylline and etofylline from different formulations of a cardiotonic (author's transl)]. Erking, W; Lücker, PW; Niebch, G; Thiemer, K; Wetzelsberger, K, 1981)	0.56
" The bioavailability of the sustained-release pellets in a dose corresponding to 350 mg active principle is examined in comparison to an aqueous solution or retard-tablet formulation on the marked (containing 260 mg drug/dose), respectively, after single or multiple dose administration to 7 healthy volunteers."	( [Bioavailability of theophylline in a new oral sustained-release preparation (author's transl)]. Heese, GU; Huber, HJ; Janzen, N; Jünger, H; Moser, C; Schneider, GF; Stanislaus, F, 1981)	0.59
"Theophylline pharmacokinetics following oral and intravenous administration were studied, and the absolute bioavailability of five commercially available products was determined using the rabbit as an in vivo model."	( Theophylline absorption and disposition in rabbits: oral, intravenous, and concentration-dependent kinetic studies. El-Yazigi, A; Sawchuk, RJ, 1981)	3.15
" Significant reductions in both the mean recorded peak theophylline plasma concentrations and the mean 12-hour theophylline bioavailability were observed after the administration of effervescent activated charcoal (Medicoal) in single and multiple doses."	( Theophylline absorption by effervescent activated charcoal (Medicoal). Berry, D; Helliwell, M, 1981)	1.95
" The program is applicable to any drug in an individual, provided that the drug follows one-compartment pharmacokinetics after oral administration, while the fraction of the oral dose absorbed, the volume of distribution, the absorption rate constant and the elimination rate constant of the drug in this individual are known."	( Prediction of multiple-dose blood level curves of drugs administered four times daily at non-uniform dosing intervals. Ng, PK, 1981)	0.26
"The absolute bioavailability of theophylline in two commercially available preparations of aminophylline, a sustained-release formulation (Euphyllin retard tablets) and a solution (Euphyllin solution), was determined in eight healthy volunteers following oral administration of a single dose."	( Bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release aminophylline formulation (Euphyllin retard tablets)--plasma levels after single and multiple oral doses. Molz, KH; Rietbrock, N; Schuppan, D; Staib, AH, 1981)	0.87
" The extent of theophylline bioavailability from all drug products was consistent and similar as shown by the F/V and AUC values."	( Effect of antacid on bioavailability of theophylline from rapid and timed-release drug products. Fuchs, JE; Shargel, L; Stevens, JA; Yu, AB, 1981)	0.88
" The correlation between the actual and calculated needs on the basis of theophylline clearance was poor (due to the bioavailability of the drug and the close dependent character of the clearance)."	( [Theophylline in childhood asthma. Pharmacokinetic and clinical study (author's transl)]. Barbier, Y; Bellon, G; Gilly, R; Plasse, JC; Satta, S, 1981)	1.4
" Its bioavailability was about 80%."	( Pharmacokinetics of etofylline after intravenous and oral administration to humans. Merkus, FW; Verhoeven, J; Zuidema, J, 1981)	0.26
"We investigated the bioavailability of theophylline in eight healthy subjects following the oral administration of theophylline (128 mg) in hydroalcoholic (Brondecon elixir) and alcohol-free (Nuelin syrup preparations."	( Oral bioavailability of theophylline from hydroalcoholic and alcohol-free preparations. Charles, BG; Ravenscroft, PJ; Sligo, JH, 1981)	0.84
" Absolute bioavailability was determined from the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration-time curves after intake of the tablet and after intravenous infusion of aminophylline in the same patient."	( Disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline after administration of a new sustained release tablet. Berg, WC; de Vries, K; de Zeeuw, RA; Grimberg, N; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R, 1981)	0.52
" In this study, no difference was demonstrated in the apparent clearance rate (Clapp), apparent first-order absorption rate constant (ka), maximum serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of maximum drug concentration (Tmax) or absorption lag time (tlag) for theophylline before and after treatment with erythromycin."	( The effects of erythromycin on the absorption and disposition of kinetics of theophylline. Branigan, TA; Cady, WJ; Nickols, JG; Robbins, RA; Ueda, CT, 1981)	0.67
" Following oral administration, theophylline in solution was absorbed quite rapidly with a bioavailability of 79%."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine: a potential model for human drug bioavailability studies. Bevill, RF; Bourne, DW; Gautam, SR; Hunt, JP; Koritz, GD; Prasad, VI, 1981)	0.87
"This study evaluated the relative bioavailability of a sustained-release capsule of theophylline, an elixir of theophylline, and a sustained-release tablet of aminophylline."	( A multiple-dose study of sustained-release theophylline and aminophylline. Lieberman, P; Meyer, MC; Straughn, AB, 1980)	0.75
"A two-way complete crossover bioavailability study of solutions of theophylline given orally or rectally in 16 healthy subjects was conducted."	( Bioavailability of theophylline following a rectally administered concentrated aminophylline solution. Amick, EN; Arnold, J; Lanman, RC; March, L; Mason, WD, 1980)	0.83
" The absolute bioavailability of the microcrystalline preparation was high and it showed only small variation: 102."	( Disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of microcrystalline theophylline. Berg, WC; de Zeeuw, RA; Greving, JE; Jonkman, JH; Orie, NG; Schoenmaker, R, 1980)	0.5
"The bioavailability of theophylline from alcoholic and aqueous oral solutions was compared to that from an intravenous dose in 12 normal adults."	( Evaluation of the absorption from 15 commercial theophylline products indicating deficiencies in currently applied bioavailability criteria. Coates, PE; Guentert, TW; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sansom, L; Shah, VP; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1980)	0.83
" Aminodur tablets (Cooper) and Slophyllin Gyrocap capsules (Dooner) had bioavailability (100."	( Evaluation of the absorption from some commercial sustained-release theophylline products. Coates, PE; Guentert, TW; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sansom, L; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1980)	0.5
"In a single-dose bioavailability study, Wales, Robinson, Columbia, and Choledyl (Warner/Chilcott) enteric-coated tablets all allowed a bioavailability of theophylline (99% +/- 25%, 102% +/- 23%, 103% +/- 18%, and 98% +/- 15%; mean +/- SD, n = 12) statistically indistinguishable from that of the standard uncoated tablet (Searle 200 mg aminophylline)."	( Evaluation of the absorption from some commercial enteric-release theophylline products. Coates, PE; Guentert, TW; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sansom, L; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1980)	0.7
" The results demonstrate a good bioavailability and a reduced dosage interval with less theophylline level variability for the sustained release tablet, administered every 12 hours, than with the immediate release product, every six hours."	( Bioavailability and multiple dose characteristics of a new sustained release theophylline tablet. Carroll, MS; Spangler, DL; Tinkelman, DG; Vanderpool, GE, 1980)	0.71
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline have been investigated in eight healthy subjects following application of the drug in form of a tablet, a retard tablet (enteric-coated), and a suppository (Euphyllin) in comparison with an intravenous preparation."	( [Absolute bioavailability of theophylline (Euphylline)]. Gugler, R; Somogyi, A, 1980)	0.81
" The technique was evaluated with verapamil and a well-absorbed 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, A-79035."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.29
" Absorption rate constants, estimated from initial appearance rates in portal blood, were used to monitor factors that affect drug absorption."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.29
" In the in vivo evaluation using abdominal rat skin, the ethanol/panasate 800 (40/60)-7% (w/w) ethylcellulose gel produced a good feature as a sustained-release preparation, with a relatively high bioavailability (BA) of theophylline, and dose dependency was observed."	( Transdermal delivery of theophylline using an ethanol/panasate 800-ethylcellulose gel preparation. Goto, S; Kim, NS; Kitagawa, K; Lee, CK; Uchida, T, 1995)	0.78
"To evaluate the relative bioavailability and clinical efficacy of two slow-release theophylline products."	( Therapeutic equivalence of a generic slow-release theophylline tablet. Beaty, R; Breton, AL; Harman, E; Hendeles, L, )	0.61
"The bioavailability of theophylline from an extended-release formulation (Uni-Dur) intended for once-daily administration was assessed in a randomized, single-dose, five-way crossover study to determine the effects of food and breaking the tablet, and the bioequivalence of two dosage strengths."	( Effect of meals and dosage-form modification on theophylline bioavailability from a 24-hour sustained-release delivery system. González, MA; Straughan, AB, )	0.7
" Second, the effect of magnesium/aluminium hydroxide on the relative bioavailability of nizatidine, famotidine, cimetidine and ranitidine was evaluated in healthy volunteers."	( Drug interactions of H2-receptor antagonists. Bachmann, KA; Jauregui, L; Levine, L; Miller, K; Reese, J; Sullivan, TJ, 1994)	0.29
" The rate of absorption of theophylline differs depending on the sustained release formulation administered."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of asthma treatment. Schmit, B; Taburet, AM, 1994)	0.59
"The utility of gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs (regulated-dogs) was evaluated in a bioavailability study."	( Utility of gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs: bioavailability study of a commercial sustained-release dosage form of theophylline. Kawata, M; Mizuta, H; Sagara, K; Shibata, M, 1994)	0.49
" The oral bioavailability of theophylline from this formulation in dogs was approximately 80% and was equivalent to that obtained after administration of Theo-Dur, a marketed extended-release theophylline tablet from Key Pharmaceuticals."	( Sustained-release oral delivery of theophylline by use of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol-methyl acrylate polymers. Coffin-Beach, D; DiLuccio, RC; Hurwitz, AR; Hussain, MA; Shefter, E; Torosian, G, 1994)	0.86
"The possible influence of food and fat content of meals on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a 350 mg sustained-release theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) preparation (Bronchoretard) was investigated after single-dose oral administration to 18 volunteers in a randomized 3-way cross-over design."	( Study on the influence of food on the absorption of theophylline from a controlled-release preparation. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Weber, W, 1994)	0.74
" Further more by the oral administration of the tablet to beagle dogs, the sustained release of theophylline was also confirmed by some bioavailability parameters."	( [Sustained-release effect of the direct compressed tablet based on chitosan and Na alginate]. Miyazaki, T; Okada, S; Yomota, C, 1994)	0.51
" As far as diclofenac is concerned, single premedication increased significantly the rate of absorption and total body clearance but lowered the AUC of the NSAID."	( Potential pharmacokinetic interactions of nocloprost clathrate with retarded theophylline and enteric coated diclofenac after single and repeated premedication in healthy volunteers. Amon, I; Franke, G; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Stolz, E; Zschiesche, M, 1993)	0.51
" The resulting fecal recovery values of each product were inversely related to the corresponding bioavailability values obtained from the literature."	( High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of theophylline in dog feces following oral administration of sustained-release products. Chow, AT; Jusko, WJ; Meek, PD, 1993)	0.54
" Bioavailability studies in human volunteers under both fasting and nonfasting conditions showed results comparable to those with Theo-dur."	( A floating controlled-release drug delivery system: in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Bolton, S; Desai, S, 1993)	0.29
"Food-induced changes on the bioavailability of a sustained-release theophylline tablet, which uses acrylic resins Eudragit as sustaining agent, were studied in 12 healthy male volunteers."	( Evaluation of the effect of different kinds of foods on the bioavailability of a sustained-release theophylline tablet. Arancibia, A; Gai, MN; Thielemann, AM, 1993)	0.74
" The aim of formulation -among others-is to achieve the optimal liberation and bioavailability of drugs."	( [The formulation aspects of drug liberation]. Rácz, I, 1993)	0.29
"The bioavailability of three marketed controlled-release dosage forms and a reference solution of theophylline was studied in eight subjects with normal gastric fluid acidity and seven subjects who were achlorhydric."	( The effect of gastric pH on the absorption of controlled-release theophylline dosage forms in humans. Hepp, P; Hunt, J; Jarvi, EJ; Meyer, MC; Straughn, AB; Vashi, VI; Wood, GC, 1993)	0.74
" Some quinolones with high bioavailability (e."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations in quinolone therapy. Nightingale, CH, )	0.13
" Comparison of urea 2 with a series of well-absorbed compounds using delta log P analysis suggested that 2 has an excess capacity for forming hydrogen bonds with solvent."	( Azole endothelin antagonists. 3. Using delta log P as a tool to improve absorption. Calzadilla, SV; Chiou, W; Dayton, BD; Dixon, DB; Hernandez, L; Hoffman, DJ; Kester, JA; Marsh, KC; Nellans, HN; Opgenorth, TJ; von Geldern, TW; Wu-Wong, JR, 1996)	0.29
" The reduction in bioavailability of fluoroquinolones by concurrent administration of aluminium hydroxide is more striking for derivatives with fewer substituents on the essential structure and on the piperazinyl group, such as norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions related to the chemical structures of fluoroquinolones. Fujiwara, I; Mizuki, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 1996)	0.29
" In the studies reported in this paper it is demonstrated that both MelIQx and PhIP are well absorbed and extensively metabolized following ingestion of amine-containing beef by humans."	( Systemic exposure to dietary heterocyclic amines in man. Boobis, AR; Davies, DS; de la Torre, R; Gooderham, NJ; Lynch, A; Murray, S; Segura, J, 1995)	0.29
"The bioavailability of a new sustained-release anhydrous theophylline product (Theophylline Lavipharm) was evaluated and compared with the bioavailability of a well-established product, Theodur."	( Bioavailability of a new sustained-release anhydrous theophylline product. Anagnostou, E; Filaditaki, V; Haviaras, A; Orfanidou, D; Peristerakis, A; Tatsis, G; Tsoukalas, G, )	0.63
" Clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V), and oral bioavailability (F1) from liquid preparations were modelled alone, and under the influence of demographic and clinical covariates, assuming a 1-compartment model with first-order elimination."	( Theophylline population pharmacokinetics from routine monitoring data in very premature infants with apnoea. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Grant, TC; Lee, TC; Steer, PA, 1996)	1.74
" The effect of beta-CD on the bioavailability of TPH was investigated in human subjects."	( Improvement of some pharmaceutical properties of drugs by cyclodextrin complexation. 5. Theophylline. Ammar, HO; El-nahhas, SA; Ghorab, M; Ghorab, MM; Omar, SM, 1996)	0.52
" The apparent absorption rate constant (K0) can be calculated from the slope and intercept of the residual plot."	( A modified residual method to estimate the zero-order absorption rate constant in a one-compartment model. Brouwer, KL; Liu, X; Pollack, GM, 1997)	0.3
" The overestimated plasma profile of propranolol suggests that the low bioavailability of propranolol is a result of first-pass metabolism by the intestine wall and the liver, because the calculated absolute absorption is almost perfect."	( Prediction of the plasma concentration profiles of orally administered drugs in rats on the basis of gastrointestinal transit kinetics and absorbability. Haruta, S; Higaki, K; Kimura, T; Kurosaki, Y; Sawamoto, T, 1997)	0.3
" To investigate the bioavailability of this preparation, a randomised 2-period cross-over study on the pharmacokinetics of a 100 mg theophylline single dose was conducted comparing oral administration as a chewable tablet (test medication) or as solution (reference) in 14 healthy male volunteers (age 21-31 years, body weight 60-90 kg)."	( [Bioavailability of a new theophylline chewable pill]. Fuhr, U; Mäuser, R; Staib, AH; Zaigler, M, 1997)	0.8
"Various reports indicate significant intersubject variation in the rate of absorption of controlled release theophylline products that are commercially available."	( Intersubject variability of serum theophylline concentration after single dose of uncoated controlled release theophylline tablet administration in asthmatic patients. Guleria, R; Misra, A; Pande, JN; Raj, NS, )	0.62
"Food-induced changes on bioavailability of 2 sustained release theophylline matrix tablets, which uses an hydrophilic matrix of Carbopol 974P and lipid matrix of hydrogenated castor oil (Cutina HR) as sustaining agents, have been studied in 2 different groups of 12 healthy male volunteers."	( Evaluation of the effect of 3 different diets on the bioavailability of 2 sustained release theophylline matrix tablets. Andonaegui, MT; Gai, MN; Isla, A; Seitz, C; Thielemann, AM, 1997)	0.76
"The relative bioavailability of theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) was evaluated after a single dose administration of two sustained-release theophylline tablet formulations: Controfilina-200 as test preparation (test) and a commonly used reference preparation (reference)."	( Single dose study of the bioequivalence of two sustained-release theophylline formulations. Contreras, J; González, R; López, M; Ontivero, E; Pérez, N, 1998)	0.82
"The possible influence of the food and fat content of meals on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a 350 mg sustained release theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) preparation (Bronchoretard) was investigated after single dose oral administration to 18 volunteers in a randomised 3-way crossover design."	( [The effect of food on theophylline absorption]. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Weber, W, 1998)	0.81
"In a single-dose crossover study with 16 healthy male nonsmoking volunteers the absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of the sustained release pellets contained in all dosage strengths of Bronchoretard (100, 200, 350, 500 mg anhydrous theophylline) were investigated."	( [Absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of a theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Rehm, KD; Weber, W, 1998)	0.73
" Therefore, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of to batches at the upper and lower in vitro specification range as well as a batch representing the middle of the specification range was evaluated in an in vivo bioequivalence study."	( [In vivo verification of in vitro release specifications of a theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Dilger, C; Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Stanislaus, F; von Nieciecki, A, 1998)	0.54
" The beta-adrenergic antagonist sotalol (10-4 M) reduced LL absorption rate from -1."	( The regulation of lung liquid absorption by endogenous cAMP in postnatal sheep lungs perfused in situ. Benjamin, AR; Stephens, RH; Walters, DV, 1998)	0.3
" The clearance and oral bioavailability values for theophylline, atenolol, propranolol, warfarin, BMS-182874 and BMS-A were determined from continuous withdrawal or intermittent sampling experiments."	( Continuous blood withdrawal as a rapid screening method for determining clearance of oral bioavailability in rats. Humphreys, WG; Morrison, RA; Obermeier, MT, 1998)	0.55
" The method should prove useful in drug discovery screening, where the evaluation of large numbers of compounds for systemic clearance or oral bioavailability is often necessary."	( Continuous blood withdrawal as a rapid screening method for determining clearance of oral bioavailability in rats. Humphreys, WG; Morrison, RA; Obermeier, MT, 1998)	0.3
" However, the extent of bioavailability was not changed in theophylline and cephalexin."	( Absorption behavior of orally administered drugs in rats treated with propantheline. Haruta, S; Higaki, K; Iwasaki, N; Kimura, T; Ogawara, K, 1998)	0.54
" Well known example, that bioavailability of theophylline can be influenced in different way (either increased, decreased or unchanged) by concomitant intake of food in the case of different sustained release products."	( [Role of food interaction pharmacokinetic studies in drug development. Food interaction studies of theophylline and nifedipine retard and buspirone tablets]. Drabant, S; Farsang, C; Gachályi, B; Klebovich, I; Renczes, G, 1998)	0.78
" Although, in patients with CF, the extent of drug absorption varies widely and the rate of absorption is slower, bioavailability is not altered."	( Drug disposition in cystic fibrosis. Pons, G; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM, 1998)	0.3
" In a first part of the study each animal was injected intravenously with aminophylline dihydrate, Aminomal (Malesci, Firenze, Italy), in order to determine the absolute bioavailability of the two sustained-release theophylline formulations orally administered to the dogs in the second experimental phase, over a period of 9 days, following a balanced two-period cross-over design."	( Comparative bioavailability of two sustained-release theophylline formulations in the dog. Bertini, S; Giorgi, M; Intorre, L; Mengozzi, G; Soldani, G, 1998)	0.74
" Individual bioavailability parameters were obtained using the S-Inv computer program."	( Comparative pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation of oral sustained-release theophylline formulation in adult asthmatics. Devarajan, PV; Parmar, DV; Sule, PN, 1999)	0.53
" This particulate system may have potential use as a carrier for drugs that are poorly absorbed after oral administration."	( Alginate-pectin-poly-L-lysine particulate as a potential controlled release formulation. Krishnan, TR; Liu, P, 1999)	0.3
" A postulated correlation between the nonanalogous parameters, relative bioavailability and the mean in vitro dissolution time was confirmed."	( Drug release in vitro--an aid in clinical trials? Voegele, D, )	0.13
" Bioavailability of theophylline from gellan gels formed by in situ gelation in the animal stomach was increased by four-fivefold in rats and threefold in rabbits compared with that from the commercial oral formulation."	( In situ-gelling gellan formulations as vehicles for oral drug delivery. Aoyama, H; Attwood, D; Kawasaki, N; Kubo, W; Miyazaki, S, 1999)	0.63
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
" In addition, the rapid in vitro dissolution of these formulations, as well as the reported high solubility and high permeability of theophylline, was predictive of the lack of any bioavailability differences among the three products."	( Bioequivalence of immediate-release theophylline capsules. Jarvi, EJ; Meyer, MC; Pelsor, FR; Shah, VP; Straughn, AB; Williams, RL, 1999)	0.78
" However, considering the time consuming and expensive in vivo tests, quantitative correlation between in vivo bioavailability and in vitro dissolution tests can be used routinely in quality control tests of these drug products to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Biopharmaceutical characterization of oral theophylline and aminophylline tablets. Quantitative correlation between dissolution and bioavailability studies. Falamarzian, M; Ghafghazi, T; Raisi, A; Varshosaz, J, 2000)	0.57
" Therefore, the reduction of bioavailability in TF-41 was due to the delayed release from the tablets in vivo."	( Application of fibroin in controlled release tablets containing theophylline. Issiki, M; Katayama, H; Yoshitomi, H, 2000)	0.55
" The absorption rate of theophylline was considerably reduced in animals in the fed state, because of the reduction of gastric emptying rate."	( Evaluation of absorption kinetics of orally administered theophylline in rats based on gastrointestinal transit monitoring by gamma scintigraphy. Arimori, K; Haruta, S; Higaki, K; Jinnouchi, S; Kawai, K; Kimura, T; Ogawara, KI; Tamura, S, 2001)	0.86
" An analysis of the published literature showed that the absorption, bioavailability and route of excretion were generally similar between humans and the test species, for each probe substrate."	( Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates. Dorne, JL; Renwick, AG; Walton, K, 2001)	0.31
" Theophylline and frusemide were both well absorbed following Intelisite activation in the small intestine, whereas complete colonic absorption was only observed in 1/7 subjects for theophylline, and 0/7 subjects for frusemide."	( Evaluation of the Intelisite capsule to deliver theophylline and frusemide tablets to the small intestine and colon. Anziano, RJ; Clear, NJ; Henry, BT; Humphrey, M; Milton, A; Nichols, DJ; Wilding, I; Wulff, M, 2001)	1.48
" The behaviour of the systems was evaluated through dissolution testing and through a randomised crossover bioavailability study on nine male volunteers."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of starch-based hot stage extruded double matrix systems. Henrist, D; Lefebvre, RA; Remon, JP; Van Bortel, L, 2001)	0.31
" Tablets formulated with equal ratios of CG and SAL that showed good physical properties and slow TPH release were chosen for bioavailability studies in beagle dogs, and results were compared with those for Quibron."	( Excipient-excipient interaction in the design of sustained-release theophylline tablets: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Al-Suwayeh, SA; Bayomi, MA; El-Helw, AR, 2001)	0.55
" Consequently, careful attention must be given to balancing their safety and efficacy, which should include an understanding of airway patency and systemic absorption (dose, disease severity, propellant and lipophilicity of inhalant), bioavailability (inhalation technique, propellant, delivery devices, and hepatic first-pass metabolism), techniques for using minimum effective doses (dosing time, add-on therapy), and reduction of other exacerbating conditions (allergens, influenza, upper-respiratory diseases)."	( Balancing safety and efficacy in pediatric asthma management. Skoner, DP, 2002)	0.31
" Lastly in a technological point of view, DAE could be considered as a potential drug delivery system in capsules or tablets to better control bioavailability of drugs."	( Dry adsorbed emulsion: 2. Dissolution behaviour of an intricate formulation. Bérard, V; Chambin, O; Pourcelot, Y; Rochat-Gonthier, MH, 2002)	0.31
" The absorption rate constant in each segment and the pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration used for the prediction were the values extrapolated from the data in rats and the ones normalized from the values in literatures, respectively."	( Prediction of plasma concentration-time curve of orally administered theophylline based on a scintigraphic monitoring of gastrointestinal transit in human volunteers. Arimori, K; Haruta, S; Higaki, K; Jinnouchi, S; Kawai, K; Kimura, T; Nishii, R; Ogawara, Ki; Tamura, S, 2002)	0.55
" When oral theophylline was given to the patient in tablet form, the apparent bioavailability was only 20%, which agreed with our hypothesis."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline to assess noncompliance in therapy. Kinoshita, M; Konishi, H; Minouchi, T; Nakatsuka, T; Tamaki, S; Yamaji, A; Yoshida, M, 2002)	1
"The almost complete bioavailability of oral theophylline indicated that there was no impairment in intestinal absorption capacity."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline to assess noncompliance in therapy. Kinoshita, M; Konishi, H; Minouchi, T; Nakatsuka, T; Tamaki, S; Yamaji, A; Yoshida, M, 2002)	0.87
" A great difference in theophylline bioavailability between the supervised and unsupervised trials was strongly indicative of patient noncompliance."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline to assess noncompliance in therapy. Kinoshita, M; Konishi, H; Minouchi, T; Nakatsuka, T; Tamaki, S; Yamaji, A; Yoshida, M, 2002)	0.92
" The assay proved inexpensive, accurate and reproducible with a limit of detection of 100 ng/ml that makes it suitable for bioavailability studies."	( A quantitative thin layer chromatography method for determination of theophylline in plasma. Goudarzi, M; Mahmoudian, M; Mirfazaelian, A; Tabatabaiefar, M, )	0.37
" In addition, the relative bioavailability of the sustained release formulations in comparison to an oral solution (formulation B) was investigated."	( Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence study of theophylline sustained release formulations. Mahr, G; Vergin, H; Wigand, R; Winterhalter, B, 2003)	0.57
"Mucoadhesive microspheres made of oppositely charged dextran derivatives and cellulose acetate butyrate (Ad-MS) were evaluated for their ability to improve the bioavailability of theophylline (TH) and thiamine disulfide (TDS)."	( Bioavailability of theophylline and thiamine disulfide incorporated into mucoadhesive microspheres consisting of dextran derivatives and cellulose acetate butyrate. Miyazaki, Y; Nagai, T; Ogihara, K; Takayama, K; Yakou, S, 2003)	0.84
" Though there was no significant difference between the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time of its occurrence (Tmax) for TH from GG-TH and GK-TH matrix systems, it was found that oral bioavailability of TH from former matrix was significantly higher than that of later."	( Influence of colon degradation of polysaccharide on the oral bioavailability of theophylline from controlled release hydrophilic matrices. Babu, GV; Himasankar, K; Kumar, NR; Murty, KV, 2003)	0.55
"To evaluate the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 2 commercially available extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs."	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs. Bach, JE; Kukanich, B; McKiernan, BC; Papich, MG, 2004)	0.76
" Species differences were observed in the systemic clearance of theophylline (approximately 5-fold higher in CHPs), a low clearance compound, and the bioavailability of propranolol and verapamil (lower in CHPs), both high clearance compounds."	( The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) as a pharmacokinetic model for selection of drug candidates: model characterization and application. Bai, SA; Christ, DD; Diamond, S; Grace, JE; Grossman, SJ; He, K; Qian, M; Wong, H; Wright, MR; Yeleswaram, K, 2004)	0.56
" halicacabum should therefore be avoided by patients treated with theophylline as these herbal teas have the potential to influence the bioavailability of the prescription drug."	( Effects of Cassia auriculata and Cardospermum halicacabum teas on the steady state blood levels of theophylline in rats. Munasinghe, TM; Senarath, S; Thabrew, MI; Yapa, RM, 2004)	0.78
" The bioavailability was approximately 60%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline after inhalation in combination with diacetylmorphine. Beijnen, JH; de Jonge, ME; den Hoed, R; Hendriks, VM; Huitema, AD; Sparidans, RW; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM; Zandvliet, AS, 2005)	0.55
"After oral administration, drug absorption rate is recognized to be dependent on two major factors: dissolution and intestinal cells permeability."	( Characterization of the absorption of theophylline from immediate- and controlled-release dosage forms with a numerical approach using the in vitro dissolution-permeation process using caco-2 cells. Allain, P; Chaumeil, JC; Nicolis, I; Noureddine, N; Sfar, S; Zerrouk, N, 2005)	0.6
"5% w/v pectin gels formed in situ in rabbit stomach was sustained over a period of 12 hours giving a theophylline bioavailability some seven fold higher than when administered from a commercial syrup."	( Oral sustained delivery of theophylline and cimetidine from in situ gelling pectin formulations in rabbits. Attwood, D; Itoh, K; Kubo, W; Miyazaki, S, 2005)	0.84
"A multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique was developed in order to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall bioavailability of the dosage form."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique. Limmatvapirat, S; Paeratakul, O; Puttipipatkhachorn, S; Sungthongjeen, S, 2006)	0.33
"To determine the usefulness of monkey as an animal model, bioavailability and in vivo release behaviors of theophylline (TP) after oral administration of controlled-release beads in dogs, monkeys, and minipigs were evaluated."	( Bioavailability and in vivo release behavior of controlled-release multiple-unit theophylline dosage forms in beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, and göttingen minipigs. Ikegami, K; Osawa, T; Tagawa, K, 2006)	0.77
"In general, drugs are well absorbed from the lung, and the pulmonary absorption of therapeutic protein and peptide drugs, which are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, was observed."	( [Control of pulmonary absorption of drugs by various pharmaceutical excipients]. Yamada, K, 2007)	0.34
" Bioavailability was excellent."	( Pharmacokinetics of an extended-release theophylline product in cats. Guenther-Yenke, CL; McKiernan, BC; Papich, MG; Powell, E, 2007)	0.61
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
"Oral administration of alprazolam generated the irregular gastric emptying profiles, resulting in multiple peaks in the absorption rate profiles of both drugs."	( Appearance of double peaks in plasma concentration-time profile after oral administration depends on gastric emptying profile and weight function. Higaki, K; Kimura, T; Metsugi, Y; Miyaji, Y; Ogawara, K, 2008)	0.35
" The co-extrudate exhibiting the desired sustained release was selected for in vivo bioavailability studies."	( Preparation of sustained release co-extrudates by hot-melt extrusion and mathematical modelling of in vitro/in vivo drug release profiles. Dal Col, A; Grassi, G; Grassi, M; Perissutti, B; Quintavalle, U; Serdoz, F; Voinovich, D, 2008)	0.35
" In the presence of fluvoxamine, the oral bioavailability of duloxetine increased from 42."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluations of cytochrome P450 1A2 interactions with duloxetine. Bergstrom, RF; Chappell, J; Hong, Q; Knadler, MP; Lobo, ED; Quinlan, T; Reddy, S; Ring, B, 2008)	0.35
" The bioavailability of Quibron SR tablets was compared with Respro-SR pellets filled Capsules 300 mg using pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Tmax, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-alpha)."	( Comparative bioavailability and in vitro in vivo correlation of two sustained release brands of theophylline: tablets and pellets. Tulain, U; Ur-Rahman, N, 2008)	0.56
" Overall, the gastroretentive microspheres improved the extent of bioavailability of theophylline, which is absorbable from the entire gastrointestinal tract."	( Comparison of gastroretentive microspheres and sustained-release preparations using theophylline pharmacokinetics. Miyazaki, Y; Takayama, K; Yakou, S, 2008)	0.79
" T(max) and mean residence time (MRT) of the developed formulations were prolonged compared to that of SRT and a satisfying bioavailability was achieved at weight gain of 6 mg/T."	( A controlled porosity osmotic pump system with biphasic release of theophylline: influence of weight gain on its in vivo pharmacokinetics. Bi, Y; Hou, S; Mao, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2008)	0.58
" The relative bioavailability of the sustained-release pellets was studied in six beagle dogs after oral administration in a fast state using a commercially available immediate release tablet as a reference."	( Preparation and bioavailability of sustained-release doxofylline pellets in beagle dogs. He, HB; Huang, HF; Lu, Y; Tang, X, 2008)	0.35
"The oral bioavailability of some therapeutic agents is markedly lower in cynomolgus monkeys than in humans."	( Species difference in intestinal absorption mechanism of etoposide and digoxin between cynomolgus monkey and rat. Amano, N; Fujita, H; Kato, Y; Kimura, Y; Kubo, Y; Nishimura, T; Ono, M; Tsuji, A, 2008)	0.35
"The bioavailability of etoposide was 12."	( Species difference in intestinal absorption mechanism of etoposide and digoxin between cynomolgus monkey and rat. Amano, N; Fujita, H; Kato, Y; Kimura, Y; Kubo, Y; Nishimura, T; Ono, M; Tsuji, A, 2008)	0.35
"Low bioavailability of etoposide in monkeys is due to poor intestinal uptake resulting from low influx from the apical side, rather than secretion via P-gp."	( Species difference in intestinal absorption mechanism of etoposide and digoxin between cynomolgus monkey and rat. Amano, N; Fujita, H; Kato, Y; Kimura, Y; Kubo, Y; Nishimura, T; Ono, M; Tsuji, A, 2008)	0.35
"5-2 h and bioavailability (AUC) ranging from 24."	( An in vivo comparison of intestinal pH and bacteria as physiological trigger mechanisms for colonic targeting in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2008)	0.35
" Bioavailability was similar (p>0."	( Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2009)	0.35
" Rats in vivo pharmacokinetics demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of theophylline after intragastric administration of CS capsules was 76."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel capsule for colon-specific drug delivery. Fang, QL; Gao, JQ; Han, M; Liang, WQ; Luo, T; Zhan, HW, 2009)	0.58
" The in vivo study regarding the behaviour of the obtained formulation, showed an increase bioavailability of THP compared to the raw drug, suggesting the possible application of the complex Xa-CS as an oral controlled drug delivery system in the management of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease."	( Hydrogels based on chitosan-xanthan for controlled release of theophylline. Lupusoru, CE; Novac, O; Popa, MI; Popa, N; Profire, L, 2010)	0.6
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Absolute bioavailability of theophylline was 96% and 46% for the formulations containing PEG 6000 and glycerol monostearate, respectively."	( In vivo evaluation of two new sustained release formulations elaborated by one-step melt granulation: level A in vitro-in vivo correlation. Gascón, AR; Hernández, RM; Igartua, M; Ochoa, L; Pedraz, JL; Solinís, MA, 2010)	0.65
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."	( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides. Akamatsu, M, 2011)	0.37
" The sequence of water absorption rate was XG >> NaAlg (H) > PEO > NaAlg (L) >> HPMC; The sequence of swelling index was XG >> PEO >> HPMC >> NaAlg; The sequence of erosion rate was NaAlg (L) > NaAlg (H) >> PEO80 > PEO200 > PEO300 > XG approximately PEO400 approximately K4M > K15M > PEO600 approximately K100M; The sequence of the gel layer strength was PEO > HPMC > XG >> NaAlg."	( [Comparison of the characteristics of several polymer materials used in hydrophilic matrix tablets]. Liu, H; Liu, YL; Nie, SF; Pan, WS, 2011)	0.37
"Sustained release (SR) dosage forms enable prolonged and continuous deposition of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improve the bioavailability of medications characterized by a narrow absorption window."	( Eudraginated polymer blends: a potential oral controlled drug delivery system for theophylline. Emeje, M; Isimi, Y; John-Africa, L; Kunle, O; Ofoefule, S, 2012)	0.6
" Nevertheless, bioavailability of the drugs compounded in hard capsules is not always optimized and choosing the appropriate excipients is a key factor to improve the dissolution kinetics of active pharmaceutical ingredients."	( In vitro evaluation of extemporaneously compounded immediate-release capsules with premixed excipients, based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) of the drugs. Danopoulos, P; Demirdjian, L; Dubois, F; Nogueira, RJ; Pinheiro, VA, )	0.13
" Results revealed a theophylline absorption rate in the order FD-HSMMA≥Theo-Dur(®)≥OD-CSMMA>Theolair(®)≥FD-CSMMA."	( Invivo absorption behaviour of theophylline from starch-methyl methacrylate matrix tablets in beagle dogs. Colom, H; Fernández-Campos, F; Ferrero, C; Jiménez-Castellanos, MR, 2015)	1.03
" The intestinal absorption rate for each drug was acquired by deconvolution, using historical intravenous data as reference, and used with the intestinal surface area and the dose remaining in the lumen to estimate the Peff."	( Human in vivo regional intestinal permeability: quantitation using site-specific drug absorption data. Dahlgren, D; Lennernäs, H; Roos, C; Sjögren, E, 2015)	0.42
" The influence of excipients on solubility and, hence, oral bioavailability was confirmed for ibuprofen, a second BCS class II compound."	( Evaluation of changes in oral drug absorption in preterm and term neonates for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I and II compounds. Coboeken, K; Ince, I; Meyer, M; Schmidt, S; Schnizler, K; Somani, AA; Thelen, K; Trame, MN; Willmann, S; Zheng, S, 2016)	0.43
" It is suggested that BC pretreatment decreases the CYP1A metabolic activity leading to increase in bioavailability and decrease in oral clearance of theophylline, which may be due to inhibition of CYP1A."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of Acacia catechu with CYP1A substrate theophylline in rabbits. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Alam, MA; Raish, M, 2015)	0.85
" These activities, associated to a good predictive bioavailability and a lack of cytotoxicity, design it as a promising hit for further in vivo investigation."	( Novel benzylidenephenylpyrrolizinones with pleiotropic activities potentially useful in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Corvaisier, S; Cresteil, T; Dallemagne, P; El Kihel, L; Jourdan, JP; Lecoutey, C; Legay, R; Malzert-Fréon, A; Rochais, C; Since, M; Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos, J, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, hERG and BBB-PAMPA assays presented safe cardiotoxicity and high CNS bioavailability profiles for 5x."	( Discovery of 1-(3-(benzyloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)urea: A new modulator for amyloid beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Elkamhawy, A; Hassan, AHE; Lee, J; Moon, B; Pae, AN; Park, BG; Park, HM; Park, JE; Ra, H; Roh, EJ, 2017)	0.46
" Compound 12g with MIC values of 5 μg/ml as a representative may possess better oral bioavailability and indicated high permeability by the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay of the blood-brain barrier (PAMPA-BBB)."	( Discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents with pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based scaffold. An, Q; Deng, Y; Liu, P; Luo, Y; Sang, Z; Tang, Y; Wang, T; Yang, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, T, 2018)	0.48
"82 μg/ml), the therapeutic effectiveness and oral bioavailability of Baicalein are highly limited."	( A strategy to improve the oral availability of baicalein: The baicalein-theophylline cocrystal. Guo, P; Li, N; Li, W; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Pi, J; Qi, D; Wang, S; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.71
" However, the bioavailability and clinical applications of flavonoid compounds are usually limited by their poor aqueous solubilities."	( Simultaneously Improving the Physicochemical Properties, Dissolution Performance, and Bioavailability of Apigenin and Daidzein by Co-Crystallization With Theophylline. Cai, T; Huang, S; Ruan, S; Xu, J; Xue, Q, 2019)	0.71
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Systemic bioavailability of the MCT was 96."	( Pharmacokinetics of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Cavett, CL; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Reinhart, JM, 2019)	0.78
" Hence, using nanotechnology is a viable alternative to primarily improve the physicochemical characteristics and bioavailability of guarana."	( Protective effect of guarana-loaded liposomes on hemolytic activity. da Cruz, IBM; Dalcin, AJF; Gomes, P; Mitjans, M; Ourique, AF; Ribeiro, EE; Roggia, I; Vinardell, MP, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, proving cocrystallization to be a potential solution to the solubility limited bioavailability problems of diacerein."	( Cocrystals of diacerein: Towards the development of improved biopharmaceutical parameters. Chadha, R; Chakraborti, S; Grewal, MK; Jindal, A; Tomar, S, 2020)	0.56
" These findings suggest that the OFT is well absorbed and can likely be dosed twice daily in dogs, but future pharmacodynamic and clinical studies are needed to establish a definitive therapeutic range for theophylline in this species."	( Pharmacokinetics of a 503B outsourcing facility-produced theophylline in dogs. de Oliveira, GAR; Forsythe, L; Li, Z; Reinhart, JM, 2022)	1.15
"Designing co-crystals can be considered as a commonly used strategy to improve the bioavailability of many low molecular weight drug candidates."	( Analysis of Co-Crystallization Mechanism of Theophylline and Citric Acid from Raman Investigations in Pseudo Polymorphic Forms Obtained by Different Synthesis Methods. Guinet, Y; Hédoux, A; Paccou, L, 2023)	1.17

Dosage Studied

Theophylline affects the control of ventilation, neuromuscular drive and ventilatory function. 7 healthy men received an incremental intravenous aminophyllines dosing schedule. Time concentration curve of serum theophyllina with the three formulations after single and multiple dosage schedules revealed significantly retarded absorption.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A linear dose-response relationship was obtained for theophylline."	( Acid secretion by guinea-pig isolated stomach. Holton, P; Spencer, J, 1976)	0.5
", ionic strength) to: (a) correlate in vitro release rates with bioavailability data, (b) discriminate between alternative formulations during dosage form development, or (c) serve as a selective control procedure for a series of sustanined-release dosage forms."	( Continuous dissolution rate determination as a function of the pH of the medium. Dauvois, M; Michaelis, AF; Turi, P, 1976)	0.26
" The maximal values of both phases of secretion in the dose-response curve elicited by different glucose concentrations shift to the left when glibenclamide is added to the perfusate."	( Studies on the dynamics and mechanism of glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion. Basabe, JC; Chieri, RA; Farina, JM, 1976)	0.26
" The different influence of 10 mg propranolol and 20 mg practolol on the stimulating effect of 40 mg furosemide on the PRA can be interpreted as a dosage problem."	( [Cyclic AMP and plasma renin activity in renal vein blood after amitryptiline, theophylline, furosemide and beta adrenergic blocking substances (author's transl)]. Klaus, D; Klumpp, F; Lemke, R; Zehner, J, 1976)	0.48
" A dose-response analysis was performed and the results indicate that 1 mug/ml of parathyroid hormone was the minimal effective dose."	( Effects of parathyroid hormone on H+ and NH+4 excretion in toad urinary bladder. Frazier, LW, 1976)	0.26
" Hence it might not be always necessary to take into consideration changes in the surface area as a function of dissolution rate, and the 1n W infinity/(W infinity) versus time plot devised by Kitazawa & others might be a useful and simple means of obtaining the dissolution rate constant of an active ingredient from a dosage form such as compressed tablet."	( Interpretation of dissolution rate data from in vitro testing of compressed tablets. Johno, I; Kitazawa, S; Minouchi, T; Okada, J, 1977)	0.26
" The dose-response effects of IBX on growth inhibition of malignant cells in mixed cultures appear to correlate well with its ability to elevate cAMP levels."	( Modulation of cellular interactions between C3H/10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Bertram, JS, 1979)	0.26
" The inhibition dose-response curve is paralleled by an adenosine-induced increase in cAMP levels of human leukocyte preparations."	( Adenosine receptor on human basophils: modulation of histamine release. Findlay, SR; Lichtenstein, LM; Marone, G, 1979)	0.26
" A dose-response line was obtained to SG in gonads of both male and female trout."	( Fish gonadotropin(s). I. Bioassay of salmon gonadotropin(s) in vitro with immature trout gonads. Bazar, LS; Hwang, SJ; Idler, DR, 1975)	0.25
" This controlled, double-blind study evaluates these drugs alone and in a standard dosage combination in blocking asthma induced by the inhalation of pollen allergens among highly selected patients."	( Pharmacologic modification of induced asthma. Falliers, CJ; Katsampes, CF, 1976)	0.26
" No acitvity was detected in other brain areas at various dosed or incubation times."	( Effects of kainic acid, a cyclic analogue of glutamic acid, on cyclic nucleotide accumulation in slices of rat cerebellum. Molloy, BB; Ryan, JJ; Schmidt, MJ, 1976)	0.26
" Based on the difference in dose-response curves between normal and insulin-deficient rats, a possibility is discussed that there are two adenylate cylase in the liver with higher and lower affinities for epinephrine and that circulating insulin blocks the high affinity enzyme selectively."	( Attenuation of epinephrine-induced increase in liver cyclic AMP by endogeneous insulin in vivo. Shikama, H; Ui, M, 1976)	0.26
" But the danger of rhythm disturbances often can be reduced by cutting the dosage or choosing a preparation with more beta 2 activity."	( When drug therapy for lung disease affects the heart. Webb-Johnson, DC, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response curves studies suggested that inosine, but not uridine, has a common receptor site with epinephrine in adipose tissue."	( Effects of uridine and inosine on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and activated lipolysis in adipose tissue. Hait, G; Kypson, J, 1976)	0.26
" The considerable higher potency of MIX as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was accompanied by a steeper dose-response curve for cyclic AMP recovery in incubation media of hormone-treated cells."	( Effects of methylxanthines on gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis and protein synthesis in isolated testis interstitial cells. Catt, KJ; Horner, AK; Williams, CD, 1976)	0.26
" The maximum phenylephrine inotropic response was not significantly changed after 15 min of exposure to theophylline; however, there was a slight shift to the left of the phenylephrine dose-response curve."	( The effect of theophylline on amine-induced cardiac cyclic AMP and cardiac contractile force. Martinez, TT; McNeil, JH, 1977)	0.83
" Stimulation of fluid secretion by 5-HT follows a definite dose-response curve, but there is no consistent relationship between the rate of enzyme secretion and the stimulating concentration of 5-HT."	( The control of enzyme secretion from fly salivary glands. Bay, CM, 1978)	0.26
"4 microgram/ml after two weeks of continuous dosing with the combination drug."	( A comparison of a theophylline-ephedrine combination with terbutaline. Alcala, JC; Bush, RK; Lee, TP; Smith, AM; Welling, PG, 1978)	0.59
" The dose-response relationships and kinetics of histamine and BK-A release from antigen-challenged peripheral leukocytes are similar."	( Anaphylactic relase of a basophil kallikrein-like activity. II. A mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Lichtenstein, LM; Newball, HH; Talamo, RC, 1979)	0.26
"In human adipose tissue in vitro, dose-response curves of lipolytic agents in releasing free fatty acids and glycerol into an albumine-containing medium were followed."	( Adrenergic lipolysis in human adipose tissue in vitro. Kuhn, E; Wenke, M; Wenkeová, J, 1975)	0.25
" The results obtained here demonstrate the possibility of an occurence of the majority of the analyzed substances as metastable polymorphic modifications in solid dosage forms."	( IR analysis of crystalline samples of some urea derivatives. Halkiewicz, J; Kaliszan, R, )	0.13
" The peak concentrations of theophylline after administration of the 3 oral dosage forms were in the order, elixir greater than Marax greater than Tedral, however, the time to achieve peak concentration was highly variable and did not differ significantly among the 3 products."	( Theophylline bioavailability: a comparison of the oral absorption of a theophylline elixir and two combination theophylline tablets to intravenous aminophylline. Azarnoff, DL; Fixley, M; Shen, DD, 1977)	1.99
" Pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75) and serum T levels were determined at 0, 4, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours on both day one and after day 7 of a every-six-hour drug dosage schedule."	( The effectiveness of the short- and long-term use of crystallized theophylline in asthmatic children. Katz, RM; Rachelefsky, GS; Siegel, S, 1978)	0.5
" Chronic therapy may also require corticosteroids, in which case toxic effects of long-term therapy can be minimized by use of alternate-day dosage of prednisone or daily inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate."	( Management of asthma. 2. Antiasthmatic drugs. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1977)	0.26
" Variable elimination rates for the drug among individuals require careful individualization of dosage guided by measurement of serum theophylline concentration to maintain safe and effective serum theophylline concentrations."	( Theophylline for treatment of asthma. Weinberger, M, 1978)	1.9
" Adequate theophylline dosage is an effective bronchodilator."	( Treatment of asthma in children. Hobday, JD, 1978)	0.66
" These observations have led to clear conclusions on the optimum timing and dosage of theophylline, and on the need to monitor plasma levels of both theophylline and caffeine in newborn infants treated with theophylline."	( Plasma xanthine levels in low birthweight infants treated or not treated with theophylline. Brazier, JL; Renaud, H; Ribon, B; Salle, BL, 1979)	0.71
" The decreased theophylline elimination observed in the smaller infant indicates that the usual pediatric dosing recommendations cannot be used routinely."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in the young infant. Danish, M; Lecks, HI; Ragni, MC; Rosen, JP; Saccar, CL; Yaffe, SJ, 1979)	2.06
" Accordingly, we have developed a nomogram to predict individual daily dosing requirements for these drugs in uncomplicated patients from a single serum assay following an initial dose."	( Hypothesis for the individualisation of drug dosage. Gibaldi, M; Koup, JR; Sack, CM; Smith, AL, )	0.13
" We did not observe facts suggesting a possible cumulative effect of the drug, when taken at a dosage of 3 times 900 mg regularly spread over the day."	( [Ventilatory effect and side effects of oral bamifylline]. Minette, A, 1978)	0.26
" Pulmonary function testing and serum theophylline levels were monitored for 12 weeks, including testing every two hours over one dosing interval on the final day of the study."	( Use of a twelve-hour theophylline preparation in chronic adult asthmatics. Carroll, MS; Spangler, DL; Tinkelman, D; Vanderpool, G, 1979)	0.85
" When initiating continuous oral aminophylline therapy, dosage guidelines, based on the mean ATC calculated for each group, were predicted, and trough theophylline serum levels of 10mug/ml were obtained."	( Oral aminophylline therapy. Increased dosage requirements in children. Austrian, S; Johnson, PB; Miller, KW; Strem, EL; Zaske, DE, 1977)	0.46
"9 mg/kg/hr to a maximum dosage of 1,500 mg/24 hr."	( Theophylline concentrations in asthmatic patients after administration of aminophylline. Kordash, TR; McCall, JT; Van Dellen, RG, 1977)	1.7
" It is concluded that this new oral sustained-release preparation provides therapeutic plasma theophylline concentration on a 12 hourly dosage schedule."	( Comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline in man. Sharma, PL; Sharma, RM, 1979)	0.7
"Theophylline dosage requirements to maintain serum concentrations of 10 to 20 microgram/ml among asthmatic patients were examined in 156 children, ages 2 1/2 months to 16 years, and 33 otherwise health adults."	( Oral theophylline dosage for the management of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M; Wyatt, R, 1978)	2.21
"Two dosage schedules, 8 mg/kg per dose daily and 10 mg/kg per dose tds of choline theophyllinate were evaluated in asthmatic children."	( Effect of practical timing of dosage on theophylline blood levels in asthmatic children treated with choline theophyllinate. Baillie, E; Godfrey, S; McKenzie, SA, 1978)	0.53
" Knowledge of serum theophylline concentration facilitates careful control of dosage of both intravenous aminophylline during treatment of status asthmaticus, and of oral theophylline in outpatients."	( Clinical applications of serum theophylline measurement by high pressure liquid chromatography. Baillie, E; Edmunds, AT; McKenzie, SA; Meek, JH, 1978)	0.87
"Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two commercial tablet formulations (I and II) relative to an acute dose of elixir was evaluated in healthy volunteers."	( Theophylline bioavailability following chronic dosing of an elixir and two solid dosage forms. Azarnoff, DL; Fixley, M; Shen, DD, 1978)	3.14
"Efficacy and dose-response activity of oral theophylline were evaluated in 21 asthmatic children, using inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) as a therapeutic marker."	( Exercise, induced bronchospasm in asthmatic children as a dose-response model for theophylline. Bierman, CW; Cho, YW; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG, 1978)	0.75
" Following intensive round-the-clock therapy with theophylline (the dosage of which maintained serum levels of theophylline between 10 microgram/ml and 20 microgram/ml) and therapy with prednisone (20 mg twice daily for three weeks or more), there were improvements in spirometric and body plethysmographic measurements."	( Irreversibility of obstructive changes in severe asthma in childhood. Bell, TD; Buck, VM; Chai, H; Cooley, RL; Leung, PK; Loren, ML, 1978)	0.51
" If side effects are absent, the dosage is increased at three-day intervals until the age-related mean dosage necessary to produce a therapeutic level, is reached."	( Guide to oral theophylline therapy for the treatment of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M; Wyatt, R, 1978)	0.62
" Serum concentration-time curves during multiple eight-hour dosing were simulated for the bioavailable preparations."	( The relation of product formulation to absorption of oral theophylline. Bighley, L; Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1978)	0.5
"9 mg per kg per hour dosage is based."	( Theophylline disposition in acutely ill hospitalized patients. The effect of smoking, heart failure, severe airway obstruction, and pneumonia. Costello, J; Hopewell, P; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sheiner, LB; Vozeh, S, 1978)	1.7
"Bamifylline in therapeutic dosage may markedly disturb the determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids by Zimmermann's reaction, although the conditions of extraction and formation of this chromogenic substance are not always optimal for the metabolites of bamifylline."	( [Bamifylline. Conditions of its interference in the estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids. Method of estimation using Zimmermann's reaction (author's transl)]. Caillens, H; Firmin, C; Maldonado, J; Thévenet, M, 1978)	0.26
"Minophylline (theophylline ethanoate of piperazine) and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) were determined spectrophotometrically in dosage forms without interference from excipients and/or preservatives."	( Spectrophotometric determination of theophylline formulations. Abdine, H; Elsayed, MA; Elsayed, YM, 1979)	0.9
"Predicted and approximated mean serum theophylline concentrations were compared to assess the feasibility of using theophylline clearance, calculated from the intravenous steady-state serum theophylline concentration, to determine appropriate oral dosage requirements."	( Reliability of theophylline clearance in determining chronic oral dosage regimens. Grambau, G; Johnson, CE; Slotfeldt, ML; Weg, JG, 1979)	0.88
" The dose-response relationship for the inhibitory action of verapamil is shifted to higher concentrations of the drug when the concentration of calcium in the perfusate is increased."	( Calcium antagonists and islet function. II. Interaction of theophylline and verapamil. Devis, G; Malaisse, WJ; Somers, G; Van Obberghen, E, 1976)	0.5
" The final dosage was 1 to 3 mg/kg/6 hour at 25 to 37 days of age."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in premature infants with apnea. Giacoia, G; Jusko, WJ; Koup, JR; Menke, J, 1976)	1.7
" A dosage regimen nomogram was designed based on literature data and preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in patients."	( System for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of theophylline therapy. Jusko, WJ; Koup, JR; Kuritzky, PM; Pyszczynski, DR; Schentag, JJ; Vance, JW, 1976)	0.51
" By these mechanisms, cardiac failure potentially affects absorption and disposition characteristics of drugs, which may necessitate adjustment in dosage regimen for optimum therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics in patients with cardiac failure. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
" This plateau can be maintained and is dependent upon dosage and the half-life of theophylline, which varies amongst individuals."	( [Theophylline blood levels after administration of Euphyllin retard (author's transl)]. Ahrens, J, 1977)	1.39
" These guidelines facilitate initial theophylline dosage in older patients with liver and cardiac disease and provide a rational basis for interpreting serum concentration measurements and adjustment of drug therapy."	( Intravenous theophylline therapy: nomogram guidelines. Jusko, WJ; Koup, JR; Kuritzky, P; Schentag, JJ; Vance, JW, 1977)	0.91
" Significant intrapatient variability was found in the theophylline clearance and t1/2, which determine the dosage regimen necessary to provide given average, peak, and trough theophylline plasma levels."	( Intrapatient variability in theophylline kinetics. Strunk, RC; Taussig, LM; Walson, PD, 1977)	0.8
" The nature of the shifts in the long dose-response curve for PGF2alpha caused by increasing concentration levels of flufenamate indicates a dual competitive/non-competitive type of antagonism."	( The effects of some bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated trachea. McIntyre, HJ; Temple, DM, )	0.13
" This determination is useful for assessing patient compliance and adjusting dosage schedules."	( Gas-liquid chromatographic micromethod for the determination of theophylline. Abraham, CV; Atkinson, O; Gresham, D, 1977)	0.5
" We conclude that theophylline dosage need not be altered during concomitant administration of phenobarbital."	( Effect of phenobarbital on the disposition of intravenous theophylline. Ogilvie, RI; Piafsky, KM; Sitar, DS, 1977)	0.83
" Clearances correlated inversely with a standardized index of serum concentration response to oral dosage resulting in a wide range of dosage requirements to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations of 10 to 20 microgram/ml."	( Relationship of theophylline clearance to oral dosage in children with chronic asthma. Ginchansky, E; Weinberger, M, 1977)	0.6
"Prior assumptions of first-order elimination for theophylline were tested by administering theophylline by intravenous infusion at two dosage levels to 20 children with chronic asthma."	( Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline disposition in asthmatic children. Ginchansky, E; Weinberger, M, 1977)	0.81
" Thus, use of saliva theophylline measurements obtained by the Schack and Waxler method to adjust dosage regimens cannot be recommended in these patients."	( Unpredictability of theophylline saliva measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bighley, L; Burkey, S; Hendeles, L; Richardson, R, 1977)	0.9
" The relationship between daily dosage and serum concentration was unpredictable in an individual patient."	( Clinical experience with theophylline. Relarionships between dosage, serum concentration, and toxicity. Jacobs, MH; Kessler, G; Senior, RM, 1976)	0.56
"A practical method for monitoring serum theophylline concentrations has been used to investigate intravenous aminophylline dosage requirements."	( Intravenous aminophylline dosage. Use of serum theophylline measurement for guidance. Chidsey, CA; Ginchansky, EJ; Matthay, RA; Petty, TL; Weinberger, MW, 1976)	0.78
" The control log dose-response curve for epinephrine stimulation showed a slight decrease in the upper concentration range."	( Rabbit testicular contractions: bimodal interaction of prostaglandin E1 with other agonists. Ellis, LC; Hargrove, JL; Seeley, RR, 1975)	0.25
"The influence of various test meals, and of fluid volumes, on the bioavailability of theophylline from a solid dosage form has been studied in healthy male volunteers."	( Influence of diet and fluid on bioavailability of theophylline. Craig, WA; Lyons, LL; Trochta, GA; Welling, PG, 1975)	0.73
" The dose-response curve for isoprenaline was shifted to the left by papaverine (3 times 10- minus 6 to 3 times 10- minus 5 M), in a dose-dependent manner, while that for calcium was not affected by the same concentration."	( Effects of papaverine on isolated rabbit papillary muscle. Endoh, M; Schümann, HJ, 1975)	0.25
" The pharmacokinetics of dyphylline do not appear to be dose-dependent in the dosage range studied."	( The pharmacokinetics of dihydroxypropyltheophylline: a basis for rational therapy. Bierman, CW; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1975)	0.52
" Using a daily dosage of up to 16 mg/kg bodyweight more than 80% of children showed definite improvement leading to prevention or significant reduction of acute attacks and clearly reduced dyspnoeic states between attacks."	( [Long-term out-patient treatment of children with asthma with a theophylline-ephedrine-hydroxyzine combination (author's transl)]. Götz, M, 1975)	0.49
" The results provide a basis for further studies to establish a dosage schedule suitable for prolonged therapy."	( Plasma level and broncholytic effect of choline theophyllinate after a single dose of a press-coated tablet formulation. Bülow, KB; Larsson, H; Leideman, T, 1975)	0.25
" Driving fitness in general is not influenced by Instenon in the dosage applied in young healthy volunteers."	( [Experimental psychological study of the effect of a hexobendine-etamivan-etofylline combination]. Klebel, VE, 1975)	0.25
" Analysis of data using either a two- or one-compartment model yielded almost identical dosage regimens designed to rapidly achieve and maintain a chosen plasma theophylline concentration."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of the disposition of intravenous theophylline in young children. Eisen, A; Fox, Z; Loughnan, PM; Neims, AH; Ogilvie, RI; Sitar, DS, 1976)	0.7
" The results suggest that nedocromil sodium may permit a reduction in theophylline dosage and possibly substitute for theophylline in previously dependent patients."	( Effects of the addition of nedocromil sodium to maintenance bronchodilator therapy in the management of chronic asthma. Callaghan, B; Clancy, L; Teo, NC, 1992)	0.52
" When theophylline was infused with increasing doses of PGE2, the dose-response curve was shifted to the left."	( Theophylline and prostaglandin E2 on duodenal bicarbonate secretion: role for 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Hogan, DL; Isenberg, JI; Koss, MA; Mu, JZ, 1992)	2.21
" To determine whether a calibrated dosage of oral slow-release theophylline inhibits asthmatic reactions and the associated increase of airway responsiveness to methacholine induced by TDI, we examined six asthmatic subjects who developed a late or a dual asthmatic reaction after TDI inhalation challenge."	( Theophylline inhibits late asthmatic reactions induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitised subjects. Boschetto, P; Ciaccia, A; Crescioli, S; De Marzo, N; Fabbri, LM; Mapp, CE; Plebani, M; Spinazzi, A, 1992)	1.97
" agonist dose-response curves by theophylline (i."	( Involvement of adenosine in antinociception produced by spinal or supraspinal receptor-selective opioid agonists: dissociation from gastrointestinal effects in mice. DeLander, GE; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F, 1992)	0.56
" The results were opposite to other studies, probably because the dose and dosing intervals were different."	( Effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the pharmacokinetics of western drugs in Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages (II): Aminophylline-huan shao tan and aminophylline-pu chung yi chi tang. Chen, SM; Hou, SJ; Lin, SY; Perng, RI; Young, TK, 1992)	0.28
" The methylxanthine induces dose-response increases in locomotor activity in animals."	( Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Daval, JL; Debry, G; Nehlig, A, )	0.13
" Compound MV 8612 (8 and 16 microM) and MV 8610 (12 and 24 microM) caused a graded rightward displacement of BK dose-response curves in the isolated guinea pig trachea (dose ratio 2- to 4-fold)."	( Effect of compounds from Mandevilla velutina on bradykinin-mediated contractile and relaxant responses of the isolated guinea pig trachea. Calixto, JB; Cruz, AB; Medeiros, YS; Yunes, RA, 1992)	0.28
"In phase 1 of the study, housestaff physicians determined the theophylline dosing regimen."	( Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring of intravenous theophylline regimens on serum theophylline concentrations in the medical intensive care unit. Albertson, TE; Dager, WE, 1992)	0.77
" Measurement of serum concentrations of theophylline should be employed to facilitate increases in dosage during hemodialysis."	( Clearance of theophylline by hemodialysis in one patient with chronic renal failure. Chang, DB; Kuo, SH; Luh, KT; Shen, FH; Yang, PC, 1992)	0.92
" These findings suggest that CA pharmacokinetic parameters can be estimated using a simplified three-point blood sampling procedure following a single oral load and that the serum PX/CA or (PX + TB + TP)/CA ratio in a single blood sample taken 2 or 4 h after dosing provides a useful indicator for the assessment of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity, N-demethylation, in decompensated liver cirrhosis."	( A simple useful method for the determination of hepatic function in patients with liver cirrhosis using caffeine and its three major dimethylmetabolites. Fukao, K; Ishikawa, A; Iwasaki, Y; Misawa, S; Osada, A; Tanaka, E; Tsuji, K; Yamamoto, Y, 1992)	0.28
"Differences in bioavailability of many drugs from their various dosage forms have been shown to be relatively common in human medicine."	( Bioavailability and bioinequivalence of drug formulations in small animals. Watson, AD, 1992)	0.28
" When an adjustment in the theophylline dosage was indicated, the pharmacist calculated the appropriate dosage using population pharmacokinetic values."	( Pharmacokinetic consultation program in a pediatric asthma clinic. Botha, JH; Miller, R; Tyrannes, I; Wesley, AG, 1992)	0.58
" This dosage did not significantly change other hemodynamic values, oxygen (O2) consumption, or sympathoadrenal activity."	( Effects of theophylline on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with cirrhosis. Bacq, Y; Champigneulle, B; Gaudin, C; Kleber, G; Lebrec, D; Moreau, R; Poo, JL, 1992)	0.67
" An 8-hr dosing interval should be preferred for Theobiolongas and Theopaek while twice-daily administration appears to be appropriate for these preparations only in exceptional cases."	( Bioavailability of two Soviet sustained-release theophylline formulations in comparison with TheoDur. Kiivet, RA; Pruunsild, T; Svensson, JO; Teder, P, 1992)	0.54
"To report unusually high theophylline dosing requirements in a smoker receiving concomitant therapy with phenytoin and phenobarbital."	( Massive theophylline dosing in a heavy smoker receiving both phenytoin and phenobarbital. Basile, SA; Cury, JD; Nicholson, JP, 1992)	1.02
"The additive influence of smoking, phenytoin, and phenobarbital greatly increased the theophylline dosing requirements."	( Massive theophylline dosing in a heavy smoker receiving both phenytoin and phenobarbital. Basile, SA; Cury, JD; Nicholson, JP, 1992)	0.94
" The computer assisted theophylline dosing regimen outperformed that of the unaided physicians in achieving and maintaining therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations in acute bronchospasm."	( Computer assisted design of a theophylline dosing regimen in acute bronchospasm: serum concentrations and clinical outcome. Almog, S; Dany, S; Ezra, D; Halkin, H; Platt, S; Seligmann, H; Verner, D; Zulty, L, 1992)	0.88
" Pharmacokinetic dose prediction methods have been developed allowing individual dosage adaptation."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic dose prediction methods. Oellerich, M, 1992)	0.28
"Six blood samples covering a 24 hr post caffeine dosage were drawn in 8 healthy subjects and 18 patients with liver cirrhosis."	( The theophylline disposition after caffeine administration in liver cirrhosis: an index of liver function. Becker, A; Hartleb, M; Mańczyk, I; Romańczyk, T; Spalińska, M; Waluga, M; Zieliński, M, )	0.69
" Such patients may require theophylline dosage adjustment as a result of this interaction."	( Enhancement of theophylline clearance by oral albuterol. Amitai, Y; Glustein, J; Godfrey, S, 1992)	0.93
" A second group of females was dosed daily for 19 days."	( Assessment of a short-term reproductive and developmental toxicity screen. Chapin, RE; Harris, MW; Jokinen, MP; Lockhart, AC, 1992)	0.28
" Current theophylline dosing recommendations for young children infected with RSV should not be altered, but careful monitoring of plasma theophylline levels should be continued."	( Lack of effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on theophylline disposition in children. Bernard, L; Bocchini, JA; Brown, RD; Jamison, RM; Manno, JE; Muslow, HA; Wilson, JT, 1992)	0.94
") dose-response curves for decrease in MBP due to YT-146 underwent parallel rightward shifts."	( Vasodepressor mechanisms of 2-(1-octynyl)-adenosine (YT-146), a selective adenosine A2 receptor agonist, involve the opening of glibenclamide-sensitive K+ channels. Satoh, K; Taira, N; Yamada, H; Yoneyama, F, 1992)	0.28
" A2 receptors by N-0861 was evaluated by generating dose-response curves to adenosine-induced bradycardia (A1 effect), and vasodilation in the in situ constant-flow perfused rat hindquarter vasculature (A2 effect)."	( N-0861 selectively antagonizes adenosine A1 receptors in vivo. Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA; Wright, KF, 1992)	0.28
" Unfortunately its adverse central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects can dramatically limit its use, and adjustments in the dosage are often needed."	( Synthesis and antibronchospastic activity of 8-alkoxy- and 8-(alkylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines. Bonnet, PA; Boucard, M; Chapat, JP; Laurent, F; Mani, JC; Michel, A; Rechencq, E; Sablayrolles, C, 1992)	0.28
"On the basis stochastic control techniques, an algorithm for the design of dosing regimens is developed."	( Open-loop stochastic control of pharmacokinetic systems: a new method for design of dosing regimens. Lago, PJ, 1992)	0.28
"Two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of theophylline and guaiphenesin in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Simultaneous determination of theophylline and guaiphenesin by third-derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Abdel-Hay, MH; Abuirjeie, MA; el-Din, MS, 1992)	0.81
" On the other day, the patients received sustained-release theophylline, 200 mg twice a day, or in a dosage taken previously to achieve a serum theophylline level of 55 to 110 mumol/L."	( The effects of inhaled albuterol and oral theophylline on gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive lung disease. Austin, J; Rohwedder, JJ; Ruzkowski, CJ; Sanowski, RA; Waring, JP, 1992)	0.79
" Because of the dosage adjustments, STCs did not increase significantly."	( Effect of low-dose troleandomycin on theophylline clearance: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Brenner, AM; Hill, MR; Kamada, AK; Szefler, SJ, 1992)	0.56
" The metabolism of theophylline and caffeine is inhibited by enoxacin and ciprofloxacin such that the dosage of theophylline may need to be reduced in order to avoid toxicity."	( Interactions of fluoroquinolones with other drugs: mechanisms, variability, clinical significance, and management. Dudley, MN; Marchbanks, CR; Radandt, JM, 1992)	0.61
" Patients were dosed to steady-state with an oral, sustained-release formulation of theophylline given in therapeutic doses twice daily for 2 weeks."	( Comparative investigation of the influence of nizatidine, ranitidine, and cimetidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in COPD patients. Bachmann, K; Jauregui, L; Levine, L; Martin, M; Mauro, LS; Sullivan, TJ, 1992)	0.71
" Dose-response curves to the agonists were similar for both age groups."	( Cerebrovascular reactivity to adenosine analogues in 0.6-0.7 gestation and near-term fetal sheep. Kurth, CD; Wagerle, LC, 1992)	0.28
"This study compared once-a-day dosing of Slo-bid, Theo-Dur, Theo-24 and Uniphyl, sustained release theophylline preparations, in the treatment of 12 mild to moderate asthmatic patients (FEV1 greater than 60%)."	( Once-a-day dosing with theophylline: a comparison of four sustained-release products. Altman, LC; Ayars, GH; Benn, VJ; Minotti, DA; Popick, FR, 1992)	0.81
"The effects of three different dosage schedules for sustained-release theophylline (Theolong) were investigated in children with asthma."	( Plasma theophylline concentrations and airway function in asthmatic children receiving standard and modified RTC therapy. Arakawa, H; Kato, M; Kimura, T; Kuroume, T; Morikawa, A; Shigeta, M; Tateno, K, 1992)	0.97
" Because of rapid metabolism in children, they may require a more frequent interval than once-a-day dosing to suppress the symptoms of chronic asthma."	( Evaluation of a once-a-day theophylline preparation in asthmatic children. Chang, YR; Chao, T; Hwang, B; Tang, RB; Wu, KG, 1992)	0.58
" Twelve healthy subjects (8 males, 4 females; average age and weight 34 years and 62 kg, respectively) were given oral controlled-release theophylline in an individualized dosage to achieve a target plasma level of 10 mg/L."	( Effect of temafloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Callens, E; Chauvin, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Ruff, F; Santais, MC, 1991)	0.74
" These target concentrations can be achieved (within reasonable ranges) by an individualized pharmacokinetically controlled dosing scheme."	( The randomized concentration-controlled trial: an evaluation of its sample size efficiency. Peck, CC; Sanathanan, LP, 1991)	0.28
" Evening dosing with the once-daily, 24 hour formulation of theophylline 400 mg (Uniphyl) improves early morning function and prevents all or most of the early morning symptom exacerbation."	( The role of theophyllines in a preventive approach for subjects with both mild and severe asthma. Arkinstall, WW, 1991)	0.9
" Upon pretreatment with morphine over greater than or equal to 12 h, a fourfold shift of the PGE1-morphine dose-response curve was observed, whether or not IBMX was added."	( Regulation of cyclic AMP by the mu-opioid receptor in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Duan, DS; Eiger, S; Lameh, J; Sadée, W; Yu, VC, 1990)	0.28
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT, 50 microM) produced approximately 50 fold shifts of the dose-response curves to adenosine, AMP and AMPPCP, whereas those to ATP, MeSATP and substance P (SP) were unaffected."	( A study of the purinoceptors mediating contraction in the rat colon. Bailey, SJ; Hourani, SM, 1990)	0.53
" There were no significant differences between the two dosing conditions in terms of spirometry, asthma symptom scores, side effects or use of beta-agonist inhalers."	( Repeated dosing of Uniphyl tablets under fed and fasting conditions: comparison of serum theophylline levels, pulmonary function, and asthma symptoms. Arkinstall, WW; Brar, PS; Stewart, JH, 1991)	0.5
" Daily dosage (SD) was 734 (260) mg and the daily doses as to body weight (SD) was 11 (4) mg/kg/day."	( [The use of the determination of plasma theophylline concentrations in the hospital]. Arnau, JM; Artaza, A; García, L; Laporte, JR; Moreno, U; Pou, L; Vallano, A; Vidal, X, 1991)	0.55
" The reason for soliciting determination of theophyllinemia and dosage adjustment in terms of plasmatic concentrations are also commented upon."	( [The use of the determination of plasma theophylline concentrations in the hospital]. Arnau, JM; Artaza, A; García, L; Laporte, JR; Moreno, U; Pou, L; Vallano, A; Vidal, X, 1991)	0.81
" Once-daily theophylline when dosed in the evening not only controls nocturnal symptoms and improves airflow during the early morning hours, but decreases airway responsiveness to histamine as well."	( Nocturnal asthma: mechanisms and the role of theophylline in treatment. Bush, RK, 1991)	0.92
"In order to maximize the effectiveness and safety of drug therapy, it is important to individualize the dosage of potent drugs."	( [TDM (therapeutic drug monitoring) for dosing theophylline]. Ueda, W, 1991)	0.54
" Dosage of theophylline from patients' sera was monitored prior and at 3, 6, and 12 hours beginning with the initial morning dose."	( [The effect of ranitidine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with obstructive lung disease]. Bojović, I; Despotović, N; Dmitrović, V; Milovanović, M; Paranos, S; Vidanović, M, )	0.81
"In a single-dose cross-over study with 12 healthy male volunteers the relative bioavailability of theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) in a dosage of 700 mg (sustained-release preparation) under fasting- and non-fasting conditions was investigated."	( Influence of food on the bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-released theophylline preparation. Dingler, E; Lohmann, A; Sommer, W, 1991)	0.76
" Dosage was adjusted to body weight."	( Steady-state population pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in adult asthmatic patients. Gervais, P; Houze, P; Koen, R; Lagier, G; Thomas, G, 1991)	0.52
" A proper dosage schedule is needed to achieve efficacy without toxicity during adolescence when there are marked changes in body size and organ function."	( Theophylline disposition in adolescents with asthma. Cary, J; Dell, R; Hein, K, 1991)	1.72
" Several theophylline controlled-release drug dosage forms were studied."	( A new method of dissolution in vitro, the "Bio-Dis" apparatus: comparison with the rotating bottle method and in vitro: in vivo correlations. Aiache, JM; Beyssac, E; Esbelin, B; Shiu, GK; Skelly, JP, 1991)	0.7
" Time concentration curve of serum theophylline with the three formulations after single and multiple dosage schedules revealed significantly retarded absorption with the SR preparation."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained release and conventional tablets of theophylline plus hydroxyethyltheophylline and its comparison with tablet aminophylline. Gupta, KL; Gupta, S; Raina, RK; Samotra, K, )	0.65
"00 hr) dosing was characterized by significantly low rate of absorption (t 1/2a and Tmax) but higher extent of absorption (AUC0-alpha) compared to that after nocturnal dosing (22."	( A study on the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline in rabbits. Chakrabarti, A; Garg, SK; Kumar, A, 1991)	0.55
" While the specific indications for antidotes are the same for all age groups, dosage alterations and precautions may need to be considered in the elderly."	( Poisoning in the elderly. Epidemiological, clinical and management considerations. Klein-Schwartz, W; Oderda, GM, 1991)	0.28
" Medications useful in pediatric medicine often lack a therapeutic indication and dosing guideline for this population."	( Dosing considerations in the pediatric patient. Skaer, TL, )	0.13
" All had failed previous attempts to reduce their dosage of steroids."	( Use of troleandomycin as a steroid-sparing agent in both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cash, M; Shivaram, U, 1991)	0.28
"In this study we examined the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new chrono-optimized theophylline sustained release preparation for once-daily dosing in the evening for treating bronchial asthma."	( [24-hour lung function in asthmatic patients: chrono-optimal theophylline therapy as once-daily Euphylong administration vs conventional twice-daily administration]. D'Alonzo, GE; Emerson, MB; Feldman, S; Gianotti, LA; Sauter, R; Smolensky, MH; Staudinger, HW; Steinijans, VW, 1991)	0.75
" Most of the patients had been pretreated with a slightly higher theophylline dosage before initiation of the study."	( [Euphylong in standard dosage: comparison with an international retard preparation for twice-daily administration in recommended dosage]. Huber, W; Maier-Stocker, P; Siemon, G, 1991)	0.52
" Fluctuation at single dosage was 82 +/- 9% and at twice daily dosage 44 +/- 10%."	( [Euphylong in patients with chronic obstructive airway diseases]. Kublik, A; von Wichert, P, 1991)	0.28
"To assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (Euphylong as retard pellets) children were studied belonging to age groups between 9 to 13 and 5 to 9 years in twice-daily dosage with unequal distribution of the daily doses."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of twice-daily unequal administration of theophylline retard pellets in children of various age groups]. Berdel, D; Heimann, G; Reinhardt, D; Sauter, R; Steinijans, VW; von Berg, A, 1991)	0.77
" All studied drugs proved to be safe at the administered dosage with regard to their influence on cerebral hemodynamics in very immature infants."	( Cerebral hemodynamics in perinatal pharmacology. Jorch, G; Rabe, H, 1991)	0.28
"The predicted steady-state serum theophylline concentration was calculated from the dosage rate divided by the predicted clearance to determine how many elevated concentrations (greater than 20 mg/L) were predictable."	( A prospective evaluation of elevated serum theophylline concentrations to determine if high concentrations are predictable. Cranberg, JA; Ganz, MA; Greenberger, PA; Hubler, GL, 1991)	0.83
" The dosage rate of theophylline (mg/hour) can be estimated from predicted clearance (L/kg/hour) times desired steady-state serum concentration (mg/L)."	( A prospective evaluation of elevated serum theophylline concentrations to determine if high concentrations are predictable. Cranberg, JA; Ganz, MA; Greenberger, PA; Hubler, GL, 1991)	0.87
" BMA caused "flattening" of the dose-response curves for 86Rb efflux induced by L-PIA, adenosine and carbachol with a significant reduction in response at the highest concentrations of adenosine and carbachol."	( 86Rubidium efflux and negative inotropy induced by P1- and muscarinic-receptor agonists in guinea-pig left atria. Effects of potassium channel blockers. Broadley, KJ; Rothaul, AL; Urquhart, RA, 1991)	0.28
"Complex dosing regimens simulated in the literature using a universal dosing regimen were calculated with a general dosing program developed using the program CONSAM."	( Easy and practical utilization of CONSAM for simulation, analysis, and optimization of complex dosing regimens. Jackson, AJ; Zech, LA, 1991)	0.28
" Using an individual theophylline dosage with morning theophylline concentration between 5 and 8 micrograms/ml, only few side-effects occurred."	( [Long-term follow-up of sleep apnea therapy with sustained-release theophylline administered every evening]. Dorow, P; Kaufmann, U; Thalhofer, S, 1991)	0.84
" It was concluded that both drugs could be administered concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( Influence of sulbactam plus ampicillin on theophylline clearance. Caputi, M; Cazzola, M; Girbino, G; Guidetti, E; Mattina, R; Santangelo, G, 1991)	0.76
" Dose-response curves for adenosine and its analogues 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamido-adenosine (NECA), the 2-substituted NECA analogue CGS 21680C, and R- and S-N6-phenyl-isopropyl-adenosine (R- and S-PIA) were obtained after their injection into the hepatic arterial supply."	( Adenosine-induced dilatation of the rabbit hepatic arterial bed is mediated by A2-purinoceptors. Alexander, B; Burnstock, G; Mathie, RT; Ralevic, V, 1991)	0.28
" Three patients complained of adverse effects, and dosage was reduced in one patient."	( Effect of low-dose methotrexate on the disposition of glucocorticoids and theophylline. Cochran, JE; Cott, GR; Erzurum, SC; Glynn-Barnhart, AM; Leff, JA; Martin, RJ; Szefler, SJ, 1991)	0.51
" Dose-response measurements with tissues from intact or sympathectomized (6-OHDA) animals indicate that the thermogenic effects of low concentrations of ephedrine and also of caffeine are entirely dependent upon the presence of intact sympathetic nerve endings, and thus depend on presynaptic mechanisms."	( Peripheral mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by ephedrine and caffeine in brown adipose tissue. Dulloo, AG; Girardier, L; Seydoux, J, 1991)	0.28
" Seizures ceased upon reduction in dosage or discontinuation of the suspected offending agents."	( Seizures in patients simultaneously receiving theophylline and imipenem or ciprofloxacin or metronidazole. Allen, N; Semel, JD, 1991)	0.54
"This article updates the previous review in the Journal regarding theophylline dosing methods."	( An updated comparison of drug dosing methods. Part II: Theophylline. Erdman, SM; Pryka, RD; Rodvold, KA, 1991)	0.77
" From this study, we conclude that once daily theophylline dosing with Uni-Dur compared with bid or tid dosing with Theo-Dur produces similar theophylline levels and pulmonary function, and most COPD patients who are taking 400 to 900 mg Theo-Dur daily can be managed with 800 mg Uni-Dur once daily at bedtime."	( Conversion of COPD patients from multiple to single dose theophylline. Serum levels and symptom comparison. Chetty, KG; Despars, JA; Giron, A; Light, RW, 1991)	0.78
" Dosage of theophylline from patients sera was monitored at 3, 6 and 12 hours, beginning with the initial morning dose."	( [Effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease]. Bojović, I; Bozović, M; Despotović, N; Dmitrović, V; Milovanović, M; Paranos, S; Vidanović, M, 1991)	0.93
" An A1-selective, centrally acting, adenosine antagonist, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (10 mg/kg), completely reversed the locomotor depressant effects of CHA (A1-selective) and NECA (nonselective) at doses of agonists as high as twice the ED50, and shifted the dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a primary involvement of A1 receptors."	( Behavioral effects of A1- and A2-selective adenosine agonists and antagonists: evidence for synergism and antagonism. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O; Sarges, R, 1991)	0.51
" This effect of acetate was fully blocked by the adenosine receptor blocker 8-phenyltheophylline (8PT), whereas the dose-response relationship for ethanol was shifted to the right by about 30%."	( Central nervous system effects of acetate: contribution to the central effects of ethanol. Campisi, P; Carmichael, FJ; Crawford, M; Israel, Y; Minhas, K; Orrego, H; Saldivia, V; Sandrin, S, 1991)	0.51
" Dosing with theophylline was used to produce 1MX as an intermediate metabolite in six healthy volunteers."	( 1-Methylxanthine derived from theophylline as an in vivo biochemical probe of allopurinol effect. Birkett, DJ; Day, RO; Miners, JO, 1991)	0.94
" Theophylline was given in therapeutic dosage (to ensure serum levels of between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml) for two months, followed by two months of placebo or vice versa."	( A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of theophylline in general practice. Crombie, IK; McDevitt, DG; Neville, RG, 1991)	1.45
" The general practice workload involved in adjusting theophylline dosage was approximately four consultations, one dose change and two serum assays per 'average' patient."	( Clinical audit of theophylline use in general practice. McDevitt, DG; Neville, RG, 1991)	0.86
" Theophylline was initially prescribed and monitored in an 'open' phase to obtain the drug dosage required to achieve a serum level in the therapeutic range of 10-20 mg/l."	( The effect of sustained-release theophylline in nocturnal asthma. Cayton, RM; Freeman, W; Packe, GE, 1991)	1.48
" It is concluded that no correction of theophylline dosage is needed during treatment of patients with bronchial asthma by hemosorption, however, the initial blood content of the drug should be between medium and maximum drug level capable of causing therapeutic effect."	( [The effect of hemosorption on the kinetics of theophylline in children with bronchial asthma]. Abramzon, MI; Smirnov, DP, )	0.66
" Management errors found included delay (greater than 10 hours) in taking action from time toxic blood levels were drawn (20 patients), inappropriately high dosing of patients with congestive heart failure (17 patients), failure to recognize obvious symptoms (16 patients), recurrent toxicity (11 patients), additional emergency department treatment of already toxic patients (7 patients), overlap of intravenous and oral therapy (6 patients), patient discharged with no physician awareness of toxicity or dosage change (5 patients)."	( Inpatient theophylline toxicity: preventable factors. Hegde, HK; Hryhorczuk, DO; LaCloche, L; Schiff, GD, 1991)	0.68
"A Bayesian drug dosing program was prospectively evaluated in 16 hospitalized patients with obstructive respiratory disease treated with a novel sustained-release preparation Euphylong."	( Individualization of theophylline dosage: a Bayesian method evaluated in patients with once-daily dosing. Martz, W; Oellerich, M; Schnabel, D; Sybrecht, GW, 1991)	0.6
" The experimental protocol utilized a computer-assisted dosage prediction program that incorporated baseline theophylline concentration rapidly obtained using a bedside assay."	( Aminophylline in the emergency department. Maximizing safety and efficacy. Day, RO; Fulde, GW; Kino, R; Pearce, GA, 1991)	0.49
" A reliable lengthened dosage interval is therefore possible with this particular sustained--release formulation."	( Fraction of theophylline in sustained-release formulation which is absorbed from the large bowel. Meyer, EC; Moncrieff, J; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)	0.66
" However, the effects of the four agents on the clonal survival of irradiated cells failed to correlate with the extent of override, both in terms of the relative effects of the four agents and the dose-response relationships; at a concentration of 1 mM only caffeine was found to potentiate cell killing as well as causing block override, whilst at higher concentrations all the agents had a significant effect on survival but little or no further influence on the degree of block override."	( Override of the radiation-induced mitotic block in human tumour cells by methylxanthines and its relationship to the potentiation of cytotoxicity. Musk, SR; Steel, GG, 1990)	0.28
" Theophylline, which at this dosage blunted the vasodilator effect of adenosine (the physiological agonist for the P1 purinoceptor), significantly increased lower-body negative pressure-mediated vasoconstriction."	( Sympathetic nervous system-dependent vasoconstriction in humans. Evidence for mechanistic role of endogenous purine compounds. Pedrinelli, R; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S, 1990)	1.19
" Bronchial challenges were then performed with increasing concentrations of carbachol, and dose-response curves were constructed."	( Protective effect of theophylline on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis. Aubier, M; Cabrières, F; Clerici, C; Herman, D; Levy, J; Neukirch, F, 1991)	0.6
"Statistical principles for analytical goal-setting were applied to two medical applications of drug-monitoring data: (a) individualizing dosage requirements by reference to a population-based therapeutic range or to a patient-specific decision value determined by Bayesian decision analysis, and (b) prospective dosing by using pharmaco-kinetic principles."	( Analytical goals for determinations of theophylline concentration in serum. Jenny, RW, 1991)	0.55
" This regimen is now indicated for morning and evening dosing for reversible airway obstruction, in the United States and Canada, and marks the first available treatment for these diseases to include dosing time in the therapeutic strategy."	( Chronotherapy of reversible airways disease with once-daily evening doses of a controlled-release theophylline preparation. Goldenheim, PD; Schein, LK, 1991)	0.5
"5 mumol/L when she was receiving a comparable dosage of theophylline (300 mg five to six times a day, depending on the need for a nighttime dose)."	( Ranitidine-theophylline interaction--fact or fiction? Gilbert, RP; Hegman, GW, 1991)	0.92
" In light of the wide and unpredictable amounts of drug delivered through ventilators, dosing to pharmacologic effect rather than staying within narrow dosing guidelines may be more rational in patients responding poorly to standard doses."	( The impact of changing ventilator parameters on availability of nebulized drugs in an in vitro neonatal lung system. Benson, JM; Gal, P; Hansen, CJ; Kandrotas, RJ; Watling, SM, 1991)	0.28
" Theophylline dosage adjustments will be required in patients who receive concomitant mexiletine therapy."	( Influence of mexiletine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. Destache, CJ; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM; Nipper, HC; Stoysich, AM, 1991)	1.44
"Three methods used for individualizing theophylline dosing were prospectively evaluated in 34 pediatric patients to compare the methods' ability to accurately predict steady-state serum theophylline concentrations (STCs) from non-steady-state data."	( Evaluation of three theophylline dosing methods in pediatric patients. Edwards, GA; Godley, PJ; Godley, SE; Karboski, JA; Moore, ES; Sagraves, R, 1991)	0.87
" In a single-dose cross-over study with 16 healthy male nonsmoking volunteers the absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of the retard pellets contained in all dosage strengths of Bronchoretard (100, 200, 350, 500 mg anhydrous theophylline) were investigated."	( [Absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of a theophylline--retard preparation]. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Rehm, KD; Weber, W, 1990)	0.71
"Theophylline concentrations in serum between 10 to 20 micrograms/ml cannot be obtained with usual dosage of theophylline in children with individual very short elimination half time of theophylline."	( [Individually-adjusted dosages of aminophylline in children with bronchial asthma]. Feller, K; Gramatté, T; Leupold, W; Paditz, E; Richter, K, 1990)	1.72
" The likelihood of a therapeutic benefit and the safety of drug therapy can be increased markedly by an individually optimized theophylline therapy, that is, individual dosage and time of dosing, and monitoring the serum concentrations."	( Management of chronic airway obstruction: theophylline--is it still necessary? Sybrecht, GW; Ukena, D, 1990)	0.75
" A theophylline dosage individualized to obtain a mean theophylline concentration in plasma of 10 +/- 3 micrograms/ml was administered for 1 week to each subject."	( Safety of fleroxacin coadministered with theophylline to young and elderly volunteers. LeBel, M; Parent, M; St-Laurent, M, 1990)	1.17
" The dosage of dantrolene should be decreased when used with theophylline."	( A serious interaction of dantrolene and theophylline. Tayeb, OS, 1990)	0.79
" On this basis, and because the method is non-invasive and painless, were are now using salivary assays (under strict conditions of collection and measurement) to verify the patients' compliance and to maintain or adjust dosage in asthmatic children."	( [Treatment with sustained theophylline release. Monitoring by salivary assay in children]. Aergerter, P; Bidat, E; Flouvat, B; Gallet, JP; Leneveu, A; Roux, A, 1990)	0.58
" Dose-response curves to noradrenaline were unaffected by prazosin (1 microM)."	( Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antisecretory responses in the rat jejunum. Dettmar, PW; Downing, OA; Roach, AG; Urquhart, CJ; Williams, RJ; Wilson, KA, 1990)	0.28
"05 for both), there was no difference in methacholine sensitivity at the time of ingestion of the two dosage forms."	( Relationship of different serum levels of theophylline on methacholine sensitivity. Garcha, BS; Lutz, CN; Tinkelman, DG, 1990)	0.54
"To further understand the therapeutic action of theophylline, we investigated, in a randomized double-blind crossover study, the effects of a 4-day treatment with two different dosage regimens of theophylline on the circadian rhythm of cortisol plasma concentrations in seven COPD patients."	( Effect of theophylline on cortisol plasma concentrations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gimeno, F; Jonkman, JH; Steenhuis, EJ, 1990)	0.94
" Principal predisposing factors included patient and/or physician dosing errors and conditions or medications that reduce theophylline clearance."	( Theophylline toxicity: clinical features of 116 consecutive cases. Sessler, CN, 1990)	1.93
"Toxic-range STCs are relatively common in the ED population, occur primarily as a result of patient and physician dosing errors, and cause a broad range of toxic manifestations of varying severity."	( Theophylline toxicity: clinical features of 116 consecutive cases. Sessler, CN, 1990)	1.72
" In contrast, the OD treatment was associated with larger peak-to-trough drug level fluctuation, with higher levels produced overnight and lower ones in the evening at the end of the dosing interval."	( Twenty-four hour lung function in adult patients with asthma. Chronoptimized theophylline therapy once-daily dosing in the evening versus conventional twice-daily dosing. D'Alonzo, GE; Emerson, MB; Feldman, S; Gianotti, LA; Smolensky, MH; Staudinger, H; Steinijans, VW, 1990)	0.51
" The dosage form was one tablet every 12 hours for four days."	( Pharmacokinetic study of controlled-release choline theophyllinate in elderly patients. Beck, PR; Clarke, I; Gregory, J; le Cotonnec, JY; Mondal, BK, 1990)	0.28
" The addition of dirithromycin (500 mg orally once daily at 7:00 AM) to a sustained-release theophylline dosing regimen (200 mg every 12 hours) elicited small changes in the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline."	( Changes in the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline during treatment with dirithromycin. Bachmann, K; DeSante, K; Jauregui, L; Martin, M; Nunlee, M; Sides, GD; Sullivan, T, 1990)	0.75
" The dosage of pinacidil was 12."	( Lack of effect of pinacidil on theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man. Mellemkjaer, S; Nielsen, CB; Nielsen-Kudsk, JE; Siggaard, C, 1990)	0.57
"The predictability and intraindividual variability of serum theophylline concentrations (STC) after different dosing schedules were investigated in 24 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)."	( Predictability and intraindividual variability of serum theophylline concentrations in patients with obstructive lung disease: 12-h versus 24-h dosing. Follath, F; Keller, B; Perruchoud, A; Schmidlin, O; Vozeh, S, 1990)	0.77
" A similar tendency was present at lower concentrations and exhibited a clear dose-response behavior."	( Theophylline minimally alters contractile properties of canine diaphragm in vitro. De Bock, V; Decramer, M; Derom, E; Janssens, S, 1990)	1.72
"A single dose, single point method of predicting patients' oral maintenance theophylline dosage has been compared with a noninvasive method."	( A single oral dose method for predicting steady state theophylline concentrations in clinical practice. Cole, RB; Fitzpatrick, RW; Jones, PW; Mann, JS; Mucklow, JC; Prowse, K, 1990)	0.76
" Samples for analysis of theophylline were collected from the arterial, venous, and ultrafiltrate ports at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 min following dosage administration."	( Estimation of theophylline clearance during continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. Fineg, J; Gillespie, WR; Godley, PJ; Horton, MW; Moore, ES, 1990)	0.94
" From dose-response curves it was found that APEC (ED50 16 micrograms/kg) is more potent than CHA (ED50 60 micrograms/kg) and less potent than NECA (ED50 2 micrograms/kg)."	( Characterization of the locomotor depression produced by an A2-selective adenosine agonist. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O, 1990)	0.28
" Venous blood samples were obtained before dosing and at minutes 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180."	( Effect of paraxanthine on FFA mobilization after intravenous caffeine administration in humans. Brown, DD; Hetzler, RK; Knowlton, RG; Perkins, RM; Somani, SM, 1990)	0.28
" Similarly, multiple dosing with rapid-release Nuelin tablets, Austyn capsules, and sustained-release Theo-Dur tablets demonstrated that there were no significant differences between regimens with respect to AUC0-24h, AUC0-12h, and AUC12-24h values calculated from the steady-state concentrations (5th day, 24 h sampling)."	( Bioavailability of a new sustained-release theophylline capsule in fasted and non-fasted healthy subjects: single and multiple dosing studies. Boehm, G; Dwyer, M; Penna, AC; Sansom, LN; West, RJ; Williams, DB, 1990)	0.54
" However an optimum dosage is hardly maintained in children by the present dose of a single tablet of 280 theophylline content."	( [Initial experiences with "Oranienburg" slow-release theophylline in asthma therapy of children and adolescents]. Köhler, E; Schuster, R; Sollich, V; Thal, W; Walther, H, 1990)	0.74
" Some physician's office methods for theophylline analysis are not adequate to guide dosage adjustments."	( Accuracy and precision of methods for theophylline measurement in physicians' offices. Cook, JD; Knoblock, EC; Koch, TR; Platoff, GE, 1990)	0.82
" In the light of this findings, cautious dosing is advisable when no data are available or clearance (difficult to apply outside a strictly specialist environment)."	( [Different rates of theophylline clearance. A statistical study of a group of asthmatics]. Ardizzi, A; Bernardi, W; Bianchi, M; Bruna, S; Gai, R; Galietti, F; Giorgis, GE; Oliaro, A, 1990)	0.6
"The aims of the study were the correlation between dosage and plasmatic levels of slow release theophylline and the reason for dosage adjustment."	( [Are theophylline determinations useful to the clinician during treatment with a sustained-release form of theophylline?]. Autret, E; Blanchard, P; Breteau, M; Grenier, B; Jonville, AP; Lebranchu, Y; Nsabiyumua, F, )	0.86
" Very low plasma levels of bamifylline were observed at the end of the dosing intervals in 50% of the cases; this observation does not necessarily invalidate the efficacy of this dosage regimen because the active metabolite of bamifylline (AC119) might contribute to the bronchodilator activity of this drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of bamifylline during chronic therapy. Cerretani, D; Fusillo, M; Moltoni, L; Segre, G; Urso, R, 1990)	0.28
" If these data apply to humans, B6 deficiency may contribute to chronic theophylline toxicity; however, pyridoxine administration in the dosage used may not prevent toxicity."	( Depression of vitamin B6 levels due to theophylline. Enriquez, JI; Keniston, RC; McNamee, GA; Weir, MR, 1990)	0.78
" We determined the inhaled adenosine dose-response curves after no treatment and after treatment with aminophylline (240 mg in 10 min), reproterol (90 mcg in 2 min) and salbutamol (100 mcg in 2 min) administered intravenously 15 min before adenosine and reproterol (500 mcg) and salbutamol (200 mcg) administered by inhalation from a metered aerosol 30 min before adenosine on separate days."	( Role of purinergic system in tracheobronchial reactivity of healthy and bronchopathic subjects. Carapella, N; Filippelli, A; Loffreda, A; Marmo, E; Matera, MG; Montanaro, C; Santagata, A; Servodio, R; Susanna, V, 1990)	0.28
" The first profile performed was therapeutically satisfactory in only 39% of patients; satisfactory profiles were achieved in other children after changing daily SRT dose or dosing interval."	( Variations in theophylline concentrations detected by 24-hour saliva concentration profiles in ambulatory children with asthma. Aviram, M; Gorodischer, R; Tal, A, 1990)	0.64
" A graded dose-response relationship was found between PB treatment and most but not all parameters."	( Drug metabolizing capacity in vitro and in vivo--II. Correlations between hepatic microsomal monooxygenase markers in phenobarbital-induced rats. Houston, JB; Matthew, DE, 1990)	0.28
" Home monitoring prevented unnecessary clinic visits in several instances when theophylline dosage adjustments were based on telephone reports from patients."	( Home monitoring of theophylline levels: a novel therapeutic approach. Chandler, MH; Clifton, GD; Coons, SJ; Foster, TS; Louis, BA; Phillips, BA, 1990)	0.84
"The dose-response effects of administration of 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT) (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]) and alloxazine (ALX) (12."	( A comparison of the effects of caffeine, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, and alloxazine on sleep in rats. Possible roles of central nervous system adenosine receptors. Pilditch, M; Radulovacki, M; Ticho, S; Virus, RM, 1990)	0.77
"Some recent epidemiologic studies have reported a nonlinear dose-response in the relationship between coffee consumption and health risks, such that the risks increase disproportionately to the increase in dose."	( Dose-dependency of caffeine metabolism with repeated dosing. Benowitz, NL; Brown, CR; Denaro, CP; Jacob, P; Wilson, M, 1990)	0.28
" Theophylline was administered in identical doses, except that the final dosage increase was not made if plasma theophylline was 12 mg/ml or higher."	( A comparison of enprofylline and theophylline in the maintenance therapy of chronic reversible obstructive airway disease. Abboud, RT; Boucher, S; Chapman, KR; Day, A; Hodder, RV; Hyland, RH; Kreisman, H; Peters, S; Rivington, R; York, EL, 1990)	1.47
" Dose-response curves for MIX potentiation of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis and for MIX inhibition of the effects of insulin on cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis suggested that at higher concentrations (250 microM) MIX may act at a site other than phosphodiesterase inhibition."	( Methylisobutylxanthine blocks insulin antagonism of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis at a site distinct from phosphodiesterase. Evidence favoring an insulin-insensitive calcium release mechanism. Gabbay, RA; Lardy, HA, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curves were broad and each peptide accelerated dissociation of bound 125I-CGRP."	( Mechanism of action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion. Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Jones, SW; Noguchi, M; Villanueva, ML; Zhou, ZC, 1986)	0.27
" Neither xanthine shifted the calcium dose-response when PMNs were activated with calcium ionophore."	( Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and enprofylline potentiate catecholamine effects and inhibit leukocyte activation. Crowley, JJ; Cusack, BJ; Nielson, CP; Vestal, RE, 1986)	0.56
" Amrinone relaxed the strips precontracted by KCl, norepinephrine, serotonin or STA2 in a dose-dependent manner, and it shifted the dose-response curves downward."	( Involvement of cyclic AMP in vasodilatation by amrinone: a comparative study with 3-isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (IBMX). Kishi, Y; Numano, F, 1986)	0.27
" In preparations precontracted by a higher concentration of KCl, 40 mM, forskolin produced full relaxation with a shift of the dose-response curve to the right; adenosine did not produce full relaxation."	( Vasodilation produced by forskolin compared with that produced by adenosine in rabbit coronary artery. Fujiwara, M; Hama, T; Hisajima, H; Kurahashi, K; Usui, H, )	0.13
" The dose-response relationships for enoximone were always less steep than those for IBMX."	( Effects of enoximone and isobutylmethylxanthine on contractile tension and cyclic nucleotide levels in isolated blood-perfused dog papillary muscle. Dage, RC; Hsieh, CP; Kariya, T; Ruberg, SJ, 1987)	0.27
" However, comparison of the dose-response curves for the actions of prostaglandins on pepsinogen secretion and cAMP revealed that detectable increases in cAMP occurred with concentrations of these agents that were about ten-fold greater than those needed to stimulate pepsinogen secretion."	( Relation of prostaglandin-induced increases in cellular cAMP to stimulation of pepsinogen secretion from dispersed chief cells. Cosowsky, L; Raufman, JP, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curve of the potassium response followed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics."	( Further characterization of the slow muscarinic responses in Xenopus oocytes. Cohen, S; Dascal, N, 1987)	0.27
"On isolated electrically stimulated left and spontaneously beating right guinea-pig atria the interaction between PDE-inhibitors and the positive inotropic and chronotropic action of orciprenaline, forskolin and histamine in dose-response curve was examined."	( Interaction of phosphodiesterase inhibitors triamterene, papaverine, theophylline, IBMX and amrinone with other positive inotropic acting substances on isolated guinea-pig atria. Greeff, K; Schmitt, M, 1987)	0.51
" Differential actions of these agents on the dose-response curves for secretin- and VIP-induced increases in cAMP suggest that chief cell receptors for these peptides are coupled to pools of cAMP that are acted upon by heterogeneous phosphodiesterases with varying sensitivities to inhibitors."	( Differential actions of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on secretin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced increases in chief cell cAMP. Cosowsky, L; Raufman, JP, 1988)	0.27
" Methylene blue also caused 10 fold and 100 fold rightward shifts in the dose-response curves of MY-5445 and vinpocetine, respectively."	( Role of selective cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibition in the myorelaxant actions of M&B 22,948, MY-5445, vinpocetine and 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-8-(methylamino)xanthine. Brazdil, R; Diocee, BK; Jordan, R; Souness, JE, 1989)	0.28
" The technique is simple and rapid: 4 anticonvulsants are simultaneously extracted and dosed, valproic acid, only has to be dosed lonely."	( [Plasma determination of 7 common drugs by high performance liquid chromatography]. Baty, C; Jambou, J; Leducq, B; Richard, L, 1989)	0.28
"8 mM Ca2+, the rate of glycogen breakdown was increased by theophylline in a dose-dependent manner and the dose-response curve was somewhat similar to that obtained with oxygen uptake."	( Ca2+ requirement for metabolic effects of secretagogues in the amphibian gastric mucosa. Chacín, J; Lobo, P; Subero, O, 1989)	0.52
" Insulin secretory responses to a given stimulus were stronger than in the case of islets isolated by former techniques: 10-12 times the basal release (vs 5 times) with clear dose-response proportionality."	( Reproducible high yields of rat islets of Langerhans. Assan, R; Campana, M; Delaby, J; Laborie, C, )	0.13
" ICI 147,798 produced a dose-dependent shift to the right of the dose-response (chronotropic) curve of isoproterenol with suppression of the maximal tachycardia, an effect characteristic of insurmountable beta receptor blockade."	( Insurmountable beta receptor blockade by ICI 147,798 in rabbits. Giles, RE; Hwang, TF; Kau, ST; Keith, RA; Murthy, VS; Salama, AI; Wurm, R; Zagar, ME, 1989)	0.28
"6 h consistent with twice-daily dosing of tazifylline."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of the new H1-receptor antagonist tazifylline in healthy volunteers. Auger, J; Bruno, R; Cano, JP; Dow, R; Iliadis, A; Jullien, I; McEwen, J; Pinhas, H, )	0.13
" The data also emphasize the usefulness of an animal model for assessment of in-vivo drug release and subsequent absorption, during the development of modified release dosage forms."	( Dissolution of theophylline from film-coated slow release mini-tablets in various dissolution media. Fassihi, AR; Munday, DL, 1989)	0.63
" These results strongly suggest that hydrogels have great potential as efficient disintegrants in solid dosage formulations."	( Characteristics of hydrogel as disintegrant in solid dose technology. Fassihi, AR, 1989)	0.28
"Experiments performed in vitro with tablets and capsules indicate that the fungal polysaccharide scleroglucan is suitable for the formulation of sustained-release, oral dosage forms."	( Scleroglucan sustained-release oral preparations. Part I. In vitro experiments. Alhaique, F; Riccieri, FM; Riccioni, G; Santucci, E; Touitou, E, 1989)	0.28
"Chronic dosing studies in normal volunteers have shown that both nifedipine and diltiazem exert a small effect on serum theophylline concentrations, which tend to be higher during concurrent nifedipine therapy."	( The influence of nifedipine and diltiazem on serum theophylline concentration-time profiles. Haffner, CA; Kendall, MJ; Smith, SR, 1989)	0.74
" The fluctuation of concentrations during the dosing intervals was 100% after morning doses and 80% after evening doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily theophylline dose following the morning versus evening administration. Elis, J; Trnavská, Z; Vondra, V, 1989)	0.56
" Dosage of each quinolone was 200 mg twice daily for four days, starting three days prior to the theophylline infusion."	( Drug-drug interactions affecting fluoroquinolones. Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Vree, TB; Wijnands, GJ, 1989)	0.49
"In a double blind randomized cross-over design including 18 healthy male volunteers a pellet formulation designed for twice-daily dosage (reference-formulation) and of common use in the Federal Republic of Germany was compared to Euphylong-pellets (formulation E) with respect to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile."	( [Comparison of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of a theophylline pellet formulation designed for once-daily dosage with a pellet preparation designed for twice-daily dosage]. Keinke, O, 1989)	0.51
"45) between the oral dosage given and the plasma concentrations found."	( [Relation between dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic effect of theophylline in children with sleep apnea]. Calderón-Mandujano, B; Juárez-Olguín, H; Palma-Aguirre, JA; Rodríguez-Palomares, C; Ugartechea, JC, 1989)	0.51
" The correlations of the theophylline clearance ratio to dose, pH, arterial partial pressures of oxygen (Pao2) and carbon dioxide (Paco2) ratios, which were calculated by dividing the value during continuous infusion by the value at the test dose, were investigated to evaluate which factor largely contributed to the failure of this dosing method."	( Assessment of clinical application of test-dose concept for theophylline in patients with respiratory failure. Goto, M; Horiuchi, T; Johno, I; Kitazawa, S; Kusafuka, H; Mizugaki, I; Terashima, T; Yoshida, H, 1989)	0.82
"Twenty pediatric patients, age range 7-13 years, affected by asthma, have been treated with a sustained release preparation of theophylline once daily (mean dosage 13 mg/kg)."	( [Clinical effectiveness of a new preparation of sustained-release theophylline]. Burrai, P; Corda, R; Corona, GB; Corrias, A; Pelosi, U, )	0.57
" Oxo-metabolites of enoxacin and, to a lesser extent, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin interfere with the hepatic elimination of theophylline and caffeine and may result in toxicity due to these agents if dosage is not modified."	( Adverse reactions and interactions of fluoroquinolones. Ball, P, 1989)	0.48
" In the mid-seventies the first preparations for use with a dosage interval of 12 hours (twice-daily preparations) were introduced."	( Food interactions with sustained-release theophylline preparations. A review. Jonkman, JH, 1989)	0.54
" Evaluation of the change in theophylline level resulting from aminophylline loading doses based on either TBW or IBW revealed that each dosing method produced changes in blood level with similar variability that were not independent of obesity, indicating that neither dosing method is superior to the other."	( Aminophylline loading in asthmatic patients: a protocol trial. Marcus, RH; Parvin, CA; Stine, RJ, 1989)	0.57
"In 43 ICU patients undergoing continuous volume constant hemofiltration (CVHF), the pharmacokinetics of 12 drugs were investigated to ensure correct dosage adjustments."	( [Dosage adjustment of drugs during continuous hemofiltration. Results and practical consequences of a prospective clinical study]. Dehne, M; el Abed, K; Hofmann, W; Kroh, U; Lennartz, H, 1989)	0.28
" Of the patients who were unable to stop taking theophylline, the Zaditen-and placebo-treated groups recorded average dosage reductions of 62% and 26%, respectively."	( A Canadian multicenter study with Zaditen (ketotifen) in the treatment of bronchial asthma in children aged 5 to 17 years. Brown, CA; Chandra, RK; Ho, P; Hoogerwerf, PE; Kennedy, RJ; Knight, A; Langer, H; Milne, J; Moote, DW; Rackham, A, 1989)	0.53
" The relative bioavailability of Pulmo-Timelets vis-a-vis the reference preparation referred to the area under the curve (AUC) in the 24-hour dosage interval, revealed a figure of 82%."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Repeated single evening administration of Pulmo-Timelets slow-release capsules in comparison with theophylline slow-release tablets]. Behrendt, WA; Breuel, HP; Heusinger, JH; Wolfstädter, HD, 1989)	0.6
" The existing empirical evidence suggests that selecting twice-daily over once-daily dosing will incur a drop in compliance that is substantially greater than 14%."	( Once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of theophylline. A decision analysis approach to evaluating theophylline blood levels and compliance. Jordan, TJ; Reichman, LB, 1989)	0.54
"The Rai and Van Ryzin dose-response model proposed for teratology experiments has been characterized for its appropriateness and applicability in modeling the dichotomous response data from developmental toxicity studies."	( Characterization of a developmental toxicity dose-response model. Faustman, EM; Kimmel, CA; Smith, WP; Wellington, DG, 1989)	0.28
" These results suggest that nonsmoking users of ST should be considered to be tobacco nonusers for purposes of planning theophylline dosing and monitoring strategies."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline and levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in smokeless tobacco users. Brown, WJ; Parish, RC; Terrell, JR, 1989)	0.78
" In studies on man, samples of plasma and lung tissue were obtained during surgery in subjects affected by pulmonary neoplasia and previously subjected to therapy with bamifylline according to the usual dosage scheme."	( Evidence of pulmonary tropism of bamifylline and its main active metabolite. Acerbi, D; Bonati, L; Botta, GC; Capelli, P; Rondelli, I; Schiantarelli, P, 1989)	0.28
" These data show that in case of single daily theophylline administration an high dosage is necessary to maintain the drug concentration within the range of therapeutic levels."	( Comparative dose study of a theophylline sustained-release tablet formulation after repeated administrations. Bonfardeci, G; Cova, D; Cuglituri, G; Rossini, L, 1989)	0.83
"The effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine during multiple dosing on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in nine healthy volunteers, five smokers and four non-smokers, in comparison with placebo treatment."	( Effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy subjects. Aoi, R; Ishioka, T; Ogata, H; Takeuchi, H; Yoshimura, N, 1989)	0.71
"Theophylline concentrations in plasma and urine were determined during maintenance treatment in nine healthy volunteers during one dosage interval before and after 10 days of simultaneous treatment with pentobarbital (100 mg each night)."	( Induction of theophylline metabolism by pentobarbital. Billing, B; Dahlqvist, R; Koike, Y; Lind, M; Steiner, E; von Bahr, C, 1989)	2.09
" The use of this method allows serum drug concentrations to be evaluated earlier than previously predicted after changes in the dosing rate."	( Time to steady state following a change in dosing rate. D'Angio, RG; Gwilt, PR, 1989)	0.28
" Theophylline was given orally as TheoDur tablets and Somophyllin-CRT capsules (random crossover) every 12 hr (0700 and 1900), and patients were studied during two consecutive dosing intervals."	( Day-night differences in steady-state theophylline pharmacokinetics in asthmatic children. Baenziger, JC; Eigen, H; Harrist, RB; Hiatt, PW; Klank, BJ; Kramer, WG; Scott, PH; Smolensky, MH, 1989)	1.46
"In a randomized double-blind crossover study, the effects of 4 days of symmetric or asymmetric dosing with sustained-release theophylline (Sabidal-SR) were compared with placebo in ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a stable state."	( Chronopharmacodynamics and kinetics after symmetric and asymmetric multiple theophylline doses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Berg, WC; Gimeno, F; Jonkman, JH; Steenhuis, EJ; van Veenen, R; Weibel, MA, 1989)	0.71
" Thus the previous recommendation of decreasing the theophylline dosage by 25% to prevent toxicity during erythromycin therapy is irrational and should be avoided."	( Theophylline toxicity due to drug interaction. Tenenbein, M, )	1.82
"8 micrograms/kg) and multiple dosing settings of sustained-release theophylline formulation, Slo-bid, designed for 12-hour dosing intervals."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sustained-release theophylline formulation, Slo-bid, in both single and multiple dosing studies of asthmatic children]. Baba, M; Iwasaki, E, 1989)	0.76
" Concomitant dosing of ENX with TP significantly elongated plasma elimination half-life of TP, which led to a marked increase in the maximum plasma TP level after repeated administrations of both drugs."	( Interaction of enoxacin with theophylline in rats. Hashimoto, M; Kamaura, M; Mizuki, Y; Sekine, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 1989)	0.57
" This was probably due to insufficient dosing and/or poor patient compliance."	( [Levels of blood theophylline in patients with acute bronchospasm]. García Delgado, R; García Morillas, M; Martínez, B; Martínez, MJ; Puche, E; Saucedo, R, 1989)	0.62
" Theophylline (as aminophylline capsules) was administered PO at a dosage of 28 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 days to 20 calves with naturally acquired disease."	( Field trial of theophylline in cattle with respiratory tract disease. Berger, LL; Koritz, GD; Langston, VC; McKenna, DJ; Neff-Davis, CA, 1989)	1.54
" The addition of enoxacin (400 mg, twice daily) to a theophylline dosing regimen (150 mg, twice daily) resulted in an immediate fall in plasma theophylline metabolite concentrations."	( The theophylline-enoxacin interaction: II. Changes in the disposition of theophylline and its metabolites during intermittent administration of enoxacin. Koup, JR; Rogge, MC; Sedman, AJ; Solomon, WR; Wagner, JG; Welling, PG, 1989)	1.08
" The STCs that represented some degree of outpatient dosing were 21% lower than those reflecting only inpatient dosing."	( Evaluation of theophylline pharmacokinetics in a pediatric population using mixed effects models. Casto, DT; Driscoll, MS; Littlefield, LC; Ludden, TM, 1989)	0.64
" In addition to dosage and titration, aspects of monitoring, compliance, and weaning are discussed."	( Theophylline: is it obsolete for asthma? Rooklin, A, 1989)	1.72
" Our results suggest that the dosage of theophylline should be decreased and its plasma concentrations monitored when viloxazine is prescribed."	( A study of the interaction of viloxazine with theophylline. Bouquet, S; Griesemann, E; Lavoisy, J; Perault, MC; Vandel, B, 1989)	0.8
" Monotherapy with theophylline and terbutaline in a relatively low dosage achieved a good lung function improvement without severe side effects, as compared to placebo."	( Combination therapy of theophylline and terbutaline as sustained-release preparations in patients with asthmatic bronchitis. Fokkens, JK; Hamelink, MJ; Kreukniet, J; Maes, RA; van der Vet, AP; van Drost, RH, 1987)	0.92
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM) displaced the dose-response curve for NECA to the right, increasing the EC50 for NECA about one order of magnitude."	( Evidence for A2 adenosine receptor-mediated effects on adenylate cyclase activity in rat ovarian membranes. Billig, H; Rosberg, S, 1988)	0.54
" Dose-response curves to isoproterenol were determined in the presence and absence of adenosine deaminase."	( Quantitative differences in the cyclic AMP-lipolysis relationships for isoproterenol and forskolin. Allen, DO; Quesenberry, JT, 1988)	0.27
" Attempts were made to decrease the theophylline dosage by sequentially reducing the dose each week to one-half, one-quarter, and discontinuation."	( Lack of significant arrhythmogenicity from chronic theophylline and beta-2-adrenergic combination therapy in asthmatic subjects. Kelly, HW; Menendez, R; Voyles, W, 1985)	0.8
" Bedtime dosing may prevent nocturnal shortness of breath."	( Pharmacologic approaches to obstructive airway disease. Beck, BW, 1985)	0.27
" When chronic symptoms necessitate maintenance treatment, the frequency of dosing may become a deciding factor in the selection of a bronchodilator."	( Tulobuterol in the management of obstructive airways disease in adults. Patel, KR, 1985)	0.27
" Dosage should be individualized by clinical titration, guided by measurement of serum concentrations, and continued only if well tolerated; selection of appropriate products and dosing intervals permits maintenance of acceptably stable serum concentrations."	( Theophylline use: an overview. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	1.71
" Patients were then switched within one dosing interval to an equivalent single daily dose of Theo-24 and maintained on this therapy for the duration of the study."	( Assessing the efficacy and safety of q. d. theophylline therapy: a multicenter study. Dockhorn, RJ; Green, AW; Green, E, 1985)	0.53
" Maintenance prednisone in a dosage of 20 mg or less each morning and inhaled corticosteroids were allowed."	( Theophylline levels and clinical response in asthmatic adults receiving long-term Uniphyl. Petty, TL; Rollins, DL, 1985)	1.71
" Possible effects of the physicochemical properties of sodium theophylline monohydrate on its dosage forms and the expected superiority of the sodium salt over theophylline and aminophylline are discussed."	( Comparative thermal properties of the monohydrates of sodium theophylline and theophylline. Serajuddin, AT, 1986)	0.75
" These results suggest that changes in PO2 whether due to disease states or oxygen administration may necessitate theophylline dosage adjustment."	( The influence of oxygen tension on theophylline clearance in the rat isolated perfused liver. Miller, R; Oliver, IF, 1986)	0.76
" When steady state was reached (nine days), cimetidine was begun concomitantly in a dosage of 300 mg QID or 800 mg HS for ten days."	( Safety: cimetidine and concomitant theophylline or warfarin--drug interactions and their implications. Frank, WO, 1986)	0.55
" Theophylline, at a 100-fold higher dosage than urapidil, protected the animals against both histamine and acetylcholine challenges."	( Interaction with histamine H1-receptors and bronchospasmolytic effects of urapidil. Eltze, M; Kilian, U; Kolassa, N, 1987)	1.18
" With currently used dosing regimens, theophylline appears to produce relatively constant levels of effect on airway responsiveness and clinical efficacy around the clock, while inhaled beta 2 agonists appear to have insufficient effects at the end of longer dosing intervals."	( The effect of theophylline and beta 2 agonists on airway reactivity. Ahrens, RC; Joad, J; Milavetz, G, 1987)	0.9
" The suggestion is made that failure to recognize the nonlinearity of the dose-response curves for bronchodilators has resulted in underestimating their combined action."	( Theophylline as a bronchodilator in COPD and its combination with inhaled beta-adrenergic drugs. Jenne, JW, 1987)	1.72
"The dose-response effects of the substituted xanthine 8-cyclopropyltheophylline (CPRT) on sleep and wakefulness (W) after intraperitoneal administration to rats were examined by means of simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings."	( Dose-response effects of 8-cyclopropyltheophylline on sleep and wakefulness in rats. Radulovacki, M; Virus, RM, 1988)	0.78
" Two different sustained-release theophylline preparations were used to determine (1) if the serum theophylline concentrations (STC) depend on the type and dosing schedule of the preparation, (2) the relationship between STC and the circadian variations in asthma, and (3) the effect of STC on sleep quality and respiratory patterns during the night."	( Circadian variations in theophylline concentrations and the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Ballard, RD; Cherniack, RM; Cicutto, LC; Goldenheim, PD; Martin, RJ, 1989)	0.87
" Thus, maximum tolerated doses of diltiazem or nifedipine do not impair the metabolism of theophylline to a clinically relevant degree and adjustment of theophylline dosage is not required after the addition or discontinuation of diltiazem or nifedipine."	( Clinical relevance of the interaction of theophylline with diltiazem or nifedipine. Christopher, MA; Harman, E; Hendeles, L, 1989)	0.76
" During the steady-state period after 15 days of treatment, serum theophylline levels were measured one and two hours after dosing and then every two hours until 9 PM the following day."	( Theophylline levels after single daily and divided dosing of a once-a-day theophylline preparation in asthmatic children. Boner, AL; Messori, A; Plebani, M; Sette, L; Vallone, G, 1989)	1.96
" Analysis indicated that a given dosage regimen produced significantly different serum concentrations before and after nephrectomy."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline before and after nephrectomy in dogs. Brashear, RE; Karol, MD; Veng-Pedersen, P, )	0.45
" The overall clinical results for all dosage regimes were only fair, mainly due to failure to eradicate Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Baur, C; Davies, BI; Maesen, FP, 1986)	0.27
" ANP produced dose-related coronary vasodilation with a threshold dosage of 2 ng/kg; a dosage of 2 micrograms/kg caused a 27 +/- 4% decrease in coronary vascular resistance."	( Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in the canine coronary circulation. Bache, RJ; Chen, DG; Dai, XZ; Schwartz, JS, 1988)	0.27
" These data suggest that an unequal twice daily sustained-release theophylline dosing with higher dose in the evening may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic obstructive lung disease."	( [Time-related distribution of delayed-action theophylline in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies]. Arnaud, A; Bruguerolle, B; Parrel, M; Philip-Joet, F; Vestri, R, 1988)	0.77
" Initial findings from studies of unequal (morning versus evening) BID dosing schedules--more theophylline or terbutaline before bed-time than arising--reveal a better therapeutic advantage relative to equal BID dosing schedules for those patients with predominantly nocturnal symptoms."	( Chronobiology and asthma. II. Body-time-dependent differences in the kinetics and effects of bronchodilator medications. McGovern, JP; Reinberg, A; Scott, PH; Smolensky, MH, 1987)	0.49
"05) 24 h after dosing (08:00) with CR-capsules."	( Comparison between steady state pharmacokinetics and effects of two once-daily, slow-release theophylline formulations in nocturnal asthma. Almind, M; Frølund, L; Madsen, F; Nielsen, NH; Svendsen, UG; Weeke, B, 1988)	0.49
" In vitro, the antagonist had no detectable agonist activity in the concentration used, had no effect on the maximal LH release which can be induced by LRH and shifted the dose-response line of LRH to the right, without changing its slope."	( Effect of pretreatment of long-term ovariectomized rats with an LRH antagonist on LH release in vitro by LRH, elevated K+ or N6-monobutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (mbcAMP) plus theophylline. van Dieten, JA; van Rees, GP, 1985)	0.46
" The animals were sacrificed 20 hrs after the last drug dosage and the lung membrane homogenates were prepared for 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) binding in vitro."	( Concomitant glucocorticoid treatment prevents the development of beta-adrenoceptor desensitization in the guinea pig lung. Salonen, RO, 1985)	0.27
" After steady-state subtherapeutic (less than 10 mg/l), therapeutic (10-20 mg/l), and toxic (greater than 20 mg/l) concentrations of theophylline, dose-response curves for dTC were determined and compared with controls that received no theophylline."	( Concentration-dependent interaction of theophylline with d-tubocurarine. Basta, S; Fuke, N; Kim, CS; Martyn, J, 1987)	0.75
" The required higher dosage in relation to body weight results in more pronounced oscillations of drug levels in serum."	( [Peculiarities of theophylline therapy in childhood]. Köhler, E; Schuster, R; Sollich, V; Thal, W; Walther, H, 1988)	0.61
" Once-daily dosing with Uniphyl tablets may benefit adolescent patients with nocturnal asthma by increasing compliance and providing better asthma control."	( Is a uniform round-the-clock theophylline blood level necessary for optimal asthma therapy in the adolescent patient? Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG, 1988)	0.57
" To assess the safety and efficacy of Uniphyl tablets, an oral theophylline preparation formulated for once-daily dosing, in elderly patients with chronic airflow obstruction, we conducted a randomized, three-phase, double-blind crossover study comparing evening dosing with Uniphyl tablets, Theo-Dur tablets administered twice daily, and placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily Uniphyl tablets compared with twice-daily Theo-Dur tablets in elderly patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Aitken, TL; Calcutt, L; Hodder, RV; Rivington, RN; Stewart, JH, 1988)	0.51
" The dose-response curve for neonatal islets was steeper than for adult islets and the maximal response was clearly shifted towards lower glucose concentrations."	( Effects of glucose on insulin release and 86Rb permeability in cultured neonatal and adult rat islets. Atwater, I; Boschero, AC; Tombaccini, D, 1988)	0.27
" With increased understanding of the relationships of serum theophylline concentration and effect, both adverse and beneficial, oral dosage forms were developed to provide consistent serum theophylline concentrations with the benefit of convenient dosage intervals for long term use."	( Sustained release theophylline preparations. Practical recommendations for prescribing and therapeutic drug monitoring. Glynn-Barnhart, A; Hill, M; Szefler, SJ, 1988)	0.85
" Some problems in the analytical methodology of theophylline, problems that may be responsible for the controversy in the reported dose-response effects, are critically reviewed."	( Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 1. Theophylline. Stavric, B, 1988)	0.8
" On the fourth and fifth days of each of the two periods of drug administration, theophylline plasma concentration-time curves were evaluated, and the following pharmacokinetic parameters were compared: trough plasma concentration (cmin), peak plasma concentration (cmax), time to peak (tmax), and the area under the curve during a dosing interval (AUC)."	( No effect of influenza vaccination on theophylline pharmacokinetics as studied by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, HPLC, and EMIT assay methods. Beugelink, JK; de Zeeuw, RA; Jedema, JN; Jonkman, JH; Oosterhuis, B; van der Boon, WV; Wymenga, AS, 1988)	0.77
" Oral therapy should begin at low doses in stable patients to avoid side effects, and dosing should take into account the many factors, such as age, cardiovascular and liver function, smoking status, and possible drug interactions, that can affect theophylline metabolism."	( The use of theophylline in 'irreversible' chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An update. Hill, NS, 1988)	0.85
"Our study evaluated whether a dose-response relationship exists for theophylline and diaphragmatic contractility within the usual therapeutic range for theophylline."	( Theophylline and diaphragmatic contractility. Investigation of a dose-response relationship. Cuddy, PG; Emory, CE; Foxworth, JW; Knudson, SM; Pyszczynski, DR; Reisz, GR, 1988)	1.95
" No significant difference was noticed between results obtained with either active drug, as well as with either dosage of oxitropium."	( Comparison of the effect of oxitropium bromide and of slow-release theophylline on nocturnal asthma. Bellia, V; Cibella, F; Cuttitta, G; Ferrara, G; Insalaco, G; Mirto, M; Peralta, G; Visconti, A, 1988)	0.51
" The air pollution dosage during exercise is much higher than during rest because of a higher ventilatory rate and both nasal and oral breathing in the former case."	( Implications of air pollution effects on athletic performance. Covert, DS; Kim, YS; Koenig, JQ; Namekata, T; Pierson, WE, 1986)	0.27
" An increase in theophylline concentration occurred in 15 of 16 patients receiving simultaneous administration of theophylline, without clinical evidence of toxicity when theophylline dosage was reduced and enoxacin continued."	( Enoxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a comparison with amoxycillin. Blogie, M; Carpiaux, JP; Glupczynski, Y; Prigogine, T; Schmerber, JS; Yourassowsky, E, 1988)	0.62
" Dose-response curves were determined for each drug by administering cumulative doses IV during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the FI schedule."	( Psychomotor stimulant effects of methylxanthines in squirrel monkeys: relation to adenosine antagonism. Spealman, RD, 1988)	0.27
"Patients able to produce consistent results on testing of respiratory function spent two weeks having dosage of theophylline adjusted to give individual pharmacokinetic data."	( Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. Chrystyn, H; Mulley, BA; Peake, MD, 1988)	0.77
" Pretreatment of exercise-induced asthma is most efficient by inhaled beta 2-agonist; orally dosed beta 2-agonist is not as efficient as inhaled beta 2-agonist in the pretreatment of exercise-induced asthma."	( Exercise and the asthmatic. Bundgaard, A, )	0.13
" Further studies were needed to determine the relationship between the side effects induced by enoxacin and the theophylline dosage or its plasma concentration since side effects were experienced in all the subjects concomitantly administered enoxacin."	( Interaction between theophylline and enoxacin. Hasegawa, T; Satake, T; Suzuki, R; Takagi, K; Watanabe, T; Yamaki, K, 1988)	0.81
" Patients entered a randomised study of three two-monthly dosage regimens using low, medium, and high theophylline twice daily doses."	( The accuracy and stability of Bayesian theophylline predictions. Chrystyn, H; Ellis, JW; Mulley, BA; Peake, MD, 1988)	0.76
" It can be concluded that no dosage adjustment is necessary when terbutaline and theophylline are given together."	( Theophylline-terbutaline, a steady state study on possible pharmacokinetic interactions with special reference to chronopharmacokinetic aspects. Borgström, L; de Noord, OE; Jonkman, JH; van der Boon, WJ, 1988)	1.94
" dosing due to unacceptable fluctuations."	( Comparison of a new sustained-release theophylline preparation, TheoBeads, with Theo-Dur tablets in children with asthma. Gawchik, S; Kemp, JP; Meltzer, EO; Orgel, HA; Rooklin, AR; Tinkelman, DG; Welch, MJ, 1988)	0.55
" This technique affords the possibility of accurate prediction of steady-state theophylline concentrations and dosing requirements with a minimum number of serum concentration determinations in children with status asthmaticus."	( Prediction of intravenous theophylline dosage based on a single, nonsteady-state concentration: a clinical study of childhood status asthmaticus. Anderson, DA; Kurland, G; Marquardt, ED; Mitsuoka, JC, 1988)	0.8
" In order to match the dosage strengths of three reference products, capsules containing different amounts of pellets--also referred to as Euphylong pellets--have been used."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. Böhm, A; Sauter, R; Staudinger, H; Steinijans, VW, 1988)	0.53
" In order to do so, estimation of minimum and maximum serum theophylline concentrations during one dosing interval from one or two blood samples is desirable, particularly in the case of once-daily administration."	( Theophylline therapeutic drug monitoring in the case of a new sustained-release pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. Sauter, R; Staudinger, H; Steinijans, VW; Trautmann, H, 1988)	1.96
" The dose of cold air causing a 20% (PD20) fall in FEV1 was obtained from each subject's dose-response curve."	( Theophylline minimally inhibits bronchoconstriction induced by dry cold air inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Cartier, A; Ghezzo, H; L'Archevêque, J; Malo, JL; Merland, N, 1988)	1.72
"3 h after dosing at 11."	( Circadian variation in theophylline absorption during chronic dosing with a slow release theophylline preparation and the effect of clock time of dosing. Abrams, SM; Jackson, SH; Johnston, A; Turner, P; Woollard, R, 1988)	0.59
"We have compared the pharmacokinetic properties of a slow-release theophylline-hydroxyzine combination and a slow-release theophylline preparation both after a single dose administration and at steady state after the dosage of twice/day for four days in ten healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of a slow-release theophylline-hydroxyzine combination and a plain slow-release theophylline preparation. Karttunen, P; Kokkonen, P; Parviainen, M; Savolainen, K; Silvasti, M; Tukiainen, H, 1988)	0.77
" Five dogs were dosed orally in a five-way crossover design with sustained release theophylline (Theo-Dur tablets, Key Pharmaceuticals) at 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg."	( Determination of the acute oral toxicity of theophylline in conscious dogs. Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Munsiff, IJ; Neff-Davis, CA, 1988)	0.76
" Fluctuation during a dosing interval was 276% for elixir but only 54% in the case of TDS."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics in children, comparing sustained release spheres (Theo-Dur sprinkle) with elixir. Croner, S; Friberg, K; Kjellman, NI; Leijon, I; Thuresson, SO, 1988)	1.72
" Also observed in rats dosed with theophylline via the diet was an increased severity of chronic nephropathy in males, especially at the high dose."	( Subchronic toxicity of orally administered (gavage and dosed-feed) theophylline in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Collins, JJ; Elwell, MR; Heath, JE; Lamb, JC; Makovec, GT; Manus, AG, 1988)	0.79
"The influence of food on the bioavailability of the controlled-release theophylline preparations Theostat and Theolair was studied in 12 healthy subjects after multiple dosing (b."	( Influence of food on steady state serum concentrations of theophylline from two controlled-release preparations. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; Lefebvre, RA, 1988)	0.75
"In a preceding in vivo study in horses, wide interindividual variation was found in the extent of bioavailability and time to reach peak concentration after peroral administration of one specific theophylline sustained-release dosage form."	( In vitro evaluation of a sustained-release veterinary peroral pellet preparation. Agrawala, P; Berger, K; Kraeling, M; Ritschel, WA; Sathyan, G, 1988)	0.46
"Dogs were used to examine the effect of elevated gastric pH on the absorption of controlled-released theophylline dosage forms with pH-dependent dissolution."	( Effect of pH on the in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of controlled-release theophylline in dogs. Meyer, MC; Vashi, VI, 1988)	0.71
" These findings indicate that rapid immunoassays for theophylline have the potential to improve management of children with acute asthma in an emergency department by improving the accuracy of dosing and decreasing the duration of stay."	( Serum theophylline testing in a pediatric emergency setting: potential benefit of rapid assays. Fleisher, GR; Schwartz, JS; Shaw, KN, 1988)	1.01
" Because this drug has a narrow therapeutic range and high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, it is essential to adapt the dosage to each patient."	( Algorithms for dosage and therapeutic monitoring of theophylline. Bonal, J; Farré, R; Francesc Massó, J; Mangues, MA, 1988)	0.53
" Apart from clinical situations where effective dosages of drugs must be administered rapidly, the method showed be useful in pharmacological dose-response studies."	( Creation of four consecutive instantaneous steady-state plasma concentration plateaus of theophylline and enprofylline by repeated infusions with exponentially decreasing delivery rates. Borgström, L; de Noord, OE; Jonkman, JH; Koëter, GH; Kraan, J; Laseur, M, 1988)	0.5
"Non-compliance to dosage regimes is an important clinical problem with severe repercussions for the management of chronic illnesses requiring continued treatment."	( TDM of theophylline--compliance evaluation. Barrueco, M; Dominguez-Gil, A; Garcia, MJ; Martin, A; Otero, MJ, 1988)	0.73
" Once-daily dosing with 300 mg ranitidine had no significant effect on theophylline pharmacokinetics."	( The effects of once-daily dosing with ranitidine and cimetidine on theophylline pharmacokinetics. McEwen, J; McMurdo, ME; Moreland, TA, )	0.6
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile after single and multidose oral administration of a new slow-release theophylline formulation and the bioavailability at steady-state during two dosing intervals (5th and 8th day) in 6 healthy subjects."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics following single and repeated administration of slow-release capsules. Barbanoj, MJ; Izquierdo, I; Jane, F; Nomen, M; Obach, R; Torrent, J, )	1.78
" After 5 days of continuous dosing (at 6 PM), all patients received their regular Uniphyl dose under specified fasting conditions, and serum theophylline concentrations were measured sequentially during the following 24 hours."	( The clinical significance of food-induced changes in the absorption of theophylline from Uniphyl tablets. Aitken, T; Arkinstall, WW; Calcutt, L; Hopkinson, M; Rivington, RN; Stewart, JH, 1988)	0.71
" The narrow therapeutic margin and the influence of numerous factors upon the clearance of theophylline require a thorough dosage and observation of the patients."	( [Clinical use of theophylline retard Oranienburg]. Förster, R; Hummel, S; Meister, W; Nussbücker, B; Rentsch, E; Slapke, J; Wenz, W; Wiesner, B; Wilke, A, 1988)	0.84
" The effect of theophyllines on skeletal muscle is dose related and animal studies show that any effect in humans, where dosage is limited by toxicity, is likely to be small."	( Aminophylline and the respiratory muscles: an alternative view. Moxham, J, 1988)	0.63
" Among these are various disease states, obesity, fluid imbalances, the drug dosage form used, and concurrent drug use."	( Use of serum drug concentrations in surgical patients. Connors, JE; DiPiro, JT; Sisley, JF, 1988)	0.27
"In a randomised, multiple-dose, cross-over study in 14 healthy volunteers, plasma theophylline concentrations were compared during a 12-hour dosing interval after repeated administration of theophylline (Euphyllin Retard; Byk Gulden) as whole and halved tablets."	( Comparative bio-availability of theophylline whole and halved sustained-release tablets. Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Luus, HG; Müller, FO; Steinijans, VW; van der Meer, MJ; van Dyk, M, 1987)	0.78
" Airway responsiveness was expressed as the provocative dosage of histamine or methacholine necessary to increase specific airway resistance by 100% (PD100SRaw)."	( Theophylline has a dose-related effect on the airway response to inhaled histamine and methacholine in asthmatics. Jörres, R; Magnussen, H; Reuss, G, 1987)	1.72
"With the introduction of sustained-release theophylline formulations for once-daily dosing or for unequally divided twice-daily dosing, comparison with conventional equally divided twice-daily dosing has been focused on nocturnal serum theophylline concentrations (STCs), plateau properties and peak-trough fluctuation."	( Theophylline steady-state pharmacokinetics: recent concepts and their application in chronotherapy of reactive airway diseases. Beier, W; Johnson, E; Steinijans, VW; Trautmann, H, 1987)	1.98
" As the dosing of the investigated SR-formulation is circadian rhythm adapted, the major part of the daily dose, namely 2/3, is affected by the change in time of administration."	( Chrono-optimization of the time of evening administration with unequally divided twice-daily theophylline. Borner, K; Kunkel, G; Steinijans, VW, 1987)	0.49
" These findings suggest that an unequal, twice-daily SRT dosing with the greater amount of drug at night may be beneficial in the treatment of COPD."	( Unequal twice-daily, sustained-release theophylline dosing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arnaud, A; Bruguerolle, B; Parrel, M; Philip-Joet, F, 1987)	0.54
") dosage schedules--twice-daily equally divided 12 hr (BID), once-daily evening (OD-PM) and once-daily morning (OD-AM)--were compared under steady-state conditions in 10 adult asthmatics with a documented history of nocturnal dyspnea."	( Comparison of sustained-release theophylline scheduled conventionally (twice-daily, equal interval in equal amount) versus once-daily mornings or evenings on circadian pattern of bronchial patency in asthmatics. D'Alonzo, GE; Frankoff, HM; Gianotti, L; Hsi, B; McGovern, JP; Smolensky, MH, 1987)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetics of Theo-24 varied greatly depending on the dosing time."	( Administration-time-dependency of the pharmacokinetic behavior and therapeutic effect of a once-a-day theophylline in asthmatic children. Baenziger, JC; Harrist, RB; Hiatt, PH; Klank, BJ; Marbella, A; Meltzer, A; Scott, PH; Smolensky, MH; Wong, TK, 1987)	0.49
"At present, theophylline is used predominantly as sustained-release dosage forms."	( Food interactions with once-a-day theophylline preparations: a review. Jonkman, JH, 1987)	0.93
" Treatment was administered as a single evening dose per day, 2 hours after dinner, at a daily dosage of 10 mg/kg/day of theophylline."	( [Prescription of Theostat 300 as a single evening dose]. Bida, C; Germouty, J; Moreau, L, 1987)	0.48
" 96 out of 194 (49%) tests were eliminated because of inappropriate sample collection or irrational dosage regimen."	( [Importance of the laboratory in optimizing anti-asthma therapy with theophylline]. Snidero, M, 1987)	0.51
" Both adenosine deaminase and 8-phenyltheophylline caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve to intracoronary adenosine; 8-phenyltheophylline was significantly more potent than adenosine deaminase."	( Role of adenosine in coronary vasodilation during exercise. Bache, RJ; Dai, XZ; Homans, DC; Schwartz, JS, 1988)	0.55
" We conclude that asymmetric dosing regimens of slow-release theophylline are effective and rational in maintenance therapy for asthma and that lower total daily dosages may be more appropriate in Chinese patients when compared to those recommended for white subjects."	( The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of slow-release theophylline with asymmetric dosing in asthmatic Chinese. Pang, JA; Swaminathan, R; Zhang, YG, 1988)	0.77
" During the day-time dosing interval on the fourth and fifth day theophylline plasma concentrations were assayed by HPLC."	( Comparison of the in vitro dissolution properties and in vivo steady-state pharmacokinetics of two sustained-release theophylline preparations. Grasmeijer, G; Jonkman, JH; Van der Boon, WJ, 1988)	0.72
" In all cases, time curves of theophylline plasma levels were determined by collecting serial blood samples 24 h after dosing and analysed pharmacokinetically through model-independent methods."	( Effect of food on the bioavailability of a slow-release theophylline formulation. Boner, AL; Martini, N; Messori, A; Plebani, M; Sette, L; Vallone, G, 1988)	0.81
" Oral dosing of the prodrug in rabbits greatly sustained plasma dyphylline concentrations."	( Dyphylline prodrugs: plasma hydrolysis and dyphylline release in rabbits. Ayres, JW; Huang, HP, 1988)	0.27
" A therapeutic drug monitoring programme which enables individualisation of dosage on the basis of pharmacokinetic principles is described."	( Clinical experience with theophylline. A case for monitoring serum concentrations. Miller, R; Pillai, G, 1988)	0.58
" We conclude that theophylline dosage requirements can be accurately estimated from orally derived pharmacokinetic data and that the method described may be useful for patients in whom intravenous therapy is not required or contraindicated."	( A pharmacokinetic dosing method for oral theophylline in pediatric patients. Bradley, JM; Brocks, DR; Lee, KC; Tam, YK; Weppler, CP, 1988)	0.87
" Given these findings, we advise that, for patients who are treated with theophylline and are subsequently treated with norfloxacin, adjustment of the theophylline dosage may be necessary in some patients to minimize the risk of theophylline toxicity."	( Evaluation of the effect of norfloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Dales, RE; Ho, G; Tierney, MG, 1988)	0.74
" On several occasions when low results were obtained, theophylline dosage was not increased."	( Theophylline dosing and theophylline level testing in a family practice population. Moore, LD; Taylor, AT, 1988)	1.97
"We compared a least squares regression method, used prospectively to individualise the intravenous aminophylline and oral theophylline dosage of 48 patients, with 3 other pharmacokinetic methods - Chiou's, the steady-state clearance and the Bayesian - used retrospectively to analyse the same patient data."	( A comparison of the accuracy of a least squares regression, a Bayesian, Chiou's and the steady-state clearance method of individualising theophylline dosage. Hurley, SF; McNeil, JJ, 1988)	0.69
" This required a threefold increase in theophylline dosage to maintain therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations."	( Enhancement of theophylline clearance by intravenous albuterol. Amirav, I; Amitai, Y; Avital, A; Godfrey, S, 1988)	0.9
"The predictive performance of 2 theophylline pharmacokinetic dosing programs (Abbott and Simkin) was evaluated using a group of 44 inpatients who had 2 serum concentrations (TSC) measured during hospitalization."	( The relative predictive performance of two theophylline pharmacokinetic dosing programs. Bottorff, MB; Greene, WL; Hoon, TJ; Whidden, MA; Wood, CA, 1988)	0.82
"Increasing awareness of the exaggerated circadian rhythm in bronchomotor tone that causes most asthmatic patients to have increased respiratory symptoms in the early morning has resulted in a search for dosing strategies that will provide maximal bronchodilatory activity at the time of reduced bronchial patency."	( Review of the North American experience with evening administration of Uniphyl tablets, a once-daily theophylline preparation, in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Arkinstall, WW, 1988)	0.49
"Theolan Suspension is the first long-acting liquid theophylline dosage form."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a sustained-release liquid theophylline preparation. Altman, RE; Bottini, PB; Brown, DA; DuRant, RH; Guill, MF; Lawless, TE; Pruitt, AW, 1988)	0.76
" The dosage of theophylline was adjusted according to the complaints of the patients."	( Once daily Theo-Dur in morning dippers. Greve, LH; Quaedvlieg, M; van der Vet, AP, 1988)	0.63
"A novel Bayesian drug dosing program (Abbott Pharmacokinetic Systems, Theophylline Program) was evaluated."	( Evaluation of a novel Bayesian method for individualizing theophylline dosage. Oellerich, M; Schneider, B; Stein, U; Sybrecht, GW, 1988)	0.75
" The study also investigated the effects of a known adenosine antagonist, namely, the xanthine derivative 8-phenyltheophylline, which at concentrations having no intrinsic effect (10(-8) and 10(-7) M) produced a significant shift to the right only for the NECA dose-response curve."	( Effects of adenosine and its analogues on porcine basilar arteries: are only A2 receptors involved? Harper, AM; McBean, DE; Rudolphi, KA, 1988)	0.49
" The study has demonstrated that clinical pharmacist intervention significantly increased the number of patients receiving a theophylline assay when indicated, from 43 to 83 percent; the number of assays appropriately sampled, from 58 to 85 percent; the number of appropriate dosage adjustments, from 63 to 86 percent; and the number of patients with a measured serum theophylline concentration in the therapeutic range, from 17 to 47 percent."	( Impact of pharmacist intervention on oral theophylline therapy in adult inpatients. Blackbourn, J; Sunderland, VB, 1987)	0.74
" Multiple blood samples were drawn on days 7 and 8 over two complete dosing intervals."	( Theophylline absorption from sustained-release products: comparative steady-state bioavailability of once-daily Theo-Dur, Theo-24, and Uniphyl. Burns, TS; Hurwitz, A; Karim, A, 1987)	1.72
"Correlation between in vitro dissolution characteristics and in vivo salivary bioavailability parameters of four commercial sustained-release and one immediate-release theophylline (TP) or aminophylline dosage forms were examined."	( Dissolution of theophylline from sustained-release dosage forms and correlation with saliva bioavailability parameters. Chung, BH; Shim, CK, 1987)	0.82
" The free and total plasma and saliva concentrations of theophylline were measured during a dosing interval at steady state in nineteen asthmatic subjects receiving a once-daily theophylline preparation (Riker TCR-1)."	( Determinants of free theophylline clearance in asthma. Alwazir, YA; Buss, DC; Campbell, IA; John, R; Lazarus, JH; Littley, M; Routledge, PA; Williams, PE, 1987)	0.84
"Daily general practice of theophylline dosing in chronic obstructive lung disease seems not strictly to follow therapeutic guidelines."	( Clinical use of controlled-release theophylline in chronic airways obstruction. Cordaro, CI; Dal Negro, R; Pomari, C; Turco, P, )	0.71
"A 200 mg controlled-release unit dosage form which was designed and developed showed desired in vitro release characteristics."	( In vivo evaluation of a theophylline oral controlled-release unit dosage form. Gangadharan, B; Hussain, SA; Ritschel, WA, 1987)	0.58
" The pharmacokinetics and the bronchodilating effect of theophylline were studied during 1 week of morning dosing and 1 week of evening dosing in a randomized cross-over design in thirteen patients with reversible airways obstruction, treated with a new 'once-a-day' theophylline capsule formulation."	( The effect of dosing time on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a 'once-a-day' sustained release theophylline preparation. Lamont, H; Pauwels, R; Van der Straeten, M, 1987)	0.73
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study of theophylline between the first and repeated oral administration and the assessment of clinical utility of theophylline test-dose concept were performed in 6 (study I) and 4 (study II) healthy male volunteers with different dosing schedules."	( Time-dependent pharmacokinetics of theophylline: failure of application of the test-dose concept. Goto, M; Hasegawa, M; Johno, I; Kitazawa, S; Yokochi, Y, 1987)	0.82
"In this work, we tried to correlate the usefulness of the Koup nomogram for dosage prediction of continuous theophylline Dm therapy as compared with the usual method of dosification."	( Clinical utility of the single point method for theophylline maintenance dose prediction. Abad, J; Castro, J; Jiménez Torres, V; Palop, J; Pastor, A; Prieto, L, )	0.6
" No significant differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters between these two dosage forms were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral theophylline in Thai asthmatic children. Geadsomnuig, S; Habananada, S; Koysooko, R; Pinthong, T; Tuchinda, M; Wattanapermpool, J, 1987)	0.58
" In case of non estimated residual rate, it's possible either not to use the loading dose, or to use a reduced dosage of 3 mg/kg."	( [Intravenous theophylline in the treatment of asthma attacks]. Blaive, B; Bonnaud, F; Clary, C; Lemoigne, F, 1987)	0.64
", twice daily for 11 days in a sustained release dosage form."	( Enoxacin--a potent inhibitor of theophylline metabolism. Beckmann, J; Elsässer, W; Gundert-Remy, U; Hertrampf, R, 1987)	0.56
" Prior to entry into the study, each patient's dosage of Somophyllin-12 was titrated to achieve predose and peak (4-hour postdose) theophylline levels in the therapeutic range (8-20 mg/L)."	( Evaluation of a sustained-release theophylline product in children with asthma. Amaro-Galvez, R; Aranda, J; Canny, GJ; Chua, YY; Fox, Z; Levison, H; Misener, C; Woo, N, 1987)	0.76
" For a given patient, there may be an infinite number of combinations of release rate constants and dose sizes which will maintain steady-state plasma drug concentrations within a desired range when the formulation is administered at the selected dosing interval."	( Computer-aided dosage form design. I. Methods for defining a long-acting first-order delivery system of maximum formulating flexibility. Lee, TY; Notari, RE, 1987)	0.27
"Classical methods employing pharmacokinetic data to calculate zero-order release rates for sustained release products require that a constant-rate drug delivery system must have a duration which is exactly equal to the desired dosage interval."	( Computer-aided dosage form design. II. Methods for defining a zero-order sustained-release delivery system of maximum formulating flexibility. Lee, TY; Notari, RE, 1987)	0.27
" A frequent practice with scored tablets when only half the dosage is desired is to divide the tablet at the score mark and administer only half of the product."	( Analysis of in vitro dissolution of whole vs. half controlled-release theophylline tablets. Elkins, J; Schuirman, D; Shah, VP; Skelly, JP; Yamamoto, LA, 1987)	0.51
" This disparity reflects the greater bronchodilation effected by isoproterenol as a single agent than by epinephrine, in the dosing schedules and routes of administration chosen."	( Treatment of acute asthma. Is combination therapy with sympathomimetics and methylxanthines indicated? Fanta, CH; McFadden, ER; Rossing, TH, 1986)	0.27
"Selection of the dosing interval for oral theophylline must consider the product's absorption rate, the patient's elimination rate, and the tolerated fluctuation in serum concentration."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic concerns of 24-hour dosing with theophylline. Weinberger, M, 1986)	0.78
" Our literature review reveals the need for more data to support the current widespread practice of dosing children less than 8 years of age at 12-hour intervals."	( Comparison study of sustained-release theophylline products: Slo-bid capsules versus Theo-Dur tablets in 20 children and young adults with asthma. Hannaway, PJ; Hopper, GD, 1986)	0.54
" Serum theophylline levels obtained over the 12-hour dosing periods were not significantly different."	( Sustained-release theophylline preparations in asthmatic children. A short-term comparison of two products and the relationship of serum theophylline levels and pulmonary function changes. Gracey, V; Katz, R; Mickey, MR; Rachelefsky, G; Rohr, A; Siegel, S; Spector, S; Wo, J, 1986)	1.06
" These factors include the formulation, dosing interval, age of the patient, absence or presence of food, and gastrointestinal physiology."	( Erratic absorption of theophylline from slow-release products in children. Szefler, SJ, 1986)	0.59
" Major implications of nonlinearity in theophylline kinetics with respect to bioavailability studies, predictions of steady-state serum theophylline concentrations, and dosage adjustments at steady state are presented in detail."	( Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline. Lesko, LJ, 1986)	0.84
"Host factors play an important role in the dosing requirements of theophylline."	( Effect of disease states on theophylline elimination. Jenne, JW, 1986)	0.8
"Slow-release formulations of theophylline, if absorbed completely, consistently, and at a sufficiently slow rate, provide more stable serum concentrations at longer dosing intervals than plain uncoated tablets or liquids and thus have the potential to improve efficacy, safety, and compliance."	( Selection of a slow-release theophylline product. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1986)	0.86
" The data argue strongly that formulations and dosage intervals should aim for the most stable serum concentrations practically attainable, even though clinicians will certainly make justifiable compromises in individual clinical situations."	( Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1986)	0.53
" With the changes in usage and dosage forms, the frequency of toxicity in the pediatric population, especially in adolescents, has increased dramatically."	( Aminophylline toxicity. Albert, S, 1987)	0.27
"The elimination rate for theophylline varies greatly among patients, but recommendations for maintenance dosing schedules have assumed relatively little intrapatient variability even over extended time periods."	( Stability of theophylline elimination rate. Milavetz, G; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, MM, 1987)	0.95
" We conclude that neither time of dosing nor age are important determinants of theophylline elimination kinetics in healthy subjects."	( Effects of time of dosing and age on intravenous aminophylline pharmacokinetics. Bateman, DN; Rodgers, A; Woodhouse, KW, 1987)	0.5
" Some adjustment in theophylline dosage may be required; therefore, these patients should have serum theophylline concentration measurements and careful clinical assessment for theophylline toxicity."	( Effect of multiple dose oral ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and indocyanine green. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Whitbread, MA, 1987)	0.83
"Dosing regimens used in clinical practice are often complex, involving several different routes of administration, dose sizes, dosing rates, and dosing intervals and durations."	( Efficient pharmacokinetic modeling of complex clinical dosing regimens: the universal elementary dosing regimen and computer algorithm EDFAST. Kreeft, JH; Sebaldt, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" Our results imply that a disproportionate relationship between dose and concentration of theophylline appears to be relatively common in asthmatic children and adults; the metabolic capacity in children is greater than in adults, if the nonlinearity could occur; and caution is needed with these certain susceptible individuals when using linear kinetics for the dosage modification of theophylline."	( Incidence of apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior of theophylline and its parameters (Vmax and Km) among asthmatic children and adults. Ishizaki, T; Kubo, M, 1987)	0.74
" The inconsistent theophylline absorption with each product makes dosage adjustment difficult."	( Apparent inconsistent theophylline absorption from sustained release capsules. Schaber, DE; Uden, DL; Wyatt, RA, 1987)	0.92
" Drugs with flow-limited elimination or mainly oxidative phase I biotransformation should be administered with reduced dosage level while monitoring the serum concentration levels."	( [The liver and aging. The effect of age on liver function and drug metabolism]. Femfert, U; Kuntz, HD; May, B, 1987)	0.27
"An increase in circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline has been reported following acute dosing with theophyllines."	( Failure of chronic theophylline therapy to alter circulating catecholamines. Addis, GJ; Reid, JL; Whitesmith, R; Whyte, KF, 1987)	0.82
"The single- and multiple-dose absorption characteristics of a new sustained-release theophylline preparation, which has been formulated for once per day dosing in adults, were investigated in children aged 8 to 14 years."	( Absorption characteristics of once-a-day slow-release theophylline preparation in children with asthma. Pedersen, S; Steffensen, G, 1987)	0.75
"0% EVA copolymer as the coacervation-inducing agent may act as sustained-release dosage forms."	( Bioavailability studies of theophylline ethylcellulose microcapsules prepared by using ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a coacervation-inducing agent. Lin, SY; Yang, JC, 1987)	0.57
" In five elderly subjects aged 56-68 years, a week of dosing with cimetidine caused a rise in t1/2 (7."	( Cimetidine inhibition of theophylline elimination: the influence of adult age and the time course. Adebayo, GI; Coker, HA, )	0.43
" infusion over 15 min in the presence and absence of chronic dosing with slow-release theophylline."	( The interaction between chronic oral slow-release theophylline and single-dose intravenous erythromycin. Chaput de Saintonge, DM; Downey, K; Jackson, SH; Johnston, A; Pasic, J; Peverel-Cooper, CA; Turner, P, 1987)	0.75
" The ratio, (FEV1:FVC) X 100, was calculated for each patient before and after steady-state serum level determination and dosage adjustment."	( Using a hand-held spirometer as a monitoring tool in chronic theophylline therapy. Catania, PN; Mikhail, MN, 1987)	0.51
" Theophylline dosage adjustment is probably not necessary for concomitant theophylline and ketoconazole drug therapy."	( Effect of chronically administered ketoconazole on the elimination of theophylline in man. Dukes, GE; Galinsky, RE; Heusner, JJ; Rollins, DE; Tolman, KG, 1987)	1.42
" bolus dosing both separately and concomitantly to New Zealand White rabbits."	( Caffeine and paraxanthine pharmacokinetics in the rabbit: concentration and product inhibition effects. Dorrbecker, BR; Dorrbecker, SH; Ferraina, RA; Kramer, PA, 1987)	0.27
" This was followed by an intravenous loading dose of phenytoin sodium and oral maintenance dosing for 2 weeks, after which the intravenous theophylline study was repeated."	( Cigarette smoking and theophylline metabolism: effects of phenytoin. Crowley, JJ; Cusack, BJ; Jue, SG; Koup, JR; Vestal, RE, 1987)	0.79
"In a randomized cross-over study, theophylline serum levels were compared over a 12-h dosing interval after repeated administration of Euphyllin retard and PulmiDur to 18 healthy male volunteers."	( Comparison of steady state serum theophylline concentrations in healthy volunteers after dosing with Euphyllin retard and PulmiDur. Bahner, ML; Karlsson, S; Lührmann, B; Schulz, HU, 1987)	0.83
"In two studies, 25 diurnally active patients (6-17 years of age) were evaluated for day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration (STC) by frequent blood sampling over two consecutive 12-hr dosing intervals while being treated with Theo-Dur."	( Clinical relevance of theophylline chronokinetics for asthmatic children. McGovern, JP; Scott, PH; Smolensky, MH, 1987)	0.8
"A pharmacokinetic analysis of two sustained-release dosage forms of theophylline (Theo-Dur and Theotrim) was carried out following single and multiple dose administrations of the two formulations in five healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of sustained-release dosage forms of theophylline in humans: comparison of single and multiple dose studies. Bialer, M; Friedman, M; Hussein, Z; Raz, I, )	0.61
" Saliva appears to be a convenient and noninvasive alternative to blood for the assessment of the variable pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and for around-the-clock monitoring of individual dosage regimens, especially in paediatric patients."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of theophylline in serum and saliva. Elis, J; Rejholec, V; Spicák, V; Trnavská, Z, 1987)	0.74
"Theophylline plasma levels and profiles were evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during once-daily dosing of an ultrasustained-release theophylline preparation (Theo-1; capsules filled with microgranules containing 400 mg anhydrous theophylline)."	( Once-daily dosing of a new ultrasustained-release theophylline preparation. Demedts, M; Nys, J; Tjandramaga, TB; Van den Brande, P; Verhelst, F, 1987)	1.97
" Lattices containing anti-theophylline antibodies were used to develop a competitive enzyme immunoassay for theophylline which demonstrated a dose-response that was closely similar to that predicted by theoretical treatment."	( Quantitative immunochromatographic analysis: theory and application to theophylline immunoassay. Lee, SR; Liberti, PA, 1987)	0.81
" Twenty-four-hour steady-state concentrations of theophylline and its metabolites 1,3-dimethyl uric acid, 3-methyl xanthine and 1-methyl uric acid were assessed after daily dosing of 600 mg (ca 18 mg/kg/day) of the sustained-release theophylline micro-pellet sprinkle system BY158K, for 4 days."	( Steady state pharmacokinetics, metabolism and pharmacodynamics of theophylline in children after unequal twice-daily dosing of a new sustained-release formulation. Berdel, D; Heimann, G; Johnson, E; Kusenbach, G; Reinhardt, D; Staudinger, H; Steinijans, VW; von Berg, A, 1987)	0.76
" The lack of change in the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline indicates that adjustment of the dosage regimen should not be necessary immediately after smoking withdrawal."	( Lack of effect of withdrawal from cigarette smoking on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Eldon, MA; Luecker, PW; MacGee, J; Ritschel, WA, 1987)	0.77
"The relationship between a standardized assessment of rate and extent of absorption of slow-release theophylline and serum concentrations during multiple dosing was examined in eight healthy adult volunteers."	( Relationship between rate and extent of absorption of oral theophylline from Uniphyl brand of slow-release theophylline and resulting serum concentrations during multiple dosing. Harris, JB; Milavetz, G; Mullenix, TA; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, MM, 1987)	0.73
" Compared with blood drawing, stimulation of saliva secretion by citric acid is painless and noninvasive, is more readily accepted to patients, is at least as clinically relevant for theophylline determination, and allows frequent measurements of drug levels for individualization of the dosage with samples taken at home."	( Monitoring theophylline therapy using citric acid-stimulated saliva in infants and children with asthma. Aviram, M; Ben-Zvi, Z; Gorodischer, R; Tal, A, 1987)	0.85
"To investigate the possible mechanisms by which theophylline affects the control of ventilation, neuromuscular drive and ventilatory function were examined in 7 healthy men receiving an incremental intravenous aminophylline dosing schedule to achieve plasma theophylline concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 micrograms/ml."	( Effect of theophylline on respiratory neuromuscular drive. Ishizaki, T; Konno, K; Kubo, M; Okubo, S; Suganuma, T; Takizawa, T, 1987)	0.93
" Moreover, adenosine failed to alter the theophylline dose-response curve for diaphragmatic tension."	( Comparative effects of theophylline and adenosine on respiratory skeletal and smooth muscle. Deal, EC; Kelsen, SG; Supinski, GS, 1986)	0.85
" infusion of lysine theophylline, equivalent to 197 mg anhydrous theophylline, both before (day 1) and during (day 5) steady state chronic oral dosing with slow release nifedipine 20 mg 12 hourly."	( The interaction between i.v. theophylline and chronic oral dosing with slow release nifedipine in volunteers. Debbas, NM; Jackson, SH; Johnston, A; Peverel-Cooper, CA; Shah, K; Turner, P, 1986)	0.89
" In three prototype cases, the expected utility for discontinuing theophylline, continuing the drug at the same dosage, or lowering the dosage was determined and used to evaluate the relative worth of each therapeutic option."	( Applying decision analysis in therapeutic drug monitoring: using decision trees to interpret serum theophylline concentrations. Barr, JT; Schumacher, GE, 1986)	0.72
" Total plasma clearance, volume of distribution, and half-time determined from the intravenous data were similar, demonstrating that the pharmacokinetics of theophylline after chronic dosing can be predicted from the pharmacokinetics of a single dose."	( Comparison of single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline using stable isotopes. Koup, JR; Mercer, GD; Thummel, KE; Vestal, RE, 1986)	0.71
" Measurement of serum drug levels is the best method for individualized dosage adaptation, but the possibilities of routine drug monitoring are limited."	( [Drug therapy in liver diseases: problems in intensive care]. Follath, F, 1986)	0.27
" Dosage calculations for therapy at this age should be based on these kinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature infants on the first day of life. Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Stile, IL; Zolfaghari, S, 1986)	0.59
"The efficacy of the FDA guidelines for theophylline dosing in newborns was evaluated retrospectively in 224 patients who had clearance data available."	( Inadequacy of FDA dosing guidelines for theophylline use in neonates. Gal, P; Gilman, JT, 1986)	0.81
" In general, adult subjects dosed with solid theophylline formulations have morning trough theophylline concentrations 10-16% greater than corresponding evening troughs; this morning-to-evening drop is statistically significant."	( Circadian variation in steady-state trough theophylline concentrations. Reed, RC; Schwartz, HJ, 1986)	0.79
"To test the hypothesis that nighttime and early morning signs and symptoms of air flow obstruction in patients with moderately severe asthma would be better controlled by theophylline given on a once-a-day evening dosing schedule chosen to provide a peak blood level in the early morning than by the traditional twice-a-day dosing schedule designed to maintain levels more constant throughout the 24-hour period, the effects on nocturnal asthma of Uniphyl once a day and Theo-Dur twice a day were studied in 14 patients with moderately severe asthma."	( Timing of once-a-day theophylline dose to match peak blood level with diurnal variation in severity of asthma. Conrad, E; Reed, CE; Welsh, PW, 1986)	0.78
" In contrast, on oral dosing a smaller area under the serum concentration-time curve was found during the night time (22."	( Circadian changes in the absorption and elimination of theophylline in patients with bronchial obstruction. Follath, F; Uematsu, T; Vozeh, S, 1986)	0.52
" After the first study day patients were crossed over to the second treatment at a dosage providing a similar amount of theophylline."	( Methods of comparing pharmacokinetics of slow release preparations: a comparison of "Theo-Dur" and "Phyllocontin" in patients with asthma. Jackson, SH; Shah, K; Turner, P, 1986)	0.48
" These methods provide a rapid means of monitoring dosage in the individual patient."	( Early estimate of theophylline clearance during intravenous infusion. Bonanno, A; Bonsignore, G; Ferrara, G; Mangiacavallo, A; Mirabella, A; Rizzo, A, 1986)	0.6
" The tested medication has a favorable therapeutic spectrum as a result of the low dosage of the individual substances."	( [Bronchospasmolytic effectiveness of controlled drug combinations]. Forche, G; Harnoncourt, K; Zenker, G, 1986)	0.27
" Dosing errors accounted for the majority of cases."	( Theophylline toxicity in children. Baker, MD, 1986)	1.71
" Absorption rate profiles for theophylline obtained by the method using published data gave information on the initiation and termination of the absorption as well as the extent of absorption from the dosage form."	( Estimation of drug absorption rates using a deconvolution method with nonequal sampling times. Iga, K; Ogawa, Y; Shimamoto, T; Yashiki, T, 1986)	0.56
" Two patients required dosage reductions due to symptoms of toxicity."	( Theophylline clearance during pregnancy. Carter, BL; Driscoll, CE; Smith, GD, 1986)	1.71
" Six males (five nonsmokers) with obstructive ventilatory defects were studied in two phases: control, after receiving sustained-release theophylline in the same dosage regimen for four days, and treatment, after receiving tetracycline 250 mg po qid for five days in addition to theophylline."	( Evaluation of tetracycline on theophylline disposition in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Gotz, VP; Ryerson, GG, 1986)	0.76
" According to the results obtained, recommendations are made regarding the dosage regimens of theophylline in elderly patients."	( Individualization of theophylline dosage in adults with bronchial asthma. Barrueco, M; Dominguez-Gil, A; Gomez, F; Mariño, EL; Otero, MJ, 1986)	0.81
" Decentralized pharmacokinetics services can have a positive effect on the quality of serum drug concentration determinations, dosage adjustments, and drug therapy."	( Impact of decentralized pharmacokinetics consultation service. Bernstein, LR; Herfindal, ET; Winter, ME, 1986)	0.27
" There was a significant but small (10%) change in the mean S/P ratio during the dosing interval."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and effects of a new once-daily, slow-release theophylline capsule preparation in asthma. Alwazir, YA; Campbell, IA; Routledge, PA; Williams, PE, 1986)	0.5
" The drug dosage was determined by means of a stepwise increase of a daily dose in the range of 10-30 mg/kg/day under control of the patient's general condition and parameters of external respiratory function."	( [Theophylline concentration in the blood of children with persistently recurring bronchial asthma]. Gorshkova, IuG; Gusel', VA; Verbov, VN; Zisel'son, AD, )	1.04
" This study compared single daily versus twice daily dosing with a 24-hour theophylline, Uniphyl, in asthma and further evaluated for the additional effect of metered-dose albuterol on each theophylline regimen."	( The use of a single daily theophylline dose and metered-dose albuterol in asthma treatment. Bush, RK; Busse, WW; Smith, A, 1986)	0.8
" In evaluating food effects from a test formulation, it is essential to standardize the meal composition (fat content) and dosing time relative to meal intake."	( Effects of food on the bioavailability of theophylline from controlled-release products in adults. Karim, A, 1986)	0.54
"In two studies, 25 diurnally active patients with asthma (6 to 17 years of age) were evaluated at steady state for day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration (STC) by frequent blood sampling over two consecutive 12-hour dosing intervals while being given treatment with Theo-Dur."	( Clinical significance of day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration with special reference to Theo-Dur. Kramer, WG; Scott, PH; Smolensky, MH, 1986)	0.72
"We compared the kinetics of a single daily dosage form of theophylline (Theo-24) with the kinetics of a twice daily dosage form (Theo-Dur) while we controlled for intrasubject variation in theophylline clearance by use of stable isotope-labeled intravenous theophylline."	( Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of sustained-release theophylline dosage forms. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Howald, WN; Koup, JR; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG; Walker, SB, 1986)	0.74
" Extensive clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Uniphyl (anhydrous theophylline) tablets, 400 mg, shows that once-daily morning dosing is at least equivalent to twice-daily administration of theophylline."	( The Contin delivery system: dosing considerations. Leslie, S, 1986)	0.5
" Qualitative and quantitative differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs should be considered before dosage regimens can be established."	( [Peculiarities of drug therapy in childhood]. Kusenbach, G; Reinhardt, D, 1986)	0.27
" No significant difference was found between the two dosage regimens with regard to symptomatic improvement, adjuvant drug consumption, and plasma theophylline levels 12 hours after the evening dose."	( [Value of a daily dose of theophylline in the treatment of nocturnal asthma]. Godard, P; Kleisbauer, JP; Mazoyer, F; Muir, JF; Paramelle, B, 1986)	0.77
" The dose-response curves for synaptosomal 22Na uptake and for the inotropic effect on guinea pig left atria are parallel for sulmazole and the quinazolone drug, with first an increase and then a decrease in activity."	( Effect of some new cardiotonic agents on synaptosomal sodium uptake. Decker, N; Grima, M; Schwartz, J, 1986)	0.27
"To ascertain the effect of theophylline on the cardiac chronotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation, isoproterenol dose-response curves in healthy young subjects were compared during saline and theophylline maintenance infusions."	( Additive effect of theophylline on the cardiac response to isoproterenol. Cusack, BJ; Morgan, ME; Nielson, CP; Vestal, RE, 1987)	0.9
" The results demonstrated no relationship between dosing interval and the appearance of peak or trough levels with Theo-Dur."	( Optimal time for obtaining peak and trough theophylline levels in 12-hour and 24-hour products in children. Cole, WQ; Lutz, CN; Miller, E; Tinkelman, DG, 1987)	0.54
" Plasma concentration monitoring may be necessary for optimal dosing of theophylline in such patients."	( Cigarette abstinence, nicotine gum, and theophylline disposition. Benowitz, NL; Jacob, P; Lee, BL, 1987)	0.77
"For many drugs estimation of a safe and effective dosage regimen is difficult."	( Computerized drug therapy: application of the hand-held microcomputer to dosage regimen design. Brouwer, KR; Cook, J; Gwilt, PR; Steinke, M, 1985)	0.27
"A programmable calculator procedure for the determination of dosage regimens to achieve desired steady state concentrations is described."	( Design of initial dosage regimen using a programmable calculator. Eldon, MA; Ritschel, WA, 1985)	0.27
" Predicted serum theophylline concentrations were generated for each patient by entering into the SIMKIN program the characteristics pertinent to theophylline disposition and the patient's theophylline dosing regimen."	( Computer prediction of serum theophylline concentrations in ambulatory patients. Deci, PA; Grauer, K; Lopez, LM; Robinson, JD, 1985)	0.9
" Dose-response curves were obtained and plotted against control animals (n = 10)."	( Grip strength test and infrared thermometry as non-invasive methods to complement acute toxicity data in mice. Nordmann, H, 1985)	0.27
" The present study suggests that both drugs can be given concomitantly without the need for dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( Lack of influence of co-trimoxazole on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, AH; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; Van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.75
"The literature reviewed herein clearly demonstrates the poor correlation between drug dosing and the ability to achieve a specific serum drug concentration and between drug dosing and clinical response, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index."	( Comparison of drug dosing methods. Brater, DC; Burton, ME; Vasko, MR, )	0.13
" Concurrent administration of triacetyloleandomycin with drugs whose metabolism is known to be affected or that could potentially be affected should be avoided unless appropriate adjustments in dosage are made."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the macrolide antibiotics. Ludden, TM, )	0.13
"To evaluate empiric dosing guidelines for aminophylline and phenytoin in the management of acute exacerbations of obstructive lung disease and seizure disorders, we utilized an emergency department (ED)-based EMIT system to measure stat plasma theophylline and phenytoin levels in patients intended to receive these drugs."	( Effect of empiric dosing on blood levels of theophylline and phenytoin. Bederka, J; Curtis, RA; Hutchinson, RA; Troyer, WG, 1985)	0.71
" Slow-release products have the potential to provide more stable serum concentrations with longer dosing intervals."	( Update on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Hendeles, L; Massanari, M; Weinberger, M, 1985)	0.52
" The addition of albuterol to theophylline improved control of severe asthma in children 2 to 6 years of age demonstrated by improvement in pulmonary function, decrease in theophylline dosage requirement, and improvement in symptoms."	( Albuterol syrup in the treatment of asthma. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG, 1985)	0.56
" Clinical status and serum theophylline levels were monitored during the 4-week dosing interval on each medication."	( A comparative trial of the clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 12-hour and 24-hour controlled release theophylline preparations in patients with chronic asthma. Decouto, J; Edelman, L; Janky, DG; Miller, E; Tinkelman, DG, 1985)	0.78
" The salivary theophylline concentration appears to be a suitable parameter for assessment of compliance, for identification of patients with inappropriate dosage, and for consequent dosage adjustment."	( Determination of theophylline in saliva, using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). Niemann, A; Oellerich, M; Schumann, G; Sybrecht, GW, 1985)	0.97
" A dose-response curve was determined."	( Evidence of direct thyroid-stimulating action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone by perifusion of rat thyroid fragments. Attali, JR; Darnis, D; Perret, G; Sebaoun, J; Valensi, P, 1985)	0.27
" We concluded that drug dosage should be reduced and the possibility of seizure activity at lower serum concentration than would be otherwise anticipated should be kept in mind."	( Seizures due to theophylline overdose. Kolischenko, A; Singer, EP, 1985)	0.62
" New pharmacokinetic assays reveal that it exerts classic dose-response effects both in vitro and in vivo."	( Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma: coming of age in the United States. Bernstein, IL, 1985)	0.27
" There is now less reluctance to increase dosage when their efficacy becomes inadequate."	( [Routine treatment methods in respiratory allergy]. Bonstein, H, 1985)	0.27
"0 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) to determine, on the basis of serial serum concentrations obtained over a 12-hour dosing interval at steady state, the suitability of such a product in patients likely to metabolize the drug very rapidly."	( Evaluation of serum theophylline concentrations following administration of sustained-release beads in applesauce to asthmatic preschool children. Correia, J; Isles, AF; Leeder, JS; Levison, H; Macleod, SM; Robertson, C, 1986)	0.59
" To assess bronchial responsiveness, dose-response curves were established by plotting the baseline value of FEV1 and the largest FEV1 after each doubling dose of nebulized distilled water against the dose of nebulized water."	( Long-lasting protective effect of slow-release theophylline on asthma induced by ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. Alessandri, MV; De Marzo, N; Fabbri, LM; Mapp, CE; Paleari, D; Pozzan, M; Zocca, E, 1986)	0.53
" In addition, the pharmacology of the drugs must be of such an order of complexity that there is not a simple relationship between dosage and serum levels."	( Serum theophylline and phenytoin levels: can we afford to do them? Can we afford not to? Kuhn, G, 1986)	0.75
" These results indicate that this simple method of Chiou may offer a reliable rapid estimation of total body clearance for dosage individualization in patients receiving intravenous aminophylline infusion."	( Rapid estimation of total body clearance of theophylline in patients receiving intravenous aminophylline infusion. Al-Bazzaz, FJ; Chiou, WL; Lam, G; Lau, AH; Lui, CY; O'Connor, T, 1986)	0.53
" As the volume of distribution and the clearance were not affected by cefaclor, it is concluded that both drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline during co-treatment with cefaclor. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1986)	0.76
"56, that were well tolerated, being the theophylline blood levels, five hours after dosing 14."	( [Sustained-release theophylline: study in a child population]. Díaz Fernández, M; Gracía Hidalgo, A; López Elorze, F; Mateo Cañas, G, 1986)	0.87
" Percent prediction error was used to determine the appropriateness of each dosing group."	( Volume of distribution of theophylline in acute exacerbations of reversible airway disease. Effect of body weight. Curtis, RA; Fischer, JH; Troyer, WG; Zell, M, 1985)	0.57
" After repetitive dosing with ketoconazole, chlordiazepoxide clearance decreased by 38% and was associated with reduced concentrations of its first oxidative metabolite, N-desmethylchlordiazepoxide."	( Effect of ketoconazole on hepatic oxidative drug metabolism. Brown, MW; Maldonado, AL; Meredith, CG; Speeg, KV, 1985)	0.27
" On a 12 hourly dosing schedule, mean dose was 25."	( Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release theophylline preparation in infants and preschool children with asthma. Isles, AF; Newth, CJ, 1985)	0.54
" Appreciation of this potential variability is necessary for the proper interpretation of STC measurements and subsequent dosage adjustment."	( Inconsistent absorption from a sustained-release theophylline preparation during continuous therapy in asthmatic children. Kalisker, A; Rogers, RJ; Szefler, SJ; Wiener, MB, 1985)	0.52
" For each patient, total theophylline dosage was calculated and a theophylline blood level was obtained at the time of EEG recording."	( Central nervous system effects of antiasthma medication--an EEG study. Cummins, KR; Euwer, RL; Friedman, A; Shucard, DW; Shucard, JL; Spector, SL, 1985)	0.57
" It is concluded that both drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( Lack of effect of amoxicillin on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.77
" It is concluded that both drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( No effect of cefaclor on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.79
" Urine samples were collected for 24 h after dosing and analysed for caffeine and eleven of its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Comparison of the urinary metabolite profile of caffeine in young and elderly males. Blanchard, J; Jonkman, JH; Sawers, SJ; Tang-Liu, DD, 1985)	0.27
" It is concluded that (1) theophylline dosage based entirely on standard dose will lead to an unacceptably high percentage of under-dosing; (2) schematic consideration of body-weight, sex, age, living habits, and accompanying diseases proved to be unreliable and insufficient for individual dose determination; (3) dose adaptation to individual clinical situations and serum concentration is necessary in theophylline treatment of ambulatory patients and, in the light of present technical facilities, is cost-effective."	( [Determination of serum theophylline concentration in ambulatory practice]. Neiss, A; Rietbrock, N; Staib, AH, 1985)	0.88
"001) for both the sustained-release and uncoated dosage forms."	( In vitro-in vivo correlation and dissolution studies with oral theophylline dosage forms. el-Yazigi, A; Sawchuk, RJ, 1985)	0.51
" It is concluded that the drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( No influence of doxycycline on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, A; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.78
" Significant alterations in theophylline dosage may be required during the acute and recovery phases of viral hepatitis."	( The effects of acute viral hepatitis on theophylline clearance. Feinstein, RA; Miles, MV, 1985)	0.83
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for "once-daily" dosing indications, amid controversy regarding the appropriateness of this decision."	( Food-induced "dose-dumping" from a once-a-day theophylline product as a cause of theophylline toxicity. Hendeles, L; Hill, M; Milavetz, G; Vaughan, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	0.53
"We have carried out a steady state pharmacokinetic comparison of three different theophylline preparations in nine healthy volunteers using a once a day dosage schedule of 600 mg theophylline given before bedtime for four days."	( Night-time pharmacokinetics of once a day theophylline: a steady state comparison of three preparations. Karttunen, P; Nykänen, S; Saano, V; Tukiainen, H, 1985)	0.76
" In patients receiving theophylline, blood levels should be monitored closely and dosage adjusted if rifampicin therapy is introduced or withdrawn."	( Effect of rifampicin administration on theophylline pharmacokinetics in humans. Gray, BJ; Jamieson, AP; Moxham, J; Powell-Jackson, PR; Williams, R, 1985)	0.85
"The disposition of theophylline was examined in seven children with asthma on two occasions before and on one occasion after chronic phenobarbital dosing (2 mg/kg/day)."	( The effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition in children with asthma. Danish, M; Greene, J; Mansmann, HC; Ragni, MC; Rocci, ML; Saccar, CL; Yaffe, SJ, 1985)	0.88
" The procedure was successfully applied to analysis of drug content in representative dosage forms with good accuracy."	( DC polarographic assay of piperazines. Ibrahim, FA; Rizk, MS; Walash, MI, )	0.13
" Slow-release formulations provide more stable serum concentrations with longer dosing intervals if absorbed completely, consistently, and at a sufficiently slow rate and thus have the potential to improve efficacy and compliance."	( Theophylline product and dosing interval selection for chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1985)	1.71
" Reports of major toxic reactions to theophylline, particularly in children, discouraged its use and led to homeopathic dosing recommendations that had little therapeutic effect."	( Theophylline toxicity. Ellis, EF, 1985)	1.98
" Prediction of CL with either of the concentration-based methods studied will then allow safe and rapid adjustment of dosage to achieve therapeutic serum concentrations."	( Estimation of theophylline clearance during intravenous aminophylline infusions. Gilman, TM; Jung, RC; Muir, KT; Walberg, CB, 1985)	0.63
" This case report demonstrates remarkable alterations in the CLT as a result of high doses of pentobarbital, necessitating the need for substantial dosage adjustments of theophylline."	( Influence of high-dose pentobarbital on theophylline pharmacokinetics: a case report. Bauer, LA; Blouin, RA; Gibson, GA; Rapp, RP; Tibbs, PA, 1985)	0.73
"1 to 1 mM) or verapamil (3 to 30 nM) induced parallel, concentration-dependent rightward displacements of the dose-response curves to Ca2+ (0."	( Ketamine-inhibition of calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat uterus: a comparison with other calcium antagonists. Calixto, JB; Loch, S, 1985)	0.27
" Ten patients with asthma undergoing chronic dosing with slow release aminophylline underwent 12 h of blood sampling to calculate theophylline clearance."	( Personality and theophylline pharmacokinetics. Cooper, CA; Jackson, SH; Turner, TH, 1985)	0.82
" Renal clearance was 24% greater after morning dosing and was accompanied by an increased excretion fraction of unchanged theophylline."	( Temporal variation in the disposition of theophylline and its metabolites. Isles, AF; MacLeod, SM; Spino, M; St-Pierre, MV; Tesoro, A, 1985)	0.74
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the effect of intraportal adenosine infusion on hepatic arterial conductance in doses that did not lead to recirculation and secondary effects on the hepatic artery via altered portal blood flow."	( The use of 8-phenyltheophylline as a competitive antagonist of adenosine and an inhibitor of the intrinsic regulatory mechanism of the hepatic artery. Lautt, WW; Legare, DJ, 1985)	0.6
" In conclusion, the SRT tablet is effective in treating many young asthmatics on a 12-hr dosage schedule."	( Evaluation of a sustained-release theophylline tablet in young asthmatics. Baldwin, JN; Kobayashi, RH; Swigart, SA, 1985)	0.55
" Applications range from ocular inserts to transdermal patches to oral dosage forms."	( Membrane systems: practical applications. Smith, KL, 1985)	0.27
" It is concluded that both drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and theophylline during cotreatment with both medicaments. Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, AH; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; van der Boon, WJ, 1985)	0.53
"Theophylline absorption from sustained-release formulations intended for administration every 8 hours and every 12 hours was examined in children ages 2 to 6 years during multiple dosing intervals."	( Theophylline absorption in young asthmatic children receiving sustained-release formulations. Haltom, JR; Szefler, SJ, 1985)	3.15
" However, wide interindividual variations in serum theophylline concentrations were observed, indicating that for optimal treatment individualization of dosage is preferable."	( Clinical and bronchodilating efficacy of controlled-release theophylline as a function of its serum concentrations in preschool children. Duiverman, EJ; Graatsma, BH; Kerrebijn, KF; Neijens, HJ, 1985)	0.76
") is an ultra-slow-absorbing formulation of theophylline suitable for once-a-day dosing in slow and normal metabolizers of theophylline."	( Food-induced changes in theophylline absorption from controlled-release formulations. Part II. Importance of meal composition and dosing time relative to meal intake in assessing changes in absorption. Burns, T; Hurwitz, A; Janky, D; Karim, A, 1985)	0.84
" Thus, determination of the 14C/3H ratio in newly synthesized triglycerides permits the assessment of adrenoceptor dose-response characteristics (lipolysis) of unweighed fragments of adipose tissue."	( A radioisotopic method for the measurement of free fatty acid turnover and adrenoceptor response in small fragments of human adipose tissue. Leibel, RL, 1985)	0.27
"A pharmacokinetic method for individualizing theophylline dosage is described."	( The effectiveness of drug level monitoring and pharmacokinetics in individualizing theophylline therapy. Fitzpatrick, RW; Moss-Barclay, C, 1985)	0.75
" In this study, using the conventional dosage schedule as practised in Singapore, SRT has distinct advantages over CT in the treatment of chronic asthma."	( A comparative study of the use of choline theophyllinate and a sustained-release theophylline in adults with chronic asthma. Chan, KW; Feng, PH; Lee, HS; Tan, TH; Ti, TY, 1985)	0.5
" The drug was given orally in a dosage of 100 mg BID for ten days."	( Therapeutic activity of ambroxol theophyllinacetate in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Primbs, K, 1985)	0.27
" Besides, dependence of theophylline elimination rate constant on the time of chrysene dosing was also shown."	( The effect of chrysene and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the elimination of theophylline in rats. Brandys, J; Piekoszewski, W, 1985)	0.8
" These formulations maintain therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations for prolonged periods, permitting longer dosing intervals and improved patient compliance."	( Methylxanthine therapy and reversible airway obstruction. McFadden, ER, 1985)	0.53
" single daily dosing with the 24-hour sustained-release theophylline Uniphyl."	( Comparison of morning and evening dosing with a 24-hour sustained-release theophylline, Uniphyl, for nocturnal asthma. Bush, RK; Busse, WW, 1985)	0.75
") dosing regimens with a new once-daily oral theophylline (Uniphyl, Purdue Frederick) was performed."	( Comparison of morning versus evening dosing with a new once-daily oral theophylline formulation. Calcutt, L; Child, S; Hodder, RV; MacLeod, JP; Rivington, RN; Stewart, JH, 1985)	0.76
" In a preliminary experiment, the usual human dosage (milligram per kilogram) of each drug was given to 1 horse."	( Theophylline and dyphylline pharmacokinetics in the horse. Ayres, JW; Chang, SF; Pearson, EG; Riebold, TW, 1985)	1.71
" After repeated 12-hourly dosing to steady-state, and adjustment of dose to achieve trough concentrations of between 5 and 10 mg l-1 (28-55 mumol l-1), theophylline concentration fluctuated to a significantly greater extent within a dose interval when the subjects were taking Phyllocontin than when they were taking Theo-Dur."	( The rise and fall of serum theophylline concentration: a comparison of sustained-release formulations in volunteers with rapid theophylline clearance. Kuhn, S; Mucklow, JC, 1985)	0.76
" Addition of naloxone to propranolol shifted the dose-response curve of propranolol to the left significantly, indicating an additive effect of the two drugs in their antiarrhythmic activity."	( Cardiac antiarrhythmic evaluation of naloxone with or without propranolol using a modified chloroform-hypoxia screening test in the rat. Lee, AY; Wong, TM, )	0.13
" Additional clinical features are discussed, including avoidance of dosing errors through careful instruction of all caretakers prior to discharge."	( Theophylline toxicity in a preterm infant: selected clinical aspects. Komatsu, G; Modanlou, HD; Strauss, AA, 1985)	1.71
" The protracted action of GTR-80 300 mg could be demonstrated by the significantly longer period elapsing before reaching serum peaks compared to that after dosing of the fast absorbing solution."	( [Pharmacokinetics and biologic availability of a new theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Brüller, W; Fischer, M; Tritthart, W, 1985)	0.52
" Such dose-response relationships may be pertinent to an understanding of phenomena of specific immunological nonresponsiveness and certain types of antigenic competition."	( Antibody formation: reduced responses after administration of excessive amounts of nonspecific stimulators. Braun, W; Ishizuka, M, 1971)	0.25
" This inhibitory effect of low concentrations of ethacrynic acid could be surmounted by high, supramaximal dosage levels of vasopressin."	( Effects of ethacrynic acid on the isolated collecting tubule. Abramow, M, 1974)	0.25
" In response to a range of ACTH concentrations a sigmoid log dose-response curve for protein kinase activation was obtained, with half-maximal stimulation attained at about 1x10(-3)i."	( The role of protein kinase activation in the control of steroidogenesis by adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the adrenal cortex. Richardson, MC; Schulster, D, 1973)	0.25
" This hypothesis is used to generate dose-response curves describing the combined effects of epinephrine and theophylline, and these are compared with experimental data."	( Mode of action of chronotropic agents in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Does epinephrine act by directly modifying the external surface charge? Tsien, RW, 1974)	0.47
"" The precision of the method derives from a direct comparison between the cumulative dose-response curve of an agonist of unknown potency acting on one hemibladder and that of a reference compound acting on the contralateral hemibladder."	( A sensitive hydroosmotic toad bladder assay. Affinity and intrinsic activity of neurohypophyseal peptides. Eggena, P; Schwartz, IL; Walter, R, 1968)	0.25
" There was a dose-response effect of Ro20-1724 on PDE activity of AD cells."	( Increased leukocyte sensitivity to phosphodiesterase inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: tachyphylaxis after theophylline therapy. Baker, JW; Chan, SC; Giustina, TA; Hanifin, JM; Thiel, ML, 1984)	0.48
" When dose-response relationships could be determined, the adenyl compounds were found to be of similar potency."	( Ionic basis of the hyperpolarizing action of adenyl compounds on sinus venosus of the tortoise heart. Hutter, OF; Rankin, AC, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were constructed for the inhibitory action of these agents on both cellular parameters and their interrelationship examined by regression analysis."	( Effect of cyclic AMP on cellular contractility and DNA synthesis in chorioretinal fibroblasts maintained in collagen matrices. Constable, IJ; Martin, CE; van Bockxmeer, FM, 1984)	0.27
" Slow-release aminophylline in adequate dosage appears to be the most effective treatment yet demonstrated for nocturnal asthma."	( Single-dose slow-release aminophylline at night prevents nocturnal asthma. Barnes, PJ; Greening, AP; Neville, L; Poole, GW; Timmers, J, 1982)	0.26
" When appropriate, reducing the dosage of these agents or switching to an alternative drug will minimize the incidence of side effects."	( Cimetidine as an inhibitor of drug metabolism: therapeutic implications and review of the literature. Bauman, JH; Kimelblatt, BJ, 1982)	0.26
" Benefit and risk of toxicity both relate directly to serum concentration, however, and large interpatient variability in rates of elimination require that dosage be individualized by measurement of serum concentration."	( Improved efficacy and safety of theophylline in the control of airways hyperreactivity. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1982)	0.55
" In a period of eighteen months 1913 such assays were performed, and their influence on management was assessed by retrospective analysis in two groups--113 outpatients on stable dosage with no recent exacerbations of disease; and 28 inpatients and outpatients with concentrations exceeding 25 mg/l."	( Theophylline prescribing, serum concentrations, and toxicity. Geddes, DM; Johnson, MA; Woodcock, AA, 1983)	1.71
" Dosing practices that will minimize side effects and toxicity are stressed, along with their management if they do occur."	( Theophylline use in asthma. Some current issues. Jenne, JW, 1984)	1.71
" IBMX by itself, stimulated ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in a dose-response fashion; but the IBMX at concentrations up to 1 mM had no effect on the magnitude of the prolactin-stimulated ODC activity."	( Effect of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine on prolactin actions on RNA synthesis, casein synthesis, lipid synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse mammary gland explants. Rillema, JA; Wing, LY, 1982)	0.26
" With IBMX the dose-response curve for the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by VIP or secretin spanned a range of lower concentrations than did that obtained with Ro 20-1724, which in turn spanned a range of lower concentrations than did that obtained with theophylline."	( Effects of inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase on the actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin on pancreatic acini. Gardner, JD; Korman, LY; Sutliff, VE; Walker, MD, 1982)	0.44
" IBMX but not Ro 20-1724 caused a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve for the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by carbachol."	( Effects of inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase on actions of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and carbachol on pancreatic acini. Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Sutliff, VE; Walker, MD, 1983)	0.27
" Terbutaline (TER) (10, 20, or 40 microgram/kg intravenously) shifted dose dependently the airways MeCh dose-response curves to the right, with minor stimulation of the heart."	( Actions of theophylline, terbutaline, and ipratropium bromide alone and in combinations on the methacholine induced bronchoconstriction in rats. Edholm, LE; Mattila, MJ; Salonen, RO, 1982)	0.65
" This synergism produced an improved therapeutic index in a dose-response study and in a comparison between antileukemic effects and effects on white blood cell nadirs."	( Synergistic antileukemic effect of theophylline and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Bathina, SH; DeWys, WD, 1980)	0.54
" The dose-response curve for isoprenaline was shifted to the right and downward in the presence of YC-93 in a concentration-dependent manner, and the positive inotropic action of calcium was also inhibited markedly by YC-93."	( Dissociation of cyclic AMP and contractile responses to isoprenaline: effects of a dihydropyridine derivative, nicardipine (YC-93), on canine ventricular muscle. Endoh, M; Taira, N; Yanagisawa, T, 1980)	0.26
" Among purine and pyrimidine derivatives, only adenosine and adenine nucleotides depressed the field potential with similar dose-response curves at concentrations of 10(-5)."	( Inhibitory action of adenosine on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the guinea pig in vitro. Okada, Y; Ozawa, S, 1980)	0.26
" Cumulative dose-response curves with epinephrine and norepinephrine showed graded contraction."	( Adrenergic receptors and sympathetic agents in isolated human pulmonary arteries. Boe, J; Simonsson, BG, 1980)	0.26
" (4) Although ADP and ATP had partial agonist-liked dose-response curves, they did not inhibit the response to adenosine."	( Adenosine receptor activation by adenine nucleotides requires conversion of the nucleotides to adenosine. Bruns, RF, 1980)	0.26
" For the evaluation of drug input schemes it is essential to know the pharmacokinetic parameters and their variation for different dosage forms."	( Pharmacolinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis of theophylline for three different drug forms. Appel, R; Reinhardt, D; Richter, O, 1981)	0.51
" The potential impact of corticosteroid dosage levels (high versus low) and treatment regimens (daily versus alternate day) on attention and memory is discussed."	( The influence of corticosteroids and theophylline on cerebral function. A review. Dirks, JF; Schraa, JC, 1982)	0.54
"2 Dose-response curves to adenosine and a number of 5'- and N(6)-substituted analogues were constructed for the isolated guinea-pig trachea, contracted with carbachol."	( Evidence for an A2/Ra adenosine receptor in the guinea-pig trachea. Brown, CM; Collis, MG, 1982)	0.26
" Imidazole had no effect on the dose-response relationship for Ca2+ in the presence of potassium, 40 mM."	( Imidazole-induced potentiation of the contractile response to various agonists in vascular smooth muscle. Hester, RK; Ishida, Y; Shibata, S; Suzuki, Y, 1982)	0.26
" No other hormone altered the FSH dose-response curve."	( Proteoglycan production by bovine granulosa cells in vitro occurs in response to fsh. Ax, RL; Bellin, ME; Lenz, RW; Steadman, LE, 1983)	0.27
" dosing of SCH 28080, 1 mg/kg, indicating that the antisecretory action of SCH 28080 was not secondary to changes in gastric blood flow."	( Studies on the mechanisms of the antisecretory and cytoprotective actions of SCH 28080. Barnett, A; Casciano, C; Chiu, PJ; Long, JF; Tetzloff, G, 1983)	0.27
" Dipyridamole, an adenosine uptake blocker, potentiated the effects of low concentrations of adenosine and shifted the dose-response curve for adenosine towards that of 2-chloroadenosine (EC50 = 1 microM)."	( The ionic basis of adenosine receptor actions on post-ganglionic neurones in the rat. Henon, BK; McAfee, DA, 1983)	0.27
" These findings indicate that: (i) increases in cAMP or Ca activity stimulate electrogenic Cl secretion by the columnar cells of the surface epithelium; (ii) cAMP mediates the effects of PGE1 and beta-adrenergic agonists; (iii) a strict correlation between cAMP levels and Cl secretion rate is not apparent from spontaneous variations in these parameters or from dose-response relations of Isc and cAMP to epinephrine concentration; and (iv) acetylcholine, histamine, and phenylephrine, agents that stimulate electrically-neutral NaCl secretion by submucosal glands, do not evoke cAMP-mediated responses by the surface epithelium."	( Chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium: I. Role of intracellular c AMP levels. Frizzell, RA; Smith, PL; Stoff, JS; Welsh, MJ, 1982)	0.26
" The dose-response curve for ATP-induced contraction was shifted to the right by theophylline."	( Effect of apamin and theophylline on adenosine-5'-triphosphate-induced response of the guinea pig gallbladder. Ishikawa, Y; Takahashi, T; Yamamura, T, 1983)	0.81
") factors; these recent advances have led to improved individual adjustment of theophylline dosage using serum concentration assays if needed."	( [Bronchodilators]. Advenier, C; Cerrina, J; Duroux, P, 1984)	0.5
" A significant difference was not found between the two cimetidine dosages, indicating dose independence of the interaction over the dosage range studied."	( Inhibition of theophylline clearance by cimetidine but not ranitidine. Cross, RE; Eshelman, FN; Powell, JR; Rogers, JF; Wargin, WA, 1984)	0.63
" Although this activity (tested in the presence of GTP) was unaltered by adrenalectomy, the dose-response curve of this enzyme to low concentrations of N6-PIA showed an activation in sham-operated and an inhibition in adrenalectomized rats, two effects which were suppressed by sodium (80 mM)."	( N6-phenylisopropyladenosine stimulates in normal and inhibits in adrenalectomized rats the low KM cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in the brain. de Mazancourt, P; Giudicelli, Y, 1984)	0.27
"The possibility of using microcapsules as a sustained dosage form of theophylline has been investigated."	( The in vivo performance of theophylline microcapsules. Meleka, MR; Nixon, JR, )	0.66
" Dosage for long-term therapy is determined by starting with low doses that allow virtually complete acceptance of the medication followed by gradual increases, if tolerated, at three day intervals until mean age-specific doses are reached."	( Theophylline. A "state of the art" review. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, )	1.57
" Because of the impaired renal function in ESRD patients, dosage reduction is often recommended to avoid adverse drug reactions, particularly for drugs and active metabolites with extensive renal excretion."	( Drug therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Lee, CS; Marbury, TC, )	0.13
" Glucagon did not antagonize the maximal stimulatory effect of insulin, nor did it alter the insulin dose-response curve."	( Regulation of peripheral lipogenesis by glucagon. Inability of the hormone to inhibit lipogenesis in rat mammary acini in vitro in the presence or absence of agents which alter its effects on adipocytes. Clegg, RA; Robson, NA; Zammit, VA, 1984)	0.27
" In contrast, slow release formulations have the potential to achieve relatively constant serum concentrations with 12-hour dosing intervals, thus providing around-the-clock stabilisation of the hyper-reactive airways that characterise chronic asthma."	( A clinical and pharmacokinetic basis for the selection and use of slow release theophylline products. Hendeles, L; Iafrate, RP; Weinberger, M, )	0.36
" The same dosage per kilogram for either preparation gave virtually identical mean serum levels suggesting there is no difference in the rate of absorption between the two preparations."	( A comparative trial of two slow-release theophylline tablets in the treatment of asthma; Nuelin S.A. and Theocontin Continus tablets. Davies, BH; Davies, PD; Hakeem, V; Munn, J, 1984)	0.54
" Peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and its subdivisions were measured weekly 2, 4, and 6 hr after oral dosing with drug or placebo."	( Verofylline, a methylxanthine bronchodilator, in asthma. Booker, WM; Lucas, SG; Malveaux, FJ; Morris, EA; Pittman, J; Rachal, RE; Young, RC, 1984)	0.27
" The aim of this study was to establish a rapid system of drug assay, to report the result, to assess the influence of pathological and clinical factors on the pharmacokinetics of certain drugs, and to use a computer to determine the optimum dosage of drugs."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics: a comprehensive system for therapeutic drug monitoring and prescribing. Bryson, SM; Derkx, FH; Fotheringham, GH; Joel, SE; Kelman, AW; Thomson, AH; Whiting, B, 1984)	0.27
" Careful dosage titration prevents adverse effects, especially when final dosage is guided by measurement of serum concentration."	( Theophylline for chronic asthma: rationale for treatment, product selection, and dosage schedule. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1983)	1.71
" These data suggest that the nutritional status of a growing organ could be important determining the cellular effects of conventionally dosed theophylline under clinical conditions."	( Protein-energy malnutrition alters theophylline effect on DNA synthesis in neonatal rat brain in vitro. Nakamoto, T; Quinby, GE, )	0.61
" The theophylline dosage was regulated to obtain serum levels of 10 to 15 micrograms/mL by a physician not involved directly with patient care."	( A double-blind study comparing the effectiveness of cromolyn sodium and sustained-release theophylline in childhood asthma. Bierman, CW; Furukawa, CT; Kraemer, MJ; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG; Ward, DJ, 1984)	1
" For both tissue regions fasting induced a right-ward shift in the dose-response curve for the inhibitory effect of the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine, on theophylline-induced lipolysis, corresponding to a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity."	( Influence of fasting on lipolytic response to adrenergic agonists and on adrenergic receptors in subcutaneous adipocytes. Arner, P; Engfeldt, P; Kimura, H; Ostman, J; Wahrenberg, H, 1984)	0.47
"A study was carried out in 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of a standard theophylline preparation given 4-times daily with that of a long-acting preparation given in comparable dosage twice daily."	( Short-acting versus a long-acting preparation of theophylline ('Xantivent') in the treatment of reversible bronchospasm. Andrasch, R; Schmitz-Schumann, M, 1984)	0.72
" One dosage form appeared to release drug by an apparent zero-order rate."	( Dissolution studies of some sustained-release theophylline dosage forms. Plett, KD; Scerbo, C; Simons, FE; Simons, KJ, 1984)	0.53
" The procedure presented here provides possibilities for the assay of these compounds in various dosage forms."	( [Gas chromatography determination of atropine, theophylline, phenobarbital and aminophenazone in tablets]. Majlát, P, 1984)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were done following oral or intravenous dosing of theophylline."	( Use of pharmacokinetic profile in evaluating patients with repeatedly low theophylline concentrations. Baswell, B; Georgitis, JW; Shen, DD; Szefler, SJ, 1984)	0.73
" Using a nomogram derived from the plasma concentration 6 hours after dosing and the logarithm of the calculated dose, which were significantly correlated, there was a significant relation between the dose predicted and the actual dose required to produce a concentration of 55 mumol/l."	( Theophylline dose prediction. Beswick, DT; Cullen, RE; Rylance, GW, 1984)	1.71
" Three products, two new to the United States market, have received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 24-hour dosing claims."	( Theophylline QID, TID, BID and now QD? A report on 24-hour dosing with slow-release theophylline formulations with emphasis on analyses of data used to obtain Food and Drug Administration approval for Theo-24. Weinberger, MM, )	1.57
" Dose dependency for elimination may cause changes in a steady-state serum concentration during multiple dosing that is disproportionately larger than changes in dosage."	( Dose dependency for absorption and elimination rates of theophylline. Implications for studies of bioavailability. Milavetz, G; Vaughan, L; Weinberger, M, )	0.38
" The dose-response relationships of theophylline and enprofylline were studied on these preparations."	( Potent bronchodilating effects of enprofylline and theophylline on contractions induced by egg albumin or by slow reacting substance (SRS). Andersson, RG; Hedman, SE, 1984)	0.79
" When the audit categories of rational indication, correct performance, and appropriate dosage adjustment were evaluated independently, compliance rates were 69."	( A utilization review of theophylline assays: sampling patterns and use. Bryant, SG; Doutre, WH; Fuchs, JE; Guernsey, BG; Hokanson, JA; Ingrim, NB; Prohaska, C; Sigler, KA, 1984)	0.57
"This study indicates that a sustained-release tablet may be used in certain young children on an every-12-hr dosing schedule with acceptable serum theophylline fluctuation."	( Serum theophylline levels in young children receiving a sustained-release theophylline tablet. Baldwin, JN; Howard, ML; Jensen, BK; Kobayashi, RH, 1984)	0.95
" Antacids had no detectable influence on theophylline elimination half-life and had no consistent, statistically significant effect on the extent of theophylline bioavailability, according to measurements of maximal concentration, AUC measured over the appropriate steady-state dosing interval, or elimination-rate adjusted AUC."	( Lack of influence of an intensive antacid regimen on theophylline bioavailability. Reed, RC; Schwartz, HJ, 1984)	0.78
" Only 1 of the 21 patients met the criteria for dose dependency of a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in clearance with dosage increase."	( Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline in adults with pulmonary diseases. Gotz, VP; Massey, KL; Russell, WL, 1984)	0.56
"The ability of a dosing regimen of intravenous theophylline to achieve therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations was evaluated."	( Inadequacy of FDA dosing guidelines for intravenous theophylline. Hemmes, RJ; Lopez, LM; Russell, WL; Ryerson, EG, 1984)	0.78
" Based on the bioavailability and disposition kinetics of theophylline, an intragastric dosage regimen for aminophylline consisting of the administration of 5 mg/kg at 12 h intervals would be expected to maintain plasma theophylline concentrations within the therapeutic range."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline in horses. Baggot, JD; Button, C; Errecalde, JO; Mulders, MS, 1984)	0.78
" the time for 15% of the drug to be released into solution from the dosage form (from graphed data) using either the USP I apparatus or the Resotest."	( In vivo-in vitro correlations with sustained-release theophylline preparations. Alcorn, GJ; Koch, HP; Ritschel, WA, 1984)	0.52
" There was no significant difference between treatments in serum theophylline levels fluctuations, although the dosing interval (12 hours) was twice as long for CR formulation."	( [Chronic asthma in children: comparison between a delayed-action theophylline preparation and a prompt-release aminophylline preparation]. Longo, F; Longo, G; Poli, F; Strinati, R, )	0.61
" The concentrations of unchanged theophylline was analyzed over a 24-h period in plasma and a 48-h period in urine after both dosage forms."	( A cross-over study of oral and intravenous administration of theophylline in male volunteers. Absolute bioavailability of theophylline tablets. Kaumeier, HS; Kehrhahn, OH; Neugebauer, G; Schuppan, D; Schwarz, JA; Staib, AH, 1984)	0.79
" During one 12-hour dosage interval (noon to midnight), clearance was assumed to be larger than during the other dosage interval (midnight to noon)."	( Influence of pharmacokinetic diurnal variation on bioavailability estimates. Bauer, LA; Gibaldi, M; Vestal, RE, )	0.13
" Using a complete crossover design, the fasted subjects received a single dose of each dosage form."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline following enema and suppository administration in man. Cole, ML; Kunka, RL, )	0.4
" In addition, in order to investigate dose-dependent kinetics for theophylline, the relationship between average plasma level and dosage was examined with Theona."	( Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release theophylline preparation in healthy subjects. Goto, M; Nakamoto, Y; Sugiyama, M; Yamashina, H, 1983)	0.77
" The subjects took one or other dosage regimen on different occasions separated by a 7-day washout period."	( Alteration of pharmacokinetics after halving a slow-release theophylline tablet. Clee, MD; Hockings, N; Moody, JP; Primrose, WR, 1983)	0.51
" Individualising of theophylline dosing is particularly needed when treating patients on a varied dietary intake."	( The effect of diet upon serum concentrations of theophylline. Dawson, S; McAllister, WA; Skypala, I; Thompson, PJ; Turner Warwick, M, 1983)	0.85
" Plasma levels from 5 to 20 mg/l were measured after five days of treatment with either preparation given in average dosage of 10 mg Theophylline per kg body weight."	( [Comparison of 2 theophylline delayed-action preparations of different galenic forms]. Hirsch, H, 1983)	0.81
" This dosage produced a minimal increase in heart rate and reduced the PR interval."	( The search for a digitalis substitute II milrinone (Win 47203). Its action on the heart-lung preparation of the dog. Farah, A; Kabela, E; Mendez, R; Pastelin, G, 1983)	0.27
" Based on the results obtained and pharmacokinetic properties, the expectable optimal dosage and formulations for the possible field of indication were elaborated."	( Biopharmaceutical aspects of Depogen. Marton, S; Szentmiklósi, P, 1983)	0.27
" These results do not support recent recommendations to monitor serum theophylline concentrations or reduce theophylline dosage during the 48-hour period following influenza vaccination."	( Influenza vaccination and theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Hashisaki, PA; Stults, BM, 1983)	0.8
" We conclude that the advantage of a sustained-release preparation over a conventional fast-release theophylline preparation is the lower dosing frequency rather than the better clinical effect in patients who suffer from chronic asthma, but whose disease is in a relatively stable phase."	( Comparison of a sustained-release preparation (Theo-Dur) with a conventional preparation (Nuelin) in the treatment of chronic asthma. Haahtela, T; Kulstad, S; Vilkka, V, 1983)	0.48
" The simulations incorporated noise terms for intersubject variability, dosing errors, sample collection errors, and assay error."	( Adaptive control of theophylline therapy: importance of blood sampling times. D'Argenio, DZ; Khakmahd, K, 1983)	0.59
"00) dosing intervals after doses 6 and 7 respectively of Nuelin-SR250."	( Bioavailability and diurnal variation in absorption of sustained release theophylline in asthmatic children. Birkett, DJ; Coulthard, KP; Grgurinovich, N; Grygiel, JJ; Lines, DR, 1983)	0.5
"Serum drug levels have become a useful tool in the optimization of dosage requirements for several therapeutically important drugs."	( Calculator programs to deal with non-steady state, multiple dosage regimen clinical pharmacokinetics. Ensom, RJ; Nakagawa, RS, 1983)	0.27
" Patients clearly preferred preparations which permitted a simple daily dosing schedule requiring the minimum number of tablets."	( Sustained-release theophylline preparations. A comparative survey of 467 patients. Palmen, FM; Steenhoek, A, 1984)	0.6
"Because theophylline (T) has a narrow therapeutic index, serum concentrations resulting from previous outpatient therapy must be considered when planning intravenous (IV) aminophylline dosage in the emergency department (ED)."	( Prediction of serum theophylline levels. Elenbaas, RM; Payne, VW, 1984)	1.03
" Thus non-compliance with prescribed theophylline dosage occurred in 26 (41."	( Patient compliance with oral theophylline therapy. Kinney, CD; McDevitt, DG; Taylor, DR, 1984)	0.83
" Dose-response curves for glucagon and secretin were produced by administration of a wide range of glucagon and secretin doses."	( Effect of theophylline on glucagon and secretin stimulated bile flow. Deshpande, YG; Kaminski, DL, 1984)	0.67
"In a single-dose study, 18 healthy adult males consumed each of six dosage forms of theophylline."	( An in vivo single- and multiple-dose study of several marketed brands of conventional and controlled-release theophylline. Brown, WJ; Honigberg, IL; Kotzan, JA; Stewart, JT; Vallner, JV, 1984)	0.7
" Prescribers should be aware of this potential interaction and reduce theophylline dosage where appropriate."	( Cimetidine-theophylline interaction in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Grice, J; McGuffie, C; Roberts, RK, 1984)	0.89
" The dosage requirements for theophylline demonstrate wide interpatient and intrapatient variation."	( Theophylline therapy. Titrating dosage requirements. Uden, DL; Wyatt, RA; Zaske, DE, 1984)	2
" No significant formulation related impact from the studied rectal dosage forms on the bioavailability of the drug was found."	( The rabbit as an experimental model for biopharmaceutical studies following rectal administration of theophylline. Braeckman, P; Moerman, E; Van Aerde, P; Van Severen, R, 1984)	0.48
" Increasing the dosage up to 15 mg per kg of body weight a day while theophylline determinations are pending appears to be safe in this group of patients."	( Outpatient theophylline determinations. Beekman, JF; Covelli, HD; Knodel, AR, 1984)	0.89
" The method involves early determination of clearance from a nonsteady-state level, dosage adjustment on the basis of the estimated clearance, and measurement of serum theophylline concentration at a point very near steady state."	( Rapid adjustment of theophylline: a kinetic model. Jaresko, GS; Lesher, CA; Nitti, JR; Postelnick, MJ; Springborn, PW; Steiner, VI, 1984)	0.79
"A dosage prediction method to estimate theophylline clearance and dose requirement was evaluated in 22 outpatients with partly reversible obstructive airways disease."	( Individualizing theophylline dosage: evaluation of a single-point maintenance dose prediction method. Neuenkirchen, H; Oellerich, M; Sybrecht, GW; Wilkens, JH, 1984)	0.88
" Our preliminary results also suggested that there was a direct glucagon effect on thyroid hormone secretion with a dose-response correlation."	( Use of the perifusion technique on rat thyroid fragments in the study of thyroid hormone secretion: short-term effects of thyrotrophin, theophylline and glucagon. Attali, JR; Darnis, D; Sebaoun, J; Valensi, P; Weisselberg, C, 1984)	0.47
" The graduation of the film tablet allows individualized dosage without losing the sustained release action by slowly increasing the theophylline-serum-level during a dosage interval of 12 hours."	( [Treatment of chronic obstructive respiratory disease with a new purified theophylline preparation in delayed-action form]. Kaik, G, 1984)	0.7
"Circadian variation in plasma theophylline concentrations was studied in eight patients with obstructive airways disease during regular 12-hourly dosing at 09."	( Circadian variation in plasma theophylline concentrations during maintenance therapy with a sustained-release preparation in patients with obstructive airways disease. Duffin, D; Kinney, CD; McDevitt, DG; Taylor, DR, 1984)	0.84
" The solutions allowed an accurate dosage calculation, did not initiate the urge to defecate, and were retained well."	( Treatment of acute asthma in children with rectal administration of aminophylline solution. Nissen, P; Pedersen, S; Sommer, B, 1984)	0.27
" Before establishing dosage levels for a chronic toxicity study, the pharmacokinetics of the dose must be determined in the species that will be used in long-term studies."	( The toxicology of cocoa and methylxanthines: a review of the literature. Tarka, SM, 1982)	0.26
" The methods of administration and dosage based on pharmacologic data are considered, and the potential importance of long-acting theophylline and nebulized cromolyn preparations is noted."	( The relative merits of cromolyn sodium and high-dose theophylline therapy in childhood asthma. Godfrey, S, 1980)	0.72
" Moreover, this stabilization of the airway hyperreactivity of asthma can be attained with 12-hour dosing for most patients with one of the newer formulations."	( Experience with theophylline for the management of chronic asthma. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1980)	0.61
" These was a 73% reduction in theophylline dosage over-all."	( Safety, efficacy and bronchodilator-sparing effects of nebulized cromolyn sodium solution in the treatment of asthma in children. Prenner, BM, 1982)	0.55
" This individualization of dosage resulted in 80% of the patients having serum concentrations within the 10-20 mcg/ml therapeutic range."	( Long-term treatment with oral sustained-release theophylline. Bundgaard, A; Weeke, B, 1982)	0.52
" After the initial treatment, 6 mg theophylline per kg body weight was given to the children on an 8-hourly dosage schedule for 3 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new theophylline liquid in asthmatic children. Pedersen, S, 1983)	0.84
" Exogenous adenosine (10(-6) M) depressed slow APs at low and high isoproterenol concentrations and shifted the isoproterenol dose-response curve to the right in the atrium."	( Potentiation of slow action potentials with theophylline or "micro" adenosine deaminase. Berne, RM; Knabb, MT; Rubio, R, 1983)	0.53
" The subjects were divided into two groups (n = 6) with respect to smoking habit and on 4 separate occasions each received, on a randomized cross-over basis, a single dose of 400 mg equivalent of theophylline from every dosage form."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in plain uncoated and sustained-release dosage forms in relation to smoking habit. I. Single dose study. Chiba, K; Echizen, H; Horai, Y; Ishizaki, T; Ohnishi, A; Sasaki, T; Suganuma, T, 1983)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic changes in clearance and volume of distribution found in malnutrition should counteract each other, so from a clinical point of view theophylline can be given to Ethiopian children according to the standard dosage recommendation, regardless of nutritional status."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in Ethiopian children of differing nutritional status. Bolme, P; Eriksson, M; Mariam, TW; Paalzow, L, 1983)	0.79
" The actual times of dosing are considered, so that the assumption of a constant dosing interval is not required."	( Pharmacokinetic predictions based on a variable dosage frequency in chronic treatment. Donati-Cori, G; Messori, A; Tendi, E, 1983)	0.27
"For the application of a target concentration strategy for the assessment of dosage regimens pharmacokinetic parameters and their variances must be known."	( [Developing a dose-administration schedule for drug therapy in childhood]. Reinhardt, D; Richter, O; Stutzinger, W, 1983)	0.27
" The kinetic data of the translactal passage of theophylline and the kinetic data of theophylline in infants were fitted into the kinetic model presuming constant dosage intervals as well as constant amounts and intervals of drinking."	( [Pharmacokinetics of drugs from the breast-feeding mother passing into the body of the infant, using theophylline as an example]. Brandenburg, G; Reinhardt, D; Richter, O, 1983)	0.74
" The kinetic parameters of P rats were strikingly similar to NP rats at all TBR dosage levels employed."	( Theobromine metabolism and pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Shively, CA; Tarka, SM, 1983)	0.27
" During this time it was necessary to administer theophylline at a dosage four times above that usually recommended."	( Effect of secobarbital on theophylline clearance. Blumer, NA; Maddox, RR; Paladino, JA, 1983)	0.82
"Dyphylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator with such a short a biologic t 1/2 that development of practical dosing regimens has been difficult."	( Effect of probenecid on dyphylline elimination. Jarboe, CH; May, DC, 1983)	0.27
" At the end of each week and before the next dosage increment steady state, trough plasma theophylline concentrations were measured."	( Lack of dose dependent kinetics of theophylline. Brown, PJ; Dusci, LJ; Shenfield, GM, 1983)	0.76
" Whereas aminophylline in therapeutic dosage failed to provoke VE in arrhythmia-free COPD patients, the effect of aminophylline on pre-existent VE is variable."	( The effect of aminophylline on cardiac rhythm in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlation with serum theophylline levels. Au, WY; de Soyza, ND; Dutt, AK; Hargis, JL; Tuck, RL, 1983)	0.47
" The time duration at which the theophylline plasma levels remain higher than 75% of the maximum steady-state levels, following 12-h dosing interval, was evaluated: for the sustained-release microencapsulated formulations this time duration reaches 100% of the dosing interval."	( Bioavailability of sustained-release theophylline formulations. Bonora Regazzi, M; Cristiani, D; Rondanelli, R; Vidale, E, 1983)	0.82
" These properties are useful in formulating chewable tablets and liquid suspension dosage forms that overcome the characteristic bitter taste of theophylline, yet provide for efficacious treatment of diseases involving the respiratory tract."	( Zn(II)-theophylline-ethylenediamine: structure and pH stability. Gardner, MJ; Shefter, E; Smith, FX, 1983)	0.92
" dissolution test (method I or rotating basket method) and the rotating flask technique (RESO-TEST dissolution method) were applied to four commercial prolonged release theophylline dosage forms."	( Comparison of two dissolution apparatuses: rotating basket versus rotating flask. Alcorn, G; Koch, HP; Ritschel, WA, 1983)	0.46
"The pharmacokinetics of theophylline at two different dosage levels were studied in six adult volunteers."	( Evaluation of the effect of nonlinear kinetics on dosage adjustments of theophylline. Benson, J; Goetz, D; Johnson, D; Moore, K; Pancorbo, S; Vaida, A, 1983)	0.81
" It was concluded that to define the optimal dosage regime for sustained release oral dosage forms of theophylline, the influence of food on absorption from these preparations should be taken into account."	( Greatly enhanced bioavailability of theophylline on postprandial administration of a sustained release tablet. Jonkman, JH; Lagas, M, 1983)	0.76
" For 75% of the male and 85% of the female patients a single evening dosage was sufficient."	( [Tolerance of a new oral long-acting theophylline in patients with obstructive airway diseases]. Dusik, B; Nolte, D, 1983)	0.54
" It seems advisable to use a higher dosage of the theophyllines and perhaps it is even better to combine them with other bronchodilators."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a short- and long-acting theophylline medication (Theolair and Theolair retard) in normals and asthmatics. Part II: Lung function and side effects. Fokkens, J; Kreukniet, J; Serra, R; Utama, I, 1983)	0.76
" The concentration of unchanged theophylline was analyzed over a 24-h period in plasma and over a 48-h period in urine, after both dosage forms."	( A crossover study after oral and intravenous administration of theophylline in male volunteers (absolute bioavailability of Afonilum tablets). Kaumeier, HS; Kehrhahn, OH; Neugebauer, G; Schuppan, D; Schwarz, JA; Staib, AH, 1983)	0.79
" Since the removal of theophylline by peritoneal dialysis is minimal, an undesirable alteration of the theophylline dosage regimen in association with dialysis therapy can thus be avoided."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Lee, CS; Marbury, TC; Peterson, JC, 1983)	0.86
" These data were entered into a computer program that both calculates and graphically displays individual two-compartment pharmacokinetic data, and recommends a dosing regimen."	( Prediction of theophylline dosage regimens from limited serum sampling. Ariet, M; Boysen, PG; Krischer, JP; Lupkiewicz, SM; Robinson, JD, 1982)	0.62
" This study suggests that this new sustained-release theophylline will be useful for the purpose of maintaining serum theophylline levels within the safe and therapeutic range with a twice daily dosing schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics of Nuelin-SR 250 mg in asthmatic children: a new sustained-release theophylline. Liang, AY; Mitchell, EA, 1980)	0.74
" The slow release tablets gave a stable plasma level in steady state that implies the possibility of using 12-hour dosage intervals and still achieve a stable theophylline concentration in steady state with a small difference between peak and trough concentrations."	( Absorption of theophylline from conventional and sustained-release tablets. Fagerström, PO; Mellstrand, T; Svedmyr, N, 1980)	0.82
" The present investigation shows that Theo-Dur tablets can be broken for dosage convenience, still maintaining the sustained action."	( Pharmacokinetics of whole and half Theo-Dur tablets. Fagerström, PO, 1980)	0.26
" Once familiarity is achieved with the various factors that alter clearance, such as age, smoking habits, physiological abnormalities, and concurrent drug therapy, initial dosage can be appropriately individualized."	( Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline. Hendeles, L; Weinberger, M, 1980)	0.51
" Six hours later the serum level was measured and the appropriate dosage of sustained-release theophylline to achieve a serum level of 10 micrograms/ml was selected from the clearance nomogram."	( Individualization of theophylline dosage using a single serum sample following a test dose. Bierman, CW; Fuquay, D; Furukawa, CT; Gibaldi, M; Koup, JR; Pierson, WE; Shapiro, GG, 1982)	0.8
" Each medication was given for four weeks, after the theophylline dosage necessary to give a therapeutic level was established."	( A comparison of metaproterenol and theophylline for control of childhood asthma. Oppenheimer, PJ; Schuller, DE, 1982)	0.79
"A study was designed to evaluate the validity of the dosage guidelines for theophylline recommended by Hendeles and Weinberger."	( Investigation of a dosage regimen for intravenous theophylline. Harman, EM; Hughey, MC; Robinson, JD; Yost, RL, 1982)	0.75
"The oral dosage of theophylline was adjusted in order to maintain a serum level between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml."	( [Determination of the mean dose of oral theophylline in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. Cabanas, R; Castro-Gago, M; Cortizo, E; Couselo, JM; Fuster, M; Peña, J; Tojo, R, 1982)	0.86
" Here we present results from 126 patients on theophyllines three times daily, the most common dosage schedule for these drugs in Sweden in 1978."	( Theophyllines three times daily - when are the doses actually taken? - Pharmacokinetic ideals versus clinical practice. Alfredsson, L; Bergman, U; Eriksson, R; Grönskog, K; Norell, S; Schwartz, E; Wiholm, BE, 1982)	1.97
" Measurement of serum concentrations should be employed to facilitate dosage increases during hemodialysis."	( Hemodialysis clearance of theophylline. Green, L; Kohli, R; Slaughter, RL, 1982)	0.56
" 3 Complex dosage regimes and non-steady state conditions can be handled."	( OPT: a package of computer programs for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; Whiting, B, 1982)	0.26
"The great variability in the metabolism and degradation of theophylline in different people demands an individual dosage to be effective; this is to maintain the theophylline levels between the threshold of therapeutic activity (10 mg/L) to the upper limit of tolerance (15 to 20 mg/L according to different studies)."	( [The theophylline test. Indications for the effective daily dosage (author's transl)]. Blaive, B; Bugnas, B; Lapalus, P; Lemoigne, F, 1982)	1.02
"Long-term treatment of childhood asthma with theophylline or theophylline ethylenediamine (Aminophyllin) preparations requires dosage according to the various age groups."	( [Serum theophylline levels in aminophyllin treatment in children]. Alterthum, K; Bauer, P; Müller, G; Windorfer, A, 1982)	0.98
" Theophylline (5 mg/kg) and placebo were administered in a capsule dosage form."	( Stimulation of endogenous catecholamine release by theophylline: a proposed additional mechanism of action for theophylline effects. Galant, SP; Higbee, MD; Kumar, M, 1982)	1.43
"Drug therapy of asthma in the elderly with sympathomimetics, theophylline, steroids, and mucokinetic agents is described, with discussion of dosage evaluation, toxicity, possible drug interactions, and suggested management of common problems."	( Management of respiratory problems in the aged. Ziment, I, 1982)	0.51
" Theo-Dur dosing rates were calculated from the product of theophylline total body clearance and the desired steady-state theophylline concentration."	( Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing using sustained-release theophylline tablets. Haughey, DB; Ross, RJ; Stein, GE; Vakoutis, J, 1982)	0.74
" Safe dosage is complicated by complex pharmacokinetics such as considerable interindividual differences in distribution space and hepatic clearance."	( [Theophylline in the treatment of childhood asthma]. Zach, M, 1982)	1.17
"Intravenous maintenance aminophylline infusion rate can be calculated from the previously received equivalent oral dosage in children with chronic asthma with considerable accuracy."	( Intravenous maintenance aminophylline dosage in patients with asthma on regular oral theophylline. Bell, TD; Chai, H; Chang, KC; Miles-Lawrence, R; Pinney, CT, 1982)	0.49
" Serum theophylline concentrations were determined and theophylline dosage (milligrams per kilogram body weight per day) was calculated in participants who had allegedly followed their medication regimen."	( Theophylline compliance in adolescent patients with chronic asthma. Miller, KA, 1982)	2.16
"One may attempt to individualize drug dosage by estimating an individual's pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Bayesian individualization of pharmacokinetics: simple implementation and comparison with non-Bayesian methods. Beal, SL; Sheiner, LB, 1982)	0.26
"The authors propose a practical method for determining chronic oral theophylline dosage in children from slow intravenous theophylline infusion (45 minutes)."	( [Adaptation of the oral dosage of theophylline to the asthmatic child. Value of a kinetic test by the intravenous route]. Albertini, M; Boutte, P; Lapalus, P; Mariani, R; Maurin, S, 1982)	0.78
" The system was applied in six healthy volunteers during 72 h, and a comparison was made with two conventional dosage forms, a suppository and a solution administered orally, given once."	( Zero-order rectal delivery of theophylline in man with an osmotic system. Breimer, DD; de Boer, AG; de Leede, LG; van Velzen, SL, 1982)	0.55
" The concentration-time curves in a dosing interval showed adequate sustained release properties for all three preparations."	( [Bioavailability of 3 theophylline delayed-release preparations. Comparison of theophylline concentrations in the serum and saliva in the steady state]. Bochsler, HP; Meyer, UA, 1982)	0.58
" In both Groups I and II, our aminophylline dosage schedules, which consisted of intravenously administered boluses of 6 and 3 mg/kg followed by constant infusions of 1 mg/kg/h, resulted in serum theophylline levels that ranged from 12."	( Aminophylline does not inhibit canine hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Benumof, JL; Trousdale, FR, 1982)	0.45
" The dose-response curve of the inotropy and frequency was very similar in shape to that of theophylline as far as intensity of inotropy and the range of dosage is concerned, but AR-L 115 BS is 10 times as active."	( [The effect of AR-L 115 BS on the function and oxygen consumption of isolated guinea pig atria as compared to g-strophanthin and theophylline]. Seifart, HJ; Siess, M; Stieler, K, 1981)	0.69
" Formulations with a dosage of 200, 350 or 500 mg, respectively, allow adaptation of continuous plasma levels in the therapeutic range between 5--20 micrograms/ml according to the therapeutic necessities of a patient."	( [Bioavailability of theophylline in a new oral sustained-release preparation (author's transl)]. Heese, GU; Huber, HJ; Janzen, N; Jünger, H; Moser, C; Schneider, GF; Stanislaus, F, 1981)	0.59
" It was also found in the bile of orally or intravenously dosed rats in the form of glucuronides."	( Biotransformation of reproterol in the intestinal tract of the rat. Kucharczyk, N; Sofia, RD; Yang, JT, 1981)	0.26
"6 mg/kg) and oral maintenance dosage (1,500 mg), the patients were divided into two groups (A and B) differentiated only by the time interval between oral doses (tau)."	( Maintenance oral theophylline therapy: suggested schedule in elderly patients. Alroy, G; Krivoy, N, 1980)	0.6
" This report describes a practical method based on the use of a conventional, hand-held programmable calculator to derive first-order kinetic constants from serum drug level data obtained after intermittent intravenous doses of the agent and explains how to apply these data to design more optimal dosage regimens."	( A method for the bedside application of first-order pharmacokinetics in therapeutic management. Green, TP; Mirkin, BL, 1980)	0.26
" The slow-release tablet gave a stable plasma level in steady state that implies the possibility of using 12-hr dosage intervals and still achieving a stable theophylline concentration in steady state with a small difference between peak and trough concentrations."	( Absorption of theophylline from conventional and sustained-release tablets. Fagerström, PO; Mellstrand, T; Svedmyr, N, 1981)	0.82
" Hemodialysis patients receiving dyphylline treatment may require a dosage regimen alteration."	( Pharmacokinetics of dyphylline elimination by uremic patients. Lee, CC; Majeske, BL; Marbury, TC; Wang, LH, 1981)	0.26
" The procedure is simple, can be used at home by the parents even in cases of nausea and vomiting, and an accurate dosage calculated in mg/kg is possible."	( Rectal administration of theophylline in aqueous solution. Pedersen, S; Sommer, B, 1981)	0.57
"Theophylline concentrations in saliva have been compared with those in serum in 13 asthmatic patients after single and multiple oral dosage of a microcrystalline theophylline tablet (Nuelin) and a sustained-release preparation (Nuelin Retard)."	( Theophylline concentrations in serum and saliva after oral microcrystalline and sustained-release preparations in asthmatics. Munch, EP; Søndergaard, I; Weeke, B, 1981)	3.15
" The criteria specified the indication for each drug, performance data, and dosage adjustments with SDA results."	( Effect of pharmacist intervention on the use of serum drug assays. Birmingham, PH; Cohen, SS; Levin, B, 1981)	0.26
" Rat pups were given either aminophylline, theophylline, or caffeine in a dosage of 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg daily from the second postnatal day through 20 days of age."	( A possible effect of the methylxanthines caffeine, theophylline and aminophylline on postnatal myelination of the rat brain. Fuller, GN; Wiggins, RC, 1981)	0.78
"Three programs are presented which have been developed to simulate conditions encountered in the pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens."	( A package of computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy. Sullivan, TJ; Wunderley, DJ, 1980)	0.26
"This paper describes a program which can predict multiple-dose blood level of drugs administered four times daily at non-uniform dosing intervals."	( Prediction of multiple-dose blood level curves of drugs administered four times daily at non-uniform dosing intervals. Ng, PK, 1981)	0.26
" Plasma concentrations during multiple dosing of the sustained release formulation were with one exception below 10 mg/l."	( Bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release aminophylline formulation (Euphyllin retard tablets)--plasma levels after single and multiple oral doses. Molz, KH; Rietbrock, N; Schuppan, D; Staib, AH, 1981)	0.59
" Therefore, the use of saliva concentrations to predict serum values has substantial error in specific patients and may lead to incorrect dosage adjustments."	( Saliva-serum theophylline concentrations: substantial intrapatient and interpatient variation in predicting serum concentrations. Johnson, PB; Miller, KW; Strand, LM; Uden, DL; Zaske, DE, 1981)	0.63
" Pyd action is modified only by the most active purine 2-Cl-adenosine, which displaces the dose-response curves to the right."	( Interactions between hydralazine, propildazine and purines on arterial smooth muscle. Chevillard, C; Saiag, B; Worcel, M, 1981)	0.26
" Adjustments of the theophylline dosage may be necessary for patients who take theophylline and erythromycin concurrently to minimize the risk of theophylline toxicity."	( Depression of theophylline elimination by erythromycin. Gray, JD; Hung, OR; Renton, KW, 1981)	0.95
" Patients stabilized on a theophylline dosage regimen should be monitored closely during the addition or discontinuation of furosemide therapy."	( Effect of intravenous furosemide on serum theophylline concentration. Conlon, PF; Grambau, GR; Johnson, CE; Weg, JG, 1981)	0.83
"Differences in plasma theophylline clearance (ClT) and metabolism between smoking and nonsmoking normal subjects were examined by analysis of plasma and urinary theophylline concentrations and of urinary metabolite concentrations under steady-state oral dosing conditions."	( Cigarette smoking and theophylline clearance and metabolism. Birkett, DJ; Grygiel, JJ, 1981)	0.89
" However, certain patients showed reductions in plasma theophylline clearance in the acute phase of the illness such that a dosage regimen standardised during remission may cause toxicity if continued in the acute episode."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic children in the acute episode and in remission. Arnold, JD; Hill, GN; Sansom, LN, 1981)	0.78
" Some adjustment in theophylline dosage may be needed in treated patients who are also given cimetidine, and these patients who are also given cimetidine, and these patients should be studied closely with theophylline serum concentration measurements and careful clinical assessments."	( Alteration of theophylline clearance and half-life by cimetidine in normal volunteers. Bernhard, H; Reitberg, DP; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.95
" Dose-response curves for tracheal vasodilatation to the three drugs were all parallel together, and trapidil was about 2700 time less potent than isoproterenol and about 3 times more potent than theophylline on a weight basis in producing tracheal vasodilatation."	( Effects of trapidil on musculature and vasculature of the dog trachea in situ. Maruyama, M; Satoh, K; Taira, N, 1981)	0.45
" Fourteen serum and saliva samples were collected simultaneously during the dosing period and for up to 32 h after the last dose."	( Correlation of serum and saliva theophylline concentration after administration of a sustained release preparation. de Vries, K; de Zeeuw, RA; Greving, JE; Jonkman, JH; Koëter, GH; Schoenmaker, R, 1981)	0.55
" Dose-response studies showed that the maximal excretion of urinary PGE and water was obtained by administration of theophylline (50 mg/kg), where the increase in PGE was about 20 times that of the control."	( Effects of methylxanthines on urinary prostaglandin E excretion in rats. Aizawa, Y; Kogo, H; Takeuchi, K, 1981)	0.47
" No significant differences in theophylline total body clearance values were found between the younger and older patients for either group I or 2, suggesting that a theophylline dosage reduction is not necessary in cigarette smoking patients over an arbitrary age limit."	( Influence of age on theophylline clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bauer, LA; Blouin, RA, )	0.74
" Maintenance dosing adjustments are then based on serum determinations and the presence of toxic effects."	( Theophylline toxicity after the use of aminophylline in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Bailey, RT; Blouin, RA; Rapp, RP; Young, B, 1981)	1.71
" The serum concentration fluctuations during one dosing interval were reduced with 13 mumol/l (0-26)."	( Evaluation of a new sustained-release theophylline tablet for children. Aas, K; Alme, A; Bjerve, KS; Rugstad, HE; Selvig, K, 1981)	0.53
" The appropriateness of ordering the serum theophylline determinations was evaluated on the basis of criteria including sampling at steady-state concentrations and sampling in proper relationship to the dosage schedule to represent a peak or trough concentration."	( Evaluation of the ordering of serum theophylline concentrations. Gentry, SM; Goetter, WE; Keith, TD; McMillan, DM, 1981)	0.8
"The present study is a prospective evaluation of a dosing nomogram for oral theophylline in 69 middle-aged and elderly patients (mean age 58."	( Individualization of oral theophylline dosage in elderly patients. Boye, NP; Bredesen, JE; Kornstad, S; Talseth, T, 1981)	0.79
" Both dosage forms appeared to have similar kinetic properties within the context of the study."	( Bioavailability, efficacy, and tolerance of two sustained-release theophylline dosage forms in adult patients with bronchial asthma. Demers, L; Esler, V; Field, E; Trautlein, JJ, 1981)	0.5
" As the predictive efficiency of the three factors combined amounted only to 25%, firm dosage recommendations cannot be made."	( Aging, cigarette smoking and oral theophylline requirement. Boye, NP; Bredesen, JE; Kongerud, J; Talseth, T, 1981)	0.54
" The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life of elimination, total body clearance and volume of distribution) were determined and were used to calculate the individual dosage regimens required to obtain therapeutic serum concentrations."	( Disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline after administration of a new sustained release tablet. Berg, WC; de Vries, K; de Zeeuw, RA; Grimberg, N; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R, 1981)	0.52
" The clearance estimation methods were compared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dosage guidelines and shown to be clearly superior in predicting therapeutic steady state theophylline concentrations."	( Evaluation of two methods for estimating theophylline clearance prior to achieving steady state. Anderson, G; Edwards, WD; Hook, E; Koup, J; Resman, B; Slaughter, R, 1981)	0.72
" (15) (Table 2) were used as initial doses, few dosage adjustments were necessary and no serum values were greater than 26."	( Serum concentrations of theophylline in children treated with two daily doses of a sustained-release theophylline preparation. Nathan, E; Pedersen, SE; Sommer, B, 1981)	0.57
" This suggests that theophylline plasma concentrations should be monitored and the dosage regimen individually adjusted in critically ill animals."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in dogs. Davis, LE; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Neff-Davis, CA; Pheris, DR, 1981)	0.88
" The similarity of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine and humans suggests that swine may provide a useful model for the study of the bioequivalency of theophylline dosage forms intended for human use."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in swine: a potential model for human drug bioavailability studies. Bevill, RF; Bourne, DW; Gautam, SR; Hunt, JP; Koritz, GD; Prasad, VI, 1981)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetics of two unmatched populations of asthmatic children, one from an asthmatic convalescent center in Denver and the other from an urban outpatient clinic, are compared after single and repeated dosing of a new asthma formulation, oxtriphylline syrup."	( Theophylline pharmacokinetics: variations between two similar study populations using oral oxtriphylline syrup. Bell, T; Danish, M; Katsampes, C; Lecks, H; Ragni, M; Rasmussen, C; Simon, T; Yaffe, S, 1980)	1.7
" Total 24-hour theophylline dosage and peak theophylline levels were significantly higher during the q12h dosage schedule."	( Comparison of two dosage schedules of sustained release theophylline in pediatric patients. Kirsten, EB; Loren, ML, 1980)	0.86
"Recent developments of clinical pharmacology show that in particular circumstances the determination of the plasmatic levels of drugs seems to be the best way to insure the best dosage schedules for each patient."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics: the pharmacological monitoring of plasmatic levels in therapy. Bonora, MR; Guaglio, R; Rondanelli, R; Terzoni, PA, 1980)	0.26
" (5) The left artial tension dose-response curves to histamine were not potentiated."	( The effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on guinea-pig cardiac responses to histamine and isoprenaline. Broadley, KJ; Wilson, C, 1980)	0.26
" Recently clinical and laboratory investigations have provided us with some useful information regarding the appropriate dosage and elimination of the drug."	( Intravenous theophylline therapy in asthma: a clinical update. Rothstein, RJ, 1980)	0.64
" The dose-response and time-action parameters of theophylline's predisposing action to chloroform-hypoxia-induced cardiac arrhythmias were determined."	( Development of a cardiac antiarrhythmic screening test utilizing theophylline in the rat. Baker, T; Erker, EF, 1980)	0.75
" It reflects whether daily oral theophylline dosage in childhood asthma is below or within the therapeutic range."	( Salivary theophylline estimation in the management of asthma in children. Hutchins, P; Lena, SM; Turner, P; Wood, CB, 1980)	0.96
" The dosage of beta 2-mimetics and especially glucocorticoids could be reduced."	( [Long-term therapy with a peroral effective theophyllin compound (author's transl)]. Pertusini, B; Zwick, H, 1980)	0.26
" The mathematical basis of these relationships suggests that a one point method for predicting steady-state drug concentrations and individual dosing requirements should be widely applicable to most drugs and should be valid for patients having a wide range of drug half-lives."	( Prediction of maintenance dose required to attain a desired drug concentration at steady-state from a single determination of concentration after an initial dose. Gibaldi, M; Koup, JR; Slattery, JT, )	0.13
" Each dosage form contained approximately 250 mg of theophylline and was administered every eight hours."	( A multiple-dose study of sustained-release theophylline and aminophylline. Lieberman, P; Meyer, MC; Straughn, AB, 1980)	0.77
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new sustained-release theophylline preparation TheoDur could maintain therapeutic serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children on a 12-hour dosage regimen."	( Efficacy of a 12-hour sustained-release preparation in maintaining therapeutic serum theophylline levels in asthmatic children. Kelly, HW; Murphy, S, 1980)	0.72
"The bronchospasmolytic action of proxyphylline given intravenously in a dosage of 16 mg/kg body weight was assessed by spirometry and bodyplethysmography in 12 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."	( [Effectiveness of proxyphylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)]. Förster, OB; Geisler, LS; Rohner, HG; Thiel, H, 1980)	0.26
" Individual dosage regimens required to obtain a therapeutic serum concentration were calculated for each individual patient on the basis of the observed pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of microcrystalline theophylline. Berg, WC; de Zeeuw, RA; Greving, JE; Jonkman, JH; Orie, NG; Schoenmaker, R, 1980)	0.5
"Despite general development of drug assay services and increasing interest in pharmacokinetics, proper dosage regimen calculations are not often made in routine clinical practice."	( A hand-held calculator program for individualized dosage adjustment of intravenous theophylline in acute asthma. Madsen, BW; Paterson, JW; Tarala, RA, 1980)	0.49
" 4 A nomogram for aminophylline dosage or monitoring of serum theophylline levels would have prevented little of the toxicity observed in these patients, although these measures would ensure that therapeutic concentrations were attained, and might prevent life-threatening toxicity."	( Oral sustained-release aminophylline in medical inpatients: factors related to toxicity and plasma theophylline concentrations. Eppel, ML; Mackay, A; Oliver, JS; Ramsay, LE, 1980)	0.72
"In order to assess the clinical impact of dose-dependent kinetics for theophylline, the relationship between serum concentration and daily dosage among patients under the care of the University of Iowa Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonary Service was examined."	( Dose-dependent kinetics for theophylline: observations among ambulatory asthmatic children. Hendeles, L; Muir, K; Riegelman, S; Sarrazin, E; Weinberger, M, 1980)	0.79
" With an 8 hourly dosing schedule Gyrocaps also might be satisfactory."	( Evaluation of the absorption from some commercial sustained-release theophylline products. Coates, PE; Guentert, TW; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sansom, L; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1980)	0.5
" Plasma samples should be taken as early as 15 min after dosage when evaluating the bioavailability of enteric release products."	( Evaluation of the absorption from some commercial enteric-release theophylline products. Coates, PE; Guentert, TW; Powell, JR; Riegelman, S; Sansom, L; Thiercelin, JF; Upton, RA, 1980)	0.5
" There was no correlation between dosage and serum theophylline level."	( Serum level monitoring of a new slow release theophylline formulation in patients with chronic lung disease. Butcher, MA; Klumpp, JA; Marlin, GE; Thompson, PJ, 1980)	0.77
" The results demonstrate a good bioavailability and a reduced dosage interval with less theophylline level variability for the sustained release tablet, administered every 12 hours, than with the immediate release product, every six hours."	( Bioavailability and multiple dose characteristics of a new sustained release theophylline tablet. Carroll, MS; Spangler, DL; Tinkelman, DG; Vanderpool, GE, 1980)	0.71
" We conclude that measurements of serum theophylline can only be relied on to adjust dosage when the accuracy of the laboratory has been established with blinded samples."	( The reliability of serum theophylline determinations from clinical laboratories. Bonham, A; Hendeles, L; Vaughan, L; Weinberger, M, 1980)	0.83
"In normal subjects, receiving multiple dosing regimens with Slophyllin and Phyllocontin in does calculated to give either 4 mg/kg or 6mg/kg theophylline free acid twice daily, serum theophylline concentrations were frequently less than 8 mg/l."	( Serum theophylline concentrations during multiple dosing with two sustained release methylxanthine preparations in normal subjects. Berry, D; Cochrane, GM; Prior, JG, 1980)	0.94
" Dosage should be based on serum measurements."	( Monitoring children on sustained-release therapy by salivary theophylline levels. Hadley, WM; Kelly, HW; Murphy, SA; Skipper, BG, 1981)	0.5
" In addition, a careful dosage of the drug can avoid the occurrence of untoward effects."	( Theophylline in the treatment of the elderly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Antognozzi, G; Buzzo, P; Ellena, S; Mori, M; Triolo, A, )	1.57
"The effect of theophylline (a non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor), dosed intratracheally (it) as a dry powder, on histamine- and platelet activating factor (Paf)-induced bronchospasm and antigen (ovalbumin, OA)-, histamine- and Paf-induced microvascular leakage (MVL) in the airways, was studied in the anaesthetized guinea-pig."	( Effect of theophylline administered intratracheally as a dry powder formulation on bronchospasm and airway microvascular leakage in the anesthetized guinea-pig. Raeburn, D; Woodman, VR, 1994)	1.05
" In conclusion, there are pronounced age-dependent differences in theophylline clearance that require individual adjustment of dosage regimens on the basis of serum concentrations and clinical response in children."	( Evaluation of theophylline clearance in children with bronchial asthma. Fukutomi, O; Kondo, N; Orii, T; Yamazaki, M, )	0.73
" We compared the accuracy, precision, and reliability of two equations that use postnatal age (PNA) to determine a maintenance dosage of theophylline with a standard maintenance dosage (SMD) that produced a steady-state serum theophylline concentration (STC) of 8 micrograms/ml for apnea of prematurity in 46 infants less than 34 weeks' gestational age (GA) and less than 36 weeks' postconceptional age (PCA)."	( Accuracy and reliability of dosing equations to individualize theophylline treatment of apnea of prematurity. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM; Johnson, CE; Schork, MA; Spadoni, V, )	0.57
" Patients (n = 133) first received open-label Theo-Dur treatment with dosage titrated to achieve peak serum theophylline concentrations of 10-20 micrograms/ml."	( Conversion from twice- to once-daily extended-release theophylline treatment in patients with reversible airway obstruction. Berkowitz, RB; Hubbard, RC; Lorber, RR; Marcoux, JP; Moss, BA; Rennard, SI; Rooklin, AR; Tinkelman, DG; Zeitz, HJ, 1995)	0.75
"62 mumol/L) and the theophylline dosage was increased to 300 mg tid."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.98
" In our patient, careful monitoring of theophylline concentrations and dosage adjustments resulted in the restoration of therapeutic serum concentrations."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.92
" Dosage adjustments may be warranted when this combination of medications is used."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.65
" Percentage of dosage of beta 2 adrenergics inhaled as against the total of beta 2 (oral and inhaled)."	( [Evaluation of the impact of a care program for asthmatic children on the quality of anti-asthma drug prescriptions]. Alba, F; Gimeno, J; González, M; Madridejos, R, 1995)	0.29
" Development of pharmaceutical formulations and prescribed dosage intervals for theophylline dosage forms should therefore be directed toward providing the most stable plasma concentrations attainable."	( Biopharmaceutic characteristics of a new extended-release theophylline formulation (Uni-Dur). Affrime, MB; Brannan, MD; Groen, H; Hempenius, J; Jonkman, JH; Nomeir, AA; Oosterhuis, B; Peeters, PA; Radwanski, E, 1995)	0.76
"The technique detailed here allows reliable, direct measurement of intestinal absorption which may assist in characterizing oral dosing for novel therapeutic agents."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.29
") for 15 days, while the second group received placebo with the same oral dosage regimen."	( Effect of bamiphylline on tracheobronchial mucus clearance in subjects with smokers' simple chronic bronchitis. Amir, E; Baglioni, S; Palumbo, R; Todisco, T, 1995)	0.29
" In medical practice, it is important and helpful to get the results of theophylline measurements quickly so that the dosage may be corrected directly whenever necessary."	( [Drug monitoring: theophylline--comparison of 3 methods for determination]. Göbel, D; Kropp, R, 1995)	0.86
"Theophylline (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously on two separate occasions, 24 hours apart, during which time the rats breathed either room air or oxygen (95%) from 1 hour before dosing until the end of plasma sampling with a randomized order of gas exposure."	( Oxygen supplementation restores theophylline clearance to normal in cirrhotic rats. Angus, PW; Hickey, PL; McLean, AJ; Morgan, DJ, 1995)	2.02
"0 mg/kg) accelerated mucociliary activity (at the highest dosage tested, 24."	( Cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulation of mucociliary activity in the upper airways in vivo. Cervin, A; Dolata, J; Lindberg, S; Mercke, U, 1995)	0.29
"The bioavailability of theophylline from an extended-release formulation (Uni-Dur) intended for once-daily administration was assessed in a randomized, single-dose, five-way crossover study to determine the effects of food and breaking the tablet, and the bioequivalence of two dosage strengths."	( Effect of meals and dosage-form modification on theophylline bioavailability from a 24-hour sustained-release delivery system. González, MA; Straughan, AB, )	0.7
" Based on these findings patients were counselled and, where appropriate, theophylline dosage was adjusted using a pharmacokinetic computer program."	( Plasma levels and therapeutic response: the relevance to community pharmacy. Maguire, T, )	0.36
"We studied the design of oral sustained-release theophylline dosing after conversion from constant aminophylline infusion."	( The design of oral sustained-release theophylline dosing after conversion from intravenous to oral therapy. Agata, H; Fukutomi, O; Imaeda, N; Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Kondo, T; Nakashima, Y; Orii, T; Shinoda, S; Yamazaki, M, 1994)	0.82
"We estimated the pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline in children with bronchial asthma after multiple oral dosing of Theo-Dur, in order to determine whether the absorption of the drug is best described by a zero-order absorption kinetic model (0-order model) or a first-order absorption kinetic model (1-order model)."	( Prediction of steady-state serum theophylline concentration in children by first-order and zero-order absorption models. Fukutomi, O; Imaeda, N; Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Orii, T; Yamazaki, M, 1994)	0.82
"Open-label, dose-response trial."	( Role of exogenous adenosine as a modulator of theophylline toxicity. Hulula, G; Skau, KA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1994)	0.55
"Abbott Laboratories has developed a new software package (Abbottbase pharmacokinetic system or PKS package) that employs the principles of pharmacokinetics to assist clinical pharmacologists and clinicians in designing dosage regimens."	( Abbott PKS system: a new version for applied pharmacokinetics including Bayesian estimation. Catalin, J; Durand, A; Gauthier, T; Guder, F; Lacarelle, B; Pisano, P; Villard, PH, 1994)	0.29
" Finally, closed-loop optimal (CLO) control optimally chooses both the dosage regimen and measurement time."	( Optimal experimental design and therapeutic drug monitoring. Kulcsár, C; Pronzato, L; Walter, E, 1994)	0.29
" This study was designed to characterise the dose-response relationship of adenosine on these variables relative to arrhythmia induction with single atrial premature stimuli."	( Effects of adenosine on atrial refractoriness and arrhythmias. Belardinelli, L; Buchanan, LV; Gibson, JK; Kabell, G, 1994)	0.29
" The dosage of each xanthine was incremented from 150 mg twice daily at initiation to 300 and later 450 mg twice daily depending on the patient's tolerance and, in the case of theophylline, the rapidly assayed serum theophylline level."	( Long-term xanthine therapy of asthma. Enprofylline and theophylline compared. International Enprofylline Study Group. Chapman, KR; Kallen, A; Ljungholm, K, 1994)	0.73
" These results may be helpful to a rational individualized theophylline dosage regimen."	( [Evaluation of theophylline population pharmacokinetics in adult hospitalized patients using NONMEM analysis]. Chen, G; Li, Z, 1994)	0.88
"To measure specific drug compliance and dosing frequency of two asthma medications, we used medical records data and pharmacy claims data from 276 patients who had concurrent prescriptions for inhaled anti-inflammatory agents and oral theophylline."	( Comparison of patients' compliance with prescribed oral and inhaled asthma medications. Adlis, SA; Kelloway, JS; Wyatt, RA, 1994)	0.47
" No significant differences in compliance were found relative to prescribed dosing frequency (twice daily or less compared with three times daily or more) for either medication (P = ."	( Comparison of patients' compliance with prescribed oral and inhaled asthma medications. Adlis, SA; Kelloway, JS; Wyatt, RA, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were constructed for the ability of theophylline to produce tonic seizures in animals pre-treated with vehicle or several adenosine A1 receptor agonists."	( Adenosine receptors are not involved in theophylline-induced seizures. Hornfeldt, CS; Larson, AA, 1994)	0.8
" These results suggested that CsA dosage could be reduced and the renal tubular damages could be lowered when DIL was used."	( [Basic studies on the prevention of cyclosporin A induced nephrotoxicity]. Kudoh, S; Satoh, A, 1994)	0.29
" The extent of absorption (AUC) was equivalent for both dosing schemes."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a once-daily theophylline formulation (Euphylong) when given twice daily. Götz, J; Jonkman, JH; Sauter, R; Steinijans, VW, 1994)	0.55
" The Epo dose-response curve for growth of erythroid progenitor was similar to that of three age-matched thalassemia patients with increased serum Epo levels, (sEpo) suggesting that the observed erythroid progenitors hypersensitivity to Epo could represent an ex vivo artifact induced by the increased sEpo levels."	( Regulation of erythropoietin production in a case of congenital erythropoietin-dependent pure erythrocytosis. Barosi, G; Borgna-Pignatti, C; Liberato, NL; Marradi, P; Rosti, V, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves indicated that, whereas caffeine and theophylline were equally effective at reversing escape deficits, amphetamine not only failed to improve performance in preshocked rats but retarded escape in restrained (no-shock) controls."	( Stress and adenosine: I. Effect of methylxanthine and amphetamine stimulants on learned helplessness in rats. Chang, WC; Minor, TR; Winslow, JL, 1994)	0.53
" We evaluated the utility of BIA in the pharmacokinetic characterization and dosing of water soluble drugs."	( Characterization of drug disposition and dosing using bioelectrical impedance. Peterson, EL; Robert, S; Zarowitz, BJ, )	0.13
" The present study was designed to prospectively evaluate a method for converting patients from IV theophylline to Uniphyl, to formulate simple, practical dosage recommendations for use in clinical practice."	( Serum theophylline profile with once-daily theophylline (Uniphyl) following conversion from intravenous theophylline in adult asthmatic patients. Archibald, JS; Babich, M; Babul, N; Fradette, M; Friesen, EG, )	0.83
" In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized pigs, haemodynamic indices were measured before and after intravenous administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in a dose-response protocol (0."	( Comparison of the ability of nicardipine, theophylline and zaprinast to restore cardiovascular haemodynamics following inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Adgey, AA; Allen, JD; Herity, NA; Silke, B, 1994)	0.55
" At the time of entry, the subjects' mean dosage of prednisone was 23."	( Comparison of oral pulse methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of severe glucocorticosteroid-dependent asthma. Diaz, JD; Ledford, DK; Lockey, RF; Seleznick, MJ; Stewart, GE; Trudeau, WL, 1994)	0.29
"Theophylline is often used in infants, yet few studies have evaluated the serum concentrations achieved with currently recommended dosing guidelines."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two theophylline dosing methods for infants. Fischer, JH; Hatzopoulos, FK; Kraus, DM; Reitz, SJ, 1994)	2.01
" The experiments used dipyridamole and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine to inhibit adenosine uptake, competitive adenosine receptor antagonists to shift adenosine dose response curves to the right, and corrected for the effect of endogenous adenosine on dose-response curves."	( Extracellular adenosine concentrations in hippocampal brain slices and the tonic inhibitory modulation of evoked excitatory responses. Diao, L; Dunwiddie, TV, 1994)	0.29
" These side effects can be minimized by beginning therapy with a low dosage and increasing the dosage slowly, until a therapeutic blood level is reached."	( The changing role of theophylline in pediatric asthma. Stoloff, SW, 1994)	0.61
" Control of theophylline dosage using measured theophylline concentrations and evaluation of efficacy and toxicity was performed under double-blind conditions."	( Theophylline target concentration in severe airways obstruction - 10 or 20 mg/L? A randomised concentration-controlled trial. Black, P; Briant, R; Couch, R; Holford, N; Kennedy, J, 1993)	2.11
"This study was designed to compare the steady-state theophylline serum concentrations produced by 800 mg daily doses of Theo-24 and Theo-Dur in normal, healthy men administered according to each product's recommended dosing instructions."	( Comparative steady-state bioavailability of Theo-24 and Theo-Dur in healthy men. Cefali, EA; Dockhorn, RJ; Straughn, AB, 1994)	0.54
" The serum levels of theophylline and salicylates were measured at 6:00 PM after dosing and at 6:00 AM the following day, at weekly intervals for 4 weeks."	( Investigation of the influence of acetylsalicylic acid on the steady state of long-term therapy with theophylline in elderly male patients with normal renal function. Daigneault, EA; Ferslew, KE; Hamdy, RC; Harvill, LM; Kalbfleisch, JH; Rice, PJ; Singh, J, 1994)	0.82
" This article reviews the mechanisms of action involved in current methylxanthine uses, outlines the range of dosage recommendations and target plasma levels in the neonate, describes reported toxicities as extensions of the pharmacologic effects, summarizes some recent litigation reports addressing theophylline toxicity, and shares recommendations from practitioners who have written about the clinical use of this class over the past 50 years."	( Theophylline misadventures: Part I. O'Donnell, J, 1994)	1.91
" Using an individual theophylline dosage with morning theophylline concentrations between 5 and 8 micrograms/ml, only few side effects occurred."	( [Long-term treatment of sleep apnea with evening administration of oral retard theophylline]. Dorow, P; Heinemann, S; Kühler, U; Meissner, P; Thalhofer, S, 1993)	0.83
"To develop appropriate theophylline dosage recommendations for infants < or = 1 year of age, we evaluated the Nassif, Hendeles, and Hatzopoulos dosing equations in 75 infants who were receiving theophylline intravenously by continuous infusion."	( Evaluation of three theophylline dosing equations for use in infants up to one year of age. Hogue, SL; Phelps, SJ, 1993)	0.92
" This has practical application to the calculation of appropriate theophylline maintenance dosage regimens in Korean patients with cardiac failure."	( Theophylline disposition in Korean patients with congestive heart failure. Hwang, SC; Jeong, CS; Jones, DW; Ryu, HS; Sands, CD; Sohn, K, 1994)	1.97
"A controlled release dosage form of theophylline in the form of microspheres using the milk protein casein as the matrix is described."	( Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine casein microspheres as a matrix for the controlled release of theophylline: in-vitro studies. Jayakrishnan, A; Latha, MS, 1994)	0.78
" Thus the chitosan tablet with 10% NaAlg was expected to be a pH-independent sustained release dosage form."	( [Sustained-release effect of the direct compressed tablet based on chitosan and Na alginate]. Miyazaki, T; Okada, S; Yomota, C, 1994)	0.29
" In conclusion, glucose recovery after hypoglycemia is significantly increased when theophylline is administered in an asthma dosage before hypoglycemia is induced."	( Theophylline enhances glucose recovery after hypoglycemia in healthy man and in type I diabetic patients. Christensen, NJ; Hilsted, J; Hvidberg, A; Rasmussen, MH, 1994)	1.96
" The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, L-monomethyl-L-arginine (30 microM) shifted the dose-response curve for NECA to the right in all groups suggesting that the vascular response to NECA is partially mediated through the release of NO."	( Influence of aortic baroreceptor denervation on adenosine receptor-mediated relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Abdel-Rahman, AA; el-Mas, MM; Fahim, M; Mustafa, SJ, 1994)	0.29
" The addition of dirithromycin (500 mg orally once daily at 7:00 AM) to a sustained-release theophylline dosing regimen (every 12 hours) elicited small changes in the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline, which were not statistically significant."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in COPD patients treated with dirithromycin. Bachmann, K; Jauregui, L; Sides, G; Sullivan, TJ, 1993)	0.79
" It is concluded that both drugs can be administered concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of theophylline."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline during co-treatment with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid in patients suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Cazzola, M; Lampa, E; Matera, MG; Paizis, G; Rossi, F; Santangelo, G; Vinciguerra, A, 1993)	0.79
" The assay was applied to evaluate the theophylline content in feces following oral administration of the drug to dogs as tablet (Theo-Dur) and capsule (Slo-Bid) dosage forms."	( High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of theophylline in dog feces following oral administration of sustained-release products. Chow, AT; Jusko, WJ; Meek, PD, 1993)	0.81
"A novel floating controlled-release drug delivery system was formulated in an effort increase the gastric retention time of the dosage form and to control drug release."	( A floating controlled-release drug delivery system: in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Bolton, S; Desai, S, 1993)	0.29
"In three groups (each n = 12) of unselected hospitalized patients treated either with digoxin, theophylline, or gentamicin routinely performed TDM measurement of trough steady-state plasma levels (+ peak levels in case of gentamicin) was combined with a pharmacokinetic study at steady state (multiple blood sampling during one dosing interval)."	( Generation of pharmacokinetic data during routine therapeutic drug monitoring: Bayesian approach vs. pharmacokinetic studies. Bühl, K; Drewelow, B; el Desoky, E; Engel, G; Harings-Kaim, A; Klotz, U; Meinshausen, J, 1993)	0.5
" When given at 40 mg/kg bodyweight twice daily for five days the theophylline preparation was well tolerated, but, the dogs developed a marked tachycardia and hyperpnoea which were attributed to the high plasma concentrations (> 30 micrograms/ml) reached during this dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in dogs of a sustained-release formulation of theophylline. McKellar, QA, 1993)	0.75
" During the follow-up period (20 +/- 18 months), the mean daily theophylline dosage was 450 mg and the mean serum theophylline level 9 ng/ml."	( Long-term effects of theophylline in atrial fibrillation with a slow ventricular response. Alboni, P; Antonioli, GE; Cappato, R; Paparella, N; Pirani, R; Yiannacopulu, P, 1993)	0.84
"The role of bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis in determining slow-release theophylline dosage was evaluated in fifteen healthy subjects given a standard 200 mg dose."	( Individual theophylline dosing based on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Charles, BG; Sidhu, JS; Smithurst, BA; Triggs, EJ, 1993)	0.9
"Combined treatment with propranolol and reserpine enhanced acetylcholine-induced dose-response curves for bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs in vivo."	( Pharmacological model for airway hypersensitivity produced by propranolol and reserpine in guinea pigs. Goto, S; Inagaki, N; Koda, A; Nagai, H, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage form developed during drug formulation work may influence the biological effects exerted by the active ingredients and therefore may alter the therapeutic efficacy, too."	( [The formulation aspects of drug liberation]. Rácz, I, 1993)	0.29
" This final model and the population parameters of theophylline will be useful for individualization of a drug dosage regimen by means of the Bayesian method."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline. II: Intravenous infusion to patients with stable chronic airway obstruction. Hori, R; Kawakatsu, K; Nishimura, K; Okumura, K; Tanigawara, Y; Yano, I; Yasuhara, M, 1993)	0.82
"The bioavailability of three marketed controlled-release dosage forms and a reference solution of theophylline was studied in eight subjects with normal gastric fluid acidity and seven subjects who were achlorhydric."	( The effect of gastric pH on the absorption of controlled-release theophylline dosage forms in humans. Hepp, P; Hunt, J; Jarvi, EJ; Meyer, MC; Straughn, AB; Vashi, VI; Wood, GC, 1993)	0.74
" Heart rates in response to isoproterenol dosing were fitted by linear regression, and horizontal shifts in the regression lines were examined between the three treatments."	( Effect of tibenelast (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and theophylline on isoproterenol-stimulated heart rate, cyclic AMP and norepinephrine levels. Bowsher, RR; Cerimele, BJ; McNay, JL; Rowe, H; Schwertschlag, US, 1993)	0.53
" For 10 patients this method definitely revealed non-compliance, whereas compliance was doubtful with 12 children and 15 children had strictly adhered to the prescribed dosage regimen."	( [Compliance of children with bronchial asthma in long-term therapy with theophylline retard preparations]. Köhler, E; Schuster, R; Sollich, V, 1993)	0.52
" A double-blind crossover design was used with two dosage levels."	( Behavioral and cognitive effect of theophylline: a dose-response study. Lerner, CA; Stein, MA, 1993)	0.56
" Despite a decrease in theophylline dosage, theophylline concentrations continued to rise as the dosage of propafenone was increased to 300 mg every 8 hours."	( Propafenone-theophylline interaction. Charland, SL; Gammaitoni, A; Hurwitz, J; Spinler, SA, )	0.82
"4 mg/kg as an intravenous infusion over 5 min (a dosage previously used to test drug interactions with cimetidine and ranitidine) were evaluated in 7 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and peptic ulcer disease before and after 8 days' treatment with famotidine 40mg at night."	( Famotidine and theophylline pharmacokinetics. An unexpected cimetidine-like interaction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dal Negro, R; Pomari, C; Turco, P, 1993)	0.64
" An important first step in the development of a multiparticulate coated dosage form is to characterize the uncoated pellet."	( Drug release mechanism from a microcrystalline cellulose pellet system. O'Connor, RE; Schwartz, JB, 1993)	0.29
" Concomitant use of these agents, even when dosed several hours apart, should be avoided."	( Drug-drug interactions with fluoroquinolones. Marchbanks, CR, )	0.13
", ofloxacin) are absorbed as reliably and completely after oral administration as when given parenterally, and dosage adjustments for these agents are unnecessary after sequential therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations in quinolone therapy. Nightingale, CH, )	0.13
"The therapeutic value of a sustained-release theophylline preparation (Theospirex retard 300 mg) with administration of the daily dose once a day in the evening compared to the 2 x 1 dosage usual was investigated in 19 patients suffering from asthma symptoms manifested mainly at night."	( [Comparison of two long-acting theophylline preparations in daily evening administration]. Holzer, R, 1993)	0.83
" When compounds were intraduodenally administered to the guinea pig, 1-(2'-ethoxyethyl)-, 1-(3'-methoxypropyl)-, 1-(3'-butenyl)-, and 1-[(dimethylamino)-ethyl]-3-propylxanthines, 1-methyl-7-(2'-oxopropyl)-3-propylxanthine, and denbufylline (1,3-di-n-butyl-7-(2'-oxopropyl)xanthine) effectively inhibited the acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm without heart stimulation or central nervous system-stimulation at the effective dosage range."	( Bronchodilator activity of xanthine derivatives substituted with functional groups at the 1- or 7-position. Hasegawa, T; Iwasaki, N; Konno, K; Kurita, M; Miyamoto, K; Ohshima, T; Sakai, R; Sanae, F; Takagi, K; Yamamoto, Y, 1993)	0.29
"The author suggests an alternate approach to theophylline dosing as a means of resolving the current controversy."	( Theophylline in the ambulatory treatment of chronic obstructive lung disease: resolving a controversy. Snider, GL, )	1.83
" Venous blood sampling for pharmacokinetic assessment was done over a complete dosing interval on day 7 of each phase."	( Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of a chronotherapeutically formulated once-daily theophylline preparation (Uniphyl). Babul, N; Buttoo, KM; Fraser, IM; Stewart, JH; Walker, SE, )	0.34
" In the open randomized theophylline trial, 56%-71% of the patients (according to uncontrolled or controlled intake of the drug) received a dosage of theophylline which was too low to achieve a sufficient serum level in the range of 10-20 mg/l."	( Compliance with therapy in children with respiratory diseases. Horak, E; Nikolaizik, WH; Schöni, MH, 1995)	0.6
" Theophylline area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve over the 6-h dosing interval decreased slightly (13%) but statistically significantly during lansoprazole coadministration."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole and theophylline. Cavanaugh, JH; Granneman, GR; Karol, MD; Locke, CS, 1995)	1.45
"Controlled release dosage forms offer advantages over conventional dosage forms and a more constant and prolonged therapeutic effect."	( Numerical models for calculating the blood level of a drug with oral controlled release forms. Vergnaud, JM, 1995)	0.29
" The findings obtained here are useful not only for the initial dosage adjustment for patients with a variety of backgrounds but also for doses individualization based on serum concentration monitoring with or without the Bayesian feedback method."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline. III. Premarketing study for a once-daily administered preparation. Hori, R; Iwai, T; Iwakawa, S; Komada, F; Maekawa, H; Okumura, K; Shimizu, T; Tanigawara, Y, 1995)	0.58
" Questions remain with regard to the identification and determinants of either responsive or sensitive subgroups, dose-response relationships, and the effects of parent-teacher expectancies on behavioral ratings."	( Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines. A meta-analysis of theophylline and caffeine. Bender, BG; Krasowski, M; Leventhal, BL; Phillips, W; Stein, MA, 1996)	0.53
" Upon initiation of zileuton, the typical asthma patient may require dosage reductions of one-half, and monitoring of plasma theophylline concentrations is recommended."	( Effect of zileuton on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Awni, WM; Braeckman, RA; Cavanaugh, JH; Dubé, LM; Granneman, GR; Locke, CS, 1995)	0.81
" The objective of this study was to validate urine caffeine metabolite ratios versus stable isotope-labeled caffeine clearance under different caffeine dosing conditions."	( Validation of urine caffeine metabolite ratios with use of stable isotope-labeled caffeine clearance. Benowitz, NL; Denaro, CP; Jacob, P; Wilson, M, 1996)	0.29
" The stable isotope technique allowed simultaneous oral dosing of caffeine and measurement of caffeine metabolite ratios and caffeine clearance, the latter reflecting CYP1A2 activity."	( Validation of urine caffeine metabolite ratios with use of stable isotope-labeled caffeine clearance. Benowitz, NL; Denaro, CP; Jacob, P; Wilson, M, 1996)	0.29
"05) rightward shift of the dose-response curve for the depressor effects of adenosine (ED50 = 13."	( The involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and adenosine in the regulation of coronary flow in the isolated perfused rat heart. Randall, MD, 1995)	0.29
"2 micrograms ml-1, respectively, at steady-state when theophylline was administered with or without concurrent dosing of nefazodone."	( Lack of an effect of nefazodone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of theophylline during concurrent administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Barbhaiya, RH; Dockens, RC; Greene, DS; Rapoport, D; Roberts, D, 1995)	0.77
" At our laboratory we have developed a formulation of a controlled-release theophylline tablet using acrylic resins and we studied the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline from this dosage form."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline administered as a controlled-release tablet. Arancibia, A; Chavez, H; Gai, MN; Manquez, N; Pinilla, E; Romero, P; Thielemann, AM, 1996)	0.82
" With the dosing regimes used, both rolipram and theophylline inhibited eosinophil recruitment, whilst only rolipram prevented the development of airway hyperresponsiveness."	( Effects of theophylline and rolipram on antigen-induced airway responses in neonatally immunized rabbits. Blake, SM; Gozzard, N; Herd, CM; Higgs, GA; Holbrook, M; Hughes, B; Page, CP, 1996)	0.94
" PPADS (3-100 microM) attenuated vasodilator responses to the P2Y-selective agonists 2MeSATP and ADP, shifting the dose-response curves to the right."	( Discrimination by PPADS between endothelial P2Y- and P2U-purinoceptors in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed. Burnstock, G; Ralevic, V, 1996)	0.29
"There is a need to modify dosage schedule for these babies."	( Kinetics of theophylline in apnea of prematurity in small for gestational age babies. Bhakoo, ON; Chaudhuri, M; Garg, SK; Narang, A, 1996)	0.67
" However, bioelectrical impedance equations do not yield more accurate dosing estimates than do standard dosing methods, and large dosing errors are possible in patients with aberrant physiology."	( Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements for drug pharmacokinetics. Zarowitz, BJ, 1996)	0.29
" In conclusion, basal interstitial adenosine concentration is at the threshold of a remarkably steep dose-response curve for increasing coronary blood flow."	( Quantitative relation between interstitial adenosine concentration and coronary blood flow. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Stepp, DW; Van Bibber, R, 1996)	0.29
" This information was used to estimate an a priori dosing regimen that would permit steady-state concentrations of 5-15 mg/litre, now recommended for the treatment of chronic asthma, and to evaluate the need to establish monitoring strategies when theophylline is given at these lower doses and when it can be expected that almost no adverse effects are likely."	( Application of population pharmacokinetics to the optimization of theophylline therapy. Barrueco, M; Buelga, DS; Dominguez-Gil, A; Otero, MJ; Vázquez, MA, 1996)	0.71
"With a view to expanding the application of a drug delivery system (DDS) preparation using plasma-irradiated pharmaceutical aids for various dosage forms, we studied the theophylline release property from plasma-irradiate polymer-coated granules, the polymers of which differ in the plasma irradiation effect."	( A new drug delivery system using plasma-irradiated pharmaceutical aids. VII. Control release of theophylline from plasma-irradiated polymer-coated granules. Hattori, K; Ishikawa, M; Kondo, S; Kuzuya, M, 1996)	0.71
" Dose-response data for both agonists were best represented by two-site models."	( A biphasic response to adenosine in the coronary vasculature of the K(+)-arrested perfused rat heart. Harden, FA; Harrison, GJ; Headrick, J; Jordan, LR; Willis, RJ, 1996)	0.29
"Subjects received extended-release oral theophylline at a constant dosage over 4 weeks to yield a serum concentration (Cp) between 5 and 10 micrograms/mL."	( Effect of ranitidine on theophylline metabolism in healthy Koreans living in China. Harralson, AF; Jones, DW; Kehoe, WA; Lan, HH; Long, LF; Sands, CD; Shin, HT, 1996)	0.87
" The ratios of maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve for one 12-hour dosing interval (AUC tau) for treatment C versus B for theophylline on day 7 was 98% for both parameters."	( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between theophylline and the leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor BAY x 1005. Groen, H; Jonkman, JH; Leeuwenkamp, OR; Moesker, HL; Sollie, FA, 1996)	0.74
"To evaluate prospectively the ability of two equations that we previously derived to predict maintenance theophylline dosages that provide a serum theophylline concentration (STC) of 8 micrograms/ml, the midtherapeutic range for treating apnea of prematurity; and to determine the number of further dosage adjustments and STC determinations required to achieve the target concentration in infants in whom it was not achieved initially."	( Prospective evaluation of two dosing equations for theophylline in premature infants. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM; Johnson, CE; Reed, S; Schork, MA, )	0.6
"Patients received a loading dose of 6 mg/kg intravenous aminophylline, followed by a maintenance dosage calculated using one of the two derived equations."	( Prospective evaluation of two dosing equations for theophylline in premature infants. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM; Johnson, CE; Reed, S; Schork, MA, )	0.38
" When infants were stratified by gestational age, those dosed by Equation 1 had a 76% success rate and those dosed by Equation 2 had a 65% success rate."	( Prospective evaluation of two dosing equations for theophylline in premature infants. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM; Johnson, CE; Reed, S; Schork, MA, )	0.38
" Further, the number of subsequent dosage adjustments required to attain the target STC in infants who had failed to achieve this STC initially was significantly less than using older, more traditional regimens."	( Prospective evaluation of two dosing equations for theophylline in premature infants. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM; Johnson, CE; Reed, S; Schork, MA, )	0.38
" These modifications on the pharmacokinetics of drugs with low hepatic extraction coefficients, such as theophylline, should be considered when dosage regimens during the posthepatectomy hepatic regeneration period are planned."	( Influence of partial hepatectomy on theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. Calvo, MB; Gascón, AR; Hernández, RM; Maza, A; Pedraz, JL, 1996)	0.78
" Isometric tension was measured and dose-response curves were constructed for levcromakalim (a KATP opener), Y-26763 (another KATP opener), isoprenaline and theophylline in guinea-pig isolated trachea that was challenged with ovalbumin or pretreated in vitro with either isoprenaline or the KATP openers."	( Allergic responses reduce the relaxant effect of beta-agonists but not potassium channel openers in guinea-pig isolated trachea. Dobashi, K; Houjou, S; Iizuka, K; Nakazawa, T, 1996)	0.49
" With this dosage the median values of the 24-hour profile (10."	( [Inhibition of growth hormone secretion by theophylline in asthmatic children]. Baum, WF; Klöditz, E; Schneyer, U, 1996)	0.56
" Using single dose data for simulation of steady state pharmacokinetics, we found that a once-a-day dosage regimen with either Theo-24 or Xanthium would maintain serum levels within the therapeutic range for average non-smoking young adults whereas more frequent dosing intervals with Theo-Dur would be more appropriate."	( A single-dose comparison of three slow-release theophylline oral preparations in healthy Thai volunteers. Kanthawatana, S; Manorot, M; Tonsuwannont, W; Tontayapiwat, A, 1996)	0.55
" Significant control over the rate of drug released from the developed dosage form was achieved during the experiment time (12 h)."	( Microencapsulation of theophylline using ethylcellulose: in vitro drug release and kinetic modelling. Ataei, Z; Ghalandari, R; Lavasanifar, A; Mortazavi, SA; Zolfaghari, ME, )	0.45
" Microcapsules of theophylline, administered as a suspension in water, proved to be a suitable dosage form for a clientele with impaired or difficult deglutition."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a new liquid sustained-release formulation of theophylline designed for the elderly and children: microcaps as sachet. Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Von Nieciecki, A; Weiss, G, 1996)	0.85
" An appropriate dosing schedule for fenoterol needs to be redefined."	( Oral fenoterol versus sustained release theophylline in adult asthmatics. Almagro, J; Andrade, RJ; Hidalgo Sanchez, R; Lucena, MI; Sanchez de la Cuesta, F, 1997)	0.56
" These results suggest that doxofylline decreased airway responsiveness at the dosage which dose not affect the heart rate and respiratory rate compared with theophylline."	( [Effects of theophylline and doxofylline on airway responsiveness in beagles]. Adachi, M; Horikoshi, S; Idaira, K; Imai, T; Okamoto, M; Sugeta, A, 1997)	0.87
" Dosage was according to age between 11 and 24 mg/kg body weight and day."	( [Comparison of serum concentrations of once and twice daily administration of ultra-retard theophylline in school children with bronchial asthma]. Liebke, C; Niggemann, B; Wahn, U, 1996)	0.51
" This study was undertaken in adult male New Zealand rabbits to assess the effect of 3 weeks of dosing with NIS (1 mg."	( A high cholesterol diet blocks the effect of calcium channel blockers on the uptake of sugars in rabbit intestine. Hyson, DH; Kappagoda, CT; Keelan, M; Thomson, AB, 1997)	0.3
" Azithromycin was discontinued and the theophylline dosage reduced by 33%."	( Reduced serum theophylline concentrations after discontinuation of azithromycin: evidence for an unusual interaction. Pollak, PT; Slayter, KL, )	0.76
" Adenosine receptor blockade with 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) was used to shift the adenosine dose-response curve 12-fold."	( Role of adenosine in norepinephrine-induced coronary vasodilation. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Stepp, DW; Van Bibber, R, 1997)	0.56
" Dose-response curves of agonists for these responses were obtained to determine their relative potency order."	( Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Kemmotsu, O; Nakamura, I; Ohta, Y, 1997)	0.3
" 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline produced dose-dependent parallel shifts to the right of NECA dose-response curves for these responses."	( Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Kemmotsu, O; Nakamura, I; Ohta, Y, 1997)	0.66
" Both the Eudragit RS-coated particles and the tablets manufactured by compressing the coated particles with Marine Chito were orally administered to dogs, and the plasma theophylline levels of the two dosage forms were compared to determine the drug release characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Tableting of coated particles. I. Small particle size chitosan as an agent protecting coating membrane from mechanical damage of compression force. Yamada, M; Yamahara, H; Yao, T; Yoshida, M, 1997)	0.49
"4, range: 2-12 years) with an acute asthma attack were treated by an intravenous dosage regimen of theophylline (30 min loading infusion of 6 mg/kg body weight followed by a constant infusion of 1 mg/kg, twice for 6 hr each)."	( Disposition of intravenous theophylline in asthmatic children: Bayesian approach vs direct pharmacokinetic calculations. el Desoky, E; Ghazal, MH; Klotz, U; Mohamed, MA, 1997)	0.81
" The differences argue for individualized dosage regimens, since theophylline is a drug with a narrow therapeutic window and its concentration at the active sites strongly depends on characteristic parameters of the patient's response."	( Individualization of theophylline infusion rate on the basis of a nonlinear compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Argyropoulos, CP; Ithakissios, DS; Kassimatis, TI; Nikiforidis, GC, )	0.69
" However, the lower limits of effective sodium polystyrene sulfonate dosing and the extent of potassium lowering in humans are questions that need to be answered before sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin can be recommended for routine, use."	( Methods used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance elimination. Scharman, EJ, 1997)	0.3
" Theophylline, an antagonist of P1 adenosine receptor, completely reversed the effect of adenosine on the furosemide-sensitive ATPase activity in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of adenosine on the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase activity from basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule. Caruso-Neves, C; Chagas, C; Francisco-Pedro, LG; Lopes, AG; Souza, LP, 1997)	1.21
" Among them, 3,4-dipropyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-i]-purin-5-one (1c), which was the most selective and potent PDE IV inhibitor, did not cause emesis in Suncus murinus at a dosage range of 10-100 mg/kg (po), while an imidazole analogue of 1c (4c) and known PDE IV inhibitors such as rolipram and denbufylline caused emesis even at 10 or 30 mg/kg."	( Selective inhibitors of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase: heterocycle-condensed purines. Kasugai, S; Miyamoto, K; Ohya, K; Sawanishi, H; Suzuki, H; Suzuki, N; Takagi, K; Waki, Y; Yamamoto, S, 1997)	0.3
"We examined dosage requirements needed to attain peak serum concentrations of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml in all patients with chronic asthma treated with theophylline by the Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonary Clinic at the University of Iowa from 1990 to 1994 (n = 300) and at the Pediatric Pulmonary Clinic at the University of Florida from 1992 to 1995 (n = 93)."	( Apparent decrease in population clearance of theophylline: implications for dosage. Asmus, MJ; Hendeles, L; Marshik, P; Milavetz, G; Teresi, ME; Weinberger, MM, 1997)	0.76
"Theophylline dose requirements needed to attain serum concentrations of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml have decreased significantly from those on which current dosing recommendations are based."	( Apparent decrease in population clearance of theophylline: implications for dosage. Asmus, MJ; Hendeles, L; Marshik, P; Milavetz, G; Teresi, ME; Weinberger, MM, 1997)	2
" Initially, the theophylline dosage was titrated to achieve trough concentrations of 8 to 15 micrograms/mL."	( A randomized controlled trial comparing zileuton with theophylline in moderate asthma. The Zileuton Study Group. Dubé, LM; Lancaster, JF; Petty, T; Schwartz, HJ; Swanson, LJ, 1998)	0.89
" No overall differences were observed between the zileuton dosage groups."	( A randomized controlled trial comparing zileuton with theophylline in moderate asthma. The Zileuton Study Group. Dubé, LM; Lancaster, JF; Petty, T; Schwartz, HJ; Swanson, LJ, 1998)	0.55
" It is also devoid of the cardiovascular and behaviour side-effects of theophylline and of effects on diuresis at dosage well above the antitussive dose."	( Experimental studies on the antitussive properties of the new xanthine derivative 1H-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-7[(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl]. 2nd communication: investigations on theophylline-like activities. Arányi, P; Boér, K; Boronkay, E; Gyürky, J; Kapui, Z; Korbonits, D; Lacheretz, F; Mikus, EG; Pascal, M; Révész, J, 1997)	0.72
" The results of this study indicated that the new generic sustained-release tablet and the reference are bioequivalent when the same dosage is administered."	( Single dose study of the bioequivalence of two sustained-release theophylline formulations. Contreras, J; González, R; López, M; Ontivero, E; Pérez, N, 1998)	0.54
" The definition of equivalence acceptance limits becomes crucial, particularly in studies conducted in the flat range of the dose-response curve of inhaled steroids."	( Asthma management: the challenge of equivalence. Hummel, T; Keller, A; Leichtl, S; Neuhäuser, M; Rathgeb, F; Steinijans, VW, 1998)	0.3
" After preconstriction with the selective alpha1-adrenergic-receptor agonist phenylephrine dose-response curves were constructed for amrinone (1-270 microg x min(-1)), enoximone (1-270 microg x min(-1)), theophylline (5-1500 microg x min(-1)) and pentoxifylline (2-877 microg x min(-1)) in a random order on separate occasions."	( Dilatory effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on human hand veins in vivo. Braune, J; Ebert, U; Grossmann, M; Kirch, W, 1998)	0.49
" The methylxanthines were continued at least until discharge from the NICU and the dosage altered to keep the levels within the therapeutic range."	( Comparison of the effects of theophylline and caffeine on serum erythropoietin concentration in premature infants. Fang, S; Gamsu, HR; Greenough, A; Marsden, JT; Peters, TJ; Sherwood, RA, 1998)	0.59
" The authors study the efficacy and serum level of theophylline in 13 children with asthma who received slow release theophylline in a dosage of 15."	( [The evaluation parameters of the long-term treatment efficacy of theophylline in the child with bronchial asthma]. Culea, M; Nanulescu, MV; Palibroda, N; Panta, P, )	0.62
" It appears that although DU-6859a has a weak inhibitory effect on TP metabolism in vitro, its concomitant use with TP at clinical dosage levels does not cause any adverse effects, showing only a slight increase in blood TP concentrations and a decrease in urinary metabolites."	( Effects of DU-6859a, a new quinolone antimicrobial, on theophylline metabolism in in vitro and in vivo studies. Itokawa, K; Niki, Y; Okazaki, O, 1998)	0.55
"Reproducible gastrointestinal transit times of multiple unit dosage forms result in increasing efficacy and safety of pellets compared to single unit dosage forms."	( [Pellet technology. Sustained-release pellets in hard gelatin capsules--a suitable dosage form for theophylline]. Fuchs, WS; Laicher, A, 1998)	0.52
"In vitro dissolution studies are valuable tools to judge quality and stability of sustained release dosage forms and are often utilised to predict the in vivo performance."	( [The effect of different variables on the in vitro dissolution of a theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Fuchs, WS; Grunenberg, P; Jakobs, R; Klemm, FH; Laicher, A; Profitlich, T; Stanislaus, F; von Nieciecki, A; Weiss, G, 1998)	0.54
"In a single-dose crossover study with 16 healthy male nonsmoking volunteers the absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of the sustained release pellets contained in all dosage strengths of Bronchoretard (100, 200, 350, 500 mg anhydrous theophylline) were investigated."	( [Absorption profile and absolute bioavailability of a theophylline sustained-release preparation]. Barkworth, MF; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Rehm, KD; Weber, W, 1998)	0.73
"Sustained release theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) preparations may be dosed once or alternatively twice-a-day, depending on the intention of a theophylline therapy."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a theophylline sustained-release formulation after single and twice daily dosage]. Dilger, C; Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; Stanislaus, F; von Nieciecki, A, 1998)	0.94
" Following individual dosing of 100-300 mg theophylline twice a day, a pharmacokinetic profile for 24 h was derived after seven days of multiple dosing."	( [Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in sustained-release formulation in young asthmatics]. Fuchs, WS; Heese, U; Laicher, A; von Nieciecki, A; Witschital, K, 1998)	0.88
"The administration of currently available theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) sustained release preparations with high drug doses (hard capsules, tablets) presents difficulties for certain patient groups as children and elderly, due to the large geometry of these dosage forms."	( [Manufacture and in vitro characterization of a new fluid theophylline sustained-release form. Sachets with microcapsules for administration in a drinkable sustained-release suspension]. Calanchi, M; Fuchs, WS; Klemm, FH; Stanislaus, F; Weiss, G; Zema, M, 1998)	0.81
" Microcapsules of theophylline, administered as a suspension in water, proved to be a suitable dosage form for a clientele with impaired or difficult deglutition."	( [Pharmacokinetics of a new fluid theophylline sustained-release drug form. Microcapsules in a sachet]. Fuchs, WS; Gay, S; Laicher, A; Müller, M; Pabst, G; von Nieciecki, A; Weiss, G, 1998)	0.92
" This dosage range should result in a steady-state serum concentration between 5 and 15 mg/L."	( Theophylline for chronic symptomatic bradycardia in the elderly. Crouch, MA; Ling, CA, )	1.57
" Twenty-four young male and female healthy subjects were randomly allocated in gender-balanced fashion to 4 parallel treatment groups with single and repeated dosing of either reproterol + DSCG by HFA- or CFC-MDI (each time N = 8) or placebo by HFA- or CFC-MDI (each time N = 4) using matched placebo devices thus allowing a double-blind (with regard to placebo) approach."	( Tolerability and in vivo performance of a novel freon-free metered dose inhaler for a fixed combinational product of reproterol and disodium cromoglycate. de Mey, C; Hermann, R; Ruus, P; Schneider, E, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of the study was to investigate the dose-response relationship for psychomotor performance, caffeine and theophylline in healthy elderly volunteers."	( Psychomotor performance: investigating the dose-response relationship for caffeine and theophylline in elderly volunteers. Bryant, CA; Farmer, A; Jackson, SH; Keating, J; Sherwood, R; Swift, CG; Tiplady, B, 1998)	0.73
" A number of parameters was measured before and after treatment, including baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20; sensitivity), dose-response slope (reactivity) and percentage eosinophils, eosinophil cationic protein and T-cell markers in peripheral blood (by flow cytometry)."	( Effect of chronic theophylline treatment on the methacholine dose-response curve in allergic asthmatic subjects. Costello, JF; Cotter, T; Kilfeather, S; Page, CP; Spina, D; Sullivan, P, 1998)	0.63
"The biphasic nature of the lipolytic dose-response curve of epinephrine in fat cells from "young" rats (40-45 days) was confirmed."	( Hormone-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells from "young" and "old" rats. Allen, DO; Miller, EA, 1973)	0.25
" The skin surface was not protected during the absorption dosing period."	( Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, theophylline, 2, 4-dimethylamine, diethyl hexyl phthalic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap compared to man in vivo. Maibach, H; Melendres, J; Riviere, JE; Sedik, L; Wester, RC, 1998)	0.56
"Dissolution testing is an essential requirement for the development, establishment of in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance (IVIVR), registration and quality control of solid oral dosage forms."	( Evaluation and comparison of dissolution data derived from different modified release dosage forms: an alternative method. Fassihi, R; Pillay, V, 1998)	0.3
" The appropriate dosage of quinolones has not been definitively established."	( Drug disposition in cystic fibrosis. Pons, G; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM, 1998)	0.3
" The results of this study suggest that the core-in-cup tablet is a versatile zero-order release rate dosage form that are simple to produce."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation in dogs of theophylline in a novel zero-order release core-in-cup tablet. Danckwerts, MP; Moodley, I; van der Watt, JG, 1998)	0.57
"Prediction of the drug level in the volume of distribution was made using a numerical model taking into account the following facts: the kinetics of drug release out of the dosage form along the gastrointestinal tract, the kinetics of absorption in the blood compartment and the kinetics of elimination."	( Assessment of blood level with controlled-release dosage forms: effect of the rate constant of elimination of the drug. Aïnaoui, A; Vergnaud, JM, )	0.13
"The colon-targeted delivery capsule (CTDC), a new capsule-type dosage form for colonic delivery of drugs, was investigated for the in vivo drug release behavior in dogs."	( In vivo drug release behavior in dogs from a new colon-targeted delivery system. Hatano, H; Ishibashi, T; Kobayashi, M; Mizobe, M; Yoshino, H, 1999)	0.3
" The study group was represented by 13 children with asthma, with the age between 2 and 13 years that received theophylline in an average dosage of 15."	( [The monitoring of delayed-release theophylline therapy in bronchial asthma in children by determining the salivary concentration]. Culea, M; Nanulescu, MV; Palibroda, N; Panta, P, )	0.62
"The template release kinetics of theophylline molecularly imprinted polymers has been examined with a view to determining their potential as a controlled release drug dosage form."	( Theophylline molecularly imprinted polymer dissociation kinetics: a novel sustained release drug dosage mechanism. Andersson, HS; Nicholls, IA; Norell, MC, 1998)	2.02
" These results show that montelukast at the clinical dosage did not change theophylline pharmacokinetics in a clinically important manner, but at 20- to 60-fold higher dosages, montelukast significantly reduced the theophylline pharmacokinetics parameters; an apparent dosage dependence is suggested."	( Effect of montelukast on single-dose theophylline pharmacokinetics. Bachmann, K; Ebel, D; Huhn, RD; Hunt, TL; Jauregui, L; Larson, P; Malmstrom, K; Miller, K; Peszek, I; Reese, JH; Reiss, TF; Schwartz, J; Scott, M; Shingo, S; Sullivan, TJ, 1998)	0.8
"With the support and guidance of the medical staff, a protocol for IV theophylline dosing and monitoring has been implemented."	( Pharmacist-based i.v. theophylline therapy. Alexander, G; Donahue, T; Dotter, J; Sadaj, JM, 1989)	0.83
" The concentration of theophylline in serum and the urinary excretion rates of theophylline on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to increase compared to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone; however, the urinary excretion rates of 1-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to decrease in comparison to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone."	( Effect of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, on the concentration of theophylline in serum. Matsuoka, O; Matsushima, T; Miyashita, N; Nakajima, M; Niki, Y; Sekino, H; Tamada, S; Watanabe, S; Yoshida, K, 1999)	0.86
" Our study established the dose-response relationship for convulsions due to isoniazid and theophylline in mice and determined if pyridoxine antagonized such seizures."	( Seizures induced by theophylline and isoniazid in mice. Bonner, AB; Peterson, SL; Weir, MR, 1999)	0.85
" And then, with double-blind crossover in design, twice-daily theophylline doseing (TD) or once-daily theophylline dosing (OD) was given in a randomly assigned sequence, and serum theophylline concentration (STC) was measured, and other physiological testings were similar as baseline measurements."	( [Effects of theophylline on lung function and sleep in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Li, Y; Liu, Y, 1997)	0.92
" Patients on inhaled corticosteroids, cromolyn, and nedocromil were allowed into the study if their dosing remained constant throughout the study."	( Salmeterol vs theophylline: sleep and efficacy outcomes in patients with nocturnal asthma. Mende, CN; Petrocella, VJ; Rickard, KA; Wiegand, L; Yancey, SW; Zaidel, G; Zwillich, CW, 1999)	0.66
" Plasma levels of theophylline after oral administration of gellan solutions and a commercial oral sustained-release liquid dosage form containing an identical drug concentration were compared in both rats and rabbits."	( In situ-gelling gellan formulations as vehicles for oral drug delivery. Aoyama, H; Attwood, D; Kawasaki, N; Kubo, W; Miyazaki, S, 1999)	0.64
" Dose-response curves with the characterized compounds revealed that the most important role in binding inhibition could be attributed to hippuric acid and CMPF."	( Study by means of high-performance liquid chromatography of solutes that decrease theophylline/protein binding in the serum of uremic patients. De Smet, R; Lameire, N; Van Kaer, J; Vanholder, R; Vogeleere, P, 1999)	0.53
" Oral clearance during the nighttime dosing interval was 13% greater than the daytime oral clearance for nonsmokers and 22% greater for smokers, showing a greater circadian rhythm for smokers."	( The effect of low-dose cimetidine (200 mg twice daily) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Boike, SC; Boyle, DA; Di Cicco, RA; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Zariffa, N, 1999)	0.53
" Tests of hemostasis (ADP-induced platelet aggregation and bleeding time) were carried out 2 hours after clopidogrel dosing on days 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14."	( Clopidogrel does not affect the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Caplain, H; Necciari, J; Thebault, JJ, 1999)	0.55
" Compliance with therapy in adolescents in particularly low if the dosing regimen is more than twice daily, with poor inhaler technique contributing to ineffective control."	( The problems of treating adolescent asthma: what are the alternatives to inhaled therapy? Kemp, J; Price, J, 1999)	0.3
" Further studies are required to establish its role and the optimal dosage regimen of charcoal to be administered."	( Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. , 1999)	0.3
" Based on the data supplied, these threshold concentrations could effectively control orally administered caffeine in racehorses, up to the dosage used in this work, up to 72 h before sampling time."	( The confirmation and control of metabolic caffeine in standardbred horses after administration of theophylline. Herskovits, P; Mendonca, M; Ryan, M; Todi, F, 1999)	0.52
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.74
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in serum theophylline concentration (STC) caused by morning or evening dosing of Euphyllin Retard, a brand of SRT, for a period of 36 hours following oral administration."	( Influence of morning or evening administration on absorption of theophylline. Cheng, TP; Su, YM; Wang, DI; Wen, CY; Yeh, TW, 2000)	0.78
" The appropriate dosing interval of both preparations for Thai children was twice a day."	( Comparative study of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of slow release theophylline oral preparations in Thai children with persistent asthma. Jiraporncharoen, K; Kanthawatana, S; Tontayapiwat, A; Trakultivakorn, M, 1999)	0.54
"A capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate and quantitate ephedrine (ED), theophylline (TP) and phenobarbital (PB) in a tablet dosage form."	( Determination of ephedrine, theophylline and phenobarbital in a tablet dosage form by capillary electrophoresis. Haque, A; Stewart, JT; Xu, X, 1999)	0.82
"No significant changes in the steady-state theophylline maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), minimum plasma concentration (Cmin), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC0-12), or apparent total oral clearance (CL/F) were observed within the two treatment groups when theophylline was administered alone or in combination with lansoprazole or pantoprazole."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline. Goldwater, DR; Hunt, RH; Pan, WJ; Pilmer, BL; Zhang, Y, 2000)	0.8
" In addition, mini-matrix tablets were prepared to investigate the possibility of application as an implantable dosage form."	( Utilization of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for preparation of mini-depot tablets by direct compression. Kawashima, Y; Kobayashi, M; Murakami, H; Takeuchi, H, 2000)	0.31
"This system had advantages in terms of simplicity in design and predictability of drug release rate and may be useful as an implantable dosage form."	( Utilization of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for preparation of mini-depot tablets by direct compression. Kawashima, Y; Kobayashi, M; Murakami, H; Takeuchi, H, 2000)	0.31
" The result of the release studies also showed that PG could be used to deliver TPL in a bioadhesive dosage form."	( Studies on bioadhesive granules I: granules formulated with Prosopis africana (prosopis) gum. Adikwu, MU; Attama, AA; Okoli, ND, 2000)	0.31
" Experimental studies in pregnant rabbits using Primatene in both low and high dosage resulted in limb reduction defects and other malformations in a significant number of the offspring compared with controls."	( Association of sympathomimetic drugs with malformations. Drut, RM; Gilbert-Barness, E, 2000)	0.31
" After a single dosing of theophylline, accentuated heart rate and vomiting were observed at a concentration of more than 67 micrograms/ml, and excitement, spasm and hyperpnea were observed at more than 130 micrograms/ml."	( Acute and subacute toxicities of theophylline are directly reflected by its plasma concentration in dogs. Kagawa, M; Kojima, J; Onodera, K; Shibata, M; Wachi, M, 2000)	0.89
" The following results were obtained: 1) Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma theophylline after an intravenous bolus injection were close to those after the dosing of aminophylline in dogs by a crossover method."	( Pharmacokinetic study of theophylline in dogs after intravenous administration with and without ethylenediamine. Kawai, H; Kojima, J; Kokubun, S; Matsumoto, T; Onodera, K, 2000)	0.84
" These studies show that it is possible to detect the active ingredients in the intact dosage form, even where the substance comprises <1% of the total mass of the tablet."	( Evaluation of solid-state forms present in tablets by Raman spectroscopy. Langkilde, FW; Taylor, LS, 2000)	0.31
" But, because of its narrow therapeutic range, dosage must be individualized in order to optimize the treatment based on the measurement of theophylline concentration in serum."	( Theophylline for the treatment of bronchial asthma: present status. Kato, M; Kawai, M, 2000)	1.95
"The applicability of fibroin, a major silk protein, to controlled release type dosage tablets was investigated in vitro and in vivo."	( Application of fibroin in controlled release tablets containing theophylline. Issiki, M; Katayama, H; Yoshitomi, H, 2000)	0.55
" A gentle rise of pH was observed as the dosage of the base increased when arginine and lysine were used, in contrast to the sharp rise of pH observed when sodium hydroxide was used."	( Preparation and characterization of acrylic hydrogels neutralized by basic amino acids. Machida, K; Matsuyama, K; Miyanaga, Y; Ohki, T; Toida, Y; Uchida, T; Wada, K, 2000)	0.31
" At each visit, a dose-response curve to inhaled salbutamol was constructed using a total cumulative dose of 800 microg."	( Additive effects of salmeterol and fluticasone or theophylline in COPD. Calderaro, F; Cazzola, M; Centanni, S; Di Lorenzo, G; Di Perna, F; Testi, R, 2000)	0.56
"Using numerical models and data obtained from in vitro experiments, the dimensions of diffusion controlled release dosage forms to achieve desired in vivo levels are predicted."	( Calculation of the dimensions of dosage forms with release controlled by diffusion for in vivo use. Ainaoui, A; Bodmeier, R; Siepmann, J; Vergnaud, JM, 2001)	0.31
"Citalopram dosing to steady state did not inhibit or induce the metabolism of theophylline in this population of healthy volunteers."	( Effect of citalopram on plasma levels of oral theophylline. Larsen, F; Møller, SE; Pitsiu, M; Rolan, PE, 2000)	0.79
" Caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine shifted the dose-response curve for adenosine at the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors."	( Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fredholm, BB; Irenius, E; Kull, B; Schulte, G, 2001)	0.7
" The variability in CYP1A2 activity in healthy adults, based on data after oral and intravenous dosage (CLm, CL and AUC), ranged from 34 to 42%."	( Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates. Dorne, JL; Renwick, AG; Walton, K, 2001)	0.31
" The adverse effects disappeared after the dosage was reduced and the theophylline serum concentration decreased; however, there was no change in theophylline clearance."	( Effect of levofloxacin on theophylline clearance during theophylline and clarithromycin combination therapy. Enomoto, H; Hasegawa, A; Kawana, H; Kitada, M; Kuriyama, T; Nakamura, H; Ohmori, S; Ohtsuka, T, 2001)	0.84
" Terbutaline concentration-effect relationships were studied before and after one week of dosing of terbutaline, with or without theophylline."	( Prevention by theophylline of beta-2-receptor down regulation in healthy subjects. Derks, MG; Koopmans, RP; Oosterhoff, E; Van Boxtel, CJ, )	0.7
" They can be used to study the dose-response effect of inhaled corticosteroids and may be useful to establish the relative potency of different corticosteroid formulations and delivery devices."	( The use of sputum cell counts to evaluate asthma medications. Hargreave, FE; Parameswaran, K, 2001)	0.31
"5 times that of commercial oral sustained-release liquid dosage forms containing an identical theophylline concentration."	( Oral sustained delivery of theophylline from thermally reversible xyloglucan gels in rabbits. Attwood, D; Endo, K; Kawasaki, N; Miyazaki, S, 2001)	0.83
" Then a sustained-release theophylline preparation formulated for once-daily dosing was administered to these patients grouped to examine the effect of the drug on circadian rhythms in PEF."	( [Chronotherapy of bronchial asthma: circadian rhythms in peak expiratory flow. The report II: Circadian rhythms of peak expiratory flow in asthmatic patients and effect of sustained-release theophylline on various types of the circadian rhythms]. Kagami, M; Nakazawa, T; Tomioka, H; Yoshida, S, 2001)	0.8
"8 ml/min/kg required a higher dose of theophylline and twice-daily dosing was more appropriate."	( Comparative steady-state bioavailability of sustained-release theophylline preparations: Theo-Dur, Uni-Dur and Xanthium. Kovjiriyapan, K; Manorot, M; Pothirat, C; Rojanasthien, N, 2001)	0.82
"The purpose of this work was to study the effect of storage time and temperature on the in vitro release kinetics of a commercial sustained-release dosage form of theophylline, at different pHs of the dissolution medium."	( Comparative study of the dissolution profiles of a commercial theophylline product after storage. Barcia, E; Herrero-Vanrell, R; Negro, S; Villegas, S, 2001)	0.75
" This open, cross-sectional, multicenter study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of a once-daily dosage of 400 mg lomefloxacin in patients with AECB chronically treated with theophylline."	( Safety and effectiveness of lomefloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) chronically treated with oral theophyllines. Cantoni, V; Melani, AS; Pirrelli, M; Sarlo, F, 2001)	0.71
" The growth-suppressive effects of ICS may be most evident in children with: 1) mild asthma because the relatively high airway patency may facilitate increased levels of deposition and steroid absorption in more distal airways, and 2) evening dosing that may reduce nocturnal growth hormone activity."	( Balancing safety and efficacy in pediatric asthma management. Skoner, DP, 2002)	0.31
" Blood and urine samples were investigated on the third and fifth days after the concomitant dosing with T-3762, to compare the serum levels and urinary concentrations of theophylline with the control values."	( Effect of pazufloxacin mesilate on the serum concentration of theophylline. Matsushima, T; Miyashita, N; Nakajima, M; Niki, Y; Watanabe, S; Yoshida, K, 2002)	0.75
"An adjusted pharmacokinetic equation that predicts in vivo plasma drug profiles for controlled release (CR) dosage forms having square root of time drug release kinetics has been derived."	( An adjusted pharmacokinetic equation for predicting drug levels in vivo based on in vitro square root of time release kinetics. Roshdy, MN; Schnaare, RL; Schwartz, JB; Sugita, ET; Zietz, S, 2002)	0.31
" The adverse events accompanying acute dosing are mild and transient."	( The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Greenway, FL, 2001)	0.31
" These results indicate that the treatment with the greater dosage administration of Unifil is effective to improve the physiological function of the respiratory system in elderly patients with COPD, and it may be the treatment of choice for elderly COPD patients."	( [Effect of sustained release of theophylline on pulmonary physiologic function in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Teramoto, S, 2002)	0.6
" However, effects of proconvulsants must be reconciled with increasing evidence of the importance of stimulus dosing relative to seizure threshold and other parameters, now considered key to the efficacy of ECT."	( Augmentation of seizure induction in electroconvulsive therapy: a clinical reappraisal. Caroff, SN; Datto, C; Ilivicky, HJ; Rai, AK, 2002)	0.31
" Especially when used in elderly asthmatic patients, dosage adjustment of theophylline is a requisite since the elderly have several risk factors that may increase the plasma theophylline level, such as reduced clearance, various underlying diseases and multiple coadministered drugs."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of theophylline in elderly patients. Kato, M; Kawai, H; Kojima, J; Ohnishi, A; Ushiama, H; Yoneko, M, 2003)	0.83
" In this study, a new asymmetric dosage regimen was presented to achieve a better accordance with the chronotherapy of asthma."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release formulation of theophylline sodium glycerinate in healthy subjects with a new asymmetric dosage regimen. Fang, L; Qi, M; Wang, P; Zhong, D, 2003)	0.56
"Transformations between solid phases in dosage forms can lead to instability in drug release."	( Effects of excipients on hydrate formation in wet masses containing theophylline. Airaksinen, S; Jørgensen, A; Karjalainen, M; Luukkonen, P; Rantanen, J; Yliruusi, J, 2003)	0.55
" The concentration-to-dose ratio and the relationship between the steady-state plasma concentration at different times during the dosage interval and Css(avg) are described."	( Pharmacokinetics of an ultralong sustained-release theophylline formulation when given twice daily in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: monitoring implications. Arjona, R; Armijo, JA; Cos, MA; Cuadrado, A; González-Ruiz, M; Peralta, FG; Sánchez, BM; Verdejo, A, 2003)	0.57
" BSA would serve as a practical alternative to LW for scaling adult dosage of metabolically eliminated drugs to children."	( Developmental changes in the liver weight- and body weight-normalized clearance of theophylline, phenytoin and cyclosporine in children. Echizen, H; Kanamori, M; Takahashi, H, 2002)	0.54
"0 mg/ml) resulted in tolerance to the motor effects of an acute administration of caffeine, lack of tolerance to amphetamine, apparent tolerance to MSX-3 (shift to the left of its 'bell-shaped' dose-response curve), and true cross-tolerance to CPT."	( Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the motor effects of caffeine after its acute and chronic administration. Antoniou, K; Ferré, S; Fuxe, K; Goldberg, SR; Justinova, Z; Karcz-Kubicha, M; Müller, CE; Pezzola, A; Popoli, P; Quarta, D; Reggio, R; Solinas, M; Terasmaa, A, 2003)	0.32
"A newly designed flow-through type dissolution test method (FT method) was applied to predict in vivo drug release behaviors in dogs of controlled-release multiple unit dosage forms."	( Prediction of in vivo drug release behavior of controlled-release multiple-unit dosage forms in dogs using a flow-through type dissolution test method. Ikegami, K; Kobayashi, M; Osawa, T; Tagawa, K, 2003)	0.32
" Results reveal that DMH and DP have rewarding properties, although the molar equivalent dose-response curve for DP appeared to be further to the right than that for DMH."	( Dimenhydrinate produces a conditioned place preference in rats. Beninger, RJ; Halpert, AG; Olmstead, MC, 2003)	0.32
" The drug release from the bead combination dosage form was predicted from the individual mathematical models and verified experimentally in vitro."	( A multimechanistic drug release approach in a bead dosage form and in vitro predictions. Liu, Y; Schnaare, RL; Schwartz, JB, 2003)	0.32
" Addition of P2Y1 blockade to P1 blockade shifted the ATP dose-response curve further rightward."	( Nucleotide coronary vasodilation in guinea pig hearts. Feigl, EO; Gorman, MW; Jacobson, KA; Ogimoto, K; Savage, MV, 2003)	0.32
" These findings suggest that ways need to be found: (i) to increase the use of current asthma management guidelines by practitioners; (ii) to improve documentation of prescribed medications and their dosage and; (iii) to improve education of parents in home management measures."	( Prescribing for asthmatic children in primary care. Are we following guidelines? Dashash, NA; Mukhtar, SH, 2003)	0.32
" The release profiles of the substances from the dosage forms were evaluated; the matrix appeared capable to modulate the diffusion of the chosen molecules, and different diffusion rates were observed, according to the different radii of the tested molecules."	( Structural and rheological characterization of Scleroglucan/borax hydrogel for drug delivery. Alhaique, F; Coluzzi, G; Coviello, T; Grassi, M; Palleschi, A; Santucci, E, 2003)	0.32
" The A1 and A2A receptor antagonists (CPT and MSX-3) both produced high levels of drug-lever selection when substituted for either methamphetamine or cocaine and significantly shifted dose-response curves of both psychostimulants to the left."	( Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the adenosinergic modulation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine and methamphetamine in rats. Antoniou, K; Ferre, S; Goldberg, SR; Highkin, JL; Hockemeyer, J; Justinova, Z; Munzar, P; Pappas, LA; Segal, PN; Solinas, M, 2003)	0.32
" The 26% reduction in theophylline clearance is probably not clinically significant in healthy dogs, but for dogs with renal impairment, there might be a chance of theophylline accumulation when dosed concomitantly with marbofloxacin."	( The effect of orally administered marbofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Dederichs, D; Hirt, RA; Teinfalt, M; van den Hoven, R, 2003)	0.86
"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of developing a cylindrical sustained-release dosage form for theophylline directly by means of a ram extrusion process."	( Theoretical and experimental study on theophylline release from stearic acid cylindrical delivery systems. Filipovic-Grcic, J; Franceschinis, E; Grassi, M; Perissutti, B; Voinovich, D, 2003)	0.8
"An in vitro/in vivo relationship of a combined multi-mechanistic dosage form has now been established in the literature."	( A multi-mechanistic drug release approach in a bead dosage form and in vitro/in vivo correlations. Liu, Y; Schnaare, RL; Schwartz, JB; Sugita, ET, 2003)	0.32
" In vivo percent drug absorbed at different times (input function) after administration of a capsule bead dosage form was calculated using the Wagner-Nelson deconvolution method using intravenous injection of theophylline in each dog as a reference."	( A multi-mechanistic drug release approach in a bead dosage form and in vivo predictions. Liu, Y; Schnaare, RL; Schwartz, JB; Sugita, ET, 2003)	0.51
"The quality and performance of a solid oral dosage form depends on the choice of the solid phase, the formulation design, and the manufacturing process."	( Phase transformation considerations during process development and manufacture of solid oral dosage forms. Law, D; Qiu, Y; Schmitt, EA; Zhang, GG, 2004)	0.32
" Therefore, the present study disclosed that the usage of colon degradable polymer offers an advantage in the design of controlled release dosage forms of drugs, which has good absorption properties throughout the gastrointestinal tract."	( Influence of colon degradation of polysaccharide on the oral bioavailability of theophylline from controlled release hydrophilic matrices. Babu, GV; Himasankar, K; Kumar, NR; Murty, KV, 2003)	0.55
" At the optimal dosage used in the acute studies, theophylline (15 mg/kg) did not enhance, but rather unexpectedly blocked, recovered respiratory activity in 4 out of 5 animals tested."	( Adenosine A1 receptor mRNA expression and the effects of systemic theophylline administration on respiratory function 4 months after C2 hemisection. Basura, GJ; Goshgarian, HG; Nantwi, KD, 2003)	0.81
" Then theophylline at dosage of 10 or 30 mg/kg was administered through the femoral vein."	( Determination of unbound theophylline in rat blood and brain by microdialysis and liquid chromatography. Liu, MC; Tsai, TH, 2004)	1.11
" A total of 32 children with ADHD as defined by DSM IV were randomized to theophylline and methylphenidate dosed on an age and weight-adjusted basis at 4 mg/kg/day (under 12 years) and 3 mg/kg/day theophylline (over 12 years) (group 1) and 1 mg/kg/day methylphenidate (group 2) for a 6-week double-blind and randomized clinical trial."	( Efficacy of theophylline compared to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. Akhondzadeh, S; Izadian, ES; Kashani, L; Mohammadi, MR; Ohadinia, S, 2004)	0.93
" Computer simulations predicted that extended-release theophylline tablets or capsules administered at a dosage of 10 mg x kg(-1) (4."	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs. Bach, JE; Kukanich, B; McKiernan, BC; Papich, MG, 2004)	0.8
"Results of these single-dose studies indicated that administration of the specific brand of extended-release theophylline tablets or capsules used in this study at a dosage of 10 mg x kg(-1), PO, every 12 hours would maintain plasma concentrations within the desired therapeutic range (10 to 20 microg x mL(-1)) in healthy dogs."	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two extended-release theophylline formulations in dogs. Bach, JE; Kukanich, B; McKiernan, BC; Papich, MG, 2004)	0.76
"The present work aimed to estimate the theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters (TH-PKP) in preterm neonates with apnea during the first month of life in order to optimize its dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in preterm neonates during the first month of life. Ali, AS; Fida, NM; Islam, SI; Sheikh, AA, 2004)	0.92
" Patients received cisplatin at a dosage of 50 mg/m(2) either combined with etoposide, ifosfamide, and epirubicin or with paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with the usual precautions, including a standard hydration scheme before application of cisplatin in both arms."	( Nephroprotection by theophylline in patients with cisplatin chemotherapy: a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Benoehr, P; Bokemeyer, C; Grenz, A; Hartmann, JT; Krueth, P; Osswald, H, 2005)	0.65
" Because of the differences among inter-individuals in the metabolic clearance of these drugs and their toxicity at certain levels of concentration in serum, the dosage should be regulated to maintain a therapeutic blood drugs level."	( [Simultaneous analysis of theophylline, phenobarbital, amobarbital and carbamazepine in serum by high performance liquid chromatography]. Duan, S; Fu, S; Ren, Q, 1997)	0.6
"Riluzole is used in a fixed dosing schedule of 50 mg twice daily to treat patients with amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), one form of motor neurone disease."	( Association between CYP1A2 activity and riluzole clearance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Groeneveld, GJ; Guchelaar, HJ; Kalmijn, S; Spieksma, M; van den Berg, LH; van Kan, HJ, 2005)	0.33
" Irregularity in lithium dispensing pattern, change in lithium dosing regimen, age, gender, prescribing physician and laboratory parameters were investigated as potential confounders."	( Drug-drug interactions as a determinant of elevated lithium serum levels in daily clinical practice. Brouwers, JR; Egberts, AC; Heerdink, ER; Hekster, YA; Moolenaar, M; Movig, KL; Nolen, WA; Wilting, I, 2005)	0.33
" After adjustment for co-medication, irregularity in lithium dispensing pattern, change in lithium dosing regimen, and age, the statistically significant association was lost."	( Drug-drug interactions as a determinant of elevated lithium serum levels in daily clinical practice. Brouwers, JR; Egberts, AC; Heerdink, ER; Hekster, YA; Moolenaar, M; Movig, KL; Nolen, WA; Wilting, I, 2005)	0.33
" However, the dose-response curve against dermorphine inhibition of the response to CCK-8 was bell-shaped and the highest SR concentration also significantly decreased the mu-withdrawal response."	( Involvement of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the opioid inhibition of the response to cholecystokinin and acute withdrawal response. Amico, MC; Morrone, LA; Palmery, M; Romanelli, L; Tucci, P; Valeri, P, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of the current study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of melt-extruded dosage forms based on Acryl-EZE and to determine the influence of gelling agents on the mechanisms and kinetics of drug release from thermally processed matrices."	( Physicochemical characterization and mechanisms of release of theophylline from melt-extruded dosage forms based on a methacrylic acid copolymer. Cerea, M; Dietzsch, C; Farrell, T; Fegely, KA; McGinity, JW; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A; Young, CR, 2005)	0.57
" Human intestinal fluids were aspirated from two sampling sites (duodenum and jejunum) at different time points after oral intake of theophylline; an immediate- and a slow-release dosage form were used to demonstrate the feasibility of discriminating between different formulations."	( Determination of intraluminal theophylline concentrations after oral intake of an immediate- and a slow-release dosage form. Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Ingels, F; Tack, J, 2005)	0.82
" Positrons react to the structural changes of amorphous polymers very sensitively, so the method can be recommended as useful means for stability tests during the development phase of dosage forms containing such excipients."	( Tracking of the physical ageing of amorphous pharmaceutical polymeric excipients by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Orbán, A; Süvegh, K; Zelkó, R, 2006)	0.33
"A ratio-spectra zero-crossing first-derivative spectrophotometric method and 2 chemometric methods have been used for the simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures of caffeine (A), 8-chlorotheophylline (B), and chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride (C) in bulk powder and dosage forms."	( Simultaneous determination of caffeine, 8-chlorotheophylline, and chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride in ternary mixtures by ratio-spectra zero-crossing first-derivative spectrophotometric and chemometric methods. Kelani, KM, )	0.58
"Nowadays, oral dosage forms with controlled release kinetics have known an increasing interest."	( Performance of multilayered particles: influence of a thin cushioning layer. Chambin, O; Pourcelot, Y; Rochat-Gonthier, MH; Rota, A, 2005)	0.33
" All patients received inhaled corticosteroids; only 44 had high dosed corticosteroids."	( [Treatment compliance in asthma: a Tunisian transversal study]. Ali, BK; Ikram, D; Radhouane, F; Sonia, M, 2005)	0.33
" The process was conducted in the rotary fluid bed with a gravimetric powder feeder achieving an exact dosage in contrast to volumetric powder feeder."	( Dry coating in a rotary fluid bed. Harder, K; Kablitz, CD; Urbanetz, NA, 2006)	0.33
"Application of the findings in this study to patient care may permit selection of an appropriate initial maintenance dosage to achieve target theophylline concentrations, thus enabling the clinician to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in very premature Japanese infants."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in very premature Japanese infants with apnoea. Fukuda, T; Imamura, T; Irie, T; Irikura, M; Kondo, G; Kondo, Y; Maeda, T; Shin-o, T; Yukawa, E, 2005)	0.82
" When used in relatively high quantities, Precirol ATO 5 imparts sustained-release properties to solid oral dosage forms, by forming a lipid matrix."	( Influence of poloxamers on the dissolution performance and stability of controlled-release formulations containing Precirol ATO 5. Chambin, O; Jannin, V; Pochard, E, 2006)	0.33
" Experiments with adenosine demonstrated that the selected dose of SPT elicited marked rightward shifts in the dose-response curves for both the inotropic and vascular actions."	( Acute dilatory and negative inotropic effects of homocysteine are inhibited by an adenosine blocker. Boerma, M; Hauer-Jensen, M; Joseph, J; Kennedy, RH; Melchert, RB; Owings, R, 2006)	0.33
"There is a growing interest for multiparticulate solid dosage forms such as pellets, because of their several advantages over tablets during drug therapy."	( Investigation on drug dissolution and particle characteristics of pellets related to manufacturing process variables of high-shear granulation. Antal, I; Dévay, A; Mayer, K; Pál, S, 2006)	0.33
"A multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique was developed in order to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall bioavailability of the dosage form."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a multiple-unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique. Limmatvapirat, S; Paeratakul, O; Puttipipatkhachorn, S; Sungthongjeen, S, 2006)	0.33
" The monkey may be useful animal model for bioavailability studies of controlled-release dosage forms of TP from the viewpoint of in vitro-in vivo release correlation."	( Bioavailability and in vivo release behavior of controlled-release multiple-unit theophylline dosage forms in beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, and göttingen minipigs. Ikegami, K; Osawa, T; Tagawa, K, 2006)	0.56
" dosage (10 AM & 10 PM) plus 6 placebo tablets in the morning (8 AM)."	( Comparison of a short course of prednisolone with sustained-release theophylline in the control of nocturnal asthma. Chhabra, SK, )	0.37
" Theophylline is a drug that reduces the inflammatory effects of allergic asthma but is difficult to administer at an appropriate dosage without causing adverse side effects."	( Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles enhance anti-inflammatory effects of intranasally delivered theophylline. Lee, DW; Lockey, RF; Mohapatra, SS; Shirley, SA, 2006)	1.46
" It should be noted that these effects were more pronounced in the mean daily theophylline dosage regimen."	( [Effect of theophylline on respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease]. Altymysheva, AT; Kadyraliev, ZhK; Mirrakhimov, MM; Shabykeeva, SB; Sooronbaev, TM, 2006)	0.95
" Optimization was feasible by the application of response surface methodology, which proved efficient in designing controlled-release dosage forms."	( D-optimal mixture design: optimization of ternary matrix blends for controlled zero-order drug release from oral dosage forms. El-Malah, Y; Khanfar, NM; Nazzal, S, )	0.13
" The results obtained in this study demonstrate, that EPR is a powerful method to monitor the first steps of diffusion processes and the physicochemical state of coated dosage forms."	( Mechanistic analysis of drug release from tablets with membrane controlled drug delivery. Mäder, K; Metz, H; Strübing, S, 2007)	0.34
" This dosage of aciclovir did not change the activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, which is represented as CYP1A2 activity."	( Lack of effect of aciclovir on metabolism of theophylline and expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 in rats. Hasegawa, T; Kato, M; Kimura, M; Nadai, M; Tsunekawa, Y; Ueyama, J; Yasui, K; Yoshizumi, H; Zhao, YL, 2007)	0.6
" For caffeine and scopolamine, even the lowest dosage tested (5 mg/horse/day and 2 mg/horse/day respectively) induced detectable concentrations of the molecule in urine."	( Urinary excretion of dietary contaminants in horses. Bonnaire, Y; Julliand, V; Lallemand, A; Respondek, F, 2006)	0.33
"The applicability of the solid lipid extrusion process as preparations method for sustained release dosage forms was investigated in this study."	( Solid lipid extrusion of sustained release dosage forms. Kleinebudde, P; Reitz, C, 2007)	0.34
" In particular, a global optimization control strategy is implemented to obtain the optimal dosage regimen, and weighting functions are introduced to balance the drug efficacy and the risk of toxicity."	( Weighted target interval stochastic control methods with global optimization and their applications in individualizing therapy. Ji, S; Lee, EJ; Wu, P; Zeng, Y, 2007)	0.34
"Oral dosage forms containing 300 mg theophylline in matrix type tablets, were prepared by direct compression method using two kinds of matrices, glycerylbehenate (hydrophobic), and (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (hydrophilic)."	( In vitro dissolution kinetic study of theophylline from hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrices. Abdulhalim, AA; Maswadeh, HM; Semreen, MH, )	0.68
" For the prediction of in vivo drug dosage form behavior based on in vitro methods, the ADS showed a high predictability when compared to USP in vitro methods."	( Investigation of the biopharmaceutical behavior of theophylline hydrophilic matrix tablets using USP methods and an artificial digestive system. Alric, M; Beyssac, E; Cardot, JM; Denis, S; Souliman, S, 2007)	0.59
" The release rate of theophylline decreased significantly over time from pellets coated with an acrylic dispersion containing 10% albumin when there was no acidification of the acrylic dispersion; however, when pellets were coated with an acidified EUDRAGIT/albumin dispersion, the theophylline release rate was stable for dosage forms stored in the absence of humidity."	( Use of proteins to minimize the physical aging of EUDRAGIT sustained release films. Infeld, MH; Kucera, SA; Malick, AW; McGinity, JW; Shah, NH; Zheng, W, 2007)	0.66
" The methods used at NIST to determine the concentration levels of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in SRM 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form and SRM 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder used reversed-phase liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and tandem mass spectrometry."	( Determination of caffeine and caffeine-related metabolites in ephedra-containing standard reference materials using liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and tandem mass spectrometry. Mitvalsky, S; Roman, M; Satterfield, MB; Sharpless, KE; Thomas, JB; Yen, J, )	0.35
" Conversely, upon smoking cessation, smokers may require a reduction in the dosage of an interacting medication."	( Drug interactions with smoking. Kroon, LA, 2007)	0.34
" Careful dosing of tizanidine is warranted in small females, whereas male smokers can require higher than average doses."	( Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Schröder, MT, 2008)	0.35
"The purpose of this research was to investigate suitable procedures for generating multivariate prediction vectors for quantitative composition and density analysis of intact solid oral dosage forms using terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) spectroscopy."	( Density mapping and chemical component calibration development of four-component compacts via terahertz pulsed imaging. Cogdill, RP; Drennen, JK; Palermo, R; Short, SM; Taday, PF, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage adjustments may be required for drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 (e."	( Interaction profile of armodafinil with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 3A4 and 2C19 in healthy subjects. Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2008)	0.35
"The study was carried out to investigate the drug release profiles of multi-unit dosage formulations of theophylline consisting of both the fast and slow release components in a unit dose."	( Multi-unit dosage formulations of theophylline for controlled release applications. Okor, RS; Uhumwangho, MU, )	0.62
"Pellets are currently a very popular dosage form for oral application."	( Differences in characteristics of pellets prepared by different pelletization methods. Häring, A; Janovská, L; Krejcová, K; Rabisková, M; Vetchý, D, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage recommended for children> 6 yrs of age is 6 mg/Kg/dose BID."	( Doxofylline: The next generation methylxanthine. Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Sankar, J, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the influence of dosage forms on bioavailability, a randomized single-dose crossover study under fasting conditions was conducted using two commercially available sustained release products, Quibron SR tablets and Respro-SR pellets filled Capsules containing 300mg theophylline."	( Comparative bioavailability and in vitro in vivo correlation of two sustained release brands of theophylline: tablets and pellets. Tulain, U; Ur-Rahman, N, 2008)	0.74
", Theophylline, Etofylline, Guaiphenesine and Ambroxol Hydrochloride in a liquid dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of multi drug components Theophylline, Etofylline, Guaiphenesine and Ambroxol Hydrochloride by validated RP-HPLC method in liquid dosage form. Jain, JK; Khandhar, AP; Mishra, RK; Prakash, MS, 2008)	1.32
" If applied to the chronotherapy of asthma at night, the developed formulation with a weight gain of 6 mg/T might help to reduce the inconvenience brought by too later administration of conventional dosage forms and maintain a relatively high blood drug concentration 7 h after administration."	( A controlled porosity osmotic pump system with biphasic release of theophylline: influence of weight gain on its in vivo pharmacokinetics. Bi, Y; Hou, S; Mao, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2008)	0.58
", differences in the type and degree of liver dysfunction of the animals and patients examined, and in the type and dosage of the inducing agent used."	( Enzyme inhibition and induction in liver disease. De Martin, S; Orlando, R; Palatini, P; Pegoraro, P, 2008)	0.35
" Resistance of such dosage forms to pancreatic enzyme digestion is generally only tested in the fasted state, despite the higher enzymatic challenge in the fed state."	( Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. Basit, AW; McConnell, EL; Short, MD, 2009)	0.35
" Our findings suggested that the initial dosage of theophylline should be adjusted according to the gender of pediatric patients and particularly in the case of infants."	( Effect of gender on theophylline clearance in the asthmatic acute phase in Japanese pediatric patients. Igarashi, T; Iwakawa, S, 2009)	0.93
" If such drugs reach clinical development and show undesirable variability when dosed with food, improved formulation can help to reduce the food effect and carefully designed in vivo studies in dogs can be a useful guide to clinical formulation development."	( Predicting pharmacokinetics of drugs using physiologically based modeling--application to food effects. Bolger, MB; Fraczkiewicz, G; Lukacova, V; Parrott, N, 2009)	0.35
"Dissolution testing is a crucial part of pharmaceutical dosage form investigations and is generally performed by analyzing the concentration of the released drug in a defined volume of flowing dissolution medium."	( Chemical imaging of oral solid dosage forms and changes upon dissolution using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Herek, JL; Jurna, M; Kleinebudde, P; Offerhaus, HL; Strachan, CJ; Windbergs, M, 2009)	0.35
" Formulated dosage forms were evaluated for an in vitro drug release study, which showed that the release might be consistent with a release time expected to deliver the drug to the colon depending on the thickness and hardness of the hydrogel plug."	( Development and evaluation of pulsatile drug delivery system using novel polymer. Gattani, SG; Tekade, AR, 2009)	0.35
" Even though lipid-based dosage forms often suffer from polymorphic transitions during manufacturing, affecting the dissolution profiles and stability, these extrudates were found to exhibit stable solid-state behaviour."	( Tailor-made dissolution profiles by extruded matrices based on lipid polyethylene glycol mixtures. Kleinebudde, P; Strachan, CJ; Windbergs, M, 2009)	0.35
"Different combinations of monoacid triglycerides and polyethylene glycol powders of different molecular weights were successfully extruded below their melting temperatures as a basis for oral dosage forms."	( Influence of structural variations on drug release from lipid/polyethylene glycol matrices. Kleinebudde, P; Strachan, CJ; Windbergs, M, 2009)	0.35
" Two recently completed trials have demonstrated that with respect to asthma control the combination of inhaled steroid (400 - 800 microg/d) plus theophylline is at least as effective as doubling the dose of inhaled steroid in patients who remain symptomatic on a dosage of 400 - 800 microg daily."	( [Asthma therapy: combination of topical glucocorticosteroids and theophylline]. Ukena, D, 1997)	0.73
"The aim of the present study was to compare some physicochemical properties of guar gum samples from different sources and thus to investigate the suitability of these samples for the formulation of either prolonged-release or colon-specific dosage forms."	( Comparison of guar gum from different sources for the preparation of prolonged-release or colon-specific dosage forms. Acartürk, F; Celkan, A, 2009)	0.35
" Data further indicated that the modified USP method provided for complete matrix hydration and swelling as the dosage form remained fully submerged, allowing for more reliable release mimicking the in-vivo conditions."	( Application of a novel symmetrical shape factor to gastroretentive matrices as a measure of swelling synchronization and its impact on drug release kinetics under standard and modified dissolution conditions. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2009)	0.35
"Food effects might substantially alter drug release from oral controlled release dosage forms in vivo."	( Simulated food effects on drug release from ethylcellulose: PVA-PEG graft copolymer-coated pellets. Carlin, B; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, changes in the pH and differences in the mechanical stress the dosage forms were exposed to did not affect drug release from the pellets."	( Simulated food effects on drug release from ethylcellulose: PVA-PEG graft copolymer-coated pellets. Carlin, B; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2010)	0.36
" The results of this study help in understanding the complex solid-state behaviour of solid lipid extrudates with different composition and to manufacture suitable lipid-based oral dosage forms."	( Influence of the composition of glycerides on the solid-state behaviour and the dissolution profiles of solid lipid extrudates. Kleinebudde, P; Strachan, CJ; Windbergs, M, 2009)	0.35
" The main types of IIME were dosing error (37."	( Iatrogenic intravenous medication errors reported to the GIZ-Nord Poisons Center Göttingen. Deters, M; Hentschel, H; Prasa, D; Schaper, A, 2009)	0.35
"The dry coating process was evaluated in terms of storage stability investigating drug release and agglomeration tendency of the different coated oral dosage forms; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) was used with triethylcitrate (TEC) as plasticizer and acetylated monoglyceride (Myvacet) as wetting agent."	( Stability of dry coated solid dosage forms. Kablitz, CD; Urbanetz, NA, 2009)	0.35
"Endogenous adenosine is an important modulator of intestinal neuro-effector activity, operating in the linear part of the dose-response curve."	( Estimation of endogenous adenosine activity at adenosine receptors in guinea-pig ileum using a new pharmacological method. Glaumann, C; Grishina, VA; Gustafsson, LE; Nilsson, KF, 2010)	0.36
" Using a bivascular liver perfusion dose-response curves to adenosine of the HA were performed in the presence and the absence of pan-adenosine blocker (8-SPT), A1 blocker (caffeine) or nitric oxide synthase-blocker (l-NMMA) after preconstriction with an alpha1-agonist (methoxamine)."	( A distinct nitric oxide and adenosine A1 receptor dependent hepatic artery vasodilatatory response in the CCl-cirrhotic liver. Groszmann, RJ; Mehal, WZ; Ripoll, C; Zipprich, A, 2010)	0.36
" A risk simulation platform that integrates population statistics, drug delivery system characteristics, dosing guidelines, patient compliance estimates, production metrics, and pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and in vitro-in vivo correlation models to investigate the impact of manufacturing variability on clinical performance of a model extended-release theophylline solid oral dosage system was developed."	( A new definition of pharmaceutical quality: assembly of a risk simulation platform to investigate the impact of manufacturing/product variability on clinical performance. Anderson, CA; Cogdill, RP; D'Amico, F; Drennen, JK; Short, SM, 2010)	0.53
" Of the materials tested, poloxamer 407 exhibited lower miscibility with the Eudragit(®) L polymer and matrices containing up to 40% enteric pellets were compliant with the USP dissolution requirements for delayed-release dosage forms."	( Novel application of hot-melt extrusion for the preparation of monolithic matrices containing enteric-coated particles. McGinity, JW; Schilling, SU, 2010)	0.36
" Optimal dosing and duration of therapy will also need to be established."	( Theophylline for bradycardia secondary to cervical spinal cord injury. Naydenov, SK; Ponzillo, JJ; Sadaka, F, 2010)	1.8
"Matrix type, monolithic, dosage forms suitable for controlled release that exhibit pH-dependent behavior are considerably less common than similarly behaving multiparticulated, enterically coated dosage forms, although simpler and less expensive to make."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
"Evaluate the properties of alginates and alginate-containing systems to produce pH-sensitive, monolithic, controlled release dosage forms that perform acceptably and determine their limits of application in regard with stability, pH and Ca(++) sensitivity, and appropriated rate of release."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
") with other gel-forming gums such as propylene glycol alginate (PGA), xanthan, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose have been evaluated for applicability in the manufacture of controlled release dosage forms with three drugs of different solubility and ionic character."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
" with a number of other gums have been demonstrated suitable to manufacture pH-sensitive, matrix-type solid dosage forms with release-controlling properties for up to 12 hours."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
" The latter steadily gain in importance as parenteral controlled release dosage forms, especially for acid-labile drugs."	( Drug release mechanisms of compressed lipid implants. Kreye, F; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2011)	0.37
" So far a comparison of drug release from dosage forms coated with different shellac types has not been made."	( Investigation of drug release from pellets coated with different shellac types. Farag, Y; Leopold, CS, 2011)	0.37
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2010)	0.36
" The application of modifying subcoats is an easy and effective means to achieve sustained release from shellac-coated dosage forms."	( Development of shellac-coated sustained release pellet formulations. Farag, Y; Leopold, CS, 2011)	0.37
"Medicines are most often oral solid dosage forms made into tablets or capsules, and there is little room for individualized doses."	( Inkjet printing of drug substances and use of porous substrates-towards individualized dosing. Ihalainen, P; Kronberg, L; Määttänen, A; Meierjohann, A; Peltonen, J; Sandler, N; Viitala, T, 2011)	0.37
" Total lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (CL) were recorded and the dose-response curves for acetylcholine (Ach) of RL and CL were used to evaluate the bronchodilator effect."	( Synergic bronchodilator effects of a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor olprinone with a volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane in ovalbumin-sensitised guinea pigs. Iwasaki, S; Watanabe, A; Yamakage, M; Zhou, J, 2011)	0.37
"The dose-response curve for Ach of RL was elevated that for and CL was depressed significantly in the ovalbumin-sensitised animals compared to normal control guinea pigs."	( Synergic bronchodilator effects of a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor olprinone with a volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane in ovalbumin-sensitised guinea pigs. Iwasaki, S; Watanabe, A; Yamakage, M; Zhou, J, 2011)	0.37
"Many applications in biostatistics rely on nonlinear regression models, such as, for example, population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, or modeling approaches for dose-response characterization and dose selection."	( Simultaneous confidence bands for nonlinear regression models with application to population pharmacokinetic analyses. Bretz, F; Gsteiger, S; Liu, W, 2011)	0.37
"Matrix dosage forms are widely used for sustained drug release."	( Analysis of matrix dosage forms during dissolution testing using raman microscopy. Gordon, KC; Haaser, M; Kleinebudde, P; McGoverin, CM; Rades, T; Strachan, CJ; Windbergs, M, 2011)	0.37
" The potential use of this synergistic interaction can be a design of new extended release pharmaceutical dosage forms with a more prolonged release (beyond 12 h) using lower polymer amount, which could be particularly beneficial for freely water-soluble drugs, preferably for once daily oral administration."	( The influence of sodium carboxymethylcellulose on drug release from polyethylene oxide extended release matrices. Douroumis, D; Farrell, T; Levina, M; Nokhodchi, A; Palmer, D; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of the study was to accelerate the dissolution of the sustained release dosage forms using both elevated temperature and high rpm rates."	( Acceleration of in vitro dissolution studies of sustained release dosage form of theophylline and in vitro-in vivo evaluations in terms of correlations. Apaydın, S; Ege, MA; Ertan, G; Kantarcı, G; Karasulu, E; Karasulu, Y; Ozgüney, I; Yurdasiper, A, 2011)	0.6
"The aim of this research was to prepare helical and cylindrical extrudates by melt extrusion and to evaluate their potential as sustained release dosage form."	( Melt extruded helical waxy matrices as a new sustained drug delivery system. Grassi, M; Hasa, D; Kleinebudde, P; Lenaz, D; Pagotto, M; Perissutti, B; Voinovich, D; Zacchigna, M, 2011)	0.37
" It has been demonstrated that the SERS signals of the theophylline molecules captured on the surface of the silver nanoparticles have a good reproducibility and a dose-response relationship to the target analytes, showing the potential for reliable identification and quantification of the bioactive compound."	( Surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor for theophylline determination by molecular imprinting on silver nanoparticles. Guan, G; Jiang, C; Liu, P; Liu, R; Wang, S; Zhang, Z, 2011)	0.88
"There exists the intention to shift pharmaceutical manufacturing of solid dosage forms from traditional batch production towards continuous production."	( Real-time assessment of critical quality attributes of a continuous granulation process. De Beer, T; Díaz, DC; Fonteyne, M; Gildemyn, D; Remon, JP; Vercruysse, J; Vervaet, C, 2013)	0.39
" Because of the increasing worldwide incidence of obesity, there is a need for more information regarding the optimal dosing of drug therapy to be made available to prescribers."	( Application of a systems approach to the bottom-up assessment of pharmacokinetics in obese patients: expected variations in clearance. Aarabi, M; Allabi, AC; Almond, LM; Ghobadi, C; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Rowland-Yeo, K, 2011)	0.37
" Prediction of the effects of obesity on drug clearance, normalized by various body size scalars, is of potential value in the design of clinical studies during drug development and in the introduction of dosage adjustments that are likely to be needed in clinical practice."	( Application of a systems approach to the bottom-up assessment of pharmacokinetics in obese patients: expected variations in clearance. Aarabi, M; Allabi, AC; Almond, LM; Ghobadi, C; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Rowland-Yeo, K, 2011)	0.37
"The present work was undertaken with an objective to design a multilayered dosage form of doxofylline, using pastillation technology, for the chronotherapeutic management of nocturnal asthma."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of multilayered pastilles for chronotherapeutic management of nocturnal asthma. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"The present work opens a new alternative to the conventional tablet or capsule dosage form for the development of both immediate-release and modified-release drug delivery systems."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of multilayered pastilles for chronotherapeutic management of nocturnal asthma. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"Sustained-release mini-tablets are a potentially suitable for paediatric drug delivery or as multi-particulate dosage forms."	( Development and evaluation of sustained-release Compritol® 888 ATO matrix mini-tablets. Marchaud, D; Miolane, C; Mostafa, S; Roberts, M; Vellucci, D, 2012)	0.38
"Tailored drug release from matrix mini-tablets may achieved by altering the size of mini-tablet or level of Compritol® 888 ATO in the formulation and this may have potential in the development of paediatric formulations or multi-particulate dosage forms."	( Development and evaluation of sustained-release Compritol® 888 ATO matrix mini-tablets. Marchaud, D; Miolane, C; Mostafa, S; Roberts, M; Vellucci, D, 2012)	0.38
" The efficacy and potency of bronchodilating drugs were obtained from cumulative dose-response curves with efficacy (E(max)) as the maximal relaxant response and potency (-logEC(50)) as the logarithm of the concentration of drug inducing 50% of maximal relaxation."	( A comparison of in vitro relaxant responses to ipratropium bromide, β-adrenoceptor agonists and theophylline in feline bronchial smooth muscle. Gustin, P; Kirschvink, N; Leemans, J, 2012)	0.6
"Sustained release (SR) dosage forms enable prolonged and continuous deposition of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improve the bioavailability of medications characterized by a narrow absorption window."	( Eudraginated polymer blends: a potential oral controlled drug delivery system for theophylline. Emeje, M; Isimi, Y; John-Africa, L; Kunle, O; Ofoefule, S, 2012)	0.6
"Mini-tablets are compact dosage forms, typically 2-3 mm in diameter, which have potential advantages for paediatric drug delivery."	( The influence of HPMC concentration on release of theophylline or hydrocortisone from extended release mini-tablets. Ford, JL; Levina, M; Mohamed, FA; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Roberts, M; Seton, L, 2013)	0.64
" Of the blends, at a 1:1 ratio, for example, resulted in a burst release after 10 h, which demonstrated the feasibility of preparing delayed release dosage forms by compression coating."	( Preparation of delayed release tablet dosage forms by compression coating: effect of coating material on theophylline release. El-Malah, Y; Nazzal, S, 2010)	0.57
" We conclude that concomitant dosing with a cardiac stimulant and endothelin antagonist can partially reverse loss of physical performance capacity under hypobaric hypoxia, independent from improving blood oxygen saturation."	( The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude. Boico, A; Hamilton, K; Hanna, G; Irwin, D; Palmer, G; Piantadosi, CA; Radiloff, DR; Schroeder, T; Shan, S; Wu, C; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.71
"The in vivo pharmacokinetic study of controlled release pastille formulation showed significant decrease in C(max) with increase in t(max), which indicates that the effect of dosage form would last for longer duration."	( Evaluation of in vivo behavior of controlled and pulsatile release pastilles using pharmacokinetic and γ-scintigraphic techniques. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"This study opens a new alternative to the conventional tablet or capsule dosage form for the development of both immediate and modified release drug delivery systems."	( Evaluation of in vivo behavior of controlled and pulsatile release pastilles using pharmacokinetic and γ-scintigraphic techniques. Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this work is to prepare oral dosage systems based on enteric materials in order to verify their possible use as Colon-Specific Drug Delivery Systems (CSDDSs)."	( In vitro dissolution of pH sensitive microparticles for colon-specific drug delivery. Barba, AA; d'Amore, M; Dalmoro, A; Lamberti, G, )	0.13
" The aim of study was to compare the dissolution profiles of theophylline extended-release dosage forms available on Polish market: Theoplus, Theovent, Theospirex retard, and Euphyllin long."	( Comparison of dissolution profiles of theophylline extended-release dosage forms. Chodurek, E; Dzierzewicz, Z; Gruchlik, A; Szara, M; Wolny, D, )	0.64
"In order to assess whether caffeine and theophylline have the same potency and efficacy to reverse the impairment of motor function caused by acute or chronic interruption of striatal dopamine transmission, a comparison of their dose-response relationship was made in the acute model of haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and the chronic model of unilateral lesion of the dopamine nigrostriatal pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine."	( Caffeine has greater potency and efficacy than theophylline to reverse the motor impairment caused by chronic but not acute interruption of striatal dopaminergic transmission in rats. Acuña-Lizama, MM; Alvarez-Cervera, FJ; Bata-García, JL; Góngora-Alfaro, JL, 2013)	0.91
" Therefore, we asked if a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could be used to evaluate different dosing regimens for pregnant women."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women. Isoherranen, N; Ke, AB; Nallani, SC; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Unadkat, JD; Zhao, P, 2013)	0.39
" However, FT-IR can be used to obtain information on the compounds chemical structure and conformation, and ToF-SIMS provides sensitivity in cases, where the entire solid dosage form is contaminated with foreign matter."	( Foreign matter identification from solid dosage forms. Bjørneboe, K; Haugshøj, KB; Pajander, J; Rantanen, J; Wahlberg, P, 2013)	0.39
"The sensitivity of controlled release dosage forms to the presence of ethanol in the gastro intestinal tract is critical, if the incorporated drug is potent and exhibits severe side effects."	( Ethanol-resistant polymeric film coatings for controlled drug delivery. Chokshi, R; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Rosiaux, Y; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2013)	0.39
" The new insight into chitosan-alginate matrix tablets can help to broaden the application of this type of dosage forms."	( Drug release characteristics from chitosan-alginate matrix tablets based on the theory of self-assembled film. Li, L; Mao, S; Ni, R; Shao, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
"Blood samples were first obtained after 1 week of maintenance dosing and then acquired approximately 4 weeks after continuous dosing."	( Population pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature Korean infants. Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, HS; Kim, SE; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Sohn, JA; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2013)	0.68
" The TNJ protective effects were concentration-dependent, indicating a dose-response correlation, that can be attributed to a powerful antioxidant and/or free radical scavenger ability of TNJ."	( Antimutagenic and antirecombinagenic activities of noni fruit juice in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Cunha, KS; De Andrade, HH; De Andrade, LR; Dihl, RR; Franchi, LP; Guimarães, NN; Lehmann, M, )	0.13
"Recently, ethylcellulose/guar gum blends have been reported to provide ethanol-resistant drug release kinetics from coated dosage forms."	( Ethanol-resistant ethylcellulose/guar gum coatings--importance of formulation parameters. Chokshi, R; Leclercq, B; Muschert, S; Rosiaux, Y; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Velghe, C, 2013)	0.39
"The solid-state form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an oral dosage form plays an important role in determining the dissolution rate of the API."	( In situ dissolution analysis using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and hyperspectral CARS microscopy. Fussell, A; Garbacik, E; Kleinebudde, P; Offerhaus, H; Strachan, C, 2013)	0.39
"0) mg/L, T(1/2) increased by 116 and 96%, V(d) increased by 51 and 49% for total theophylline in rats treated with dosage regimen A and B of baicalin, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic changes of unbound theophylline are due to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP1A2 activity inhibition by baicalin in rats. Fang, Y; Gao, N; Jia, LJ; Jin, H; Qi, B; Qiao, HL, 2013)	0.89
" The formulation factors such as the viscosity grade of polyethylene oxide as the primary polymer as well as the level and location of osmogen within the bilayer tablets led to a difference in performance of osmotic tablets and hence should be critically evaluated in the design of such dosage forms."	( Investigation of critical core formulation and process parameters for osmotic pump oral drug delivery. Farrell, TP; Huatan, H; Missaghi, S; Patel, P; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR, 2014)	0.4
" Versatile and easy to use, capsules represent a popular dosage form for patients."	( In vitro evaluation of extemporaneously compounded immediate-release capsules with premixed excipients, based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) of the drugs. Danopoulos, P; Demirdjian, L; Dubois, F; Nogueira, RJ; Pinheiro, VA, )	0.13
" Chemotherapeutic patients who received cisplatin at a dosage of at least 50 mg/m 2 alone or in combination with other chemotherapy agent(s) were included in the study."	( The protective effect of theophyline in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Ghorbani, A; Golzari, K; Hayati, F; Khanzadeh, A; Motemednia, F; Mousavi, MB; Mousavi, SS; Shahbazian, H; Valavi, E; Zadeh, MH, 2014)	0.4
" Its positive impact in patients with lower maximum sustained coherence, in addition to the potential existence of a dose-response relationship, should be further investigated."	( Impact of an oral theophylline loading dose pre-electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective study in patients with missed or inadequate seizures. Allard, J; Kemp, MF; Marcotte, P; Pâquet, M, 2015)	0.75
"5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h) from marginal ear vein after dosing and theophylline in plasma was analyzed by HPLC method."	( Investigating the Potential Effect of Commiphora myrrha on the Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline, a Narrow Therapeutic Index Drug. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Alam, MA; Raish, M, 2015)	0.87
" With the dissolution test for delayed-release solid dosage forms (Ph."	( Coatings from blends of Eudragit® RL and L55: a novel approach in pH-controlled drug release. Leopold, CS; Wulff, R, 2014)	0.4
" Further confirmation of these results in humans will warrant changes in theophylline dosing before the co-administration of such herbs."	( Effects of fenugreek, garden cress, and black seed on theophylline pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Ahad, A; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Al-Suwayeh, SA; AlKharfy, KM; Mahrous, GM, 2015)	0.9
" On the basis of simulated plasma theophylline levels, a twice daily dosage (every 12h) with the FD-CSMMA tablets should be recommended."	( Invivo absorption behaviour of theophylline from starch-methyl methacrylate matrix tablets in beagle dogs. Colom, H; Fernández-Campos, F; Ferrero, C; Jiménez-Castellanos, MR, 2015)	0.98
" The proposed model was found able to describe all the observed phenomena, and then it can be considered a tool with predictive capabilities, useful in design and testing of new dosage systems based on hydrogels."	( Modeling the drug release from hydrogel-based matrices. Barba, AA; Caccavo, D; Cascone, S; Lamberti, G, 2015)	0.42
" Previous studies in pregnancy have been obfuscated by maternal dosing and inadequate sampling in the foetus; both render modelling of foetal PK difficult."	( Theophylline Pharmacokinetics in Foetal Sheep: Maternal Metabolic Capacity is the Principal Driver. Cherala, G; DuBois, B; Giraud, GD; Jonker, SS; Louey, S, 2015)	1.86
" The time to 10 % increase in MAP, dosage of cafedrine/theodrenaline, volume loading, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored over time."	( Cafedrine/theodrenaline in anaesthesia: influencing factors in restoring arterial blood pressure. Gama de Abreu, M; Heger, J; Heller, AR; Müller, MP, 2015)	0.42
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
"There is no evidence to judge optimal dosage or duration of quinine treatment."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing is based on pharmacokinetic modelling to achieve a steady-state serum theophylline of 1-5 mg/l."	( Use of low-dose oral theophylline as an adjunct to inhaled corticosteroids in preventing exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Barnes, P; Briggs, A; Burns, G; Chaudhuri, R; Chrystyn, H; Cotton, S; Davies, L; De Soyza, A; Devereux, G; Fielding, S; Gompertz, S; Haughney, J; Lee, AJ; McCormack, K; McPherson, G; Morice, A; Norrie, J; Price, D; Sullivan, A; Wilson, A, 2015)	0.96
"Accurate quantitative measurement of drugs and their metabolites is important as this can be used to establish long-term abuse of illicit materials as well as establish accurate drug dosing for legal therapeutics."	( Simultaneous multiplexed quantification of caffeine and its major metabolites theobromine and paraxanthine using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Alharbi, O; Goodacre, R; Xu, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Floating dosage forms are an important formulation strategy for drugs with a narrow absorption window and low intestinal solubility, and for localized gastric treatment."	( A novel floating controlled release drug delivery system prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Feng, X; Morott, JT; Pimparade, MB; Repka, MA; Tiwari, RV; Vo, AQ; Zhang, F, 2016)	0.43
" To help understand optimal aminophylline (salt formulation of theophylline) dosing strategies in this population, a population-based pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) from 71 children (median age 5 months; 90% range 1 week to 10 years) who underwent cardiac surgery requiring CPB and received aminophylline as part of a previous randomized controlled trial."	( Theophylline Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in Children Following Congenital Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Axelrod, DM; Frymoyer, A; Grimm, PC; Su, F; Sutherland, SM, 2016)	2.12
" Overall, the population norm of the salivary metabolic ratio in a Singaporean Chinese population established in this study is distinct from individuals with liver disease or mild abnormal liver function tests and provides the benchmark for dosage adjustments of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2."	( Establishing population distribution of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities for the use of salivary caffeine as a dynamic liver function marker in a Singaporean Chinese population. Chia, HY; Ho, HK; Yau, WP, 2016)	0.43
" A simulation-based equation for personalized dosing of theophylline was derived."	( Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Study Theophylline Metabolism and Its Interactions With Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine. Lightstone, FC; Navid, A; Ng, DM; Wong, SE, 2016)	0.91
"Hydrophilic aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane (Tecophilic™ grades) matrices for high drug loaded oral sustained release dosage forms were formulated via hot melt extrusion/injection molding (HME/IM)."	( Hydrophilic thermoplastic polyurethanes for the manufacturing of highly dosed oral sustained release matrices via hot melt extrusion and injection molding. De Beer, T; De Geest, BG; Kasmi, S; Remon, JP; Van Bockstal, PJ; Van Renterghem, J; Verstraete, G; Vervaet, C, 2016)	0.43
"The fabrication of ready-to-use immediate release tablets via 3D printing provides a powerful tool to on-demand individualization of dosage form."	( A Lower Temperature FDM 3D Printing for the Manufacture of Patient-Specific Immediate Release Tablets. Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Okwuosa, TC; Stefaniak, D; Wan, KW, 2016)	0.43
"Combining the advantages of PVP as an impeding polymer with FDM 3D printing at low temperatures, this approach holds a potential in expanding the spectrum of drugs that could be used in FDM 3D printing for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms."	( A Lower Temperature FDM 3D Printing for the Manufacture of Patient-Specific Immediate Release Tablets. Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Okwuosa, TC; Stefaniak, D; Wan, KW, 2016)	0.43
" However, modified dosage forms face a complex and dynamically changing colonic environment."	( Dissolution profile of theophylline modified release tablets, using a biorelevant Dynamic Colon Model (DCM). Batchelor, HK; Simmons, MJH; Stamatopoulos, K, 2016)	0.74
" By combining the advantages of thermally stable pharmaceutically approved polymers and fillers, this unique approach provides a low cost production method for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms."	( Adaptation of pharmaceutical excipients to FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of patient-tailored immediate release tablets. Ahmed, W; Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Kelarakis, A; Sadia, M; Sośnicka, A, 2016)	0.43
"Hydrophilic matrix systems are currently some of the most widely used drug delivery systems for controlled-release oral dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the drug solubility and rush ageing on drug release performance of various model drugs from the modified release polyethylene oxide matrix tablets. Maniruzzaman, M; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2017)	0.46
"Improvement in smell function and in nasal mucus Shh was positively correlated in a dose-response relationship after treatment with oral theophylline."	( Improved smell function with increased nasal mucus sonic hedgehog in hyposmic patients after treatment with oral theophylline. Abdelmeguid, M; Henkin, RI; Hosein, S; Knöppel, AB; Stateman, WA, )	0.54
" Overall, our m-f-PBPK model well predicted the maternal and fetal exposure to the two verification drugs, theophylline and zidovudine, at term, across a range of dosing regimens, with nearly all observed MP and UV plasma drug concentrations falling within the 90% prediction interval [i."	( Development of a Novel Maternal-Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model II: Verification of the model for passive placental permeability drugs. Unadkat, JD; Zhang, Z, 2017)	0.67
" For this dosage form, the product quality is related amongst others to the drug content."	( Inline UV/Vis spectroscopy as PAT tool for hot-melt extrusion. Berghaus, A; Prill, S; Thommes, M; Wesholowski, J, 2018)	0.48
"One unusual and challenging scientific field that has received only cursory attention to date is the three-dimensional (3D) microstructure and spatial distribution of drug(s) and formulation materials in solid dosage forms."	( Synchrotron Radiation Microcomputed Tomography Guided Chromatographic Analysis for Displaying the Material Distribution in Tablets. He, D; Li, H; Maharjan, A; Sun, H; Sun, L; Tang, Y; Wang, C; Wu, L; Yin, X; York, P; Yu, L; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
"A controlled-release formulation is a dosage form that could improve a patient's quality of life by reducing the frequency of administration, while ensuring the continued effect of the medicine and reducing the side effects."	( Preparation of Controlled-Release Particles Based on Spherical Porous Silica Used as the Drug Carrier by the Dry Coating Method. Kondo, S; Mohri, A; Nakamura, S; Sakamoto, T; Yuasa, H, 2018)	0.48
" For the first time, the co-ordinated use of fused deposition modelling (FDM), 3D printing and liquid dispensing to fabricate individualised dosage form on demand in a fully automated fashion has been demonstrated."	( On demand manufacturing of patient-specific liquid capsules via co-ordinated 3D printing and liquid dispensing. Alhnan, MA; Gollwitzer, V; Habashy, R; Okwuosa, TC; Soares, C; Timmins, P, 2018)	0.48
" This work provides a novel example where computer-aided design was instrumental at modifying the performance of solid dosage forms."	( Tablet fragmentation without a disintegrant: A novel design approach for accelerating disintegration and drug release from 3D printed cellulosic tablets. Ahmed, W; Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Arafat, T; Forbes, RT; Isreb, A; Isreb, M; Wojsz, M, 2018)	0.48
" When dosing via the inhaled route a more thorough respiratory assessment, including a direct measure of airway mechanics, is desirable."	( Regulatory respiratory data refinement with reduced animal usage. Matheson, R; Milne, A; Norton, K; Sladen, L, )	0.13
" For compounds administered by other routes, we conclude that use of WBP using a crossover dosing design is a suitable alternative to parallel dosing groups, with a significant reduction in animal numbers and no loss of statistical power."	( Regulatory respiratory data refinement with reduced animal usage. Matheson, R; Milne, A; Norton, K; Sladen, L, )	0.13
" The simulated gastric/intestinal fluid of DDASS was improved in this study to realize the influence of dynamic pH change on the complete oral dosage form."	( In Vitro-In Vivo Predictive Dissolution-Permeation-Absorption Dynamics of Highly Permeable Drug Extended-Release Tablets via Drug Dissolution/Absorption Simulating System and pH Alteration. Feng, G; Gu, H; He, X; Li, ZQ; Nyagblordzro, M; Tian, S; Wu, ZG, 2018)	0.48
"The current study's aim is to prepare lipid based sustained release tablets via a twin-screw granulation technique and compare those dosage forms with conventional techniques, namely wet granulation and direct compression."	( Effect of formulation and process variables on lipid based sustained release tablets via continuous twin screw granulation: A comparative study. Bandari, S; Kallakunta, VR; Repka, MA; Sarabu, S; Tiwari, R, 2018)	0.48
"Orodispersible films (ODFs) are an advantageous dosage form to accomplish patient convenience and compliance in oral drug delivery."	( Prolonged drug release properties for orodispersible films by combining hot-melt extrusion and solvent casting methods. Breitkreutz, J; Preis, M; Speer, I, 2018)	0.48
"Our objectives were, first, to determine if therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations could be achieved using long-term, once-daily dosing of transdermal theophylline and, secondarily, to evaluate the difference between two transdermal theophylline formulations."	( Serum theophylline after multiple dosing with transdermal gels in cats. Barnoski, J; Behrend, EN; Boothe, DM; Lee-Fowler, TM, 2019)	1.24
"Once-daily transdermal dosing of theophylline does not reliably achieve therapeutic concentrations."	( Serum theophylline after multiple dosing with transdermal gels in cats. Barnoski, J; Behrend, EN; Boothe, DM; Lee-Fowler, TM, 2019)	1.28
" In particular, when printing sustained release solid dosage forms, as for instance implants, inserts, and also tablets, estimation of the drug release profile in vivo is necessary."	( 3D-Printed Network Structures as Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Dose Adjustment, API Release Analysis and Prediction. Korte, C; Quodbach, J, 2018)	0.48
" When models were evaluated with validation data, a single-exponent model overpredicted clearance and dosing rate in premature neonates and adults with a mean prediction error of ≥50%."	( Age- and Bodyweight-dependent Allometric Exponent Model for Scaling Clearance and Maintenance Dose of Theophylline From Neonates to Adults. Mahmood, I; Tegenge, MA, 2018)	0.7
" Here, pharmaceutical dosage forms have been manufactured for the first time with a 3D printer combining two different printing technologies: FDM and injection volume filling (IVF), performing customized extruded scaffolds in which a liquid or semisolid system can be injected at room temperature."	( Printfills: 3D printed systems combining fused deposition modeling and injection volume filling. Application to colon-specific drug delivery. Caraballo, I; Casas, M; Linares, V, 2019)	0.51
" The dosage ranged 4 to 15 tablets per day with medication duration of more than 1 year for most patients."	( A systematic review of phenytoin intoxication induced by compound phenytoin sodium, ephedrine hydrochloride and theophylline tablets in China. Chen, L; Han, X; Li, C; Li, Z; Ma, G; Shan, M; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.69
"Current scenario in asthmatic prevalence worldwide calls for a facile, cost-effective, and energy efficient methodology to formulate the potent bronchodilator, theophylline (THP), into an effective dosage forms."	( Spectroscopic and computational insights into theophylline/β-cyclodextrin complexation: inclusion accomplished by diverse methods. Das, S; Maharana, J; Mohanty, S; Subuddhi, U, )	0.59
"In vitro dissolution testing is one of the most frequently used tests in pharmaceutical quality control, since evaluation of the drug release profile and estimation of the dosage form performance is enabled."	( Dissolution testing of oral film preparations: Experimental comparison of compendial and non-compendial methods. Breitkreutz, J; Preis, M; Speer, I, 2019)	0.51
"045), with the cumulative intraoperative dosage also increased in the granisetron group (P=0."	( Granisetron reduces the need for uterotonics but not sympathomimetics during cesarean delivery. Baldauf, HP; Fischer, D; Jennewein, L; Louwen, F; Raimann, FJ; Weber, CF; Zacharowski, K, 2019)	0.51
" The resultant filaments were used as a feed for FDM 3D printer to fabricate oral dosage forms (ODFs) with innovative designs."	( 3D printed oral theophylline doses with innovative 'radiator-like' design: Impact of polyethylene oxide (PEO) molecular weight. Alhnan, MA; Baj, K; Isreb, A; Isreb, M; Peak, M; Wojsz, M, 2019)	0.86
"Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be prepared in many different solid forms and phases that affect their physicochemical properties and suitability for oral dosage forms."	( Rapid Characterization of Formulated Pharmaceuticals Using Fast MAS Carnahan, SL; Hirsh, DA; Hung, I; Lubach, JW; Nagapudi, K; Rossini, AJ; Wijesekara, AV, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printers (3DP) in fabrication of solid oral dosage forms."	( Digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing technology and photoreactive polymers in fabrication of modified-release tablets. Ahsan, F; Kadry, H; Wadnap, S; Xu, C, 2019)	0.51
" This melt granulation was followed with direct compression to generate oral solid dosage forms."	( Continuous, simultaneous cocrystallization and formulation of Theophylline and 4-Aminobenzoic acid pharmaceutical cocrystals using twin screw melt granulation. Croker, DM; Shaikh, R; Walker, GM, 2019)	0.75
"6% of the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Cavett, CL; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Reinhart, JM, 2019)	0.78
" We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure relationships of theophylline in this population to guide dosing strategies."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2.23
" The ability of different dosing regimens to achieve target concentrations (4-10 mg/L) associated with clinical response was examined."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2
" Dosing strategies need to consider the unique pharmacokinetic needs of this population."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2
" As theophylline is advanced in clinical development, dosing strategies will need to consider the unique pharmacokinetic needs of neonates with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia."	( Theophylline dosing and pharmacokinetics for renal protection in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Chock, VY; Christians, U; Drover, DR; Frymoyer, A; Klawitter, J; Van Meurs, KP, 2020)	2.56
" In our case, the theophylline dosage was approximately half the amount described in previous reports."	( Severe pallid breath-holding spells treated with low-dose theophylline. Asakai, H; Oda, Y; Sato, A, 2021)	1.2
" The excipient HPMC K4M 12% w/w hydrogel was optimal to load the theophylline with flexible dosage combinations due to the great extrudability and shape retention ability."	( 3D printing of extended-release tablets of theophylline using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogels. Acevedo, NC; Cheng, Y; Jiang, X; Qin, H; Shi, X, 2020)	1.06
"3D printing of oral solid dosage forms is a recently introduced approach for dose personalisation."	( Can filaments be stored as a shelf-item for on-demand manufacturing of oral 3D printed tablets? An initial stability assessment. Alhnan, MA; Habashy, R; Isreb, A; Okwuosa, TC; Peak, M; Sadia, M, 2021)	0.62
"This pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-interaction trial investigated the effects of repeated dosing of a plant-derived pharmaceutical formulation of highly purified cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex in the United States and Epidyolex in Europe; 100 mg/mL oral solution) on caffeine clearance via modulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in healthy adults."	( A Phase 1 Open-Label, Fixed-Sequence Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Trial to Investigate the Effect of Cannabidiol on the CYP1A2 Probe Caffeine in Healthy Subjects. Critchley, D; Tayo, B; Thai, C, 2021)	0.62
" For the nine dogs that completed the study, plasma theophylline concentrations were between 5 and 30 μg/ml for 91 +/- 15% of the dosing interval."	( Multidose pharmacokinetics and safety of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. Campos, V; Fries, R; Kadotani, S; Lester, C; Li, Z; McKiernan, BC; Perkowski, C; Reinhart, JM, 2021)	1.11
" Increasing the inulin content led to increased water uptake and dry mass loss rates, resulting in accelerated drug release from the dosage forms, irrespective of the type of polymer blend."	( Injection-molded capsule bodies and caps based on polymer blends for controlled drug delivery. Benzine, Y; Danede, F; Francois Willart, J; Karrout, Y; Neut, C; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J, 2021)	0.62
" Steady-state predictions supported twice daily dosing of the OFT, but specific dosage recommendations are hindered by lack of a canine-specific therapeutic range for plasma theophylline concentration."	( Pharmacokinetics of a 503B outsourcing facility-produced theophylline in dogs. de Oliveira, GAR; Forsythe, L; Li, Z; Reinhart, JM, 2022)	1.16
"Continuous direct compression (CDC) of solid oral dosage forms requires materials exhibiting acceptable flow and compression properties."	( Continuous Feeding and Blending Demonstration with Co-Processed Drug Substance. Abebe, A; Breza, B; DiMaso, E; Erdemir, D; Gawel, J; Ha, K; Tang, D; Yates, P; Yohannes, B; Zombek, J, 2023)	0.91
" Via the use of SLS a partial amorphization of the drug is demonstrated, which can be advantageous in the case of poorly soluble drugs, and it is shown that sintering parameters can regulate the dosage and release kinetics of the drug from the inserts."	( Combinatorial 3D printed dosage forms for a two-step and controlled drug release. Katsiotis, CS; Lindh, J; Strømme, M; Tikhomirov, E; Welch, K, 2023)	0.91