Compounds > deoxycytidine
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

deoxycytidine

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Deoxycytidine (dCyd) is a nucleoside composed of the pyrimidine base cytosine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. It is a building block of DNA, and its presence in DNA is crucial for the proper functioning of genes and the replication of genetic material. Research on deoxycytidine focuses on its role in DNA replication and repair, its potential use in chemotherapy and gene therapy, and its involvement in certain diseases. Studies have investigated its synthesis and metabolism, its effects on various biological processes, and its interactions with other molecules. Deoxycytidine is also being explored as a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases, including cancer and viral infections.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID13711
CHEMBL ID66115
CHEBI ID15698
SCHEMBL ID23178
MeSH IDM0005997
PubMed CID637
CHEMBL ID280428
SCHEMBL ID10238960
SCHEMBL ID6676882
MeSH IDM0005997

Synonyms (117)

Synonym
unii-0w860991d6
4-25-00-03662 (beilstein handbook reference)
0w860991d6 ,
desoxycytidin
CHEBI:15698 ,
DC ,
4-amino-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
einecs 213-454-1
brn 0087567
cytidine, 2'-deoxy-
2'-dc
dcyd
4-amino-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one
1beta-2'-deoxyribofuranosylcytosine, d-
2(1h)-pyrimidinone, 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-
desoxycytidin [german]
deoxyribose cytidine
cytosine, deoxyribonucleoside
DCZ ,
cytosine deoxyriboside
DEOXYCYTIDINE ,
d-cytidine
C00881
951-77-9
2'-deoxycytidine ,
2'-deoxycytidine, >=99% (hplc)
4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-.beta.-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone
DB02594
1-(2-deoxy-.beta.-d-ribofuranosyl)cytosine
NCGC00142493-01
1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)cytosine
D3583
CHEMBL66115
doxecitine
4-amino-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one
4-amino-1-((2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
A845205
cytidine, 2'-deoxy-, labeled with tritium
56905-41-0
207121-53-7
2-deoxycytidine
4-amino-1-((2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
bdbm50367094
AKOS015896791
BRD-K91822704-001-01-9
HG1097
4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone
doxecitine [inn]
deoxycytidine [inci]
mt-1621 component 2'-deoxycytidine
doxecitine [usan]
AM83951
SCHEMBL23178
J-700038
CKTSBUTUHBMZGZ-SHYZEUOFSA-N
2'-deoxy-cytidine
2' deoxycytidine
desoxycytidine
mfcd00006547
4-amino-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one
AC-8210
deoxy-cytidine
4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-b-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone
2-deoxy-cytidine
1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-cytosine
1-(2-deoxy-b-d-ribofuranosyl)cytosine
1-(2-deoxy-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl)cytosine
4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-delta-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone
1-(2-deoxy-beta-delta-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-cytosine
HY-D0184
CS-0010105
Q422504
AS-14313
deoxycytidine;cytosine deoxyriboside;deoxyribose cytidine
DTXSID70883620
EN300-6477283
Z3072884208
BP-58643
cytosine deoxy nucleoside hydrochloride
cytosine deoxyribonucleoside
TIMTEC1_003892
OPREA1_381403
OPREA1_817993
NCIOPEN2_004589
MLS001183806
smr000677924
4-amino-1-(2-deoxypentofuranosyl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
STK029880
cytidine, 2'-deoxy-, monohydrochloride (8ci 9ci)
BMSE000323
FT-0651082
AKOS002315137
BBL002243
CHEMBL280428
HMS2231K21
FT-0689416
FT-0602425
F3096-1697
4-amino-1-(4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
HMS3374L10
4-amino-1-[4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
AKOS016368361
SCHEMBL10238960
SCHEMBL6676882
cytosine, 1-(2-deoxy-.beta.-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-
2(1h)-pyrimidinone, 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-.beta.-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-
CKTSBUTUHBMZGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3h-deoxycytidine
4-amino-1-[4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one
2 inverted exclamation mark -deoxycytidine
SY066621
4449-40-5
mfcd00066875
DTXSID00862483
2'-deoxy-a-cytidine
7060-91-5
EN300-7382574

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"4) is markedly toxic to lymphoblast cell lines of T cell origin but does not impair growth of B cell lines."( Purinogenic immunodeficiency diseases: selective toxicity of deoxyribonucleosides for T cells.
Daddona, PE; Kelley, WN; Mejias, E; Mitchell, BS, 1978)		0.26
" In contrast to 2'-deosyxycytidine molecular solution, which reduced all toxic manifestations and protected animals from death, the corpuscular form of the protector only the toxic effect of the antimetabolite on the intestine without affecting other toxic manifestations, the inhibition of hemopoiesis in particular."( [Protection of the mouse digestive tract from the toxic effect of cytosine-arabinoside].
Belianchikova, NI; Bukhman, VM; Svet-Moldavskiĭ, GIa; Vyshinskaia, GIa, 1977)		0.26
" The administration of 5'-DFUR resulted in damage to the intestinal mucosal membrane and diarrhea in normal mice, whereas Ro 09-1390 was much less toxic to the intestinal tract."( Comparative antitumor activity and intestinal toxicity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and its prodrug trimethoxybenzoyl-5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine.
Eda, H; Fujimoto, K; Ishida, M; Ishitsuka, H; Miwa, M; Ninomiya, Y; Sahara, H; Umeda, I; Yokose, K, 1990)		0.28
" Similarly, tobramycin and amikacin were significantly less toxic than gentamicin and neomycin in this system."( An in vitro method which assesses corneal epithelial toxicity due to antineoplastic, preservative and antimicrobial agents.
Botti, RE; Imperia, PS; Lass, JH; Lazarus, HM; Mack, RJ, 1989)		0.28
" Virtually non toxic concentrations of dThd potentiated the cytotoxicity of MNNG more than 10-fold but that of MMS was potentiated only about 2-fold showing that O-alkylation of DNA was associated not only with the facilitation of mutagenesis but also with the potentiation of cytotoxicity."( Deoxyribonucleoside-induced selective modulation of cytotoxicity and mutagenesis.
Danenberg, PV; Ibric, LL; Peterson, AR; Peterson, H, 1985)		0.27
" These findings might suggest that a major role of thymic phagocytic cells is the supply of pyrimidine nucleosides to thymocytes resulting in the maintenance of proliferation and protection of at least some thymic blasts from the toxic effects of dGTP accumulation."( Regulation of thymocyte proliferation and survival by deoxynucleosides. Deoxycytidine produced by thymic accessory cells protects thymocytes from deoxyguanosine toxicity and stimulates their spontaneous proliferation.
Papiernik, M; Penit, C, 1986)		0.27
" It was observed that 5-Med-Cyd exerts its effects via deamination to thymidine, which is particularly toxic to human promyelocytic (HL-60) and T-cell (JM) leukemia cell lines in vitro."( Reversal of deamination-related cytotoxicity of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine by tetrahydrouridine in human leukemia cells.
Jekunen, A; Vilpo, JA, 1984)		0.27
" The individual drugs were at most only slightly toxic under these conditions; for TdR plus FUra, the survival decreased to 50% (in 5% FCS), and in the three-drug combination it varied from 8% at 1 microM CdR to 28% at 0 X 10 mM and back to a low of 3% at 4 X 0 mM CdR."( Factors modifying the synergistic toxicity of deoxycytidine in combination with thymidine plus 5-fluorouracil in HeLa cells.
Clarkson, BD; Doblin, JM; Fried, J; Perez, AG, 1983)		0.27
" dFdCyd was clearly more toxic to SW1573 cells at 4 x 10(5) cells per dish than at 400 cells per dish."( Effect of hyperthermia on the cytotoxicity of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) in cultured SW1573 cells.
Bakker, PJ; Geerdink, A; Haveman, J; Rietbroek, RC; Van Rijn, J, 1995)		0.29
" The major ocular side effect of Ara-C was corneal toxicity, with epithelial defects in 40% of eyes after 8 daily injections of 15 mg Ara-C."( Enhancement of filtration surgery with cytosine arabinoside and reversal of toxicity with 2'-deoxycytidine.
Chu, JL; Netland, PA; Shields, SR, 1994)		0.29
" Gemcitabine has an unusually mild side effect profile for such an active agent."( Efficacy and safety profile of gemcitabine in non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study.
Abratt, RP; Bezwoda, WR; Falkson, G; Goedhals, L; Hacking, D; Rugg, TA, 1994)		0.29
" Furthermore, gemcitabine displayed minimal toxicity in elderly patients, and the side-effect profile does not seem to be affected by patient age."( Safety profile of gemcitabine.
Martin, C; Mosconi, AM; Tonato, M, 1995)		0.29
" The results indicate that immunotoxic profiles of Ro 09-1390 and 5'-DFUR are very similar and characterized primarily by myelotoxicity and Ro 09-1390 is approximately two-times less toxic than 5'-DFUR on a molar basis in BDF1 mice."( Comparative immunotoxicity assessment of N4-Trimethoxybenzoyl-5'-deoxy-5- fluorocytidine (Ro 09-1390) and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) in BDF1 mice.
Anderson, TD; Hayes, TJ; Horii, I; Inoue, T, 1996)		0.29
" The predominant mechanism underlying its toxic action is thought to be inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (TS), and hence thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, resulting in alteration of the balance of deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pools and disruption of DNA synthesis."( Nucleoside-mediated mitigation of 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity in synchronized murine erythroleukemic cells.
Elstein, KH; Kavlock, RJ; Lau, C; Mole, ML; Rogers, JM; Setzer, RW; Zucker, RM, 1997)		0.3
"The two cell lines significantly differed in their sensitivity to the toxic effects of the drug; the normal cell line was much more resistant than its transformed counterpart."( Effects of gemcitabine in normal and transformed human lung cell cultures: cytotoxicity and increase in radiation sensitivity.
Casamassima, F; Gulisano, M; Milano, F; Pacini, S; Pazzagli, M; Pinzani, P; Ruggiero, M, )		0.13
" This side-effect of gemcitabine infusion is a previously unreported sign of drug toxicity; therefore, a high level of awareness to this problem is warranted when this drug is administered."( Gemcitabine-induced atrial fibrillation: a hitherto unreported manifestation of drug toxicity.
Abbate, A; Campisi, C; Di Cosimo, S; Di Sciascio, G; Gravante, G; Patti, G; Santini, D; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2000)		0.31
" Some studies have been proven it to be safe for outpatient treatment and to have significant antitumor activity in colorectal and breast cancer patients."( [Capecitabine--a review of its antitumor activity and toxicity in clinical studies].
Maeda, Y; Sasaki, T, 2000)		0.31
" All doses were well tolerated, and no serious adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were observed."( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of BCH-10652 in healthy adult males.
Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Martin, DE; Proulx, L; Smith, PF, 2000)		0.31
" Twice-daily dosing was associated with greater toxic effects than once-daily dosing."( Models of schedule dependent haematological toxicity of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC).
Brindley, CJ; Devlin, AJ; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO, 2000)		0.31
" In this case report the authors describe an unusually and reversible cardiac side effect which occurs to 39-year-old patient treated with capecitabine 2000 mg/m2/day for advanced gastric cancer."( Acute cardiotoxicity during capecitabine treatment: a case report.
Bertolini, A; Flumanò, M; Fusco, O; Muffatti, A; Pontiggia, G; Scarinci, A; Scopelliti, M, )		0.13
"The nucleoside analog gemcitabine is a potent radiosensitizer of both tumor and normal mucosa, so severe toxic reactions have resulted from its combination with radiation in some clinical treatment schedules for pancreatic cancer."( WR-2721 reduces intestinal toxicity from concurrent gemcitabine and radiation treatment.
Crane, CH; Janjan, NA; Mason, KA; Milas, L; Phan, TP; Vrdoljak, E, 2001)		0.31
" No toxic death was reported."( Gemcitabine, Ifosfamide and Navelbine (GIN): activity and safety of a non-platinum-based triplet in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Ardizzoni, A; Baldini, E; Boni, L; Cafferata, MA; Conte, PF; Neumaier, C; Prochilo, T; Rosso, R; Tibaldi, C, 2001)		0.31
" All patients in the capecitabine group received a starting dose of 1250 mg/m2 twice daily and the majority (66%) did not require dose modification for adverse events."( First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin.
Bajetta, E; Boyer, M; Bugat, R; Burger, U; Cassidy, J; Garin, A; Graeven, U; Hoff, P; Maroun, J; Marshall, J; McKendric, J; Osterwalder, B; Pérez-Manga, G; Rosso, R; Rougier, P; Schilsky, RL; Twelves, C; Van Cutsem, E, 2002)		0.31
" Analysis of data from two large phase III trials demonstrates that efficacy is not compromised in patients requiring a dose reduction for adverse events."( First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin.
Bajetta, E; Boyer, M; Bugat, R; Burger, U; Cassidy, J; Garin, A; Graeven, U; Hoff, P; Maroun, J; Marshall, J; McKendric, J; Osterwalder, B; Pérez-Manga, G; Rosso, R; Rougier, P; Schilsky, RL; Twelves, C; Van Cutsem, E, 2002)		0.31
" Toxic effects were notable for significant myelosuppression, with > or =Grade 3 granulocytopenia seen in 55% of the patients on the untreated arm and 67% of the patients on the previously treated arm."( The novel and effective nonplatinum, nontaxane combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: potential for decreased toxicity and combination with biological therapy.
Blumenschein, G; Fossella, FV; Glisson, BS; Herbst, RS; Hong, WK; Jung, MS; Khuri, FR; Kies, MS; Kurie, JM; Lee, JJ; Lee, JS; Liu, DD; Lu, C; Lu, R; Munden, RF; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Pisters, KM; Shin, DM; Zinner, R, 2002)		0.31
" The toxicity profile of the gemcitabine/vinorelbine combination was quite favorable, with minimal Grade 3 and 4 toxic effects aside from granulocytopenia, which resulted in numerous Day 15 skipped doses but no significant febrile neutropenia or infection."( The novel and effective nonplatinum, nontaxane combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: potential for decreased toxicity and combination with biological therapy.
Blumenschein, G; Fossella, FV; Glisson, BS; Herbst, RS; Hong, WK; Jung, MS; Khuri, FR; Kies, MS; Kurie, JM; Lee, JJ; Lee, JS; Liu, DD; Lu, C; Lu, R; Munden, RF; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Pisters, KM; Shin, DM; Zinner, R, 2002)		0.31
" The most common treatment-related adverse events reported during therapy with IMC-C225 were an acne-like rash and hypersensitivity reactions."( Safety experience with IMC-C225, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody.
Needle, MN, 2002)		0.31
" Myelosuppression is the most common toxic effect but its use sometimes leads to severe pulmonary toxicity by means of diffuse alveolar damage or sub-acute interstitial pneumonitis."( [Acute pulmonary toxicity due to gemcitabine: a role for asbestos exposure?].
Barlési, F; Doddoli, C; Gimenez, C; Greillier, L; Kleisbauer, JP; Lima, G, 2003)		0.32
"No toxic deaths occurred."( Gemcitabine plus cisplatin in adjuvant regimen for bladder cancer. Toxicity evaluation.
Carini, M; Corvino, C; Lapini, A; Meliani, E; Serni, S, 2003)		0.32
" A patient who had previously received adjuvant 5-fluorouracil without neurotoxicity had a severe adverse reaction when later given capecitabine in the metastatic setting."( Capecitabine-related neurotoxicity presenting as trismus.
Couch, LS; Groteluschen, DL; Mulkerin, DL; Stewart, JA, 2003)		0.32
" We have concluded that the gemcitabine/cisplatin combination is a safe outpatient modality for the first line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients."( [Gemcitabine-cisplatin combination in the first line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Our experience and analysis of safety].
Lénárt, T; Sárosi, V, 2003)		0.32
" The most commonly reported adverse events were diarrhea, acne-like skin rash, nausea, vomiting and asthenia."( Fatal pulmonary toxicity in a patient treated with gefitinib for non-small cell lung cancer after previous hemolytic-uremic syndrome due to gemcitabine.
Herchenhorn, D; Rabinowits, G; Rabinowits, M; Torres, W; Weatge, D, 2003)		0.32
" In addition, CED of carboplatin or gemcitabine to tumors in this glioma model is safe and has potent antitumor effects."( Safety and efficacy of convection-enhanced delivery of gemcitabine or carboplatin in a malignant glioma model in rats.
Degen, JW; Lonser, RR; Oldfield, EH; Vortmeyer, AO; Walbridge, S, 2003)		0.32
" However, the study was prematurely closed because of a high incidence of severe pulmonary adverse events."( High incidence of pulmonary toxicity of weekly docetaxel and gemcitabine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: results of a dose-finding study.
Agelaki, S; Bozionelou, V; Georgoulias, V; Kakolyris, S; Kalbakis, K; Kouroussis, C; Malas, K; Mavroudis, D; Souglakos, J; Voloudaki, A, 2004)		0.32
" Thus, this regimen is safe as regards clinically significant lung toxicity."( A prospective study on lung toxicity in patients treated with gemcitabine and carboplatin: clinical, radiological and functional assessment.
Dafni, U; Dimopoulos, MA; Dimopoulou, I; Efstathiou, E; Kastritis, E; Lyberopoulos, P; Moulopoulos, LA; Papadimitriou, C; Roussos, C; Samakovli, A, 2004)		0.32
" Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is the only clinical adverse event occurring more often during capecitabine treatment."( Management of adverse events and other practical considerations in patients receiving capecitabine (Xeloda).
Grothey, A; Marsé, H; Valverde, S; Van Cutsem, E, 2004)		0.32
" The most frequent toxic effects were grade 3/4 diarrhea (arm A: 34%, B: 19%), grade 3/4 neutropenia (A: 5%, B: 19%) and grade 2/3 alopecia (A: 26%, B: 65%)."( A randomized phase II trial of capecitabine and two different schedules of irinotecan in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: efficacy, quality-of-life and toxicity.
Bernhard, J; Borner, MM; Brauchli, P; Dietrich, D; Herrmann, R; Honegger, H; Koeberle, D; Lanz, D; Popescu, R; Rauch, D; Roth, AD; Saletti, P; Wernli, M, 2005)		0.33
" Due to the occurrence of two toxic deaths, capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily was given to the subsequent 43 patients."( Safety and efficacy of two different doses of capecitabine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in older women.
Bajetta, E; Buzzoni, R; Catena, L; Celio, L; Della Torre, S; Gattinoni, L; Longarini, R; Mariani, L; Procopio, G; Ricotta, R; Zilembo, N, 2005)		0.33
"This study shows that capecitabine is safe and effective in the elderly breast cancer patient."( Safety and efficacy of two different doses of capecitabine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in older women.
Bajetta, E; Buzzoni, R; Catena, L; Celio, L; Della Torre, S; Gattinoni, L; Longarini, R; Mariani, L; Procopio, G; Ricotta, R; Zilembo, N, 2005)		0.33
" Grade 3/4 toxic effects at dose levels A, B and C, respectively, included palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (33%, 63%, 20%), diarrhea (13%, 12%, 3%), stomatitis (8%, 0%, 3%), and nausea/vomiting (4%, 6%, 5%)."( Lower dose capecitabine has a more favorable therapeutic index in metastatic breast cancer: retrospective analysis of patients treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and a review of capecitabine toxicity in the literature.
Gauthier, AM; Hennessy, BT; Hortobagyi, G; Michaud, LB; Valero, V, 2005)		0.33
"This retrospective analysis supports a starting dose of 2000 mg/m2/day because of its superior therapeutic index; however, patients may still have toxic effects and individualization of dosing is necessary."( Lower dose capecitabine has a more favorable therapeutic index in metastatic breast cancer: retrospective analysis of patients treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and a review of capecitabine toxicity in the literature.
Gauthier, AM; Hennessy, BT; Hortobagyi, G; Michaud, LB; Valero, V, 2005)		0.33
" After 24 h incubation tezacitabine was equally or less toxic compared to cladribine."( Cytotoxic effects of cladribine and tezacitabine toward HL-60.
Grieb, P; Skierski, JS; Stachnik, K, 2005)		0.33
" Pulmonary administration of gemcitabine is safe in rats at a maximum tolerated dose of 4 mg/kg once a week for 9 weeks."( Safety of pulmonary administration of gemcitabine in rats.
Diot, P; Dubus, JC; Gagnadoux, F; Grimbert, D; Le Pape, A; Leblond, V; Lemarié, E; Montharu, J; Racineux, JL; Urban, T; Vecellio, L, 2005)		0.33
" Capecitabine/oxaliplatin (XelOx) is a safe and active combination for the first-line treatment of metastatic CRC."( Capecitabine/oxaliplatin, a safe and active first-line regimen for older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: post hoc analysis of a large phase II study.
Braud, Fd; Brunet, R; Butts, CA; Cassidy, J; Conroy, T; Diaz-Rubio, E; Figer, A; Grossmann, J; Schoffski, P; Sobrero, AF; Tabernero, JM; Twelves, CJ; Van Cutsem, EJ, 2005)		0.33
" The overall incidence of adverse events (including grade 3/4), dose reductions, and withdrawals because of adverse events were similar in both groups."( Capecitabine/oxaliplatin, a safe and active first-line regimen for older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: post hoc analysis of a large phase II study.
Braud, Fd; Brunet, R; Butts, CA; Cassidy, J; Conroy, T; Diaz-Rubio, E; Figer, A; Grossmann, J; Schoffski, P; Sobrero, AF; Tabernero, JM; Twelves, CJ; Van Cutsem, EJ, 2005)		0.33
" In conclusion, the combination of dFdC and CPEC is highly toxic to neuroblastoma in vitro."( Cyclopentenyl cytosine-induced activation of deoxycytidine kinase increases gemcitabine anabolism and cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma.
Bierau, J; Caron, HN; Leen, R; Meinsma, R; van Gennip, AH; van Kuilenburg, AB, 2006)		0.33
" All myelosuppressive adverse events and the majority of non-hematological adverse events were typical and characteristic of the individual concomitant cytotoxic agents."( Safety and efficacy of trastuzumab every 3 weeks combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with HER2-positive recurrent breast cancer: findings from a case series.
Alexopoulos, A; Ardavanis, A; Karamouzis, M; Orfanos, G; Rigatos, G; Scorilas, A; Tryfonopoulos, D, 2005)		0.33
"5%) were the most severe adverse events."( Gemcitabine and cisplatin in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: impact of comorbidities on safety and efficacy outcome.
Giannarelli, D; Moscetti, L; Nelli, F; Padalino, D; Pollera, CF; Sperduti, I, 2005)		0.33
" For both breast and colon cancer, capecitabine alone or in combination with other cytotoxics is safe and effective."( Capecitabine use in geriatric oncology: an analysis of current safety, efficacy, and quality of life data.
Ershler, WB, 2006)		0.33
" We assume that 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine, an active metabolite of gemcitabine, could be responsible for the toxic effect."( Gemcitabine and atrial fibrillation: a rare manifestation of chemotherapy toxicity.
Carbone, C; Codecà, C; Ferrari, D; Foa, P; Fumagalli, L; Gilardi, L; Marussi, D; Oldani, S; Tartaro, T; Zannier, F, 2006)		0.33
" Grade 2/3 treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea (34%), fatigue (27%), stomatitis (15%) and hand-foot syndrome (22%)."( A phase II study of fixed-dose capecitabine and assessment of predictors of toxicity in patients with advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer.
Beale, P; Clarke, SJ; Horvath, L; Ong, S; Rivory, L; Sharma, R, 2006)		0.33
"Our data show that whereas TRAIL alone or together with selected chemotherapeutic drugs seems to be safe, the combination of TRAIL with cisplatin is toxic to PHH."( Preclinical differentiation between apparently safe and potentially hepatotoxic applications of TRAIL either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
Büchler, P; Ganten, TM; Haas, TL; Koschny, R; Schader, MB; Schulze-Bergkamen, H; Stremmel, W; Sykora, J; Untergasser, A; Walczak, H, 2006)		0.33
" The most common reported adverse events reflected the known toxicity profile induced by gemcitabine-cisplatin without ABT-510."( A phase I study assessing the safety and pharmacokinetics of the thrombospondin-1-mimetic angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors.
Carr, RA; de Vos, FY; Eskens, FA; Gietema, JA; Groen, HJ; Hoekstra, R; Humerickhouse, RA; Knight, RA; Loos, WJ; Uges, DR; van der Gaast, A, 2006)		0.33
" Capecitabine was less toxic in monkeys than oral 5'-DFUR according to dose (mmol/kg) and 5'-DFUR AUC."( Relationship between AUC of 5'-DFUR and toxicity of capecitabine, fluoropyrimidine carbamate analogs, and 5'-DFUR in monkeys, mice, and rats.
Horii, I; Kawashima, A; Kobayashi, K; Nakano, K; Shindoh, H; Shishido, N, 2006)		0.33
" Most treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred at similar rates in both treatment arms."( Phase III trial of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: a planned safety analysis in 1,864 patients.
Cartwright, T; de Braud, F; Figer, A; Haller, DG; Hill, M; Lim, R; Maroun, J; McKendrick, J; Nowacki, MP; Park, YS; Price, T; Schmoll, HJ; Sirzén, F; Soler-Gonzalez, G; Tabernero, J; Topham, C; Van Cutsem, E, 2007)		0.34
" We conducted a study to identify a safe dose and potential drug-drug interactions of this combination."( Pharmacokinetic and safety study of weekly irinotecan and oral capecitabine in patients with advanced solid cancers.
Baker, S; Bulgaru, A; Camacho, F; Chaudhary, I; Desai, K; Einstein, M; Goel, S; Goldberg, G; Gollamudi, R; Karri, S; Kaubisch, A; Mani, S, 2007)		0.34
" The combination of irinotecan and capecitabine is safe and well tolerated at 100/2000, and warrants further evaluation in ovarian and breast cancer."( Pharmacokinetic and safety study of weekly irinotecan and oral capecitabine in patients with advanced solid cancers.
Baker, S; Bulgaru, A; Camacho, F; Chaudhary, I; Desai, K; Einstein, M; Goel, S; Goldberg, G; Gollamudi, R; Karri, S; Kaubisch, A; Mani, S, 2007)		0.34
" This cycle was repeated at least three times, or until disease progression or intolerable adverse events were observed."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma after Cisplatin-containing therapy: a Japanese experience.
Akaza, H; Miki, T; Miyanaga, N; Naito, S; Taniai, H; Usami, M, 2007)		0.34
" All adverse drug reactions seen in the study were manageable."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma after Cisplatin-containing therapy: a Japanese experience.
Akaza, H; Miki, T; Miyanaga, N; Naito, S; Taniai, H; Usami, M, 2007)		0.34
"The present study supports the toxic effect of 5-FU on the myocardium, which is largely schedule-dependent, whereas a low but finite risk of such toxicity has been observed with oral capecitabine."( Cardiotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines in different schedules of administration: a prospective study.
Kallistratos, MS; Karabelis, A; Kopterides, P; Kosmas, C; Mylonakis, N; Skopelitis, H; Syrios, J; Tsavaris, N, 2008)		0.35
" Two subjects with rashes during the first 2 weeks of therapy were the only adverse events leading to study-drug discontinuation."( Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz in HIV-infected, therapy-naive children and adolescents: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021.
Abrams, E; Blum, MR; Britto, P; Chittick, GE; Cunningham, C; Dickover, R; Draper, L; Flynn, P; Hu, C; Hughes, M; Kraimer, J; McKinney, RE; Ortiz, AA; Rathore, M; Reynolds, L; Rodman, J; Scites, M; Serchuck, LK; Smith, ME; Spector, S; Tran, P; Weinberg, A; Yogev, R, 2007)		0.34
"A once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz proved to be safe and tolerable and demonstrated good immunologic and virologic efficacy in this 2-year study."( Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz in HIV-infected, therapy-naive children and adolescents: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021.
Abrams, E; Blum, MR; Britto, P; Chittick, GE; Cunningham, C; Dickover, R; Draper, L; Flynn, P; Hu, C; Hughes, M; Kraimer, J; McKinney, RE; Ortiz, AA; Rathore, M; Reynolds, L; Rodman, J; Scites, M; Serchuck, LK; Smith, ME; Spector, S; Tran, P; Weinberg, A; Yogev, R, 2007)		0.34
" This approach to treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is safe and promising, with good local control for a substantial proportion of patients, and merits testing in a randomised trial."( Gemcitabine with a specific conformal 3D 5FU radiochemotherapy technique is safe and effective in the definitive management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Davies, T; Goldstein, D; Harvey, J; Kotasek, D; Michael, M; Reece, W; Shapiro, J; Spry, N; Underhill, C; Van Hazel, G; Walpole, E, 2007)		0.34
" Both therapeutic agents were suspected as a possible cause of this adverse event."( Severe lung and skin toxicity during treatment with gemcitabine and erlotinib for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Boeck, S; Hausmann, A; Heinemann, V; Reibke, R; Schulz, C, 2007)		0.34
" Common adverse effects were hand-foot syndrome, liver dysfunction, and bone marrow suppression."( Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab plus capecitabine in heavily pretreated patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Hatake, K; Ito, Y; Iwase, T; Osako, T; Takahashi, S; Tokudome, N, 2008)		0.35
" Treatment of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer with radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil was a safer approach than treatment with radiotherapy and gemcitabine, which induced more severe toxic adverse effects."( The effect of combined treatment methods on survival and toxicity in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Brasiūniene, B; Juozaityte, E, 2007)		0.34
" All other combinations exhibited more pronounced adverse effects on mitochondrial endpoints."( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)		0.34
"Chemoradiotherapy of the last phase II study with intermittent capecitabine (1500 mg/m(2)/day, delivered on days 1-14 and 22-35) and irinotecan (4 x 60 mg/m(2)) concurrently to radiotherapy is a safe treatment with low toxicity and high efficacy."( Intensified irinotecan-based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: four consecutive designed studies to minimize acute toxicity and to optimize efficacy measured by pathologic complete response.
Fietkau, R; Foitzik, T; Klar, E; Klautke, G; Küchenmeister, U; Ludwig, K; Prall, F; Semrau, S, 2007)		0.34
" The major adverse events were grade I-II myelosuppression, peripheral neurologic toxicities, nausea and vomiting."( [Efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine combined vinorelbine on metastatic breast cancer: a report of 34 cases].
Jiang, WQ; Liu, DG; Teng, XY; Zhou, NN, 2007)		0.34
"The aim of this Phase II study was to examine whether concurrent continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (CI 5FU) plus three-dimensional conformal planning radiotherapy sandwiched between gemcitabine chemotherapy is effective, tolerable, and safe in the management of pancreatic cancer."( 3D radiotherapy can be safely combined with sandwich systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy in the management of pancreatic cancer: factors influencing outcome.
Borg, M; Carroll, S; Davies, T; Goldstein, D; Graham, P; Harvey, J; Iacopetta, B; Kneebone, A; Macleod, C; Millar, JL; Ngan, SY; Reece, WH; Spry, N; Zissiadis, Y, 2008)		0.35
"This three-dimensional chemoradiotherapy regimen is safe and promising, with encouraging local control for a substantial proportion of patients, and merits testing in a randomized trial."( 3D radiotherapy can be safely combined with sandwich systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy in the management of pancreatic cancer: factors influencing outcome.
Borg, M; Carroll, S; Davies, T; Goldstein, D; Graham, P; Harvey, J; Iacopetta, B; Kneebone, A; Macleod, C; Millar, JL; Ngan, SY; Reece, WH; Spry, N; Zissiadis, Y, 2008)		0.35
"Treatment with the combination of (177)Lu-octreotate and capecitabine was feasible and safe considering acute and subacute side effects."( Report on short-term side effects of treatments with 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine in seven patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.
de Herder, WW; Kam, BL; Krenning, EP; Kwekkeboom, DJ; van Aken, MO; van Essen, M, 2008)		0.35
" Knowledge of this toxicity can aid clinicians to choose the optimal and least toxic regimen suitable for an individual patient."( Cardiac toxicity: old and new issues in anti-cancer drugs.
Barriuso, J; Belda, C; Brunello, A; Casado, E; Chiappori, A; de Castro, J; Feliu, J; González-Barón, M; Sereno, M, 2008)		0.35
"The addition of cetuximab to capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab in the first-line treatment of ACC appears to be safe and feasible."( A randomised phase III study on capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab with or without cetuximab in first-line advanced colorectal cancer, the CAIRO2 study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG). An interim analysis of toxicity.
Antonini, NF; Cats, A; Creemers, GJ; Erdkamp, FL; Koopman, M; Mol, L; Punt, CJ; Rodenburg, CJ; Schrama, JG; Tol, J; Vos, AH, 2008)		0.35
" Three subjects (3%) discontinued the study for adverse events, 8 (7%) for virologic failure, and 1 died through a median follow-up of 164 weeks."( Long-term safety and efficacy results of once-daily emtricitabine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric subjects.
Adda, N; Blum, MR; Cashat, M; Chittick, G; Harris, J; Hinkle, J; Ndiweni, D; Rousseau, F; Saez-Llorens, X; Violari, A; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2008)		0.35
"No early or toxic deaths were observed."( [Combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine is a safe and feasible regimen in adjuvant therapy for stage II and IIIA NSCLC].
Kameda, A; Minami, K; Miyahara, E; Noso, Y; Suzuki, T; Tsutani, Y, 2008)		0.35
"In the present study, the combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine has been a safe and feasible regimen in adjuvant therapy for stage II and IIIA NSCLC."( [Combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine is a safe and feasible regimen in adjuvant therapy for stage II and IIIA NSCLC].
Kameda, A; Minami, K; Miyahara, E; Noso, Y; Suzuki, T; Tsutani, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Symptoms disappeared after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy and we suggest that syncope may be a side effect to one of the three antiretroviral drugs that has not been described previously."( Syncope as a probable side effect to combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection.
Larsen, CS; Lybaek, D, 2008)		0.35
" Although patients can take the drug orally in the convenience of their own home, the key to successful management of capecitabine is the clinician's awareness of its severe, but low in incidence, adverse effects, and the patients' education, emphasizing compliance with the treatment plan, prevention and timely recognition of its toxicities."( Capecitabine: an overview of the side effects and their management.
Katirtzoglou, NA; Saif, MW; Syrigos, KN, 2008)		0.35
" The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were hypertension (11%), neutropenia (9%), diarrhea (7%), dyspnea (7%), and thromboembolic events (7%)."( Efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin and gemcitabine with bevacizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Davila, E; Lilenbaum, R; Raez, L; Seigel, L; Tseng, J, 2008)		0.35
" The most frequent adverse event was asthenia, which was grade 3 in two patients."( A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination of pertuzumab (rhuMab 2C4) and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Albanell, J; Beech, J; Brewster, M; Gascon, P; Jones, ET; Mellado, B; Montagut, C; Pronk, L; Saunders, MP; Valle, JW; Zugmaier, G, 2008)		0.35
" Several other severe nonhematological adverse effects were well tolerated and easily managed."( A pilot study evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of biweekly gemcitabine and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer.
Aydiner, A; Derin, D; Guney, N; Tas, F; Topuz, E, 2008)		0.35
"A biweekly schedule of gemcitabine combined with PLD is an active and safe chemotherapy regimen with acceptable and easily manageable toxicities in women with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer."( A pilot study evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of biweekly gemcitabine and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer.
Aydiner, A; Derin, D; Guney, N; Tas, F; Topuz, E, 2008)		0.35
" Common adverse events were diarrhea, rash, dry skin, asthenia, nausea, anorexia."( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Cobleigh, MA; Dickler, MN; Klein, PM; Miller, KD; Winer, EP, 2009)		0.35
" Many drugs have been used for the treatment of this disease, but there is little information about how predictive factors can be used to aid treatment response and anticipate toxic effects related to anticancer treatment in colorectal cancer."( Predictive factors for chemotherapy-related toxic effects in patients with colorectal cancer.
Pantano, F; Santini, D; Schiavon, G; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2008)		0.35
"After 40 of the planned 74 patients had been randomly assigned, real-time adverse event monitoring led to early trial closure because of excess sequence-specific toxicity."( Severe sequence-specific toxicity when capecitabine is given after Fluorouracil and leucovorin.
Anthoney, DA; Bradley, C; Brown, JM; Brown, S; Crawford, SM; Hennig, IM; Jackson, DP; Melcher, AM; Naik, JD; Seymour, MT; Szubert, A, 2008)		0.35
" Incidence of grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events during the first 12 weeks of treatment were 59%, 36%, and 67% for mFOLFOX6, bFOL, and CapeOx, respectively, (TREE-1) and 59%, 51%, and 56% for the corresponding treatments plus bevacizumab (TREE-2; primary end point)."( Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE Study.
Abubakr, Y; Childs, BH; Cohn, AL; Fehrenbacher, L; Hainsworth, JD; Hart, LL; Hedrick, E; Hochster, HS; Ramanathan, RK; Saif, MW; Schwartzberg, L; Wong, L, 2008)		0.35
"100 patients were evaluated; 17 patients discontinued early including 6 for adverse events."( Evaluation of efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and adherence in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus fixed-dose tenofovir DF/emtricitabine given once daily.
Cohen, C; Ebrahimi, R; Elion, R; Fisher, A; Flaherty, J; Kearney, B; McColl, D; Ortiz, R; Reddy, YS; Ruane, P; Ward, D, )		0.13
" Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions."( Effectiveness and safety of generic fixed-dose combination of tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients in Western India.
Bele, V; Dravid, A; Gupte, N; Joshi, K; Pujari, S, 2008)		0.35
"Expandable metallic stent placement is safe and effective in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer receiving GEM."( Efficacy and safety of metallic stents in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine.
Arizumi, T; Hirano, K; Isayama, H; Ito, Y; Kawabe, T; Kogure, H; Matsubara, S; Nakai, Y; Omata, M; Sasahira, N; Sasaki, T; Tada, M; Togawa, O; Tsujino, T; Yagioka, H; Yoshida, H, 2008)		0.35
" Sixteen patients (62%) experienced motesanib-related adverse events, most commonly lethargy (n=6), diarrhoea (n=4), fatigue (n=3), headache (n=3), and nausea (n=3)."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with solid tumours.
Lipton, L; McCoy, S; McGreivy, J; Price, TJ; Rosenthal, MA; Sun, YN, 2008)		0.35
" The most common side effect is myelosuppression."( Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity during adjuvant therapy in a patient with pancreatic cancer.
Cornfeld, D; Lansigan, F; Saif, MW; Shaib, W; Syrigos, K, 2008)		0.35
" Cardiotoxicity is a relatively uncommon side effect of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine."( Cardiotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine in a pancreatic cancer patient with a novel mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene.
Harold, L; Rajebi, MR; Saif, MW; Shahrokni, A, 2009)		0.35
" Genetic variations such as polymorphic abnormality of DPYD are potential causative factors for a significant portion of serious adverse reactions to 5-fluorouracil-based therapy."( Cardiotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine in a pancreatic cancer patient with a novel mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene.
Harold, L; Rajebi, MR; Saif, MW; Shahrokni, A, 2009)		0.35
" Major adverse events were neutropenia, nausea, diarrhea, hand/foot syndrome, and neurotoxicity."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine and oxaliplatin combination as second-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer.
Hatzopoulos, A; Heras, P; Karagiannis, S; Kritikos, K; Kritikos, N; Mitsibounas, D; Xourafas, V, )		0.13
" Serious/grade 3-5 adverse events of interest for bevacizumab included bleeding (3%), gastrointestinal perforation (2%), arterial thromboembolism (1%), hypertension (5."( Safety and efficacy of first-line bevacizumab with FOLFOX, XELOX, FOLFIRI and fluoropyrimidines in metastatic colorectal cancer: the BEAT study.
Berry, S; Bridgewater, J; Canon, JL; Cunningham, D; DiBartolomeo, M; Georgoulias, V; Kretzschmar, A; Mazier, MA; Michael, M; Peeters, M; Rivera, F; Van Cutsem, E, 2009)		0.35
"In this large pooled analysis, we found MMC, when capped at a cumulative dose of 36 mg/m(2), to be safe and tolerable in combination with capecitabine or irinotecan with no reportable cases of TTP/HUS."( Capped-dose mitomycin C: a pooled safety analysis from three prospective clinical trials.
Arce-Lara, C; Bekaii-Saab, T; Cataland, S; Kraut, E; Ntukidem, N; Otterson, GA, 2010)		0.36
"1236G>A), which was observed five- out of eight-times in patients with severe adverse effects."( Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene variation and severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity: a haplotype assessment.
Aebi, S; Amstutz, U; Farese, S; Largiadèr, CR, 2009)		0.35
" The most common adverse events were leukopenia (73."( [Efficacy and safety of combination of irinotecan and capecitabine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after failure of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin].
Bai, CM; Chen, SC; Cheng, YJ; Jia, N; Shao, YJ; Zhou, JF, 2009)		0.35
" Significantly fewer drug-related clinical adverse events occurred in patients on raltegravir (n=124 [44."( Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial.
Barnard, RJ; Berger, DS; DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Madruga, JV; Miller, MD; Nguyen, BY; Pollard, RB; Rodgers, AJ; Sklar, P; Williams-Diaz, A; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2009)		0.35
" Additional studies that evaluate the aerosol route of administration of gemcitabine in humans should be safe and are warranted."( Aerosol gemcitabine: preclinical safety and in vivo antitumor activity in osteosarcoma-bearing dogs.
Anderson, PM; Cannan, VA; Crabbs, TA; Gordon, N; Kleinerman, E; Koshkina, N; Rodriguez, CO; Skorupski, KA; Wilson, DW, 2010)		0.36
" Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a relatively common side effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy."( Toxicity and efficacy of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine in a patient with TYMS gene polymorphism: A challenge or a dilemma?
Rajebi, MR; Saif, MW; Shahrokni, A, 2009)		0.35
" We assumed that combined toxic effect of gemcitabine and vinorelbine resulted in serious cutaneous toxicity under pre-existing condition of diffuse ichthyosis."( [Serious cutaneous toxicity following ifosfamide, gemcitabine and vinorelbine therapy in a patient with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and ichthyosis].
Konífrová, E; Móciková, H; Stríteský, J, 2009)		0.35
" Grade 3-4 toxic effects included neutropenia (n=7), raised alanine aminotransferase concentrations (n=5), peripheral neuropathy (n=5), and hypertension (n=5)."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in advanced biliary-tract cancers and correlation of changes in 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET with clinical outcome: a phase 2 study.
Abrams, TA; Allen, JN; Bhargava, P; Blaszkowsky, LS; Chan, JA; Clark, JW; Enzinger, PC; Fuchs, CS; Horgan, K; Jain, SR; Kambadakone, AR; Kwak, EL; Meyerhardt, JA; Muzikansky, A; Ryan, DP; Sahani, DV; Sheehan, S; Stuart, K; Zheng, H; Zhu, AX, 2010)		0.36
" The fluorescence properties of dZeb were used to quantify the amount of this analog incorporated into cellular DNA of mismatch repair-deficient cells expressing Dm-dNK and the results showed that in a mismatch correction-defective strain a high percentage of DNA bases may be replaced with the analog without long term toxic effects."( Use of Drosophila deoxynucleoside kinase to study mechanism of toxicity and mutagenicity of deoxycytidine analogs in Escherichia coli.
Betham, B; Bhagwat, AS; Marquez, VE; Shalhout, S, 2010)		0.36
" In this study, we compared the dosage of carboplatin (CBDCA) calculated using MDRD with that calculated by conservative creatinine clearance (Ccr), and investigated the actual dosage given and the incidence of its adverse effects."( [Clinical evaluation of calculating carboplatin doses using modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) estimate and adverse events].
Adachi, S; Kimura, M; Matsumoto, R; Matsuoka, T; Nakao, T; Okada, K; Tanaka, Y; Usami, E; Yasuda, T; Yoshimura, T, 2009)		0.35
" Treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events were greater in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
" Atazanavir/ritonavir had a better lipid profile and fewer gastrointestinal adverse events than lopinavir/ritonavir."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
" Cardiotoxicity causing angina, arrhythmia and infarction are serious adverse events associated with these agents."( [Cardiotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine].
Baeksgaard, L; Jensen, SA; Petersen, LN; Reiter, L; Sørensen, JB, 2010)		0.36
" The most frequently observed adverse events reported with AZD6244 were acneiform dermatitis, diarrhoea, asthenia and peripheral oedema, compared with hand-foot syndrome, diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain with capecitabine."( A Phase II, open-label, randomised study to assess the efficacy and safety of the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) versus capecitabine monotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer who have failed one or two prior chemotherapeutic regimens.
Adenis, A; Bennouna, J; Boer, K; Douillard, JY; Escudero, P; Kim, TY; Lang, I; Morris, CD; Pover, GM; Valladares-Ayerbes, M, 2011)		0.37
" Main adverse events grades 2/3/4 were (n): leukocytopenia 3/2/2, anemia 13/4/0, thrombocytopenia 3/1/0, nausea/vomiting 2/1/0, diarrhea 5/1/0, hand-foot-skin reaction 7/0/0."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and mitomycin C in patients with pre-treated pancreatic, gallbladder, and bile duct carcinoma.
Ernst, T; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Hofmann, WK; Kripp, M; Kruth, J; Lukan, N; Merx, K; Nissen, J, 2010)		0.36
" The most common suspected adverse events were nausea, vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, peripheral oedema, anaemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, pyrexia, neutropenia, asthenia, leucopenia, and abdominal pain, and most were of grades 1-2 severity."( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)		0.36
" 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and adverse events as end points were compared between the two groups."( [Efficacy and toxicity analysis of XELOX and FOLFOX4 regimens as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colorectal cancer].
Fang, F; Li, DC; Lu, GC, 2010)		0.36
" There was no significant difference for 3-year DFS and all grades adverse events between the two groups."( [Efficacy and toxicity analysis of XELOX and FOLFOX4 regimens as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colorectal cancer].
Fang, F; Li, DC; Lu, GC, 2010)		0.36
" The main adverse effects associated with the treatment included leucopenia, nausea/vomiting and peripheral neuritis."( [Short-term therapeutic effect and safety of endostar combined with XELIRI regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer].
Liao, WJ; Luo, RC; Shen, P; Shi, M; Wu, Wy, 2010)		0.36
"Endostar combined with XELIRI is effective and safe as the second-line treatment for advanced colorectal cancer, and further clinical investigation is warranted."( [Short-term therapeutic effect and safety of endostar combined with XELIRI regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer].
Liao, WJ; Luo, RC; Shen, P; Shi, M; Wu, Wy, 2010)		0.36
" In our experience, capecitabine-induced hypertriglyceridemia does not seem to be a rare adverse effect as it is observed in 10% of treated patients."( Cancer chemotherapy and cardiovascular risks: is capecitabine-induced hypertriglyceridemia a rare adverse effect?
Emiliani, A; Losanno, T; Manna, G; Seminara, P, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse event rate was similar between arms (except drug hypersensitivity, reported more in the abacavir/lamivudine arm)."( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study.
Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)		0.36
"(177)Lu-octreotate is a safe and well-tolerated therapy for patients who have previously been treated with (111)In-pentetreotide and can be safely combined with radiosensitising chemotherapy."( 177Lu-octreotate, alone or with radiosensitising chemotherapy, is safe in neuroendocrine tumour patients previously treated with high-activity 111In-octreotide.
Hicks, RJ; Hubble, D; Johnson, V; Kong, G; Michael, M; Ramdave, S, 2010)		0.36
" We stress the fact that while vasospasm is a well-recognized side-effect of this class of chemotherapeutic agent, broader cardiotoxicity is commonly seen and an increased awareness of the range of toxicity is necessary if repeat toxicity is to be avoided."( Cardiotoxicity with 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine: more than just vasospastic angina.
Pavlakis, N; Stewart, T; Ward, M, 2010)		0.36
"5%) and grade 4 non-hematologic adverse events (n = 2) were rare, with no treatment-related deaths."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine, carboplatin, dexamethasone, and rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma: a prospective multi-center phase II study by the Puget Sound Oncology Consortium.
Daniels, JT; Garrison, MA; Gjerset, GF; Gooley, TA; Gopal, AK; Lonergan, M; Murphy, AE; Pagel, JM; Petersdorf, SH; Press, OW; Shustov, AR; Smith, JC, 2010)		0.36
" In general, the most toxic compound was 5-FU."( Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs and their metabolites.
Blaha, L; Dott, W; Kovalova, L; Zounkova, R, 2010)		0.36
" Through 96 weeks, 77 subjects from each group discontinued prematurely; adverse or HIV-related events contributed to discontinuation of 36 subjects overall, with no significant differences between treatment groups."( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t
Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)		0.36
" Adverse reactions observed included grade 1 neutropenia and grade 1 appetite loss."( [A dialysis patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma who was safely given biweekly gemcitabine therapy].
Hashimoto, H; Obara, K; Oshika, Y; Shimizu, E; Tanaka, Y, 2010)		0.36
" The most commonly reported toxic effects of capecitabine are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis and hand-foot syndrome."( Safety of capecitabine: a review.
Marshall, JL; Mikhail, SE; Sun, JF, 2010)		0.36
"Capecitabine at a dose of 2000 mg/m(2) is active and safe as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer."( First-line therapy with moderate dose capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer is safe and active: results of the MONICA trial.
Bauer, W; Costa, SD; Distelrath, A; Gerber, B; Hagen, V; Kaufmann, M; Kleine-Tebbe, A; Loibl, S; Maass, N; Mehta, K; Ruckhaeberle, E; Schneeweiss, A; Schrader, I; Sütterlin, MW; Tomé, O; von Minckwitz, G; Wiest, W, 2010)		0.36
" At each cycle, adverse events were assessed, and concomitant medications, transfusions, and hospitalizations were recorded."( Safety and resource utilization by non-small cell lung cancer histology: results from the randomized phase III study of pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin in chemonaïve patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Douillard, JY; Eckardt, J; Liepa, AM; Novello, S; O'Brien, M; Paz-Ares, L; Pimentel, FL; Simms, L; Visseren-Grul, C; von Pawel, J, 2010)		0.36
"Although the 2009 edition of the Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Therapy recommend capecitabine as a standard postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer therapy, a characteristic adverse event, hand-foot syndrome, develops at a high incidence, and appropriate management is necessary to continue therapy."( [Adverse events in patients treated with capecitabine as adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for colorectal cancer--countermeasures against hand-foot syndrome].
Chiba, M; Fujimoto, H; Igawa, A; Iizawa, H; Ikeda, E; Inoue, K; Ishiyama, K; Kobayashi, Y; Matsuda, M; Mori, N; Saito, T; Sato, T; Sugawara, M; Suto, T; Suzuki, Y; Watanabe, T; Yabuki, H, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse events related to bevacizumab were grade 2 hypertension in 3 patients (27."( [Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus capecitabine for metastatic colorectal cancer].
Ai, B; Ding, L; Li, L; Wu, JY; Wu, XN; Zhao, YB; Zhou, MZ, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse drug reactions are well tolerated."( [Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus capecitabine for metastatic colorectal cancer].
Ai, B; Ding, L; Li, L; Wu, JY; Wu, XN; Zhao, YB; Zhou, MZ, 2010)		0.36
" Although these are considered safe drugs, a growing body of literature reports adverse cardiac effects."( Capecitabine in breast cancer: the issue of cardiotoxicity during fluoropyrimidine treatment.
Albini, A; Bucci, EO; Cergnul, M; Gottardi, O; Molteni, LP; Noonan, DM; Paino, AM; Rampinelli, I; Scaglietti, U, )		0.13
"Peripheral sensory neurotoxicity is a frequent and potentially debilitating side effect of oxaliplatin treatment."( The effect of prophylactic calcium and magnesium infusions on the incidence of neurotoxicity and clinical outcome of oxaliplatin-based systemic treatment in advanced colorectal cancer patients.
Imholz, AL; Knijn, N; Koopman, M; Mol, L; Punt, CJ; Teerenstra, S; Tol, J; Valster, FA; Vincent, AD; Werter, MJ, 2011)		0.37
" During these studies the compound DM12 was identified as new, perspective and safe agent for adjuvant therapy."( Cytotoxic effects of new trans-2,4-diaryl-r-3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and their interaction with antitumoral drugs gemcitabine and paclitaxel on cellular lines of human breast cancer.
Arenas, DR; Arvelo, F; Kouznetsov, VV; Muñoz, A; Sojo, F, 2011)		0.37
" Therefore, concomitant use of the ZD55-dNKmut and dFdC could be a novel targeted strategy in suicide gene therapy with safe control of excessive virus replication."( Adenovirus-mediated Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase mutants combined with gemcitabine harbor a safe cancer treatment profile.
He, A; Ma, S; Sun, Z; Xu, H; Zhao, L; Zheng, X; Zhu, Z, 2011)		0.37
" Most frequent drug-related adverse events were hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR, 89%), diarrhea (71%), and fatigue (69%)."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors: results of a phase 1 trial.
Awada, A; Besse-Hammer, T; Brendel, E; Delesen, H; Gil, T; Hendlisz, A; Joosten, MC; Lathia, CD; Loembé, BA; Piccart-Ghebart, M; Van Hamme, J; Whenham, N, 2011)		0.37
" The severe hematological adverse events related to EGFR TKIs treatment were rare."( The safety and efficacy of EGFR TKIs monotherapy versus single-agent chemotherapy using third-generation cytotoxics as the first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and poor performance status.
Chen, B; Liu, S; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Zhao, W, 2011)		0.37
"To observe the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of taxol plus carboplatin (TP) or gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GP) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma."( [Clinical efficacy and adverse effects of taxol plus carboplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma].
Wang, XY; Zhao, YL, 2010)		0.36
"This study suggests that metabolic profiles can delineate subpopulations susceptible to adverse events and have a potential role in the assessment of treatment viability for cancer patients prior to commencing chemotherapy."( Pharmacometabonomic profiling as a predictor of toxicity in patients with inoperable colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine.
Backshall, A; Clarke, SJ; Keun, HC; Sharma, R, 2011)		0.37
" All toxic effects of gemcitabine in dogs were recorded."( Toxic effects and antitumor response of gemcitabine in combination with piroxicam treatment in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Jeglum, AK; Lindner, D; Marconato, L; Nelson, V; Suslak-Brown, L; Zini, E, 2011)		0.37
" However, this combination of chemotherapy did provide a new treatment alternative with fewer adverse effects."( Toxic effects and antitumor response of gemcitabine in combination with piroxicam treatment in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Jeglum, AK; Lindner, D; Marconato, L; Nelson, V; Suslak-Brown, L; Zini, E, 2011)		0.37
" Grade 3-4 neutropenia was the major adverse event in both schedules: 37."( A 4-week versus a 3-week schedule of gemcitabine monotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized phase II study to evaluate toxicity and dose intensity.
Fujii, M; Harada, R; Hirao, K; Ishida, E; Kato, H; Kawamoto, H; Kurihara, N; Mizuno, O; Noma, Y; Ogawa, T; Sakakihara, I; Tsutsumi, K; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, N, 2011)		0.37
" Vinorelbine in combination with capecitabine is an effective and safe schedule for patients with MBC especially after pretreatment with anthracycline/ taxane-based regimens."( Safety and efficacy of oral vinorelbine and capecitabine combination for metastatic breast cancer.
Adua, D; Basile, ML; De Sanctis, R; Del Signore, E; Di Seri, M; Gori, B; Grassi, P; Longo, F; Quadrini, S; Stumbo, L, 2011)		0.37
" Gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) were commonly observed in both treatment groups."( A phase II open-label randomized study to assess the efficacy and safety of selumetinib (AZD6244 [ARRY-142886]) versus capecitabine in patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer who have failed first-line gemcitabine therapy.
Bodoky, G; Ciuleanu, TE; La Stella, PJ; Pover, G; Spigel, DR; Tebbutt, NC; Timcheva, C, 2012)		0.38
"Hand-foot syndrome is a highly unpleasant adverse reaction caused by treatment protocols containing capecitabine (an orally administered drug), docetaxel, liposomal doxorubicin infusions or continuously infused 5-fluorouracil."( [Main treatment and preventive measures for hand-foot syndrome, a dermatologic side effect of cancer therapy].
Bartal, A; Liszkay, G; Mátrai, Z; Szûcs, A, 2011)		0.37
"Most grade 3/4 adverse events seen after 10 cycles were hematological toxicities."( Long-term gemcitabine administration in heavily pretreated Japanese patients with metastatic breast cancer: additional safety analysis of a phase II study.
Funai, J; Ishii, M; Saeki, T; Takao, S; Takashima, S; Tokuda, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Grade 3-4 adverse events were uncommon; haematologic toxicity was infrequent (5%) and consistently mild."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose metronomic chemotherapy with capecitabine in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Calvani, N; Cinefra, M; Cinieri, S; Fedele, P; Marino, A; Mazzoni, E; Nacci, A; Orlando, L; Rizzo, P; Schiavone, P; Sponziello, F, 2012)		0.38
" Ten percent (13/123) of the subjects discontinued the treatment due to adverse events."( Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of nevirapine plus coformulated tenofovir/emtricitabine as first-line therapy in routine clinical practice.
Blanch, J; Cervantes, M; Domingo, P; Ferrer, E; Knobel, H; Llibre, JM; Mallolas, J; Pedrol, E; Vallecillo, G, 2012)		0.38
" Grade 2 and 3 toxic effects included fatigue, vomiting, dyspnea, and cough."( Aerosolized gemcitabine in patients with carcinoma of the lung: feasibility and safety study.
Boidron-Celle, M; Diot, P; el Houfia, A; Gagnadoux, F; Giraudeau, B; Grimbert, D; Hureaux, J; le Pape, A; Lemarie, E; Pichon, E; Prunier, C; Valat, C; Vecellio, L, 2011)		0.37
" However, many toxic effects are evaluated on a categorical scale."( Dose adaptation of capecitabine based on individual prediction of limiting toxicity grade: evaluation by clinical trial simulation.
Freyer, G; Girard, P; Hénin, E; Paule, I; Tod, M; You, B, 2012)		0.38
" Randomized studies and retrospective analyses have shown that, in patients who received capecitabine monotherapy, or in combination with docetaxel, dose modification of capecitabine is effective in the management of adverse events without compromising efficacy."( Dose-adjusting capecitabine minimizes adverse effects while maintaining efficacy: a retrospective review of capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer.
Blum, JL; Hennessy, BT; Leonard, R; O'Shaughnessy, J, 2011)		0.37
" The time of reccurrence and adverse effects were recorded."( [Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intravesical instillation with gemcitabine after first-line intravesical chemotherapy failure in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer].
Cao, M; Chen, HG; Ma, CK; Ma, J; Xue, W, 2011)		0.37
" All regimens were safe and well tolerated."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)		0.37
" We identified relevant trial evidence and pooled the results on both efficacy and adverse events."( Capecitabine for the treatment for advanced gastric cancer: efficacy, safety and ethnicity.
Ma, Y; Tang, L; Wang, HX; Xu, YC; Zhang, FC, 2012)		0.38
" Frequency of adverse events (AEs) was similar between arms, with 88."( A randomised comparison of safety and efficacy of nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients.
Bhatti, L; Conner, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, A; Storfer, S, 2011)		0.37
" The incident of over common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) grade 2 white blood cell decreased was significantly reduced in patients treated at 15:00 compared with those treated at 9:00 (p=0."( The relationship between treatment time of gemcitabine and development of hematologic toxicity in cancer patients.
Aizawa, K; Fukunaga, E; Hamada, A; Iwata, K; Jingami, S; Saito, H; Sakai, S; Yoshida, M, 2011)		0.37
" Adverse effects ≥ grade 2 were observed in 32% of the patients and adverse effects ≥ grade 3 in 15%."( Safety and outcome of chemoradiotherapy in elderly patients with rectal cancer: results from two French tertiary centres.
Bensadoun, RJ; Hamidou, H; Michel, P; Paillot, B; Roullet, B; Silvain, C; Tougeron, D; Tourani, JM, 2012)		0.38
"In selected elderly patients, chemoradiotherapy is well-tolerated, without any significant increase in adverse events, and the results are similar to those recorded in younger patients."( Safety and outcome of chemoradiotherapy in elderly patients with rectal cancer: results from two French tertiary centres.
Bensadoun, RJ; Hamidou, H; Michel, P; Paillot, B; Roullet, B; Silvain, C; Tougeron, D; Tourani, JM, 2012)		0.38
"Nephrotoxicity is an inherent adverse effect of certain anticancer drugs and may result in a variety of functional consequences that include any combination of glomerular or tubular dysfunction, hypertension and disturbance of the renal endocrine function."( Nephrotoxicity of anticancer drugs--an underestimated problem?
Kruse, V; Lameire, N; Rottey, S, )		0.13
" The occurrence of treatment-related, moderate/severe adverse events was similar between treatment groups through 48 weeks of treatment."( Examination of noninferiority, safety, and tolerability of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/ emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve subjects: the progress study, 48-week results.
Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Lawal, A; Nilius, AM; Podsadecki, TJ; Pulido, F; Reynes, J; Soto-Malave, R; Tian, M, )		0.13
"The safety profiles of oral fluoropyrimidines were compared with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using adverse event reports (AERs) submitted to the Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS, of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)."( Adverse event profiles of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS, and reproducibility of clinical observations.
Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Miki, I; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)		0.38
", drug-associated adverse events, including the proportional reporting ratio, the reporting odds ratio, the information component given by a Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and the empirical Bayes geometric mean."( Adverse event profiles of 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS, and reproducibility of clinical observations.
Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Miki, I; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)		0.38
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild and included fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and chills."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg was well tolerated, without adverse effects on pharmacokinetics in combination with either sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
"The morbidity of abdominal and pelvic SFP performed on a miscellaneous group of patients in our institute was analyzed and potential risk factors for adverse events were evaluated."( Complications and toxicity after abdominal and pelvic hypoxic stop-flow perfusion chemotherapy: incidence and assessment of risk factors.
Askoxylakis, J; de Bree, E; Melissas, J; Metaxari, M; Michalakis, J; Romanos, J; Tsiftsis, DD; Tsogkas, J; Volakakis, E, 2012)		0.38
" In total, 28 adverse effects were observed after 30% of the procedures."( Complications and toxicity after abdominal and pelvic hypoxic stop-flow perfusion chemotherapy: incidence and assessment of risk factors.
Askoxylakis, J; de Bree, E; Melissas, J; Metaxari, M; Michalakis, J; Romanos, J; Tsiftsis, DD; Tsogkas, J; Volakakis, E, 2012)		0.38
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" The regimens demonstrated similar frequencies of all-grade and serious adverse events (SAEs), but different safety profiles."( Safety results from a phase III study (TURANDOT trial by CECOG) of first-line bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine or paclitaxel for HER-2-negative locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
Beslija, S; Brodowicz, T; Greil, R; Inbar, MJ; Kahán, Z; Kaufman, B; Lang, I; Messinger, D; Steger, GG; Stemmer, SM; Zielinski, C; Zvirbule, Z, 2012)		0.38
"Skin toxicity is a frequent adverse event of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting agents."( Prognostic value of cetuximab-related skin toxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer patients and its correlation with parameters of the epidermal growth factor receptor signal transduction pathway: results from a randomized trial of the GERMAN AIO CRC Stu
Giessen, C; Heinemann, V; Jung, A; Kapaun, C; Kirchner, T; Laubender, RP; Modest, DP; Moosmann, N; Neumann, J; Stintzing, S; Wollenberg, A, 2013)		0.39
" Muscle biopsy findings were consistent with a toxic myopathy with necrotizing features and vacuolar changes; COX-negative fibers were also present."( Nerve, muscle and heart acute toxicity following oxaliplatin and capecitabine treatment.
Alì, G; Calabrese, R; Lenzi, P; Moretti, P; Orsucci, D; Petrozzi, L; Pizzanelli, C; Ricci, G; Siciliano, G, 2012)		0.38
" Grade three or worse adverse events were mainly hand-foot syndrome (11%), and there were no grade four adverse events."( Prospective efficacy and safety study of neoadjuvant gemcitabine with capecitabine combination chemotherapy for borderline-resectable or unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Han, DJ; Kim, JH; Kim, MH; Kim, SC; Kim, TW; Lee, JL; Lee, SK; Lee, SS; Park, DH; Park, JH; Seo, DW; Shin, SH, 2012)		0.38
" In an attempt to design an efficacious and safe prehematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioning regimen, we investigated the cytotoxicity of the combination of busulfan (B), melphalan (M), and gemcitabine (G) in lymphoma cell lines in the absence or presence of drugs that induce epigenetic changes."( Epigenetic modifiers enhance the synergistic cytotoxicity of combined nucleoside analog-DNA alkylating agents in lymphoma cell lines.
Andersson, BS; Champlin, RE; Li, Y; Murray, D; Nieto, Y; Valdez, BC; Wang, G, 2012)		0.38
" We sought to measure persistence with CMF, adherence to oral cyclophosphamide, and the association of these with toxic effects."( Persistence, adherence, and toxicity with oral CMF in older women with early-stage breast cancer (Adherence Companion Study 60104 for CALGB 49907).
Archer, LE; Cohen, HJ; Hudis, CA; Muss, HB; Partridge, AH; Pitcher, BN; Ruddy, KJ; Winer, EP, 2012)		0.38
"Self-reported adherence to cyclophosphamide was high, but persistence was lower, which may be attributable to toxic effects."( Persistence, adherence, and toxicity with oral CMF in older women with early-stage breast cancer (Adherence Companion Study 60104 for CALGB 49907).
Archer, LE; Cohen, HJ; Hudis, CA; Muss, HB; Partridge, AH; Pitcher, BN; Ruddy, KJ; Winer, EP, 2012)		0.38
" Adverse events were generally mild; the most common grade 3/4 events were neutropenia, anemia, anorexia, and nausea."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine plus cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer: subset analyses of the AVAGAST study and the ToGA study.
Abe, T; Baba, E; Boku, N; Chin, K; Doi, T; Hamamoto, Y; Koizumi, W; Komatsu, Y; Miyata, Y; Nishina, T; Ohtsu, A; Omuro, Y; Saji, S; Sato, A; Satoh, T; Sawaki, A; Takiuchi, H; Tamura, T; Yamada, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2013)		0.39
"Antimetabolites may cause severe toxicity and even toxic death in cancer patients."( Relationship between antimetabolite toxicity and pharmacogenetics in Turkish cancer patients.
Akbulut, H; Demirkazik, A; Dincol, D; Dogan, M; Icli, F; Karabulut, HG; Tukun, A; Utkan, G; Yalcin, B, 2012)		0.38
" Mucositis and dermatitis occurred in all groups, together with ALT elevation in the methotrexate group and 2 toxic deaths were encountered."( Relationship between antimetabolite toxicity and pharmacogenetics in Turkish cancer patients.
Akbulut, H; Demirkazik, A; Dincol, D; Dogan, M; Icli, F; Karabulut, HG; Tukun, A; Utkan, G; Yalcin, B, 2012)		0.38
" The aim of this study is to evaluate the response rate and toxic side effects of gemcitabine-cisplatin (GC) in patients with advanced/metastatic bladder carcinoma."( [The efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced/metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma].
Arslan, M; Ceylan, Y; Degirmenci, T; Gunlusoy, B; Kara, C; Kozacıoğlu, Z; Vardar, E, 2012)		0.38
" The response and adverse events rates and their exact confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine in heavily pretreated recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Ceruse, P; Fayette, J; Girodet, D; Péron, J; Poupart, M; Ramade, A; Zrounba, P, 2012)		0.38
" Data such as patient background, treatment details, adverse events occurring during the observational period, laboratory values of liver enzyme and survival status were collected 3 and 12 months after the start of therapy."( Safety and effectiveness of gemcitabine in 260 patients with biliary tract cancer in a Japanese clinical practice based on post-marketing surveillance in Japan.
Kobayashi, N; Nishiuma, S; Okubo, S; Taketsuna, M; Taniai, H, 2012)		0.38
" Haematotoxicities were the most common adverse drug reactions."( Safety and effectiveness of gemcitabine in 260 patients with biliary tract cancer in a Japanese clinical practice based on post-marketing surveillance in Japan.
Kobayashi, N; Nishiuma, S; Okubo, S; Taketsuna, M; Taniai, H, 2012)		0.38
" Adverse events were mostly mild and no serious adverse events or drug discontinuations were reported."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
" Major grade 3/4 adverse events included neutropenia (28."( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1 family polypeptide A1 gene (UGT1A1) polymorphisms are associated with toxicity and efficacy in irinotecan monotherapy for refractory pancreatic cancer.
Hamada, T; Hirano, K; Ijichi, H; Isayama, H; Kawakubo, K; Kogure, H; Koike, K; Miyabayashi, K; Mizuno, S; Mohri, D; Nakai, Y; Sasahira, N; Sasaki, T; Satoh, Y; Tada, M; Takahara, N; Takai, D; Uchino, R; Yamamoto, N; Yatomi, Y, 2013)		0.39
"Due to the various inter-individual differences in the biological characteristics of tumor cells, as well as issues on the efficacy, adverse reactions, and defects of existing drugs, we compared the clinical efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
" The rate of adverse reactions, including white blood cell reduction, lower platelet count, lower hemoglobin, and hair loss in the PP group was significantly lower than that in the GP group."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
"The clinical efficacy of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced NSCLC was roughly the same, but the adverse reactions decreased significantly in the PP group compared with those in the GP group."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
"The efficacy and adverse effects of capecitabine-based chemotherapy versus other regimens reported in previous trials were discordant."( Efficacy and toxicity of capecitabine-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic or advanced breast cancer: results from ten randomized trials.
Meng, L; Wang, Y; Wei, JF; Yang, H, 2012)		0.38
" Data such as patient background, treatment details, adverse events, tumor response, serum CA19-9 levels and drug-related symptom improvement were assessed."( Safety and effectiveness of gemcitabine in 855 patients with pancreatic cancer under Japanese clinical practice based on post-marketing surveillance in Japan.
Ashida, R; Ioka, T; Katayama, K; Kobayashi, N; Takakura, R; Tanaka, S; Taniai, H, 2013)		0.39
"9%) patients reported drug-related adverse events, with 97 patients (11."( Safety and effectiveness of gemcitabine in 855 patients with pancreatic cancer under Japanese clinical practice based on post-marketing surveillance in Japan.
Ashida, R; Ioka, T; Katayama, K; Kobayashi, N; Takakura, R; Tanaka, S; Taniai, H, 2013)		0.39
" The toxicity profile was excellent with only 8 % of overall G3-G4 adverse events."( When less is better: the safety and efficacy of reduced intensity gemcitabine in a difficult patient population with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Calvani, N; Cinefra, M; Cinieri, S; D'Amico, M; Fedele, P; Marino, A; Nacci, A; Orlando, L; Rizzo, P; Schiavone, P; Sponziello, F, 2013)		0.39
" Overall incidences of all-causality treatment-related or grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) or AE-related discontinuations were lower with lersivirine than with efavirenz, and serious AEs occurred at similar rates across treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of lersivirine (UK-453,061) versus efavirenz in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: week 48 primary analysis results from an ongoing, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IIb trial.
Cooper, DA; Craig, C; Goodrich, J; Kaplan, R; Lazzarin, A; Mori, J; Pozniak, A; Pulik, P; Tawadrous, M; Valdez, H; Vernazza, P; Wang, C; Weil, E, 2013)		0.39
" Most common adverse events (AE) were any grade nausea (58%), hand-foot syndrome (44%), diarrhea (33%), fatigue (33%), vomiting (31%), and asthenia (31%)."( Dasatinib plus capecitabine for advanced breast cancer: safety and efficacy in phase I study CA180004.
Atzori, F; Cortes, J; Geese, WJ; Gradishar, WJ; Rybicki, A; Somlo, G; Specht, JM; Strauss, LC; Sy, O; Vahdat, LT, 2013)		0.39
" All patients were genotyped for MTHFR 1298A>C and 677C>T polymorphisms and analysed in both cohorts separately for the association between the MTHFR genotype and incidence of grade 3-4 overall toxicity and specific adverse events, as well as efficacy parameters."( MTHFR polymorphisms and capecitabine-induced toxicity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Gelderblom, H; Guchelaar, HJ; Punt, CJ; van Huis-Tanja, LH, 2013)		0.39
"Overall, 71 of 281 raltegravir recipients (25%) and 98 of 282 efavirenz recipients (35%) discontinued the study; discontinuations due to adverse events occurred in 14 (5%) and 28 (10%) patients in the respective groups."( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK.
DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)		0.39
" Over the entire study, fewer patients experienced neuropsychiatric and drug-related adverse events in the raltegravir group than in the efavirenz group."( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK.
DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)		0.39
"SBRT with concurrent full dose gemcitabine is safe when administered to patients with LAPC."( Stereotactic body radiation therapy with concurrent full-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a pilot trial demonstrating safety.
Berzcel, L; Charabaty, A; Collins, SP; Gurka, MK; Haddad, N; Jackson, P; Jha, R; Johnson, CD; Lei, S; Ley, L; Marshall, JL; Pishvaian, MJ; Slack, R; Suy, S; Tse, G, 2013)		0.39
" The most commonly reported adverse events in the FOLFOX6 cohorts included decreased appetite, neutropenia, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy, and vomiting."( An open-label study of the safety and tolerability of pazopanib in combination with FOLFOX6 or CapeOx in patients with colorectal cancer.
Adams, LM; Botbyl, J; Brady, J; Chau, I; Corrie, P; Digumarti, R; Laubscher, KH; Mallath, M; Midgley, RS, 2013)		0.39
" Rates of grade 3 adverse events were neutropenia (n = 4, 10."( Efficacy and toxicity of Trastuzumab and Paclitaxel plus Capecitabine in the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Benekli, M; Berk, V; Buyukberber, S; Coskun, U; Demirci, U; Ozkan, M; Sevinc, A; Tonyali, O; Ucgul, E; Uncu, D; Yildiz, R, 2013)		0.39
" Grade 3/4 diarrhea as predominant toxic effect occurred in 22% of patients with CapOx-bevacizumab and in 16% with mCapIri-bevacizumab."( Capecitabine/irinotecan or capecitabine/oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab is effective and safe as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase II study of the AIO colorectal study group.
Arnold, D; Dietrich, G; Freier, W; Geißler, M; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Hinke, A; Kubicka, S; Pohl, M; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Schmoll, HJ; Tannapfel, A, 2013)		0.39
"Both, CapOx-bevacizumab and mCapIri-bevacizumab, show promising activity and an excellent toxic effect profile."( Capecitabine/irinotecan or capecitabine/oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab is effective and safe as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase II study of the AIO colorectal study group.
Arnold, D; Dietrich, G; Freier, W; Geißler, M; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Hinke, A; Kubicka, S; Pohl, M; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Schmoll, HJ; Tannapfel, A, 2013)		0.39
" Safe margin-negative resection (R0) surgery was defined as R0 surgery without reintervention during the NACRT period and no postoperative complications."( Covered self-expandable metal stent deployment promises safe neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.
Endo, I; Hosono, K; Kobayashi, N; Kubota, K; Matsuyama, R; Mori, R; Nakajima, A; Sato, T; Taniguchi, K; Watanabe, S, 2014)		0.4
" Safe R0 surgery obtained in groups B and C was 11% (2/19) and 67% (10/15), respectively (P < 0."( Covered self-expandable metal stent deployment promises safe neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.
Endo, I; Hosono, K; Kobayashi, N; Kubota, K; Matsuyama, R; Mori, R; Nakajima, A; Sato, T; Taniguchi, K; Watanabe, S, 2014)		0.4
"CSEMS should be considered to relieve symptomatic biliary obstruction in patients with BRPHC receiving NACRT in view of the high attainability rate of safe R0 surgery compared to that with PS deployment."( Covered self-expandable metal stent deployment promises safe neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.
Endo, I; Hosono, K; Kobayashi, N; Kubota, K; Matsuyama, R; Mori, R; Nakajima, A; Sato, T; Taniguchi, K; Watanabe, S, 2014)		0.4
"3-40 mg/kg) resulted in no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs); adverse events (AEs) included fatigue, hypotension, abdominal pain, dyspnea, and nausea."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the DR5 antibody LBY135 alone and in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bilic, S; Burris, HA; de Vries, EG; Gietema, JA; Goldbrunner, M; Infante, JR; Oldenhuis, CN; Parker, K; Scott, JW; Sharma, S; Yang, L, 2014)		0.4
" Screening of patients for DPYD mutations prior to administration of 5-FU/capecitabine using new pharmacogenetic testing methods, may help for identify those patients who are at greatest risk for adverse effects, allowing a more individualized approach to their chemotherapy management."( Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) polymorphism among Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients with 5-FU- and capecitabine-related toxicity using full sequencing of DPYD.
Saif, MW, )		0.13
" We compared rates of upper digestive serious adverse events (sAEs) between TDF/FTC+EFV and TDF/FTC+ZDV patients during the first six months of treatment."( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts.
Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)		0.39
" We suggest that further early prescriptions of TDF+XTC+ZDV should be carefully monitored and that whenever possible, the rate of early upper digestive adverse events should be compared to that occurring in-patients taking other drug regimens."( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts.
Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)		0.39
" The most common adverse effect was Grade 1 hand-foot syndrome, which was seen in 75% of patients."( Neo-adjuvant capecitabine chemotherapy in women with newly diagnosed locally advanced breast cancer in a resource-poor setting (Nigeria): efficacy and safety in a phase II feasibility study.
Abidoye, O; Adelusola, K; Adetiloye, AV; Agbakwuru, AE; Akinkuolie, AA; Arowolo, OA; Babalola, CP; Durosinmi, MA; Falusi, AG; Fleming, G; Im, HK; Kayode, AA; Lawal, OO; Njiaju, UO; Obajimi, M; Oduntan, H; Ogundiran, TO; Olopade, OC; Olopade, OI; Oluwasola, A, )		0.13
"Combined prophylaxis with TDF/ETV nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective."( Nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective.
Braat, AE; Claas, EC; Coenraad, MJ; Knoester, M; van Hoek, B; Vossen, AC; Wesdorp, DJ, 2013)		0.39
" Secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and toxic effect."( Multicenter phase II trial to investigate safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with cetuximab as adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer (ATIP).
Barth, PJ; Bartsch, DK; Brendel, C; Ebert, MP; Endlicher, E; Fass, J; Fensterer, H; Gress, TM; Hofheinz, R; Kornmann, M; Lindig, U; Märten, A; Michl, P; Müller, HH; Schade-Brittinger, C; Schmidt, WE; Settmacher, U; Tebbe, S, 2013)		0.39
" Subgroup analyses revealed a nonsignificant increase in DFS for patients with versus without skin toxic effect ≥ grade 2 (median 14."( Multicenter phase II trial to investigate safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with cetuximab as adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer (ATIP).
Barth, PJ; Bartsch, DK; Brendel, C; Ebert, MP; Endlicher, E; Fass, J; Fensterer, H; Gress, TM; Hofheinz, R; Kornmann, M; Lindig, U; Märten, A; Michl, P; Müller, HH; Schade-Brittinger, C; Schmidt, WE; Settmacher, U; Tebbe, S, 2013)		0.39
" Trends for improved DFS in patients with wild-type K-Ras and skin toxic effect remain to be confirmed."( Multicenter phase II trial to investigate safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with cetuximab as adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer (ATIP).
Barth, PJ; Bartsch, DK; Brendel, C; Ebert, MP; Endlicher, E; Fass, J; Fensterer, H; Gress, TM; Hofheinz, R; Kornmann, M; Lindig, U; Märten, A; Michl, P; Müller, HH; Schade-Brittinger, C; Schmidt, WE; Settmacher, U; Tebbe, S, 2013)		0.39
" Toxicity was assessed according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events."( Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary experience on the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes.
Dong, S; Li, WT; Peng, WJ; Ye, XD; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.39
"The most frequent drug-related adverse events were cough (n = 17; 42."( Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary experience on the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes.
Dong, S; Li, WT; Peng, WJ; Ye, XD; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.39
"Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer has the potential to reduce the size of tumors and has no severe adverse effects."( Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary experience on the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes.
Dong, S; Li, WT; Peng, WJ; Ye, XD; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.39
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of CCND1 A870G and acute adverse events (AEs) in postoperative rectal cancer patients who received capecitabine-based postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT)."( [Impact of CCND1 A870G polymorphism on acute adverse events in postoperative rectal cancer patients treated with adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy].
DU, ZL; Huang, Y; Jin, J; Li, YX; Lin, DX; Qiao, Y; Ren, H; Tan, W; Yu, DK, 2013)		0.39
" We assessed adherence (compared between groups and with nonstudy controls) and clinical and adverse events at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and efficacy at week 12."( Raltegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir as HIV nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: safety, tolerability and adherence.
Carr, A; Ingersoll, A; McAllister, J; McNulty, A; Read, P; Tong, WW, 2014)		0.4
"6% interrupted cART due to adverse events,19."( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study.
Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )		0.13
"In a population of HIV-infected subjects who were ≥50 years old, our study suggests that the use of FTC/TDF is generally safe and effective, with a longer persistence as compared to other regimens."( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study.
Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )		0.13
"Due to ongoing neuropsychiatric adverse events in some efavirenz (EFV)-treated patients, a switch to an alternative non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor may be considered."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
" No subjects discontinued the study due to an adverse event."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
" Asian patients had higher rates of hematologic toxicities but lower rates of other adverse events."( Consistent efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a retrospective comparison of East Asian and global studies.
Chi, HD; Liu, Z; Orlando, M; Quinlivan, M; Xu, B; Zhang, XQ, 2014)		0.4
"Cardiac toxicity an uncommon but serious side-effect of some fluoropyrimides."( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines.
Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)		0.4
" Raltitrexed, alone or in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan, provides a safe option in terms of cardiac toxicity for such patients."( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines.
Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)		0.4
" The clinical efficacy and bevacizumab-related adverse reactions were observed."( [Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BEV) plus chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, mCRC].
Chen, Y; Cui, YH; Guo, X; Liu, TS; Yu, YY; Zhou, YH; Zhuang, RY, 2013)		0.39
" The most common (≥10% patients) treatment-emergent adverse events were gemcitabine-related thrombocytopenia (40%) followed by sorafenib-related hand-foot skin reaction and anorexia (33% each)."( Efficacy and safety of sorafenib-gemcitabine combination therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label Phase II feasibility study.
Ahmad, S; Khattak, J; Murad, S; Naqi, N, 2014)		0.4
"Active hexose-correlated compound (AHCC), an extract of basidiomycete mushroom, is used as health food to enhance the therapeutic effects and reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy."( Active hexose-correlated compound down-regulates HSP27 of pancreatic cancer cells, and helps the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine.
Kaino, S; Kuramitsu, Y; Maehara, S; Maehara, Y; Nakamura, K; Sakaida, I; Suenaga, S, 2014)		0.4
" In the ixabepilone plus capecitabine arm, grade 3/4 hematologic adverse events (AEs) were similar in both subgroups except leukopenia and febrile neutropenia, which had a higher incidence in patients aged ≥ 65 years."( Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in elderly patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
Baselga, J; Bosserman, L; Gómez, H; Li, RK; Mukhopadhyay, P; Sparano, JA; Vahdat, LT; Valero, V; Vrdoljak, E, 2013)		0.39
" Grades 3-4 adverse events were uncommon; hematologic toxicity was infrequent (5%) and consistently mild in the phase of maintenance treatment."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine as maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy using oxaliplatin and capecitabine in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma patients: a prospective observation.
Bai, L; Jin, Y; Li, YH; Luo, HY; Qiu, MZ; Ren, C; Wang, DS; Wang, FH; Wang, ZQ; Wei, XL; Xu, RH; Yang, DJ; Zhang, DS; Zhou, YX, 2014)		0.4
" Genetic biomarkers have been used to predict these adverse events, but their utility is uncertain."( Genetic markers of toxicity from capecitabine and other fluorouracil-based regimens: investigation in the QUASAR2 study, systematic review, and meta-analysis.
Afzal, S; Boige, V; Braun, M; Church, D; Domingo, E; Enghusen, H; Etienne-Grimaldi, MC; Garcia-Foncillas, J; Garmo, H; Glimelius, B; Gonzalez-Neira, A; Green, E; Gusella, M; Jensen, SA; Johnstone, E; Jones, A; Julier, P; Kerr, D; Kleibl, Z; Lacas, B; Laurent-Puig, P; Lecomte, T; Love, S; Martin, M; Martinez-Balibrea, E; McLeod, H; Midgley, R; Milano, G; Morel, A; Nicholson, G; Palles, C; Pignon, JP; Ribelles, N; Rosmarin, D; Sargent, D; Schwab, M; Scudder, C; Seymour, M; Sharma, R; Thompson, L; Tomlinson, I; Wadelius, M; Wang, H; Zanger, UM, 2014)		0.4
" The proportion reporting at least one adverse event (any grade) with C, G, V, and E was 45%, 65%, 75%, and 63%."( A comparison of toxicity and health care resource use between eribulin, capecitabine, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated in a community oncology setting.
Beegle, N; Blau, S; Cox, D; Dranitsaris, G; Faria, C; Kalberer, T, 2015)		0.42
" Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a heavy smoking history (40 or more pack-year smoking history) was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS."( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease.
Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)		0.4
" Other most common adverse events were neutropenia and nausea."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of ganitumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, combined with gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancr
Fukutomi, A; Gansert, J; Ikeda, M; Kobayashi, Y; Okusaka, T; Shibayama, K; Takubo, T, 2014)		0.4
" Major adverse response was hematologic toxicity."( [Efficacy and safety evaluation of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in lymphoma patients after failure of multiple chemotherapy regimens].
Dong, M; Gui, L; He, X; Liu, P; Qin, Y; Shi, Y; Yang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2014)		0.4
" The most frequently reported grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events included thrombocytopenia 33%, neutropenia 16% and hand-foot skin reaction 13%."( Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, open-label, single-arm phase II study.
Srimuninnimit, V; Sriuranpong, V; Suwanvecho, S, 2014)		0.4
" Two patients required dose reduction due to adverse events."( Activity and safety of RAD001 (everolimus) in patients affected by biliary tract cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: a phase II ITMO study.
Alabiso, O; Bajetta, E; Bertolini, A; Buzzoni, R; Cantore, M; Ciarlo, A; De Braud, F; Iannacone, C; Mambrini, A; Mazzaferro, V; Platania, M; Pusceddu, S; Turco, C, 2014)		0.4
" No adverse events were observed, and there were no toxicological findings."( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety study of pod-intravaginal rings delivering antiretroviral combinations for HIV prophylaxis in a macaque model.
Baum, MM; Brooks, AA; Butkyavichene, I; Dinh, CT; Lopez, G; Martin, A; Moss, JA; Smith, JM; Smith, TJ; Srinivasan, P, 2014)		0.4
"5 grams (the permissible safe dose is 4 grams) due to the viral infection."( [Hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in a patient treated with capecitabine due to breast cancer].
Drzymała, M; Golon, K; Karczmarek-Borowska, B, 2014)		0.4
" The incidence of adverse events was evaluated by CTCAE v4."( Renal toxicity associated with weekly cisplatin and gemcitabine combination therapy for treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer.
Goda, Y; Irie, K; Kobayashi, S; Morimoto, M; Ohkawa, S; Ueno, M, 2014)		0.4
" Bayesian fixed-effect network meta-analysis models adjusting for the type of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine [TDF/FTC] or abacavir/lamivudine [ABC/3TC]) were used to evaluate week 48 efficacy (HIV-RNA suppression to <50 copies/mL and change in CD4+ cells/µL) and safety (lipid changes, adverse events, and discontinuations due to adverse events) of DTG relative to all other treatments."( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)		0.4
" Dolutegravir had better or equivalent changes in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and lower odds of adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events compared to all treatments."( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)		0.4
"The severity of the toxic side effects of chemotherapy shows a great deal of interindividual variability, and much of this variation is likely genetically based."( Using Drosophila melanogaster to identify chemotherapy toxicity genes.
King, EG; Kislukhin, G; Long, AD; Walters, KN, 2014)		0.4
" The most common drug-related adverse events were diarrhea (88%) and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (48%)."( Safety and efficacy of neratinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.
Baselga, J; Cortés, J; Garcia-Saenz, JA; Germa, C; Harb, W; Kiger, C; Kim, SB; Martin, M; Moroose, R; Pluard, T; Saura, C; Wang, K; Xu, B, 2014)		0.4
"The fixed dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel is an effective treatment regimen for patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma, and with tolerable adverse reactions."( [Efficacy and safety of fixed dose rate gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel in patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma].
Guo, H; Liu, Y; Yang, S; Yao, S; Yao, Z; Zhao, Y, 2014)		0.4
"ILP with GEM is a safe and reproducible technique in this large-animal model, which includes 1 month of survival."( Acute and delayed toxicity of gemcitabine administered during isolated lung perfusion: a preclinical dose-escalation study in pigs.
Bernard, A; Bouchot, O; Charon-Barra, C; Derangere, V; Ghiringhelli, F; Lokiec, F; Magnin, G; Pagès, PB, 2015)		0.42
" Dose delays and reductions due to adverse events were needed in 8 patients."( Initial safety and efficacy of cisplatin and gemcitabine combination chemotherapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer.
Shibata, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Combining electroporation-mediated chemotherapeutics with interleukin 12 (IL-12) plasmid DNA produces a strong yet safe anti-tumour effect for treating primary and refractory tumours."( Safe and effective treatment of spontaneous neoplasms with interleukin 12 electro-chemo-gene therapy.
Cutrera, J; Gumpel, E; Jones, P; Kicenuik, K; King, G; Li, S; Xia, X, 2015)		0.42
" Common adverse events with axitinib/gemcitabine in Japanese patients were fatigue, anorexia, dysphonia, nausea and decreased platelet count."( Efficacy and safety of axitinib in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer: subgroup analyses by region, including Japan, from the global randomized Phase III trial.
Boku, N; Bycott, P; Fujii, Y; Furuse, J; Ioka, T; Kamei, Y; Namazu, K; Ohkawa, S; Okusaka, T; Sawaki, A; Takahashi, S; Umeyama, Y, 2015)		0.42
" With regard to adverse events, the rates of nausea (p<0."( [A three-week regimen of S-1 monotherapy reduced gastrointestinal toxicity and maintained efficacy in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer].
Funazaki, H; Ikeda, M; Katayama, S; Kobayashi, M; Kondo, S; Kuwahara, A; Mitsunaga, S; Morizane, C; Ochiai, A; Ohno, I; Okusaka, T; Okuyama, H; Sakamoto, Y; Shimizu, S; Takahashi, H; Tanaka, H; Ueno, H, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse events and serious adverse events were summarised by treatment group."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse events were reported by 291 (91%) of 321 patients in the efavirenz 400 mg group and by 285 (92%) of 309 in the 600 mg group (p=0·48)."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
" Fewer efavirenz-related adverse events were reported with the 400 mg efavirenz dose than with the 600 mg dose."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
"Preoperative autophagy inhibition with HCQ plus gemcitabine is safe and well tolerated."( Safety and Biologic Response of Pre-operative Autophagy Inhibition in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
Bahary, N; Bao, P; Bartlett, DL; Boone, BA; Espina, V; Liotta, LA; Lotze, MT; Loughran, P; Moser, AJ; Normolle, DP; Singhi, AD; Wu, WC; Zeh, HJ; Zureikat, AH, 2015)		0.42
"A total of 61 patients with relapse and refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treated with chanotherapy of GEMOX regimen from 2010 Jannary -2013 year were selected, and their clinical data were collected, and the short-term efficacy, toxic effects and short-term survival were analyzed."( [Safety and efficacy evaluation of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin for the treatment of patients with lymphoma].
Chen, BL; Liu, L; Qin, SH; Tan, QL; Zhao, Z, 2015)		0.42
" The adverse reactions mainly observed in blood and digestive tract, but were mild; adverse reactions were reduced or disappeared after stoping drugs or symptomatic treatment."( [Safety and efficacy evaluation of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin for the treatment of patients with lymphoma].
Chen, BL; Liu, L; Qin, SH; Tan, QL; Zhao, Z, 2015)		0.42
"To prevent adverse drug reactions in the post-marketing phase, therapeutic drug monitoring and various laboratory tests have been used for decades."( [Utilization of Genomic Biomarkers for Post-marketing Safety of Drugs].
Kaniwa, N, 2015)		0.42
" The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were neutropenia (8% in the RIG + GEM group versus 6% in the GEM group), hyponatremia (17% versus 4%), and anemia (8% versus 4%)."( A phase II/III randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of rigosertib plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Aisner, DL; Bajaj, R; Baranda, JC; Bathini, V; Berlin, J; Boles, J; Cho, JK; Cohen, DJ; Cohen, SJ; Coveler, L; Cusnir, M; Fanta, P; Fehrenbacher, L; Gomes, CL; Granfortuna, J; Jimeno, A; Ma, WW; Maguire, R; Maniar, M; McRee, AJ; Menter, AR; Messersmith, WA; Nazemzadeh, R; O'Neil, BH; Olowokure, OO; Phillip, P; Radford, J; Rarick, M; Scott, AJ; Tejani, MA; Wilhelm, F, 2015)		0.42
" The two groups were compared in terms of median survival and adverse events to chemotherapy."( The effectiveness and safety of platinum-based pemetrexed and platinum-based gemcitabine treatment in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Ak, G; Akarsu, M; Metintas, M; Metintas, S, 2015)		0.42
"The study indicates that platinum-based gemcitabine is effective and a safe schema in malignant pleural mesothelioma."( The effectiveness and safety of platinum-based pemetrexed and platinum-based gemcitabine treatment in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Ak, G; Akarsu, M; Metintas, M; Metintas, S, 2015)		0.42
" Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) grade 3-4 haematological toxicity and dose reduction and/or stop of treatment after the first course of chemotherapy were defined as primary and secondary toxicity outcomes."( Low muscle mass is associated with chemotherapy-induced haematological toxicity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Aass, N; Baracos, VE; Benth, JŠ; Fløtten, Ø; Grønberg, BH; Hjermstad, MJ; Jordhøy, M; Sjøblom, B, 2015)		0.42
" The frequency and severity of adverse events were consistent with previous analyses; no new safety concerns were identified."( Final overall survival and safety analysis of OCEANS, a phase 3 trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer.
Aghajanian, C; Blank, SV; Goff, B; Husain, A; Nycum, LR; Wang, YV, 2015)		0.42
" Our data suggest that single-dose gemcitabine together with G-CSF is an effective mobilization regimen in myeloma patients and a safe alternative non-myelosuppressive mobilization chemotherapy for myeloma patients with bortezomib-induced polyneuropathy."( Stem cell mobilization chemotherapy with gemcitabine is effective and safe in myeloma patients with bortezomib-induced neurotoxicity.
Betticher, D; Egger, T; Keller, S; Mansouri Taleghani, B; Mueller, BU; Pabst, T; Rauch, D; Seipel, K, 2016)		0.43
" However, some studies have been stopped owing to the development of severe adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with low-dose gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and sorafenib in patients with cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer.
Asai, A; Matsuo, T; Mitsunari, K; Miyata, Y; Ohba, K; Sakai, H, 2015)		0.42
"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fluctuations of coagulation parameters during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and confirm beyond doubt that epidural anaesthesia is safe with this type of operations."( Lack of significant intraoperative coagulopathy in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) indicates that epidural anaesthesia is a safe option.
Alevizos, L; Daskalou, T; Eleftheriadis, S; Iatrou, C; Korakianitis, O; Mavroudis, C; Stamou, K; Tentes, AA; Vogiatzaki, T, 2015)		0.42
"Our results support the belief that epidural analgesia is a safe option in cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC despite certain intraoperative fluctuations in coagulation parameters."( Lack of significant intraoperative coagulopathy in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) indicates that epidural anaesthesia is a safe option.
Alevizos, L; Daskalou, T; Eleftheriadis, S; Iatrou, C; Korakianitis, O; Mavroudis, C; Stamou, K; Tentes, AA; Vogiatzaki, T, 2015)		0.42
" The efficacy and adverse reactions in patients of the study and control groups were observed and compared."( [Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer].
He, P; Jiang, Y; Yang, K; Zheng, L; Zhong, H, 2015)		0.42
" The major adverse reactions were myelosuppression and digestive tract reactions, and the adverse reactions in the study group were lower than those in the control group."( [Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer].
He, P; Jiang, Y; Yang, K; Zheng, L; Zhong, H, 2015)		0.42
"Gemcitabine combined with S-1 is effective and safe in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, with less side effects, and can be tolerated by the patients."( [Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer].
He, P; Jiang, Y; Yang, K; Zheng, L; Zhong, H, 2015)		0.42
" During neoadjuvant therapy, 21 patients (84 %) suffered from adverse events."( Evaluation of the safety and pathological effects of neoadjuvant full-dose gemcitabine combination radiation therapy in patients with biliary tract cancer.
Akita, H; Gotoh, K; Ishikawa, O; Kobayashi, S; Marubashi, S; Nishiyama, K; Ohigashi, H; Sakon, M; Takahashi, H; Teshima, T; Tomokuni, A; Yamada, T; Yano, M, 2015)		0.42
"Severe toxicity and interruption of radiotherapy were more frequent in patients with multiple adverse predictive factors."( Predictive factors for survival and correlation to toxicity in advanced Stage III non-small cell lung cancer patients with concurrent chemoradiation.
Ahn, SJ; Ban, HJ; Chung, WK; Jeong, JU; Kim, KS; Kim, YC; Kim, YH; Nam, TK; Oh, IJ; Song, JY; Yoon, MS, 2016)		0.43
" To better understand the mechanism for adverse events, clinically relevant HCV NI were characterized in biochemical and cellular assays, including assays of decreased viability in multiple cell lines and primary cells, interaction with human DNA and RNA polymerases, and inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration."( Role of Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase in the Toxicity of Nucleotide Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus.
Ahmadyar, S; Babusis, D; Barauskas, O; Feng, JY; McCutcheon, K; Park, Y; Perron, M; Perry, JK; Ray, AS; Sakowicz, R; Schultz, BE; Stepan, G; Xu, Y; Yu, H, 2016)		0.43
" Grade 3/4 hematologic adverse events included neutropenia (28%) and leukopenia (11%); adverse events led to discontinuation in 33% of patients."( An open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of CEP-9722 (a PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Aftimos, P; Awada, A; Bahleda, R; Bourbouloux, E; Campone, M; Frenel, JS; Gombos, A; Soria, JC; Varga, A, 2016)		0.43
"The present study was conducted to determine whether active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), a functional food extracted from cultured basidiomycetes, possesses the potential to attenuate adverse events in unresectable pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients receiving chemotherapy."( Alleviating Effect of Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) on Chemotherapy-Related Adverse Events in Patients with Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
Hirooka, S; Inoue, K; Kon, M; Kotsuka, M; Matsui, Y; Michiura, T; Ryota, H; Satoi, S; Tsuta, K; Yamaki, S; Yamamoto, T; Yanagimoto, H, 2016)		0.43
" This rare adverse event is more frequent in the presence of edema."( Erysipeloid rash: A rare adverse event induced by gemcitabine.
Gutiérrez, D; Juez, I; Ruiz-Casado, A, )		0.13
"This data suggests that nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine is a safe and effective neoadjuvant treatment for potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma."( Preoperative treatment with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is a safe and effective chemotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Alvarez, R; Caruso, R; Diaz, E; Duran, H; Fabra, I; Ferri, V; Hidalgo, M; Ielpo, B; Malavé, L; Plaza, C; Quijano, Y; Vicente, E, 2016)		0.43
" Grade 3-4 adverse events included leukopenia (2/39), and neutropenia (3/39) in first-line therapy versus neutropenia (1/40) and thrombocytopenia (2/40) in second-line treatment."( A retrospective analysis of efficacy and safety of adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy as first- and second-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Chen, N; Fang, W; Hu, Z; Huang, J; Quan, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhou, T, 2016)		0.43
" In both cohorts, disease progression was the most common primary reason for discontinuing pertuzumab, and the most common all-grade adverse events (AEs) were fatigue/asthenia, anemia, and diarrhea."( Pertuzumab Plus Chemotherapy for Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer: Safety Run-in Results of the PENELOPE Trial.
Bastiere-Truchot, L; Berton-Rigaud, D; Colombo, N; Del Campo, JM; du Bois, A; Gadducci, A; García, Y; González-Martín, A; Kiermaier, A; Kurzeder, C; Mahner, S; Marmé, F; Martin, N; Ortega, E; Ottevanger, P; Pautier, P; Rau, J; Selle, F, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse events of interest with the largest difference between treatment groups in EGFR > 0 patients (Grade ≥3) were hypomagnesemia (10% versus <1%) and skin rash (6% versus <1%)."( Correlation of EGFR-expression with safety and efficacy outcomes in SQUIRE: a randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase III study of gemcitabine-cisplatin plus necitumumab versus gemcitabine-cisplatin alone in the first-line treatment of patients with st
Hirsch, FR; Hozak, RR; Kurek, R; Paz-Ares, L; Shahidi, J; Socinski, MA; Soldatenkova, V; Thatcher, N; Varella-Garcia, M, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse effects were tolerable, with dose reduced upfront in 23 % patients and 11."( Second-Line Palliative Chemotherapy in Advanced Gall Bladder Cancer, CAP-IRI: Safe and Effective Option.
Goel, M; Gupta, S; Jandyal, S; Ostwal, V; Pande, N; Patkar, S; Ramadwar, M; Ramaswamy, A; Sahu, A; Shetty, N, 2016)		0.43
" As for the toxicity profile, the most common adverse events (AEs) were hematologic reactions, skin rash, and gastrointestinal reactions."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus erlotinib for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Guo, J; Han, X; Hu, GF; Liu, LY; Tang, N; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, ZH; Zhang, QQ, 2016)		0.43
" Four important transporter genes are expressed in the kidney, including organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2), and genetic polymorphisms in these genes may alter the efficacy and adverse effects of platinum drugs."( Associations of genetic polymorphisms of the transporters organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) with platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity in non-sma
Chen, J; Liu, JY; Liu, ZQ; Qian, CY; Wang, Y; Yin, JY; Zheng, Y; Zhou, HH, 2016)		0.43
" Select adverse events (those with a potential immunologic cause) of any grade were observed in six, four, six, and five patients in arms A, B, C, and D, respectively."( Safety and efficacy of nivolumab and standard chemotherapy drug combination in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a four arms phase Ib study.
Fujiwara, Y; Goto, K; Horinouchi, H; Hozumi, H; Kanda, S; Kitazono, S; Kubo, E; Mizugaki, H; Nokihara, H; Shiraishi, H; Sunami, K; Tamura, T; Tanaka, A; Utsumi, H; Yamamoto, N, 2016)		0.43
" Our data highlight the importance of managing adverse events and indicate that patients should be treated until PD when possible."( Efficacy and safety profile of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated to disease progression: a subanalysis from a phase 3 trial (MPACT).
Li, JS; McGovern, D; Romano, A; Römmler-Zehrer, J; Stahl, M; Vogel, A, 2016)		0.43
" The combined hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio; the corresponding 95% confidence intervals of progression-free survival, overall survival, and overall response rate; and grade 3-4 adverse events were examined."( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of S-1-based combination therapy compare with S-1 monotherapy following gemcitabine failure in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.
Hu, Z; Ju, B; Lu, S; Wang, W; Xie, H; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zheng, S; Zhou, D; Zhou, L; Zhou, X, 2016)		0.43
" Gemcitabine may be relatively safe in heavily pretreated ovarian cancer patients."( Response to and toxicity of gemcitabine for recurrent ovarian cancer according to number of previous chemotherapy regimens.
Fujiwara, H; Machida, S; Matsubara, S; Morisawa, H; Nagashima, T; Saga, Y; Takahashi, S; Takahashi, Y; Takei, Y; Taneichi, A, 2017)		0.46
"Web of knowledge, PubMed, Ovid, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant studies and extract data on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and common grade 3 or 4 adverse events."( The efficacy and safety of platinum plus gemcitabine (PG) chemotherapy with or without molecular targeted agent (MTA) in first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
He, J; Li, T; Liu, P; Luo, L; Yang, J; Yu, M, 2016)		0.43
" The combination chemotherapy also showed a higher frequency of grade 3 or higher toxic effects in patients with advanced NSCLC than PG chemotherapy."( The efficacy and safety of platinum plus gemcitabine (PG) chemotherapy with or without molecular targeted agent (MTA) in first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
He, J; Li, T; Liu, P; Luo, L; Yang, J; Yu, M, 2016)		0.43
" A numerically higher proportion of patients experienced serious adverse events (AEs), grade ≥ 3 AEs, and AEs with an outcome of death for neci+GC versus GC in EA patients and EA patients versus non-EA patients for neci+GC."( Efficacy and Safety of First-Line Necitumumab Plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in East Asian Patients with Stage IV Squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of the Phase 3, Open-Label, Randomized SQUIRE Study
Ahn, MJ; Bello, M; Cho, EK; Depenbrock, H; Orlando, M; Park, K; Puri, T; Soldatenkova, V; Song, EK; Thongprasert, S, 2017)		0.46
" Nausea and vomiting occurred as adverse event (AE) in eight out of 25 treatments (32%), with seven of eight events (87."( Degradable Starch Microspheres Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (DSM-TACE) in Intrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma (ICC): Results from a National Multi-Center Study on Safety and Efficacy.
Albrecht, T; Michalik, K; Nolte-Ernsting, C; Pereira, PL; Pützler, M; Schicho, A; Stroszczynski, C; Wiggermann, P, 2017)		0.46
" However, its fat solubility is high, and several adverse events, such as myelosuppression, are known to develop during its use."( [Comparison of Preparation Efficiency and Therapeutic Safety between Generic Products of Gemcitabine].
Amada, K; Itoh, H; Nakahara, R; Ono, H; Sato, Y, 2017)		0.46
"Our results confirm that GP has an adverse impact on the renal function of patients with UUT-UC who retain a solitary kidney, but it can be safely administered to the majority of these patients without inducing SNT."( The renal safety and efficacy of combined gemcitabine plus cisplatin and gemcitabine plus carboplatin chemotherapy in Chinese patients with a solitary kidney after nephroureterectomy.
An, X; Deng, YF; Jiang, WQ; Li, LR; Shao, C; Shi, YX; Sun, P; Thomas, R; Xue, C; Yang, W, 2017)		0.46
" Haemocytopenia was the predominant adverse effect, and acute toxicity was moderate, tolerable and well managed in both arms."( The efficacy and safety of gemcitabine, cisplatin, prednisone, thalidomide versus CHOP in patients with newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphoma with analysis of biomarkers.
Chang, Y; Duan, W; Fu, X; Li, L; Li, X; Li, Z; Nan, F; Sun, Z; Wang, X; Wu, J; Yan, J; Young, KH; Zhang, L; Zhang, M; Zhang, X, 2017)		0.46
" Primary outcomes were the rates of complete ablation 12 months after the procedure, and rates of serious and minor adverse events within 30 days of the procedure."( The Safety and Efficacy of an Alcohol-Free Pancreatic Cyst Ablation Protocol.
Ancrile, BB; Birkholz, JH; Blandford, JT; Dye, CE; Gusani, NJ; Headlee, BD; Heisey, HD; Levenick, JM; Maranki, JL; Mathew, A; McGarrity, TJ; Moyer, MT; Sharzehi, S, 2017)		0.46
" Serious adverse events occurred in 6% of patients in the control group vs none of the patients in the alcohol-free group."( The Safety and Efficacy of an Alcohol-Free Pancreatic Cyst Ablation Protocol.
Ancrile, BB; Birkholz, JH; Blandford, JT; Dye, CE; Gusani, NJ; Headlee, BD; Heisey, HD; Levenick, JM; Maranki, JL; Mathew, A; McGarrity, TJ; Moyer, MT; Sharzehi, S, 2017)		0.46
"In this prospective, randomized, controlled trial, we found that alcohol is not required for effective EUS-guided pancreatic cyst ablation, and when alcohol is removed from the ablation process, there is a significant reduction in associated adverse events."( The Safety and Efficacy of an Alcohol-Free Pancreatic Cyst Ablation Protocol.
Ancrile, BB; Birkholz, JH; Blandford, JT; Dye, CE; Gusani, NJ; Headlee, BD; Heisey, HD; Levenick, JM; Maranki, JL; Mathew, A; McGarrity, TJ; Moyer, MT; Sharzehi, S, 2017)		0.46
" The treatment response and adverse events were compared between the 2 groups every 2 cycles."( Efficacy and Safety of Vinorelbine Plus Cisplatin vs. Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin for Treatment of Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer After Failure with Anthracyclines and Taxanes.
Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Yang, Y; Zheng, R; Zou, W, 2017)		0.46
" In this subgroup analysis we compared patients treated with necitumumab monotherapy after completion of ≥ 4 cycles of chemotherapy with those in the chemotherapy arm who were progression-free and did not discontinue because of adverse events (AEs) after completion of ≥ 4 cycles of chemotherapy (gemcitabine-cisplatin nonprogressors)."( Efficacy and Safety of Necitumumab Continuation Therapy in the Phase III SQUIRE Study of Patients With Stage IV Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
Bálint, B; Ciuleanu, T; Depenbrock, H; Luft, AV; Molinier, O; Nanda, S; Obasaju, C; Paz-Ares, L; Ramlau, R; Socinski, MA; Szafrański, W; Szczesna, A; Thatcher, N, 2018)		0.48
" We calculated the incidence of "any-grade" and "severe" toxicity for haematological and non-haematological adverse events of each group."( A systematic review of the safety profile of the different combinations of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients.
Baratelli, C; Brizzi, MP; Di Maio, M; Scagliotti, GV; Sonetto, C; Tampellini, M; Zichi, C, 2018)		0.48
" Secondary endpoints were the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and the completion rate of study therapy."( Safety of mFOLFOX6/XELOX as adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of stage III colon cancer: phase II clinical study (The FACOS study).
Ishibashi, K; Ishida, H; Kato, H; Kato, R; Koda, K; Kosugi, C; Mori, M; Narushima, K; Oya, M; Shuto, K; Tanaka, S; Yoshimatsu, K, 2018)		0.48
" There is significant uncertainty as to whether using closed-system drug-transfer devices (CSTD) in addition to safe handling decreases the contamination and risk of staff exposure to infusional hazardous drugs compared to safe handling alone."( Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
Best, LM; Bussières, JF; Gurusamy, KS; Korva, M; Lennan, E; Tanguay, C, 2018)		0.48
"To assess the effects of closed-system drug-transfer of infusional hazardous drugs plus safe handling versus safe handling alone for reducing staff exposure to infusional hazardous drugs and risk of staff contamination."( Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
Best, LM; Bussières, JF; Gurusamy, KS; Korva, M; Lennan, E; Tanguay, C, 2018)		0.48
"We included comparative studies of any study design (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) that compared CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone for infusional hazardous drugs."( Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
Best, LM; Bussières, JF; Gurusamy, KS; Korva, M; Lennan, E; Tanguay, C, 2018)		0.48
" In 21 studies, the people who used the intervention (CSTD plus safe handling) and control (safe handling alone) were pharmacists or pharmacy technicians; in the other two studies, the people who used the intervention and control were nurses, pharmacists, or pharmacy technicians."( Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
Best, LM; Bussières, JF; Gurusamy, KS; Korva, M; Lennan, E; Tanguay, C, 2018)		0.48
"There is currently no evidence to support or refute the routine use of closed-system drug transfer devices in addition to safe handling of infusional hazardous drugs, as there is no evidence of differences in exposure or financial benefits between CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone (very low-quality evidence)."( Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
Best, LM; Bussières, JF; Gurusamy, KS; Korva, M; Lennan, E; Tanguay, C, 2018)		0.48
" Hematological adverse events were commonly seen in both group (12."( Efficacy and safety comparison of nabpaclitaxel plus S-1 and gemcitabine plus S-1 as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Fan, Y; Feng, Y; Guo, X; Liu, T; Lou, W; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Wu, L; Wu, W; Xu, B; Xu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Treatment-related adverse events were mostly manageable, but one patient died as a result of febrile neutropenia."( Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of second-line combination chemotherapy regimens in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma.
Iguchi, T; Kato, M; Kuratsukuri, K; Nakatani, T; Nishihara, C; Takeyama, Y; Tamada, S; Yamasaki, T, 2018)		0.48
"Nab-P/G administrations in our pts with cholestatic hyperbilirubinaemia suffering from APC were feasible and safe with respect to individualised dose administrations."( Safety and efficacy of Nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer suffering from cholestatic hyperbilirubinaemia-A retrospective analysis.
Bahra, M; Denecke, T; Jühling, A; Klein, F; Pelzer, U; Riess, H; Roemmler-Zehrer, J; Sinn, M; Striefler, J; Wislocka, L, 2018)		0.48
"The drug-loaded NPs present increased toxicity over human breast cancer cells without increasing toxic effects over endothelial cells."( Gemcitabine delivered by fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles presents increased toxicity over human breast cancer cells.
Martins, A; Neves, NM; Oliveira, C; Reis, RL; Silva, TH, 2018)		0.48
" We compared the disease control rate, median overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) between the two groups."( The efficacy and safety of nab paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in elderly patients over 75 years with unresectable pancreatic cancer compared with younger patients.
Hirose, Y; Ishii, A; Ishimoto, U; Iwaku, A; Kinoshita, A; Koike, K; Mizuno, Y; Saruta, M; Shibata, K; Shoji, R; Yokota, T, 2019)		0.51
" To evaluate the safety profile, every adverse event from the start of the treatment and up to 10 days after its completion was registered."( Effectiveness and safety of nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Alfaro-Olea, A; Casajús-Navasal, A; Marín-Gorricho, R; Nebot-Villacampa, MJ; Uriarte-Pinto, M; Zafra-Morales, R, 2020)		0.56
"Health-care personnel handling antineoplastic drugs could be at risk for adverse health effects."( Antineoplastic drug occupational exposure: a new integrated approach to evaluate exposure and early genotoxic and cytotoxic effects by no-invasive Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Assay biomarker.
Boccia, R; Buresti, G; Carbonari, D; Cavallo, D; Chiarella, P; Ciervo, A; Colosio, C; Delrio, P; Fresegna, AM; Iavicoli, S; Jemos, C; Maiello, R; Maiolino, P; Mandić-Rajčević, S; Marchetti, P; Omodeo Salè, E; Rubino, FM; Ursini, CL, 2019)		0.51
" Autologous exosomes are safe and effective vehicles for targeted delivery of GEM against pancreatic cancer."( Gemcitabine loaded autologous exosomes for effective and safe chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
Cai, JX; Hu, XB; Li, YJ; Wang, JM; Wu, JY; Xiang, DX, 2020)		0.56
" However, their use in the elderly is discouraged because of adverse events."( The efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the elderly with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Bai, XL; Chen, W; Chen, YW; Fu, QH; Gao, SL; Guo, CX; Huang, DB; Li, X; Liang, TB; Ma, T; Que, RS; Su, W; Tang, TY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XC, 2020)		0.56
" The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and adverse events were compared between the groups."( The efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the elderly with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Bai, XL; Chen, W; Chen, YW; Fu, QH; Gao, SL; Guo, CX; Huang, DB; Li, X; Liang, TB; Ma, T; Que, RS; Su, W; Tang, TY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XC, 2020)		0.56
" However, the elderly patients suffered a higher incidence of severe adverse events (50% vs."( The efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the elderly with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Bai, XL; Chen, W; Chen, YW; Fu, QH; Gao, SL; Guo, CX; Huang, DB; Li, X; Liang, TB; Ma, T; Que, RS; Su, W; Tang, TY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, XC, 2020)		0.56
"Considering the high costs for developing a new anticancer agent, we used the FDA-approved drugs gemcitabine, romidepsin (is approved for T-cell lymphoma and is under clinical trial for TNBC), and cisplatin to economically formulate an efficacious and safe combination regimen."( Formulation of a triple combination gemcitabine plus romidepsin + cisplatin regimen to efficaciously and safely control triple-negative breast cancer tumor development.
Odoi, A; Pattarawat, P; Pfisterer, B; Wallace, S; Wang, HR, 2020)		0.56
" In stage two, an additional 20 patients were enrolled at a starting dose as defined in stage one, provided that in stage ≥1 objective response or ≥2 stable diseases were observed and ≤3 patients had serious adverse events (SAEs) within the first 6 weeks of treatment."( Efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX as salvage treatment in advanced biliary tract cancer: an open-label, single arm, phase 2 trial.
Belkouz, A; de Vos-Geelen, J; Eskens, FALM; Klümpen, HJ; Mathôt, RAA; Punt, CJA; van Gulik, TM; van Oijen, MGH; Wilmink, JW, 2020)		0.56
" One patient had a SAE during the first 6 weeks of treatment, and five patients required a dose reduction due to adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX as salvage treatment in advanced biliary tract cancer: an open-label, single arm, phase 2 trial.
Belkouz, A; de Vos-Geelen, J; Eskens, FALM; Klümpen, HJ; Mathôt, RAA; Punt, CJA; van Gulik, TM; van Oijen, MGH; Wilmink, JW, 2020)		0.56
" Of note, the molecular design of P-GEM achieved minimal accumulation in normal tissues, resulting in negligible GEM-derived adverse effects (e."( Polymeric modification of gemcitabine via cyclic acetal linkage for enhanced anticancer potency with negligible side effects.
Honda, Y; Inaba, T; Kim, J; Liu, X; Matsui, M; Nishiyama, N; Nomoto, T; Takemoto, H; Taniwaki, K; Tomoda, K; Toyoda, M; Yamada, N, 2020)		0.56
" We used the Anderson-Gill survival model to compare the risk of developing an adverse event after antibacterial prescription with time unexposed to antibacterials."( Antibacterial Use Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hematologic and Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Gemcitabine for Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer.
Buse, JB; Corty, RW; Fine, JP; Langworthy, BW; Lund, JL; Sanoff, HK, 2020)		0.56
"Antibacterial exposure was associated with an increased risk of gemcitabine-associated, dose-limiting adverse events, including aggregate hematologic and gastrointestinal events, as well as four specific hematologic adverse events, suggesting that intratumor bacteria may be responsible for a clinically significant portion of gemcitabine metabolism."( Antibacterial Use Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hematologic and Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Gemcitabine for Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer.
Buse, JB; Corty, RW; Fine, JP; Langworthy, BW; Lund, JL; Sanoff, HK, 2020)		0.56
" AuNPs as carriers of chemotherapeutics allow for reduced concentrations whilst maintaining the expected effect, and thus reducing the costs of therapy and adverse effects."( Assessment of Anti-Tumor potential and safety of application of Glutathione stabilized Gold Nanoparticles conjugated with Chemotherapeutics.
Barcinska, E; Inkielewicz-Stepniak, I; Sobczak, K; Steckiewicz, KP; Tomczyk, E; Wojcik, M, 2020)		0.56
" No unexpected severe adverse events or treatment-related deaths occurred."( Five-year safety and efficacy data from a phase Ib study of nivolumab and chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Fujiwara, Y; Goto, Y; Horinouchi, H; Kanda, S; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N; Yamamoto, T, 2020)		0.56
" Data of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), 1-year survival rate, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events were extracted and meta-analyzed."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus capecitabine in the treatment of advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, PC; Lin, GH; Wang, BC; Xiao, BY, 2020)		0.56
" No toxic death was observed."( Safety and Efficacy of Gemcitabine, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, Cisplatin as Second-line Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer After FOLFIRINOX.
Bengrine, L; Fumet, JD; Ghiringhelli, F; Granconato, L; Hennequin, A; Palmier, R; Vincent, J, 2020)		0.56
" However, hematological toxicity is a major side effect of GC therapy in patients with UC."( Risk Associated with Severe Hematological Toxicity in Patients with Urothelial Cancer Receiving Combination Chemotherapy of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin.
Fujimiya, T; Kurihara, T; Nagatani, A; Ogawa, Y; Sasaki, H; Sasaki, T; Sunaga, T; Takahashi, N; Watanabe, T; Yamagishi, M, 2020)		0.56
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were fatigue (75."( Safety and Efficacy of Andecaliximab (GS-5745) Plus Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Results from a Phase I Study.
Bendell, J; Berlin, J; Bhargava, P; Brachmann, CB; Chaves, J; Gordon, M; Khan, SA; Liu, J; Patel, MR; Shah, MA; Sharma, S; Starodub, A; Thai, D; Wainberg, ZA; Windsor, KS; Zavodovskaya, M, 2020)		0.56
" Severe toxicity was defined as grade 3-5 toxicity according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3."( Timing of Severe Toxicity from Chemotherapy in Patients With Lung Cancer.
GrØnberg, BH; Halvorsen, TO; Jacobsen, KA; SjØgren, K, 2020)		0.56
" The incidence of any adverse effects (45% vs."( Safety and Efficacy of 7 Days on/7 Days off Versus 14 Days on/7 Days off Schedules of Capecitabine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Review.
Akce, M; Alese, O; Bryson, E; Davis, C; Draper, A; El-Rayes, B; Goyal, S; Hall, K; Patel, U; Sakach, E; Shaib, W; Szabo, S; Watson, M; Wu, C, 2021)		0.62
" However, whether adverse events (AEs) during AC influence the prognosis of patients with resected PDAC who do or do not receive NAC remains uncertain."( Impact of adverse events of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapies on outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Aoki, T; Iso, Y; Kubota, K; Matsumoto, T; Mori, S; Park, KH; Sakuraoka, Y; Shimizu, T; Shiraki, T; Yamaguchi, T, 2021)		0.62
" Treatment response, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were assessed during the follow-up."( Drug-eluting bead bronchial arterial chemoembolization vs. chemotherapy in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer: comparison of treatment efficacy, safety and quality of life.
Bao, PT; Lin, H; Liu, XF; Mu, M; Pan, P; Tian, FF; Wang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhao, WG, 2021)		0.62
" Furthermore, two groups all exhibited mild and tolerable adverse events."( Drug-eluting bead bronchial arterial chemoembolization vs. chemotherapy in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer: comparison of treatment efficacy, safety and quality of life.
Bao, PT; Lin, H; Liu, XF; Mu, M; Pan, P; Tian, FF; Wang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhao, WG, 2021)		0.62
" (20%) terminated S-1 due to adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of S-1 following gemcitabine with cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer.
Andoh, A; Fukutomi, A; Fushiki, K; Hamauchi, S; Inoue, H; Kawakami, T; Machida, N; Onozawa, Y; Shirasu, H; Todaka, A; Tsushima, T; Yamazaki, K; Yasui, H; Yokota, T, 2021)		0.62
" Overall survival, overall response rate, incidence of acute and late toxicity, and adverse events are the minor endpoints."( Efficacy and safety of two different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in treating patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A protocol for randomized controlled trial.
Cui, J; Pan, LX; Tan, HF; Xiao, Z; Zhang, LL, 2021)		0.62
"Current available therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) provide minimal overall survival benefits and cause severe adverse effects."( Novel Seleno-Aspirinyl Compound AS-10 Induces Apoptosis, G1 Arrest of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells, Inhibits Their NF-κB Signaling, and Synergizes with Gemcitabine Cytotoxicity.
Amin, S; K Pandey, M; Karelia, DN; Kim, S; Lu, J; Plano, D; Sharma, AK, 2021)		0.62
" The best tumor response, overall survival (OS), and adverse events in each group were compared."( Safety and Efficacy of Gemcitabine Plus Nab-Paclitaxel for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients Undergoing Biliary Stent Placement.
Ibusuki, M; Inoue, T; Ito, K; Kimoto, S; Kitano, R; Kobayashi, Y; Nakade, Y; Ohashi, T; Sakamoto, K; Sumida, Y; Yoneda, M, 2022)		0.72
" However, careful management and appropriate reintervention to treat biliary tract-related adverse events are required."( Safety and Efficacy of Gemcitabine Plus Nab-Paclitaxel for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients Undergoing Biliary Stent Placement.
Ibusuki, M; Inoue, T; Ito, K; Kimoto, S; Kitano, R; Kobayashi, Y; Nakade, Y; Ohashi, T; Sakamoto, K; Sumida, Y; Yoneda, M, 2022)		0.72
" The endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant failure-free survival (DMFS), locoregional failure-free survival (LRFFS) and treatment-related adverse events (AEs)."( The safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP)-based induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
Jia, Z; Tang, M; Zhang, J, 2022)		0.72
" We evaluated the associations between the UGT1A1 genotype linked to adverse events-caused by irinotecan-and the efficacy and safety of mXELIRI and FOLFIRI."( Impact of UGT1A1 genotype on the efficacy and safety of irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Ahn, JB; Bai, L; Cho, SH; Fang, WJ; Han, SW; Hong, YS; Iwasa, S; Kim, TW; Kotaka, M; Lee, KW; Matsuoka, H; Morita, S; Muro, K; Nakamura, M; Nishina, T; Park, YS; Sakamoto, J; Yamada, Y; Yuan, XL; Yuan, Y; Zhang, DS, 2021)		0.62
" Moreover, the incidence of adverse events of all grades (RR = 1."( A meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus cisplatin induction chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC.
Kang, W; Li, Y; Liao, J; Xiao, L, 2022)		0.72
" Three patients experienced grade 3 adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin as Potential Preoperative Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Intrahepatic, Perihilar, and Mid-Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Belkouz, A; Besselink, MG; Busch, OR; Erdmann, JI; Franken, LC; Klümpen, HJ; Nooijen, LE; Oulad Abdennabi, I; Swijnenburg, RJ, 2021)		0.62
"Gem/cis may be a safe and feasible preoperative treatment in initially unresectable locally advanced or borderline resectable cholangiocarcinoma."( Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin as Potential Preoperative Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Intrahepatic, Perihilar, and Mid-Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Belkouz, A; Besselink, MG; Busch, OR; Erdmann, JI; Franken, LC; Klümpen, HJ; Nooijen, LE; Oulad Abdennabi, I; Swijnenburg, RJ, 2021)		0.62
" This potential adverse event should be considered when all common causes of persistent vasoplegia are ruled out, such as shock related to bleeding, infection, allergic reaction, or pulmonary embolic phenomenon."( Persistent Postoperative Vasoplegia After Ureteronephrectomy Due To Suspected Intravesical Gemcitabine Toxicity.
Bohorquez, MA; Carr, ZJ; Yan, L, 2021)		0.62
" It presents with a generally good toxicity profile and most of the adverse events can be managed effectively."( Capecitabine-associated enterocolitis: Narrative literature review of a rare adverse event and a case presentation.
Gomatou, G; Kanellis, G; Kotteas, EA; Lagou, S; Rapti, VE; Syrigos, NK; Trontzas, IP, 2023)		0.91
" Ten patients (4 in Arm 1, 6 in Arm 2) experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a neoadjuvant gemcitabine intravesical drug delivery system (TAR-200) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: a phase I trial.
Aron, M; Brummelhuis, ISG; Chau, A; Cutie, CJ; Daneshmand, S; Keegan, KA; Maffeo, JC; Pohar, KS; Raybold, B; Reynolds, DL; Steinberg, GD; Witjes, JA, 2022)		0.72
"Controlled intravesical gemcitabine release via TAR-200 was safe and well tolerated in patients with MIBC."( The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a neoadjuvant gemcitabine intravesical drug delivery system (TAR-200) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: a phase I trial.
Aron, M; Brummelhuis, ISG; Chau, A; Cutie, CJ; Daneshmand, S; Keegan, KA; Maffeo, JC; Pohar, KS; Raybold, B; Reynolds, DL; Steinberg, GD; Witjes, JA, 2022)		0.72
" Pooled analyses for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events (TRAEs) were undertaken."( Efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX as second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine-based therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, X; Lu, W; Tang, K; Wang, L, 2022)		0.72
" However, grade 3/4 adverse events were more frequently reported in patients administered FOLFIRINOX compared with the other three regimens."( Efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX as second-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine-based therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, X; Lu, W; Tang, K; Wang, L, 2022)		0.72
" Patient-related side effects measured by CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events)version 5 showed that the BCG group had higher toxicity profile as compared to Gem/Doce group."( Quality of Life, Efficacy, and Safety of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine + Docetaxel versus BCG for Non-Muscle Invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer: A Pilot Study.
Kumar, S; Pareek, T; Parmar, K; Sharma, AP, 2022)		0.72
" In a fimaporfin dose-escalation phase I clinical study, we administered PCI with gemcitabine in patients with perihilar CCA (n = 16) to establish a safe and tolerable fimaporfin dose and to get early signals of efficacy."( Photochemical Internalization of Gemcitabine Is Safe and Effective in Locally Advanced Inoperable Cholangiocarcinoma.
Dechêne, A; Finnesand, L; Hoffmeister, A; Høgset, A; Jakobs, R; Jürgensen, C; Kasper, S; Neu, B; Olivecrona, H; Palmer, D; Schirra, J; Selbo, PK; Sturgess, R; Trojan, J; Walday, P, 2022)		0.72
"Photochemical internalization with gemcitabine was found to be safe and resulted in encouraging response and survival rates in patients with unresectable perihilar CCA."( Photochemical Internalization of Gemcitabine Is Safe and Effective in Locally Advanced Inoperable Cholangiocarcinoma.
Dechêne, A; Finnesand, L; Hoffmeister, A; Høgset, A; Jakobs, R; Jürgensen, C; Kasper, S; Neu, B; Olivecrona, H; Palmer, D; Schirra, J; Selbo, PK; Sturgess, R; Trojan, J; Walday, P, 2022)		0.72
" The incidence of severe adverse events was higher with GnP than with Gem; however, the difference was not significant."( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine plus Nab-Paclitaxel versus Gemcitabine Alone in Older Adults with Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.
Arima, S; Doi, K; Furuse, J; Hayashi, H; Higuchi, H; Hisano, T; Imaoka, H; Ishii, H; Ishii, S; Kawabe, K; Kitano, Y; Kobayashi, S; Kojima, Y; Maruki, Y; Misumi, T; Miwa, H; Nagano, H; Naganuma, A; Nakashima, K; Okano, N; Ozaka, M; Shioji, K; Suzuki, M; Suzuki, R; Tanaka, K; Todaka, A; Tsuji, K; Tsumura, H; Ueno, M; Umemoto, K; Yamaguchi, H; Yamashita, T, 2022)		0.72
"GnP is more efficacious than Gem in patients aged ≥76 years with uPC despite demonstrating a higher incidence of severe adverse events."( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine plus Nab-Paclitaxel versus Gemcitabine Alone in Older Adults with Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.
Arima, S; Doi, K; Furuse, J; Hayashi, H; Higuchi, H; Hisano, T; Imaoka, H; Ishii, H; Ishii, S; Kawabe, K; Kitano, Y; Kobayashi, S; Kojima, Y; Maruki, Y; Misumi, T; Miwa, H; Nagano, H; Naganuma, A; Nakashima, K; Okano, N; Ozaka, M; Shioji, K; Suzuki, M; Suzuki, R; Tanaka, K; Todaka, A; Tsuji, K; Tsumura, H; Ueno, M; Umemoto, K; Yamaguchi, H; Yamashita, T, 2022)		0.72
" Treatment-related adverse events were less frequent in the PD-1 inhibitor group than in the carboplatin-gemcitabine group (57."( The efficacy and safety of first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients: a comparison of PD-1 inhibitor and carboplatin plus gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Bao, Y; Cai, M; Chen, M; Chen, Z; Fu, C; Guo, J; Hu, H; Huang, J; Huang, Z; Jiang, S; Li, C; Su, R; Wang, Z; Wei, Q; Xue, W; Yuan, Y; Zheng, B, 2022)		0.72
" CP and CG were compared in terms of progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and incidence of adverse events (AEs)."( Efficacy and Safety of First-line Carboplatin-paclitaxel and Carboplatin-gemcitabine in Patients With Advanced Triple-negative Breast Cancer: A Monocentric, Retrospective Comparison.
Bianchi, GV; Cantarelli, B; Capri, G; de Braud, F; Depretto, C; Fucà, G; Leporati, R; Ligorio, F; Lobefaro, R; Manoukian, S; Mariani, L; Peverelli, G; Presti, D; Pruneri, G; Rametta, A; Scaperrotta, G; Vernieri, C; Vingiani, A; Zattarin, E, 2023)		0.91
" All patients (100%) experienced adverse events, and 45."( Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus Gemox chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer.
Long, J; Sang, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xue, J; Yang, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhu, C, 2023)		0.91
" Treatment-emergent adverse events related to TAR-200 occurred in 15 patients."( Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of TAR-200 in Patients With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Who Refused or Were Unfit for Curative-intent Therapy: A Phase 1 Study.
Chau, A; Cutie, CJ; Dickstein, RJ; Guerrero-Ramos, F; Hafron, JM; Keegan, KA; Maffeo, JC; Messing, EM; Mir, MC; Morris, D; Palou, J; Raybold, B; Rodriguez, O; Scarpato, KR; Stromberg, KA; Tyson, MD, 2023)		0.91
"This study concluded that FNC is safe to use though higher concentration shows slight toxicity."( Safety Assessment of a Nucleoside Analogue FNC (2'-deoxy-2'- β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine ) in Balb/c Mice: Acute Toxicity Study.
Acharya, A; Delu, V; Fayzullina, D; Kaushalendra, K; Kumar, N; Kumar, S; Mohanta, SP; Patel, AK; Rachana, K; Shukla, A; Singh, RK; Tiwari, R; Ulasov, I; Yadav, L, 2023)		0.91
" The PFS, ORR, and incidence of severe adverse events were comparable between the GS and GnP groups."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus S-1
Bai, C; Cheng, Y; Tang, H; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Ying, J; Zhu, Z, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The aim of this work is to build a mechanistic multiscale pharmacokinetic model for the anticancer drug 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine, dFdC) This model would be able to describe the concentrations of dFDC metabolites in pancreatic tumor tissue.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of dFdC was compared with that of sera-C or BH-AC (N4-behenoyl ara-C) using experimental animals."( [Pharmacokinetic studies of dFdC (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine), ara-C and BH-AC (N4-behenoyl ara-C) in experimental animals].
Fujita, H; Okamoto, M, 1992)		0.28
" The corresponding cytotoxicities were measured, and then applied to the pharmacodynamic model."( Use of plasma cytotoxic activity to model cytotoxic pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs.
Cuddy, DP; de Valeriola, DL; Egorin, MJ; Forrest, A; Ross, DD, 1991)		0.28
" Intake of food prior to the administration of capecitabine resulted in pharmacokinetic changes of all compounds involved."( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites following oral administration in cancer patients.
Allman, D; Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Dirix, L; Osterwalder, B; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Twelves, C; Utoh, M; Verweij, J; Weidekamm, E, 1998)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the initial tumor uptake of dFdC was flow limited, and a significant inverse correlation between the geometric FR and initial drug uptake was found."( Intratumor pharmacokinetics, flow resistance, and metabolism during gemcitabine infusion in ex vivo perfused human small cell lung cancer.
Brown, TJ; Jain, RK; Kristjansen, PE; Shipley, LA, 1996)		0.29
"The long intracellular half-life of gemcitabine's active metabolite, difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP), suggested that small increases in peak intracellular dFdCTP levels would have a profound effect on its intracellular area under the curve (AUC)."( Clinical results of a pharmacodynamically-based strategy for higher dosing of gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Abbruzzese, JL; Gravel, D; Plunkett, W; Raber, MN; Touroutoglou, N, 1998)		0.3
" Unexpectedly, moderate increases in the Cmax and AUC0-infinity values obtained for capecitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine were observed when Maalox was given together with capecitabine."( Influence of the antacid Maalox on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Clive, S; Goggin, T; Jodrell, D; Mulligan, T; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Schulz, R; Utoh, M; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
"To determine possible schedule dependent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) and cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum, CDDP) in patients with advanced stage solid tumors in a phase I trial."( Pharmacokinetic schedule finding study of the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors.
Kroep, JR; Peters, GJ; Pinedo, HM; Postmus, PE; van der Vijgh, WJ; van Groeningen, CJ; van Moorsel, CJ; Veerman, G; Vermorken, JB; Voorn, DA, 1999)		0.3
" In summary, mild to moderate hepatic dysfunction had no clinically significant influence on the pharmacokinetic parameters of capecitabine and its metabolites."( Effect of hepatic dysfunction due to liver metastases on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Glynne-Jones, R; Goggin, T; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Schüller, J; Twelves, C; Utoh, M; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
"Based on the primary pharmacokinetic parameter, AUC(0-infinity) of 5'-DFUR, equivalence was concluded for the two formulations, since the 90% confidence interval of the estimate of formulation B relative to formulation A of 97% to 107% was within the acceptance region 80% to 125%."( Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and exploration of age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance as factors influencing systemic exposure in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Bush, E; Cameron, D; Cassidy, J; Goggin, T; Jodrell, D; Jones, D; O'Byrne, K; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Steward, W; Twelves, C; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
"An excretion balance and pharmacokinetic study was conducted in cancer patients with solid tumors who received a single oral dose of capecitabine of 2000 mg including 50 microCi of 14C-radiolabelled capecitabine."( A human capecitabine excretion balance and pharmacokinetic study after administration of a single oral dose of 14C-labelled drug.
Aherne, W; Beale, PJ; Bush, E; Crompton, T; Jones, D; Judson, IR; Reigner, B; Trigo, JM, 1999)		0.3
"To evaluate the feasibility of administering the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel, to characterize the principal toxicities of the combination, to recommend doses for subsequent disease-directed studies, and to determine whether significant pharmacokinetic interactions occur between these agents when combined."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Burger, HU; Burris, HA; Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Griffin, T; Kraynak, M; Moczygemba, J; Reigner, B; Rodrigues, G; Rowinsky, EK; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GR, 1999)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that capecitabine and paclitaxel did not affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of each other."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Burger, HU; Burris, HA; Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Griffin, T; Kraynak, M; Moczygemba, J; Reigner, B; Rodrigues, G; Rowinsky, EK; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GR, 1999)		0.3
" Favorable preclinical mechanistic interactions between capecitabine and paclitaxel, as well as an acceptable toxicity profile without clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions, support the performance of disease-directed evaluations of this combination."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Burger, HU; Burris, HA; Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Griffin, T; Kraynak, M; Moczygemba, J; Reigner, B; Rodrigues, G; Rowinsky, EK; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GR, 1999)		0.3
"To assess possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between gemcitabine and paclitaxel in a phase I/II study in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients."( Gemcitabine and paclitaxel: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Beijnen, JH; Giaccone, G; Kroep, JR; Peters, GJ; Pinedo, HM; Postmus, PE; Rosing, H; Smit, EF; van Groeningen, CJ; van Moorsel, CJ; Voorn, DA, 1999)		0.3
" This phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and side-effects of the combination, and to establish whether there is any pharmacokinetic interaction between the two compounds."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the combination of capecitabine and docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Gordon, RJ; Osterwalder, B; Planting, AS; Pronk, LC; Reigner, B; Sparreboom, A; Twelves, C; Vasey, P; Verweij, J, 2000)		0.31
" Following intravenous administration at 30 to 450 mg/m2, DMDC has low systemic clearance (10 to 15 L/h/m2), moderate volume of distribution (nominally similar to total body water) and a short elimination half-life of between 2 and 6 hours."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC), a deoxycytidine analogue antineoplastic agent.
Brindley, CJ; Devlin, AJ; Funaki, T; Gordon, RJ; Morrison, R; van der Gaast, A; Verweij, L, 2000)		0.31
" The aim of this phase II study was to determine the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic profile of gemcitabine administered with doxorubicin as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( Gemcitabine in combination with doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer: final results of a phase II pharmacokinetic trial.
Alba, E; García-Conde, J; Khayat, D; Lluch, A; Moreno-Nogueira, JA; Palomero, M; Pérez-Manga, G; Rivelles, N, 2000)		0.31
" Blood samples were drawn on day 8 of cycles 1, 2, and 3 and of subsequent odd cycles for gemcitabine pharmacokinetic determinations and before and after the first dose of cycle 1 or 2 for doxorubicin determinations."( Gemcitabine in combination with doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer: final results of a phase II pharmacokinetic trial.
Alba, E; García-Conde, J; Khayat, D; Lluch, A; Moreno-Nogueira, JA; Palomero, M; Pérez-Manga, G; Rivelles, N, 2000)		0.31
" There were no apparent pharmacokinetic differences among the three groups or compared with historical controls."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of gemcitabine in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9565.
Budman, D; Byrd, J; Egorin, MJ; Hawkins, M; Hohl, R; Hollis, D; Mani, S; Meropol, NJ; Ratain, MJ; Rosner, GL; Venook, AP, 2000)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic models were fitted to the plasma concentrations of (+)dOTC and (-)dOTC using maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori Bayesian procedures."( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of BCH-10652 in healthy adult males.
Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Martin, DE; Proulx, L; Smith, PF, 2000)		0.31
"To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic profile of vesnarinone given once daily in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies of vesnarinone revealed significant interpatient variability at any given dose level."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
" There is no evidence of pharmacokinetic interaction between vesnarinone and gemcitabine."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
" After oral administration of 1250 mg/m2, capecitabine is rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract [with a time to reach peak concentration (tmax) of 2 hours and peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of 3 to 4 mg/L] and has a relatively short elimination half-life (t(1/2)) [0."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine.
Blesch, K; Reigner, B; Weidekamm, E, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies of gemcitabine have been performed in both adults and children but to date there have been no detailed studies of its penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)."( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine after intravenous administration in nonhuman primates.
Aleksic, A; Berg, SL; Blaney, S; Dauser, R; Egorin, MJ; Kerr, JZ; McGuffey, L; Nuchtern, J, 2001)		0.31
"The enzyme kinetic parameters for each of the four enzymes involved in the activation of capecitabine to 5-FU and its elimination were measured experimentally in vitro to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU.
Horii, I; Ishitsuka, H; Kato, Y; Kusuhara, H; Sugiyama, Y; Tsukamoto, Y; Ura, M, 2001)		0.31
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model integrating the activation process of capecitabine to 5-FU and 5-FU elimination was constructed to describe the concentration/time profiles of capecitabine and its three metabolites, including 5-FU, in blood and organs."( Investigation of 5-FU disposition after oral administration of capecitabine, a triple-prodrug of 5-FU, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in a human cancer xenograft model: comparison of the simulated 5-FU exposures in the tumour tissue b
Horii, I; Ishikawa, T; Ishitsuka, H; Kato, Y; Sugiyama, Y; Tsukamoto, Y; Ura, M, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of capecitabine and its metabolites (5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouracil and alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine) were similar to those reported by other authors."( Phase I trial of capecitabine in combination with interferon alpha in patients with metastatic renal cancer: toxicity and pharmacokinetics.
Budd, GT; Bukowski, R; Chang, DZ; Ganapathi, R; Olencki, T; Osterwalder, B; Peereboom, D, 2001)		0.31
"To determine the maximum tolerated duration of infusions at the fixed gemcitabine dose rate of 10 mg/m(2)/min and to analyze the pharmacodynamic actions in leukemia blasts during gemcitabine therapy."( Prolonged infusion of gemcitabine: clinical and pharmacodynamic studies during a phase I trial in relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia.
Ayres, M; Du, M; Estey, EH; Gandhi, V; Plunkett, W, 2002)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations were undertaken in circulating AML blasts."( Prolonged infusion of gemcitabine: clinical and pharmacodynamic studies during a phase I trial in relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia.
Ayres, M; Du, M; Estey, EH; Gandhi, V; Plunkett, W, 2002)		0.31
" The favorable toxicity profile and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features warrant combination with DNA-damaging agents."( Prolonged infusion of gemcitabine: clinical and pharmacodynamic studies during a phase I trial in relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia.
Ayres, M; Du, M; Estey, EH; Gandhi, V; Plunkett, W, 2002)		0.31
"The primary pharmacokinetic parameter with respect to the effect of renal dysfunction was systemic exposure to 5'-DFUR, 5-FU and FBAL determined on study day 14."( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Gardiner, J; Harper, P; Johnston, P; Monkhouse, J; Poole, C; Reigner, B; Twelves, C; Weidekamm, E, 2002)		0.31
" Additional data from the clinical safety database and pharmacokinetic results from the present study support the recommendation that patients with moderate renal impairment should be treated with 75% of the recommended standard starting dose to achieve systemic exposure comparable to that in patients with normal renal function."( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Gardiner, J; Harper, P; Johnston, P; Monkhouse, J; Poole, C; Reigner, B; Twelves, C; Weidekamm, E, 2002)		0.31
" Sixteen plasma samples for pharmacokinetic assessments were collected for 72 hours following dosing and assayed for (-) and (+) dOTC concentrations."( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of (-) and (+) dOTC when administered as an oral racemate.
Adams, JM; Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Smith, PF, 2002)		0.31
"Our results demonstrate a large pharmacokinetic advantage of intrathecal gemcitabine and support a planned Phase I clinical trial of this dosing strategy."( Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal gemcitabine in nonhuman primates.
Balis, FM; Berg, SL; Blaney, SM; Egorin, MJ; Kerr, JZ; McCully, CM; Zuhowski, EG, 2002)		0.31
"The objectives of this study were to investigate the disposition of gemcitabine, epirubicin, paclitaxel, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine and epirubicinol, and characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of treatment in patients with breast cancer."( Gemcitabine, epirubicin and paclitaxel: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions in advanced breast cancer.
Conte, PF; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Donati, S; Fogli, S; Gennari, A, 2002)		0.31
" Therefore, a multi-response population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for the description of plasma concentrations of 5'-DFUR, 5-FU and FBAL following oral administration of capecitabine was developed using NONMEM."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of the major metabolites of capecitabine.
Blesch, KS; Gieschke, R; Reigner, B; Steimer, JL, 2002)		0.31
"The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity profile, the recommended dose (RD) and the pharmacokinetic parameters, and to evaluate the antitumor activity of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian carcinoma (OC)."( Phase I-II and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and ovarian carcinoma.
Armand, JP; Faivre, S; Kayitalire, L; Le Chevalier, T; Lhommé, C; Lokiec, F; Monnerat, C; Novello, S; Pautier, P; Raymond, E; Ruffié, P; Taieb, J, 2002)		0.31
" This paper describes our preclinical studies to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of CDC and the disposition of the drug, both alone and in the presence of the metabolic modulator tetrahydrouridine (THU), a cytidine deaminase inhibitor."( Analytical and pharmacokinetic studies with 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine.
Bigelow, JC; Hale, JT; Mathews, LA; McCormack, JJ, 2002)		0.31
" An indirect response pharmacodynamic model was fitted to link the plasma pharmacokinetics from a 28 day treatment with the nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor emtricitabine [(-)-FTC], with the resulting virus depletion and recovery profiles in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis B virus."( Viral pharmacodynamic model for (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (emtricitabine) in chronically infected woodchucks.
Gerin, JL; Hurwitz, SJ; Korba, BE; Liberman, I; Schinazi, RF; Tennant, BC, 2002)		0.31
" The pharmacokinetic study revealed no significant interaction between the two drugs."( A dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agelaki, S; Androulakis, N; Georgoulias, V; Kakolyris, S; Kalbakis, K; Kouroussis, C; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P; Samonis, G; Souglakos, J; Vardakis, N, 2003)		0.32
" Systemic exposure based on plasma concentrations of capecitabine and its metabolites was determined using individual parameter estimates derived from a population pharmacokinetic model constructed for this purpose in NONMEM."( Population pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of capecitabine metabolites in colorectal cancer patients.
Blesch, KS; Burger, HU; Gieschke, R; Reigner, B; Steimer, JL, 2003)		0.32
"For gemcitabine, the maximal plasma concentration, terminal half-life (t(1/2)) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were similar to those reported for patients with normal renal function."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in a patient with end-stage renal disease: effective clearance of its main metabolite by standard hemodialysis treatment.
Ehninger, G; Franz, T; Gross, P; Haufe, T; Kiani, A; Köhne, CH; Passauer, J; Schleyer, E, 2003)		0.32
" The pharmacokinetic data suggest that dose adjustment of gemcitabine should be avoided to ensure its full cytotoxic activity, and that hemodialysis treatment should be initiated 6-12 h after its administration to minimize the potential side effects of the metabolite dFdU."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in a patient with end-stage renal disease: effective clearance of its main metabolite by standard hemodialysis treatment.
Ehninger, G; Franz, T; Gross, P; Haufe, T; Kiani, A; Köhne, CH; Passauer, J; Schleyer, E, 2003)		0.32
" We designed this pharmacokinetic study to assess the ability of a fixed dose rate of gemcitabine to achieve the desired steady-state concentration in the absence and presence of paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors."( Gemcitabine pharmacokinetics and interaction with paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Faucette, SR; Gillenwater, HH; Hawke, RL; Lindley, C; Pescatore, SL; Shord, SS; Socinski, MA, 2003)		0.32
"Of 13 patients included in the pharmacokinetic analysis, 61% achieved the desired steady-state concentration (C(ss)) with gemcitabine alone (C1D1), whereas only 0 to 45% of patients achieved the desired C(ss) with paclitaxel and gemcitabine, depending on the treatment cycle."( Gemcitabine pharmacokinetics and interaction with paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Faucette, SR; Gillenwater, HH; Hawke, RL; Lindley, C; Pescatore, SL; Shord, SS; Socinski, MA, 2003)		0.32
"Gemcitabine plasma pharmacokinetic parameters are significantly altered in the presence of paclitaxel."( Gemcitabine pharmacokinetics and interaction with paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Faucette, SR; Gillenwater, HH; Hawke, RL; Lindley, C; Pescatore, SL; Shord, SS; Socinski, MA, 2003)		0.32
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameter was AUC(0-infinity ) of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) on day 14."( Pharmacokinetics of capecitabine (Xeloda) in Japanese and Caucasian patients with breast cancer.
Bridgewater, J; Grange, S; Kimura, M; Kuranami, M; Lucraft, H; McAleer, J; Monkhouse, J; Poole, C; Reigner, B; Saeki, T; Sasaki, Y; Schüller, J; Watanabe, T; Weidekamm, E; Yorulmaz, C, 2003)		0.32
" However, these types of studies generally do not answer important questions about variability in specific factors that predict pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) activity, in turn affecting safety and efficacy."( Clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in new drug development: the capecitabine experience.
Blesch, KS; Burger, HU; Gieschke, R; Reigner, BG; Steimer, JL; Tsukamoto, Y, 2003)		0.32
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters, efficacy and toxicity of a combination of gemcitabine (GEM) and vinorelbine (VNB) in recurrent heavily pre-treated squamous cell head and neck carcinoma."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in recurrent head and neck cancer: pharmacokinetic and clinical results.
Airoldi, M; Bumma, C; Cattel, L; Cortesina, G; Gabriele, P; Giordano, C; Novello, S; Passera, R; Pedani, F, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic investigations were performed on 9 patients receiving GEM and VNB."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in recurrent head and neck cancer: pharmacokinetic and clinical results.
Airoldi, M; Bumma, C; Cattel, L; Cortesina, G; Gabriele, P; Giordano, C; Novello, S; Passera, R; Pedani, F, )		0.13
" Vinorelbine serum levels showed no evidence of any pharmacokinetic interaction with GEM; most of all, no rebound in VNB disposition can be produced by GEM pre-administration."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in recurrent head and neck cancer: pharmacokinetic and clinical results.
Airoldi, M; Bumma, C; Cattel, L; Cortesina, G; Gabriele, P; Giordano, C; Novello, S; Passera, R; Pedani, F, )		0.13
" Moreover, this drug association does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of both drugs, also compared to GEM monotherapy."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in recurrent head and neck cancer: pharmacokinetic and clinical results.
Airoldi, M; Bumma, C; Cattel, L; Cortesina, G; Gabriele, P; Giordano, C; Novello, S; Passera, R; Pedani, F, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic investigations concerned plasma measurement of unchanged capecitabine, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, 5'-doxifluridine and 5-FU using an optimized high performance liquid chromatography method, and cisplatin measurement in plasma using a limited sampling procedure."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the association of capecitabine-cisplatin in head and neck cancer patients.
Chamorey, E; Giroux, B; Guardiola, E; Magné, N; Milano, G; Mouri, Z; Otto, J; Pivot, X; Schneider, M; Thyss, A, 2003)		0.32
" We investigated the use of this agent administered intravesically in pigs for histological studies of the bladder and pharmacokinetic research."( Pharmacokinetics of intravesical gemcitabine: a preclinical study in pigs.
Peters, GJ; Schalken, JA; van der Heijden, AG; Vriesema, JL; Witjes, JA, 2003)		0.32
" The study also sought to identify drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate effects on protein farnesylation, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity."( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)		0.32
" To identify pharmacokinetic interactions, the treatment and plasma sampling schemes were designed to permit comparisons of the pharmacokinetic behavior of each agent administered alone and together."( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)		0.32
" There was no evidence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between tipifarnib and gemcitabine."( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)		0.32
" We investigated the use of three dose levels of gemcitabine when given intravesically in humans for safety and pharmacokinetic research."( Intravesical gemcitabine: a phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study.
Laan, A; Peters, GJ; Schalken, JA; van der Heijden, AG; Vriesema, JL; Witjes, JA, 2004)		0.32
" The following pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined over 24 h at steady-state after 4 weeks of treatment: area under the plasma concentration vs."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, didanosine and efavirenz administered once-daily for the treatment of HIV-infected adults (pharmacokinetic substudy of the ANRS 091 trial).
Chene, G; Lascoux-Combes, C; Molina, JM; Perusat, S; Peytavin, G; Rozenbaum, W; Sereni, D, 2004)		0.32
" EFV Cmax and Cmin were lower than expected, but the data may have been slightly underestimated in this study."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, didanosine and efavirenz administered once-daily for the treatment of HIV-infected adults (pharmacokinetic substudy of the ANRS 091 trial).
Chene, G; Lascoux-Combes, C; Molina, JM; Perusat, S; Peytavin, G; Rozenbaum, W; Sereni, D, 2004)		0.32
" This study assessed the tolerance to Ro 09-4889 treatment, and related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data such as inhibition of DPD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma uracil levels."( Single ascending dose tolerability, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor Ro 09-4889.
Banken, L; Bellibas, SE; Brivet, B; Bush, ED; Chamorey, E; Kircher, C; Milano, G; Nave, S; Patel, I; Renée, N, 2004)		0.32
" Plasma concentration data were pooled and analyzed using a population pharmacokinetic program (NONMEM)."( Gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors and renal impairment: a pharmacokinetic phase I study.
Delaloge, S; Di Palma, M; Forgue, ST; Le Chevalier, T; Llombart, A; Ni, L; Tourani, JM; Turpin, F, 2004)		0.32
" Mean gemcitabine clearance and half-life values were 2140 mL/min/m(2) and 13."( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in children with advanced solid tumors.
Ames, MM; Holcenberg, J; Krailo, MD; Kuttesch, J; Qu, W; Reid, JM; Safgren, SL; Seibel, NL, 2004)		0.32
"In this phase I study we determined the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of a single intravesical instillation of gemcitabine administered immediately after complete transurethral resection (TUR) plus multiple random biopsies."( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of a single intravesical instillation of gemcitabine administered immediately after transurethral resection plus multiple random biopsies in patients with superficial bladder cancer.
Carcas, A; Duque, B; Garcia-Ribas, I; Palou, J; Salvador, J; Segarra, J; Villavicencio, H, 2004)		0.32
" The favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles of intravesical gemcitabine support future phase II studies with this agent."( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of a single intravesical instillation of gemcitabine administered immediately after transurethral resection plus multiple random biopsies in patients with superficial bladder cancer.
Carcas, A; Duque, B; Garcia-Ribas, I; Palou, J; Salvador, J; Segarra, J; Villavicencio, H, 2004)		0.32
"The main purpose of the present review article was to shed light on the different 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrugs by underlining their respective pharmacological features in terms of metabolic activation, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibition, pharmacokinetic profile and biomodulation ability."( Comparative pharmacology of oral fluoropyrimidines: a focus on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacomodulation.
Ferrero, JM; François, E; Milano, G, 2004)		0.32
"To investigate a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between gemcitabine (GEM) and vinorelbine (VNR), when co-administered following the alternate sequences GEM-VNR and VNR-GEM."( Gemcitabine plus vinorelbine chemotherapy regimens: a pharmacokinetic study of alternate administration sequences.
Airoldi, M; Cagliero, E; Cattel, L; Goffredo, F; Passera, R; Stella, B, 2004)		0.32
"GEM serum levels showed higher Cmax and AUC(tot) in the VNR-GEM protocol than in the GEM-VNR and GEM groups."( Gemcitabine plus vinorelbine chemotherapy regimens: a pharmacokinetic study of alternate administration sequences.
Airoldi, M; Cagliero, E; Cattel, L; Goffredo, F; Passera, R; Stella, B, 2004)		0.32
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no interaction between oral irinotecan and capecitabine, and that body-surface area was not significantly contributing to the observed pharmacokinetic variability."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral irinotecan given once daily for 5 days every 3 weeks in combination with capecitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Assadourian, S; deJonge, MJ; Dumez, H; Eskens, FA; Sanderink, GJ; Selleslach, J; Semiond, D; Soepenberg, O; Sparreboom, A; ter Steeg, J; van Oosterom, AT; Verweij, J, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma gemcitabine and pemetrexed concentrations were performed."( A phase IB study of the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed, when administered in rapid sequence to patients with advanced solid tumors.
Adjei, AA; Alberts, SR; Atherton, PJ; Burch, PA; Dy, GK; Erlichman, C; Goldberg, RM; Hanson, LJ; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Sloan, JA; Suri, A, 2005)		0.33
" There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs."( A phase IB study of the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed, when administered in rapid sequence to patients with advanced solid tumors.
Adjei, AA; Alberts, SR; Atherton, PJ; Burch, PA; Dy, GK; Erlichman, C; Goldberg, RM; Hanson, LJ; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Sloan, JA; Suri, A, 2005)		0.33
" The current study, undertaken in 27 patients with gastrointestinal tumours, aimed to assess the toxicity and potential for significant pharmacokinetic interactions of a combination regimen incorporating capecitabine with 3-weekly irinotecan (XELIRI)."( A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine (Xeloda) and irinotecan combination therapy (XELIRI) in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal tumours.
Bertheault-Cvitkovic, F; Bugat, R; Canal, P; Chatelut, E; Cornen, X; Delord, JP; Dieras, V; Guimbaud, R; Lochon, I; Lokiec, F; Mery-Mignard, D; Mouri, Z; Pierga, JY; Turpin, FL, 2005)		0.33
" However, this is typically impossible due to pharmacokinetic constraints."( The mathematical modelling of adjuvant chemotherapy scheduling: incorporating the effects of protocol rest phases and pharmacokinetics.
Gaffney, EA, 2005)		0.33
" 3P97 Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software was used for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Cai, J; Huang, MZ; Liu, J; Shentu, JZ; Wang, LR; Xu, N, 2005)		0.33
" Following treatment with 5'-DFUR, the median AUC and Cmax of 5'-DFUR tended to be higher in patients with a partial response (3."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of fluoropyrimidine derivatives, capecitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR).
Ebi, H; Igarashi, T; Kawada, K; Minami, H; Saeki, T; Sasaki, Y; Sigeoka, Y; Ueda, R; Usubuchi, N, 2005)		0.33
" In conclusion, the LC-MS method developed is simple, highly selective and sensitive and permits pharmacodynamic studies of TS inhibitors in several species."( Rapid quantitation of plasma 2'-deoxyuridine by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacodynamic studies in cancer patients.
Clarke, SJ; Li, KM; Rivory, LP, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after the first (= MONO) and after the third gemcitabine infusion (= TMAB)."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine combined with trastuzumab in patients with advanced breast cancer.
Czejka, M; Heinz, D; Muric, L; Ostermann, E; Schueller, J, 2005)		0.33
"2 min (TMAB) reaching a mean peak concentration of 35."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine combined with trastuzumab in patients with advanced breast cancer.
Czejka, M; Heinz, D; Muric, L; Ostermann, E; Schueller, J, 2005)		0.33
" In addition, we aimed to explore the pharmacokinetic parameters of irinotecan and capecitabine when used in different sequences of administration, with irinotecan infusion either prior to or after the first intake of capecitabine."( A phase I/II and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer.
Bakker, JM; Falk, S; Groenewegen, G; Kerr, DJ; Maughan, T; Nortier, JW; Punt, CJ; Rea, DW; Richel, DJ; Semiond, D; Smit, JM; Steven, N; Ten Bokkel Huinink, WW, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in patients treated at the recommended dose in two cohorts of patients in which the sequence of the first administration of each drug was reversed."( A phase I/II and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer.
Bakker, JM; Falk, S; Groenewegen, G; Kerr, DJ; Maughan, T; Nortier, JW; Punt, CJ; Rea, DW; Richel, DJ; Semiond, D; Smit, JM; Steven, N; Ten Bokkel Huinink, WW, 2005)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic data suggest that the sequence of administration does not impact significantly on the metabolism of the two drugs."( A phase I/II and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer.
Bakker, JM; Falk, S; Groenewegen, G; Kerr, DJ; Maughan, T; Nortier, JW; Punt, CJ; Rea, DW; Richel, DJ; Semiond, D; Smit, JM; Steven, N; Ten Bokkel Huinink, WW, 2005)		0.33
"During capecitabine treatment, the area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) of S-warfarin increased by 57% (90% CI, 32% to 88%) with a 51% prolongation of the elimination half-life (t(1/2); 90% CI, 32% to 74%)."( Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer.
Abt, M; Camidge, R; Cassidy, J; Grange, S; Jodrell, D; Reigner, B; Weidekamm, E, 2005)		0.33
"There is a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between capecitabine and S-warfarin, resulting in exaggerated anticoagulant activity."( Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer.
Abt, M; Camidge, R; Cassidy, J; Grange, S; Jodrell, D; Reigner, B; Weidekamm, E, 2005)		0.33
" Both CPT-11 and CCB need to be activated by human carboxyl esterases, therefore a probable pharmacokinetic drug interaction was checked."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of irinotecan combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Czejka, M; Hauer, K; Ostermann, E; Schueller, J, )		0.13
" Venous blood samples at different time intervals were taken throughout 270 minutes for pharmacokinetic analyses of gemcitabine and its inactive metabolite 2'-2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU)."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolic pathway of gemcitabine during intravenous and intra-arterial delivery in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients.
Abbas, J; Al-Kutoubi, A; Bikhazi, AB; Chehal, AA; Habbal, MZ; Khalifeh, MJ; Malaeb, LA; Mourad, FH; Shamseddine, AI, 2005)		0.33
"Forty patients and 75 pharmacokinetic time-courses were available for analysis."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of 5-FU production from capecitabine--a population study in 40 adult patients with metastatic cancer.
Lokiec, F; Rezaí, K; Urien, S, 2005)		0.33
"A phase I study was performed to determine the maximal tolerated dose, recommended doses (RDs), safety and efficacy of oral vinorelbine when combined with capecitabine in an all-oral chemotherapy regimen in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), with pharmacokinetic blood sampling to investigate potential drug-drug interactions."( Dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of an all-oral combination regimen of oral vinorelbine and capecitabine for patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Adamoli, L; Blanchot, G; Catania, C; Goldhirsch, A; Imadalou, K; Longerey, B; Munzone, E; Nolè, F; Sanna, G, 2006)		0.33
" Results from the pharmacokinetic study demonstrated the absence of mutual pharmacokinetic interactions when both drugs were co-administered."( Dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of an all-oral combination regimen of oral vinorelbine and capecitabine for patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Adamoli, L; Blanchot, G; Catania, C; Goldhirsch, A; Imadalou, K; Longerey, B; Munzone, E; Nolè, F; Sanna, G, 2006)		0.33
" The aim of the study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of gemcitabine, administered intravesically in patients with carcinoma in situ(CIS)."( Pharmacokinetic study of intravesical gemcitabine in carcinoma in situ of the bladder refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy.
Bassi, P; Crucitta, E; Dal Moro, F; De Marco, V; Longo, F; Marini, L; Pinto, F; Tavolini, IM; Zucchetti, M, 2005)		0.33
" No pharmacokinetic interaction between oxaliplatin and gemcitabine was detected."( A phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with solid tumors.
Cebon, J; Davis, ID; de Souza, P; Galettis, P; Gan, HK; Links, M; Mitchell, PL, 2006)		0.33
" This study revealed no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 drugs in the GEM-OXA or in the OXA-GEM sequence."( Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: clinical and pharmacokinetic data.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Milla, P; Passera, R; Pedani, F; Zanon, C, 2006)		0.33
"The combination of GEM and OXA was well tolerated and showed a promising activity in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma; no sequence-dependent pharmacokinetic interaction occurred when comparing the GEM-OXA versus the OXA-GEM sequence, with a 24-hour interval."( Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: clinical and pharmacokinetic data.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Milla, P; Passera, R; Pedani, F; Zanon, C, 2006)		0.33
" Due to these pharmacokinetic merits, capecitabine can be given at a higher dose, and therefore is expected to yield higher antitumor activity, than doxifluridine."( [Pharmacokinetic comparison of capecitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (doxifluridine; 5'-DFUR)].
Ebi, H; Minami, H, 2005)		0.33
" Furthermore, the intracellular accumulation of the active metabolite gemcitabine triphosphate, as a surrogate pharmacodynamic endpoint, was also determined in vitro in canine melanoma cells."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its primary metabolite in dogs after intravenous bolus dosing and its in vitro pharmacodynamics.
Freise, KJ; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2006)		0.33
" No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between ABT-510, gemcitabine and platinum were observed."( A phase I study assessing the safety and pharmacokinetics of the thrombospondin-1-mimetic angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors.
Carr, RA; de Vos, FY; Eskens, FA; Gietema, JA; Groen, HJ; Hoekstra, R; Humerickhouse, RA; Knight, RA; Loos, WJ; Uges, DR; van der Gaast, A, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic interactions were not observed and adding ABT-510 does not appear to increase toxicity."( A phase I study assessing the safety and pharmacokinetics of the thrombospondin-1-mimetic angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors.
Carr, RA; de Vos, FY; Eskens, FA; Gietema, JA; Groen, HJ; Hoekstra, R; Humerickhouse, RA; Knight, RA; Loos, WJ; Uges, DR; van der Gaast, A, 2006)		0.33
" Herein we provide the preclinical and clinical rationale for studies examining the concept of pharmacodynamic separation as a means for overcoming hypothesized antagonism of EGFR TKIs and chemotherapy."( Pharmacodynamic separation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.
Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Ho, C; Lara, PN; Mack, P, 2006)		0.33
"Twenty patients were enrolled for both pharmacokinetic and clinical studies."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of gemcitabine and 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate after prolonged infusion in patients affected by different solid tumors.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Delprino, L; Milla, P; Passera, R; Pedani, F, 2006)		0.33
" Possible pharmacokinetic interactions were studied in 10 patients, by administering on cycle 1 gemcitabine d1/oxaliplatin d2 (GEM-OXA) and on cycle 2 oxaliplatin d1/gemcitabine d2 (OXA-GEM)."( Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to or pretreated with both anthracyclines and taxanes: clinical and pharmacokinetic data.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Delprino, L; Micari, C; Passera, R; Pedani, F, 2006)		0.33
" The GEM-OXA and OXA-GEM schedules showed a similar pharmacokinetic behavior, with no sequence-dependent interaction."( Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to or pretreated with both anthracyclines and taxanes: clinical and pharmacokinetic data.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Delprino, L; Micari, C; Passera, R; Pedani, F, 2006)		0.33
"The combination gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin has moderate activity in anthracycline and taxanes resistant/relapsed heavily treated patients, mild toxicity and no administration sequence-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions."( Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to or pretreated with both anthracyclines and taxanes: clinical and pharmacokinetic data.
Airoldi, M; Cattel, L; Delprino, L; Micari, C; Passera, R; Pedani, F, 2006)		0.33
"We investigated the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors."( Coadministration of oxaliplatin does not influence the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine.
Georgoulias, V; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P, 2006)		0.33
" Plasma concentrations declined in a log-linear manner over at least 12 hours, with an elimination half-life of approximately 3 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of apricitabine, a novel deoxycytidine analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers.
Holdich, T; Sawyer, J; Shiveley, L, 2006)		0.33
"The Hollow Fibre Assay (HFA) is usually applied as an early in vivo model for anti-cancer drug screening, but is potentially an excellent model for short-term in vivo pharmacodynamic studies."( The Hollow Fibre Assay as a model for in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells.
Peters, GJ; Prins, HJ; Temmink, OH; van Gelderop, E, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of gemcitabine and plasma CDA activities significantly depended on the number of haplotype *3."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in Japanese cancer patients: the impact of a cytidine deaminase polymorphism.
Furuse, J; Hasegawa, R; Ishii, H; Kamatani, N; Kaniwa, N; Kikura-Hanajiri, R; Kim, SR; Maekawa, K; Okusaka, T; Ozawa, S; Saijo, N; Saito, Y; Sawada, J; Sugiyama, E; Ueno, H; Yoshida, T, 2007)		0.34
"To improve the pharmacokinetic behavior and the antitumor activity of the drug, the gemcitabine prodrug, 4-(N)-stearoylgemcitabine (C18gem) was incorporated in liposomes and both the pharmacokinetic and the in vivo activity of this formulation intravenously or peritumorally administered in nude female CR1:Nu/Nu(CD-1)BR mice grafted with HT-29 and KB 396p cells were studied."( Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of liposomes containing lipophilic gemcitabine prodrugs.
Brusa, P; Cattel, L; Immordino, ML; Rocco, F, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) blood draws were performed on days 7, 17, and 27."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137.
Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)		0.34
" However, the pharmacokinetic behavior of gemcitabine in the central nervous system, especially in brain tumors is currently not well understood."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in tumor and non-tumor extracellular fluid of brain: an in vivo assessment in rats employing intracerebral microdialysis.
Apparaju, SK; Desai, PB; Gudelsky, GA, 2008)		0.35
" As both drugs are extensively renally eliminated, a randomized, 3-way crossover study was conducted in 19 healthy volunteers to formally evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction when the drugs are administered alone and together (ie, 200 mg emtricitabine qd for 7 days, 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days, and 200 mg emtricitabine plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days) with no washout between treatments."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered alone and in combination in healthy volunteers.
Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Zong, J, 2007)		0.34
" Several phase I studies were conducted in healthy volunteers over the course of clinical development to evaluate whether pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions exist between emtricitabine and other nucleoside antivirals that are extensively eliminated by renal excretion."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of emtricitabine in combination with other nucleoside antivirals in healthy volunteers.
Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Hui, J; Wang, LH; Zong, J, 2007)		0.34
" DLTs and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of all drugs were determined during the first cycle of treatment."( A dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of biweekly pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Agelaki, S; Androulakis, N; Bozionelou, V; Georgoulias, V; Giassas, S; Kalykaki, A; Kentepozidis, N; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P; Vamvakas, L, 2007)		0.34
" Circulating endothelial cell numbers and CD146 and CD133 mRNA expression were evaluated as pharmacodynamic markers."( Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral protein kinase C beta-inhibitor enzastaurin in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer.
Beerepoot, LV; Beijnen, JH; Enas, N; Mehra, N; Musib, L; Radema, SA; Rademaker-Lakhai, JM; Schellens, JH; van Hal, G; van Maanen, R; Vermaat, JS; Visseren-Grul, CM; Voest, EE; Witteveen, EO, 2007)		0.34
" This regimen is well tolerated with no significant alterations in the pharmacokinetic variables of any drug."( Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral protein kinase C beta-inhibitor enzastaurin in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer.
Beerepoot, LV; Beijnen, JH; Enas, N; Mehra, N; Musib, L; Radema, SA; Rademaker-Lakhai, JM; Schellens, JH; van Hal, G; van Maanen, R; Vermaat, JS; Visseren-Grul, CM; Voest, EE; Witteveen, EO, 2007)		0.34
" The relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and hematological adverse effects, as well as pharmacological effects, were examined."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of paclitaxel with carboplatin or gemcitabine, and effects of CYP3A5 and MDR1 polymorphisms in patients with urogenital cancers.
Inui, K; Ito, N; Jiko, M; Kamoto, T; Masuda, S; Motohashi, H; Nakamura, E; Ogawa, O; Okuda, M; Sato, E; Segawa, T; Takahashi, K; Yano, I, 2007)		0.34
" Additional patients were treated at the OTR dose level to further evaluate safety and for pharmacokinetic analyses."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Arya, N; Chu, QS; Curtright, J; de Bono, J; Fleming, RA; Ho, PT; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Smith, DA; Versola, MJ, 2007)		0.34
"Lapatinib and capecitabine administered on a 3-week schedule were well tolerated, and no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Arya, N; Chu, QS; Curtright, J; de Bono, J; Fleming, RA; Ho, PT; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Smith, DA; Versola, MJ, 2007)		0.34
"To investigate the relationship between peak concentration (Cmax) of gemcitabine at fixed-dose-rate and its hematological toxicity profile in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( [Peak concentration of gemcitabine at fixed-dose-rate and its hematological toxicity profile].
Huang, MZ; Wang, LR; Zhang, GB, 2007)		0.34
"The mean value of Cmax in 21 eligible patients was(4."( [Peak concentration of gemcitabine at fixed-dose-rate and its hematological toxicity profile].
Huang, MZ; Wang, LR; Zhang, GB, 2007)		0.34
"The results of relationship between Cmax and toxicity profile suggest that gemcitabine administration should be individualized in order to decrease the occurrence of ADR."( [Peak concentration of gemcitabine at fixed-dose-rate and its hematological toxicity profile].
Huang, MZ; Wang, LR; Zhang, GB, 2007)		0.34
" Limited pharmacokinetic data did not suggest any clinically relevant pharmacological influence of 3-AP on gemcitabine."( A multicenter phase II trial of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, Triapine) and gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with pharmacokinetic evaluation using peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Chan, AT; Goh, BC; Lam, KC; Leong, SS; Ma, B; Mo, F; Mok, T; Soo, R; Tan, EH; Wang, LZ; Zee, B, 2008)		0.35
"Gemcitabine and dfdu plasma concentration-time and clinical data from 94 patients with cancer and nonlinear mixed effect modelling were used to characterize gemcitabine and metabolite pharmacokinetic variability and identify influential covariates."( Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its metabolite in patients with cancer: effect of oxaliplatin and infusion rate.
Galettis, P; Jiang, X; Links, M; McLachlan, AJ; Mitchell, PL, 2008)		0.35
" Although a traditional toxicity-based maximum tolerated dose was not achieved, the highest dosing cohort represented a biologically relevant dose of enzastaurin, on the basis of preclinical data and correlative pharmacodynamic biomarker assays of protein kinase Cbeta inhibition in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, in combination with a standard dose of capecitabine."( A phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of enzastaurin combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Baldwin, J; Basche, M; Britten, CD; Camidge, DR; Darstein, C; Finn, RS; Gail Eckhardt, S; Gore, L; Holden, SN; Leong, S; Musib, L; O'Bryant, CL; Thornton, D, 2008)		0.35
" Combination treatment did not affect pharmacokinetic parameters of capecitabine, epirubicin or their metabolites."( Dose-finding phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine (Xeloda) in combination with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (CEX) in patients with inoperable or metastatic breast cancer.
Hozumi, Y; Ito, Y; Iwata, H; Kobayashi, T; Morita, S; Ohno, S; Saji, S; Sakamoto, J; Toi, M, 2007)		0.34
" On days 1 and 8, blood and urine samples were collected over 24 hours for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of apricitabine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in patients with HIV-1 infection.
Cahn, P; Cassetti, I; Holdich, T; Rolon, M; Sawyer, J; Shiveley, L, 2008)		0.35
" This study was performed to investigate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between apricitabine and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole."( Pharmacokinetics of apricitabine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
Cox, S; Sawyer, J; Shiveley, L; Struthers-Semple, C, 2008)		0.35
"Population pharmacokinetic (PK) (or pharmacodynamic (PD)) modelling aims to analyse the variability of drug kinetics (or dynamics) between numerous subjects belonging to a population."( Independent-model diagnostics for a priori identification and interpretation of outliers from a full pharmacokinetic database: correspondence analysis, Mahalanobis distance and Andrews curves.
Bruguerolle, B; Semmar, N; Simon, N; Urien, S, 2008)		0.35
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of the combination of weekly oxaliplatin x 4, weekly irinotecan x 4 and capecitabine Monday through Friday for 4 weeks of every 6 week cycle in patients with solid tumors; to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of these agents in this combination; to observe patients for clinical anti-tumor response."( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oxaliplatin, irinotecan and capecitabine.
Brell, JM; Cooney, MM; Dowlati, A; Egorin, MJ; Gibbons, J; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Ivy, SP; Krishnamurthi, SS; Li, X; Overmoyer, BA; Remick, SC; Schluchter, MD; Weaver, KC; Zuhowski, EG, 2009)		0.35
" Herein, this paper brings comprehensive pharmacokinetic and biodistribution insights that may explain the previously observed greater efficacy of SQdFdC nanoassemblies against experimental leukemia."( Squalenoylation favorably modifies the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of gemcitabine in mice.
Besnard, M; Chacun, H; Cintrat, JC; Couvreur, P; Declèves, X; Deroussent, A; Desmaële, D; Dubernet, C; Ferreira, H; Khoury, H; Laugier, C; Lepêtre-Mouelhi, S; Paci, A; Reddy, LH; Rousseau, B; Vassal, G, 2008)		0.35
"This tumor response pharmacodynamic model aims to describe primary lesion shrinkage in non-small cell lung cancer over time and determine if concentration-based exposure metrics for gemcitabine or that of its metabolites, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine or gemcitabine triphosphate, are better than gemcitabine dose for prediction of individual response."( A pharmacodynamic model for the time course of tumor shrinkage by gemcitabine + carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer patients.
Goh, BC; Holford, NH; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Soo, RA; Tham, LS; Wang, L; Yong, WP, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on plasma samples collected at the first cycle of treatment."( A dose finding and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin and irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Antonuzzo, A; Bocci, G; Bursi, S; Chiara, S; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Fornaro, L; Loupakis, F; Masi, G; Pfanner, E; Vasile, E, 2009)		0.35
" Large interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of investigated drugs was observed."( A dose finding and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin and irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Antonuzzo, A; Bocci, G; Bursi, S; Chiara, S; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Fornaro, L; Loupakis, F; Masi, G; Pfanner, E; Vasile, E, 2009)		0.35
" In conclusion, treatment with motesanib plus gemcitabine was well tolerated, with adverse event and pharmacokinetic profiles similar to that observed in monotherapy studies."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with solid tumours.
Lipton, L; McCoy, S; McGreivy, J; Price, TJ; Rosenthal, MA; Sun, YN, 2008)		0.35
"An open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover, drug-drug interaction study of the investigational anti-HBV combination agent, emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and the antirejection agent, tacrolimus was conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
" Drug concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS and steady state pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each drug using noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric least-squares mean ratio for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau for each drug together vs."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"It was concluded that there was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and tacrolimus when administered together."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"6-h half-life (30%)."( Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates.
Arrivé, E; Avit, D; Blanche, S; Coffié, P; Dabis, F; Ekouévi, DK; Hirt, D; Lalsab, S; Leang, SK; McIntyre, J; Nerrienet, E; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2009)		0.35
" All patients were assessable for toxicity and pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine at fixed-dose rate infusion in patients with normal and impaired hepatic function.
Citro, G; Cognetti, F; Colantonio, S; Contestabile, M; Di Segni, S; Felici, A; Milella, M; Nuvoli, B; Sacconi, A; Sperduti, I; Zaratti, M, 2009)		0.35
" No pharmacokinetic drug interactions were detected."( A dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of the biweekly administration of paclitaxel, gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Georgoulias, V; Kotsakis, A; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P; Saridaki, Z; Souglakos, J; Vardakis, N, 2009)		0.35
" Since the measurement of mRNA expression requires a very small amount of biopsy tissue and is highly quantitative, the development of a pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker leveraging mRNA expression is eagerly anticipated in order to estimate target engagement of anti-cancer agents."( Discovery of gene expression-based pharmacodynamic biomarker for a p53 context-specific anti-tumor drug Wee1 inhibitor.
Arai, T; Hirai, H; Itadani, H; Kotani, H; Mizuarai, S; Nishibata, T; Yamanaka, K, 2009)		0.35
" On day 1 or day 8 of the first cycle, patients received one administration by 24-h intravenous infusion for pharmacokinetic comparison and to determine hepatic extraction."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine given by 24-h hepatic arterial infusion.
Giaccone, G; Honeywell, RJ; Laan, AC; Mammatas, LH; Peters, GJ; Ruyter, R; van den Berg, FG; van Groeningen, CJ; van Riel, JM, 2009)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a significantly lower maximum gemcitabine plasma concentration (C(max): HAI, 26, 80 and 128 nM, respectively; IV, 229, 264 and 293 nM, respectively) and area under the plasma-concentration-versus-time curve (AUC(0-24h): HAI, 386, 1247 and 2033 nmol x h/L, respectively; IV, 3526, 4818 and 5363 nmol x h/L, respectively) during HAI, compared with intravenous infusion (both P<0."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine given by 24-h hepatic arterial infusion.
Giaccone, G; Honeywell, RJ; Laan, AC; Mammatas, LH; Peters, GJ; Ruyter, R; van den Berg, FG; van Groeningen, CJ; van Riel, JM, 2009)		0.35
"Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in 12 HIV-infected patients stabilized on FPV/RTV 1400 mg/200 mg + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) 300 mg/200 mg QD (TELEX II)."( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II).
Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )		0.13
" Four weeks after reducing RTV, changes in Cmin and AUC24h were: APV: +26%, +0."( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II).
Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )		0.13
" The aim of this phase I study was to investigate whether administration of apricitabine with the HIV protease inhibitor tipranavir (ritonavir-boosted) affects the pharmacokinetic profile of apricitabine."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of apricitabine in the presence and absence of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: a phase I, open-label, controlled, single-centre study.
Borin, M; Cox, S; Linet, O; Perry, K; Southby, J; Tackwell, K, 2009)		0.35
" Following dosing on days 1, 9 and 10, pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken over 12 hours post-dosing to determine the plasma concentrations of apricitabine and tipranavir."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of apricitabine in the presence and absence of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: a phase I, open-label, controlled, single-centre study.
Borin, M; Cox, S; Linet, O; Perry, K; Southby, J; Tackwell, K, 2009)		0.35
" Although drug treatment did not alter tumor delivery pharmacokinetic variables (K1 and permeability product surface area) or blood flow, tumor FLT retention variables increased with drug treatment in all but one patient."( Altered tissue 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine pharmacokinetics in human breast cancer following capecitabine treatment detected by positron emission tomography.
Aboagye, EO; Al-Nahhas, A; Contractor, KB; Coombes, RC; Kenny, LM; Palmieri, C; Shousha, S; Stebbing, J, 2009)		0.35
"Although some studies have suggested that gemcitabine delivered as a fixed dose rate (FDR) infusion of 10 mg/m(2)/min could be more effective than when administered as the standard 30-min infusion, the available pharmacokinetic data are still too limited to draw definitive conclusions."( Pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine, given as prolonged infusion at fixed dose rate, in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Caffo, O; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Galligioni, E; Marangon, E; Mini, E; Murgia, V; Nobili, S; Novelli, A; Sala, F; Zucchetti, M, 2010)		0.36
" Plasmatic and intracellular pharmacokinetic analyses were performed on blood samples collected at defined time points before, during and after gemcitabine infusion."( Pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine, given as prolonged infusion at fixed dose rate, in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Caffo, O; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Galligioni, E; Marangon, E; Mini, E; Murgia, V; Nobili, S; Novelli, A; Sala, F; Zucchetti, M, 2010)		0.36
"The plasmatic pharmacokinetic parameters were clearly different when the patients received a higher gemcitabine dose in the second cycle compared to the lower dose of the first course; in the same time, the intracellular drug levels were not modified."( Pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine, given as prolonged infusion at fixed dose rate, in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Caffo, O; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Galligioni, E; Marangon, E; Mini, E; Murgia, V; Nobili, S; Novelli, A; Sala, F; Zucchetti, M, 2010)		0.36
"The maximum concentration (Cmax), the area under the curve from the drug administration to the infinite time (AUCinf), and the elimination half-life (T1/2) of GEM were not significantly different between GEM administration with and without S-1."( Plasma pharmacokinetics after combined therapy of gemcitabine and oral S-1 for unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Amano, R; Hirakawa, K; Hirakawa, T; Nakao, S; Nakata, B; Okita, Y; Shinto, O; Tamura, T; Yamada, N, 2010)		0.36
" The investigation of the carrier biodistribution and the drug pharmacokinetic profile furnished the rationalization of the efficacy of the vesicular system containing the active compound 10-fold less concentrated; in fact, liposomes promoted the concentration of the drug inside the tumor and they increased its plasmatic half-life."( Gemcitabine-loaded PEGylated unilamellar liposomes vs GEMZAR: biodistribution, pharmacokinetic features and in vivo antitumor activity.
Celia, C; Cosco, D; Costante, G; Filetti, S; Fresta, M; Iannone, M; Paolino, D; Puxeddu, E; Racanicchi, L; Russo, D; Trapasso, E, 2010)		0.36
"Nucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens might be an attractive therapeutic option for HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients; however, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are frequently unknown."( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients.
Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)		0.36
"Fourteen HIV-1-infected patients (age 21-55 years, 64% male) on stable cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml entered this Phase I pharmacokinetic study."( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients.
Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)		0.36
" Plasma and urine pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated non-compartmentally and compartmentally."( Plasma pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine (THU) prodrug, triacetyl-THU (taTHU), in mice.
Ames, MM; Bai, L; Beumer, JH; Clausen, DM; Covey, JM; D'Argenio, DZ; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Gilbert, JA; Hershberger, PA; Holleran, JL; Parise, RA; Yellow-Duke, AE, 2011)		0.37
"To assess in a phase II pharmacokinetic study whether different pH levels, dilution volumes and exposure times affect intracellular bioavailability and systemic absorption of gemcitabine."( Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine.
Berta, G; Carbone, F; Cattel, L; Fiorito, C; Gontero, P; Medana, C; Milla, P; Paone, TC; Tizzani, A, 2010)		0.36
" Genetic polymorphisms of DCK and SLC29A1 (hENT1) had no significant correlation with gemcitabine pharmacokinetic parameters."( Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its metabolite in Japanese cancer patients: impact of genetic polymorphisms.
Furuse, J; Hasegawa, R; Ikeda, M; Ishii, H; Kaniwa, N; Kim, SR; Kondo, S; Morizane, C; Okusaka, T; Saijo, N; Saito, Y; Sawada, J; Sugiyama, E; Tamura, T; Ueno, H; Yamamoto, N; Yoshida, T, 2010)		0.36
"A population pharmacokinetic model that included CDA genotypes as a covariate for gemcitabine and dFdU in Japanese cancer patients was successfully constructed."( Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its metabolite in Japanese cancer patients: impact of genetic polymorphisms.
Furuse, J; Hasegawa, R; Ikeda, M; Ishii, H; Kaniwa, N; Kim, SR; Kondo, S; Morizane, C; Okusaka, T; Saijo, N; Saito, Y; Sawada, J; Sugiyama, E; Tamura, T; Ueno, H; Yamamoto, N; Yoshida, T, 2010)		0.36
"A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted to evaluate the potential for once-daily etravirine in antiretroviral regimens without and with darunavir/ritonavir."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
"Of 23 enrolled patients (male 87%, Caucasian 39%), pharmacokinetic profiles for etravirine were available for 21 and 20 patients on day 14 and 28, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
" Based on the overall toxicity profile and pharmacokinetic parameters, the recommended phase 2 doses were therefore sorafenib 400 mg bid and capecitabine 850 mg/m(2) bid, as scheduled above."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors: results of a phase 1 trial.
Awada, A; Besse-Hammer, T; Brendel, E; Delesen, H; Gil, T; Hendlisz, A; Joosten, MC; Lathia, CD; Loembé, BA; Piccart-Ghebart, M; Van Hamme, J; Whenham, N, 2011)		0.37
" Plasma concentrations of GEM and dFdU were measured and individual pharmacokinetic profiles were determined."( Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 genotype, cytidine deaminase activity and age predict gemcitabine plasma clearance in patients with solid tumours.
Barile, C; Bolzonella, C; Bononi, A; Crepaldi, G; Gusella, M; Meneghetti, S; Menon, D; Modena, Y; Padrini, R; Pasini, F; Stievano, L; Toso, S, 2011)		0.37
" To maximize the likelihood of their clinical success, it is essential to optimize drug scheduling as well as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in preclinical models."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
" Potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers including pChk1, pChk2, pHistone H3, and caspase-3 were evaluated in vitro, followed by assessment of promising candidate biomarkers in vivo."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
"A phase I and pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to establish the recommended dose of vinflunine (VFL) administered on day 1 every 21 days combined with gemcitabine given on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IV vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chemonaive patients.
Bennouna, J; Favrel, S; Lemarie, E; Pinel, MC; Pouget, JC; Senellart, H; Tourani, JM; Tournoux-Facon, C, 2011)		0.37
" There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between everolimus and capecitabine."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine and the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Beijnen, JH; Deenen, MJ; Klümpen, HJ; Richel, DJ; Schellens, JH; Sparidans, RW; Weterman, MJ; Wilmink, JW, 2012)		0.38
"To develop and internally validate a population pharmacokinetic model for gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU); and to evaluate its predictive perfomance for personalizing the dosage used in cancer patients."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
" A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model was implemented in the NONMEN VI program to determine the appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
" Internal validation confirmed that the population pharmacokinetic model was appropriate for describing the plasma concentrations of gemcitabine and dFdU over time, as well as its variability in the study population."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
"The population pharmacokinetic model adequately characterised the gemcitabine and dFdU plasma concentrations in the study population over time, and can be used to accurately and precisely optimise gemcitabine dosing regimens in cancer patients."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
" The pharmacodynamic model adequately predicted the observed data."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of sequence-dependent antitumor activity of insulin-like growth factor blockade and gemcitabine.
Brundage, RC; Hull, JM; Khatri, A; Kirstein, MN; Williams, BW; Yee, D, 2012)		0.38
"The International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT), formerly Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG), study P1026s is a prospective pharmacokinetic study of HIV-infected pregnant women taking antiretrovirals for clinical indications, including a cohort taking emtricitabine 200 mg once daily."( Effect of pregnancy on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Burchett, S; Capparelli, E; Hu, C; Jennings, A; Li, H; Luo, W; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Rossi, SS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2012)		0.38
" Mean [90% confidence interval (CI)] emtricitabine pharmacokinetic parameters during the third trimester vs."( Effect of pregnancy on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Burchett, S; Capparelli, E; Hu, C; Jennings, A; Li, H; Luo, W; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Rossi, SS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2012)		0.38
"The mechanism, preclinical testing, and clinical activity of perifosine in CRC and MM are discussed, with supportive pharmacokinetic information presented."( Perifosine , an oral, anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of the Akt pathway: mechanistic actions, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity.
Anderson, KC; Eng, C; Hideshima, T; Kolesar, J; Richardson, PG, 2012)		0.38
" To summarize, the pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz remained similar in the pregnant and non-pregnant rats."( Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non-pregnant rats.
Bhyrapuneni, G; Kandikere, V; Komarneni, P; Muddana, N; Mudigonda, K; Mukkanti, K; Nirogi, R; Saralaya, R, 2012)		0.38
" In this paper, we deal with the inference of a pharmacokinetic network from the concentrations of the drug and its metabolites observed at discrete time points."( Inferring biochemical reaction pathways: the case of the gemcitabine pharmacokinetics.
Casagrande, A; Fantaccini, G; Lecca, P; Morpurgo, D; Priami, C, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetic profile of a chronomodulated, dose-intensified regimen of capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)."( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of chronomodulated dose-intensified combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Chen, X; Choo, SP; Chowbay, B; Farid, M; Koo, WH; Ong, SY; Ramasamy, S; Tan, SH; Toh, HC, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of gemcitabine pathway SNPs with detailed pharmacokinetic measures obtained from solid tumor patients receiving gemcitabine-based therapy."( Pathway-based pharmacogenomics of gemcitabine pharmacokinetics in patients with solid tumors.
Dudek, AZ; Greeno, EW; Khatri, A; Kirstein, MN; Kratzke, RA; Lamba, JK; Mitra, AK; Skubitz, KM, 2012)		0.38
"This was a Phase II open-label multiple dose pharmacokinetic and safety study."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"A total of 25 patients (56% male) completed the study; 21 had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Coadministration of efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine with a standard first-line TB treatment regimen did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs and was tolerated well by Tanzanian TB patients who are coinfected with HIV."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
" Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic curves were recorded in the third trimester (preferably week 33) and postpartum (preferably week 4-6)."( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)		0.39
"Although pharmacokinetic exposure of the NRTIs TDF and FTC during pregnancy is approximately 25% lower, this was not associated with virological failure in this study and did not result in mother-to-child transmission."( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)		0.39
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study.
Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, we suggest that human skin equivalents could represent a promising tool for the identification and validation of novel pharmacodynamic biomarkers."( Skin equivalents: a tool for the discovery and validation of pharmacodynamic biomarkers.
Failla, CM; Gallinari, P; Orecchia, A; Paolini, C; Steinkühler, C; Zambruno, G, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacodynamic activity of A(1-7) in platelet production and retention of scheduled dose intensity were also determined."( Pharmacodynamic stimulation of thrombogenesis by angiotensin (1-7) in recurrent ovarian cancer patients receiving gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapy.
Cruickshank, S; Delmore, JE; diZerega, GS; Drummond, L; Peterson, KJ; Pham, H; Reed, E; Rodgers, KE; Schwartz, BM, 2013)		0.39
"A 100 mcg/kg dose of A(1-7) was shown to produce pharmacodynamic effects on peripheral blood platelet counts, preserve planned dose intensity, and reduce Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia following gemcitabine and platinum chemotherapy."( Pharmacodynamic stimulation of thrombogenesis by angiotensin (1-7) in recurrent ovarian cancer patients receiving gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapy.
Cruickshank, S; Delmore, JE; diZerega, GS; Drummond, L; Peterson, KJ; Pham, H; Reed, E; Rodgers, KE; Schwartz, BM, 2013)		0.39
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate PK parameters [area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24h ) and maximal concentration (Cmax )]."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
" Compared with the general population, these elderly subjects had 8-13% decreased TFV AUC0-24h and Cmax , and 19-78% increased FTC and RTV AUC0-24h and Cmax ."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate pharmacokinetic interactions associated with coadministration of lersivirine with zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)/emtricitabine (Truvada(®)) or abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom(®)/Kivexa(®))."( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine.
Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by standard non-compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine.
Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)		0.39
" However, toxicity and large interpatient pharmacokinetic variability occur despite body surface area (BSA)-dosing."( Fixed-dose capecitabine is feasible: results from a pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic study in metastatic breast cancer.
Armstrong, DK; Connolly, RM; Davidson, NE; Fetting, JH; Garrett-Mayer, E; Hoskins, JM; Jeter, SC; McLeod, HL; Rudek, MA; Stearns, V; Watkins, SP; Wolff, AC; Wright, LA; Zhao, M, 2013)		0.39
"This phase I study of fixed dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine and carboplatin assessed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), safety, pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) profile and preliminary anti-tumor activity in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer (OC)."( Phase I dose-escalation study and population pharmacokinetic analysis of fixed dose rate gemcitabine plus carboplatin as second-line therapy in patients with ovarian cancer.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Leijen, S; Schellens, JH; van Werkhoven, E; Veltkamp, SA, 2013)		0.39
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation were performed to further investigate the optimal schedule."( Phase I dose-escalation study and population pharmacokinetic analysis of fixed dose rate gemcitabine plus carboplatin as second-line therapy in patients with ovarian cancer.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Leijen, S; Schellens, JH; van Werkhoven, E; Veltkamp, SA, 2013)		0.39
" Six of the eight pharmacodynamic parameters assume the same value as in the corresponding single drug models."( A predictive pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of tumor growth kinetics in xenograft mice after administration of anticancer agents given in combination.
Del Bene, F; Germani, M; Magni, P; Terranova, N, 2013)		0.39
" To provide a quantitative framework for characterizing the cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine, we developed a pharmacodynamic model in which the activation of cell cycle checkpoints or cell death is dependent on gemcitabine exposure."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
Hamed, SS; Jusko, WJ; Straubinger, RM, 2013)		0.39
"The pharmacodynamic model developed provides a quantitative, mechanistic interpretation of gemcitabine efficacy in 3 pancreatic cancer cell lines, and provides useful insights for rational selection of chemotherapeutic agents for combination therapy."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
Hamed, SS; Jusko, WJ; Straubinger, RM, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetics were estimated by non-compartmental methods, and pharmacokinetic parameters of RO4995855 were normalized by body weight."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of the HCV polymerase inhibitor mericitabine in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects.
Chen, YC; Goelzer, P; Haznedar, J; Moreira, S; Washington, C, 2014)		0.4
" Thus, we investigated the growth-inhibitory potential of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts in NMRI nu/nu mice and determined basic pharmacokinetic parameters."( In vivo activity and pharmacokinetics of nemorosone on pancreatic cancer xenografts.
Hilger, RA; Hoheisel, JD; Holtrup, F; Werner, J; Wolf, RJ, 2013)		0.39
" Augmentation in the values of Cmax (1."( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution of optimized PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system for controlled release of emtricitabine.
Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)		0.4
" Patients with the lowest Cmin had a shorter OS and the highest PD rate, but a distinct correlation was not observed for tumor response."( Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analyses of trastuzumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Cosson, VF; Lehle, M; Lum, BL; Ng, VW, 2014)		0.4
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study.
Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)		0.4
" Selected conjugates were efficacious in the in vitro assays with one of them, namely, GSG, displaying high antiproliferative activity in CaP cell lines along with significant metabolic and pharmacokinetic advantages in comparison to gemcitabine."( GnRH-Gemcitabine conjugates for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer: pharmacokinetic enhancements combined with targeted drug delivery.
Argyros, O; Fokas, D; Karampelas, T; Kolios, G; Liapakis, G; Millar, RP; Morgan, K; Pappas, C; Sayyad, N; Spyridaki, K; Tamvakopoulos, C; Tzakos, AG, 2014)		0.4
"To define the safety, efficacy, and pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic effects of sorafenib with gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer."( Phase 1 pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic study of sorafenib with concurrent radiation therapy and gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Akisik, FM; Anderson, S; Bu, G; Cardenes, HR; Chiorean, EG; Clark, R; Deluca, J; DeWitt, J; Helft, P; Johnson, CS; Johnston, EL; Loehrer, PJ; Perkins, SM; Sandrasegaran, K; Schneider, BP; Shahda, S; Spittler, AJ, 2014)		0.4
" No apparent pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of ganitumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, combined with gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancr
Fukutomi, A; Gansert, J; Ikeda, M; Kobayashi, Y; Okusaka, T; Shibayama, K; Takubo, T, 2014)		0.4
" The population pharmacokinetic analysis was based on a four-compartment model describing the sequence of capecitabine and three of its metabolites."( Pharmacokinetics and exposure-effect relationships of capecitabine in elderly patients with breast or colorectal cancer.
Daher Abdi, Z; Lavau-Denes, S; Leobon, S; Marquet, P; Martin, J; Prémaud, A; Rousseau, A; Sauvage, FL; Tubiana-Mathieu, N; Urien, S, 2014)		0.4
" After a single dose, there were no differences in the mean AUC0-∞ values; however, there were significant differences in the mean Tmax values (1."( Pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose emtricitabine in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Han, WL; Huang, AL; Huang, WX; Shang, JC; Tan, R; Yan, B; Yang, JQ; Zhong, XN, 2014)		0.4
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were undertaken on day 1 of treatment."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with radiotherapy in patients with localised inoperable pancreatic cancer.
Crellin, A; Evans, TR; Harden, S; James, A; Lumsden, GR; McDonald, AC; Morrison, R; Paul, J; Roxburgh, P; Sweeting, L, 2014)		0.4
" We conducted this investigation to determine whether or not the TK line is useful for pharmacokinetic study of the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (GEM)."( Cholangiocarcinoma cell line TK may be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine.
Akiyama, N; Akiyoshi, K; Fujioka, K; Funamizu, N; Ikeda, K; Kamada, M; Manome, Y; Watanabe, M, 2014)		0.4
" Predicted Cp [median and 90% prediction interval] was simulated using the population pharmacokinetic model established for other cancers (PPK model) and compared to observed Cp."( Lower exposure and faster clearance of bevacizumab in gastric cancer and the impact of patient variables: analysis of individual data from AVAGAST phase III trial.
Allison, DE; Han, K; Jin, J; Lowe, J; Maia, M; Sersch, MA, 2014)		0.4
"Nine patients treated with CCB and BVZ for advanced colorectal cancer entered this pharmacokinetic study."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites in combination with the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab.
Buchner, P; Czejka, M; Farkouh, A; Georgopoulos, A; Gruenberger, B; Scheithauer, W; Schueller, J, 2014)		0.4
" After repeated cycles of BVZ no significant pharmacokinetic interaction was observed."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites in combination with the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab.
Buchner, P; Czejka, M; Farkouh, A; Georgopoulos, A; Gruenberger, B; Scheithauer, W; Schueller, J, 2014)		0.4
"From the pharmacokinetic point of view and in agreement with numerous clinical study data, co-administration of BVZ with CCB appears to be safe and efficient."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites in combination with the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab.
Buchner, P; Czejka, M; Farkouh, A; Georgopoulos, A; Gruenberger, B; Scheithauer, W; Schueller, J, 2014)		0.4
"The aims were to describe emtricitabine (FTC) pharmacokinetics in a large population of pregnant women during the different trimesters of pregnancy, and to explain FTC pharmacokinetic variability during pregnancy."( Modified renal function in pregnancy: impact on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics.
Arrivé, E; Benaboud, S; Bouazza, N; Dabis, F; Fauchet, F; Foissac, F; Hirt, D; Pannier, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S; Valade, E, 2014)		0.4
" The present study was undertaken to evaluate the absolute oral bioavailability of FNC in rats and the pharmacokinetic properties of FNC after intragastric administration of single and multiple doses in rats and dogs."( Quantification of 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.
Chang, J; Chen, X; Cheng, T; Dong, L; Guo, M; Guo, X; Jiang, J; Peng, Y; Wang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
" We tested a pharmacodynamic separation approach for erlotinib plus gemcitabine and interrogated EGFR signaling intermediates as potential surrogates for the efficacy of this strategy."( Pharmacodynamic separation of gemcitabine and erlotinib in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: therapeutic and biomarker results.
Barzi, A; Beckett, L; Burich, RA; Gong, IY; Holland, W; Hutchins, IM; Kim, EJ; Lara, PN; Lenz, HJ; Mack, P; Semrad, T; Snyder-Solis, L; Tanaka, M, 2015)		0.42
" Therapeutic drug monitoring is a valid tool to determine the pharmacokinetic of a drug and individualized drug therapy, adjusting patient's dose requirement through the measurement and interpretation of drug concentrations."( [Clinical application, limits and perspectives of pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic analysis of anticancer drugs].
Chantry, AS; Ciccolini, J; Lacarelle, B; Quaranta, S, )		0.13
" But its short plasma half-life limits clinical utility and the usually prescribed dosing regimen results in significant periods of therapeutically irrelevant concentration."( Trichotomous gastric retention of amorphous capecitabine: an attempt to overcome pharmacokinetic gap.
Chourasia, MK; Meher, JG; Pawar, VK; Singh, M; Singh, Y, 2015)		0.42
"7) h mg/l], elimination half-life [t 1/2 21 (SD 7) vs."( Influence of metastatic disease on the usefulness of uracil pharmacokinetics as a screening tool for DPD activity in colorectal cancer patients.
Gelderblom, H; Guchelaar, HJ; Maring, JG; Opdam, F; van Kuilenburg, AB; van Staveren, MC, 2015)		0.42
"We developed a prospective randomized multicenter pharmacokinetic study (ONCOPERF01) to compare the influence of three infusion techniques (gravity-fed infusion-GFI, infusion pump-IP, and gravity-fed infusion with post-administration rinsing-PAR) to assess the impact of both flow rate and post-administration rinsing on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics during three consecutive administrations."( Influence of infusion method on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics: a controlled randomized multicenter trial.
Barthélémy, C; Décaudin, B; Hebbar, M; Lemahieu, N; Michel, P; Odou, P; Pinçon, C; Romano, O; Simon, N; Vasseur, M, 2015)		0.42
" The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of CP-4126, and to describe its pharmacokinetic profile."( A first-in-human phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CP-4126 (CO-101), a nucleoside analogue, in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Aamdal, S; Awada, A; Dueland, S; Evans, TR; Hagen, S; Hendlisz, A; Hernes, K; Rasch, W; Venugopal, B, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation was carried out in cynomolgus monkeys in support of an ongoing phase I study of the PO combination of FdCyd and the CD inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU; NSC112907)."( Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Davis, M; Doroshow, JH; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Johnson, WD; Kummar, S; McCormick, DL; Newman, EM, 2015)		0.42
" A pilot pharmacokinetic study was performed in humans to assess FdCyd bioavailability."( Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Davis, M; Doroshow, JH; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Johnson, WD; Kummar, S; McCormick, DL; Newman, EM, 2015)		0.42
" FdCyd half-life ranged between 22 and 56 min, and clearance was approximately 15 mL/min/kg."( Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Davis, M; Doroshow, JH; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Johnson, WD; Kummar, S; McCormick, DL; Newman, EM, 2015)		0.42
" Herein, the intracellular pharmacokinetic behavior of D-luciferin was investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines in real time by using bioluminescence imaging."( Gemcitabine upregulates ABCG2/BCRP and modulates the intracellular pharmacokinetic profiles of bioluminescence in pancreatic cancer cells.
Gu, M; Li, F; Liu, J; Sun, Y; Wei, Y; Xiong, Y; Zhu, L, 2016)		0.43
"This study investigates the combined effects of gemcitabine and trabectedin (ecteinascidin 743) in two pancreatic cancer cell lines and proposes a pharmacodynamic (PD) model to quantify their pharmacological interactions."( Pharmacodynamic modeling of combined chemotherapeutic effects predicts synergistic activity of gemcitabine and trabectedin in pancreatic cancer cells.
Jusko, WJ; Koch, G; Miao, X; Straubinger, RM, 2016)		0.43
" A pharmacokinetic evaluation of gemcitabine and its main metabolite, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU), was conducted at the initial administration of gemcitabine, which was given by intravenous infusion over 30 min at a dose of 800-1,000 mg/m2."( Pharmacokinetic Study of Adjuvant Gemcitabine Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancer following Major Hepatectomy (KHBO1101).
Ajiki, T; Fujiwara, Y; Hamada, A; Hatano, E; Ioka, T; Kanai, M; Kobayashi, S; Minami, H; Nagano, H; Takashima, Y; Toyoda, M; Yoshimura, K, 2015)		0.42
"Thirteen patients were enrolled from August 2011 to January 2013, with 12 ultimately completing the pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetic Study of Adjuvant Gemcitabine Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancer following Major Hepatectomy (KHBO1101).
Ajiki, T; Fujiwara, Y; Hamada, A; Hatano, E; Ioka, T; Kanai, M; Kobayashi, S; Minami, H; Nagano, H; Takashima, Y; Toyoda, M; Yoshimura, K, 2015)		0.42
" Statistically significant differences between the groups were revealed for almost all analysed pharmacokinetic parameters for erlotinib and OSI420."( The alteration of pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and OSI420 in type 1 diabetic rabbits.
Grabowski, T; Grześkowiak, E; Karbownik, A; Sobańska, K; Szałek, E; Wolc, A, 2016)		0.43
"The anticancer potential of gemcitabine, a nucleoside analog, is compromised due to the enzymatic degradation into inactive form leading to the short half-life in systemic circulation."( Long-circulatory nanoparticles for gemcitabine delivery: Development and investigation of pharmacokinetics and in-vivo anticancer efficacy.
Alam, N; Gupta, M; Gupta, PN; Khare, V; Kour, S; Kumar, A; Mahajan, G; Mondhe, DM; Saxena, AK; Singh, A; Singh, G; Singh, SK, 2016)		0.43
"A method for Bayesian prediction of myelosuppression profiles during chemotherapy using a population pharmacodynamic model is proposed, and predictabilities of nadir values and times to nadir (Tnadir) after gemcitabine and carboplatin treatment were evaluated."( Population Pharmacodynamic Model for Bayesian Prediction of Myelosuppression Profiles Based on Routine Clinical Data after Gemcitabine and Carboplatin Treatment.
Chisaki, Y; Terada, T; Yano, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The effects of HYT on pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling."( Alterations in Pharmacokinetics of Gemcitabine and Erlotinib by Concurrent Administration of Hyangsayukgunja-Tang, a Gastroprotective Herbal Medicine.
Bulitta, JB; Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, S; Kim, TH; Kwon, DR; Lee, DY; Ma, E; Park, GY; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Weon, KY; Yoo, SD, 2017)		0.46
" This well validated method was successfully applied to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic behavior and the metabolic transformation of FY363 in rats."( Sensitive analysis and pharmacokinetic study of a novel gemcitabine carbamate prodrug and its active metabolite gemcitabine in rats using LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Chang, Q; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wang, W; Zhang, X; Zhou, F; Zhou, Y, 2018)		0.48
"The pharmacodynamic interactions among trifluoperazine (TFP), gemcitabine (GEM), and paclitaxel (PTX) were assessed in pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1)."( Assessment of Three-Drug Combination Pharmacodynamic Interactions in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Jusko, WJ; Molins, EAG, 2018)		0.48
" In this study, pharmacokinetic information derived from experiments and the literature was utilized to develop full physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that characterize individual drugs."( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer xenografts.
Jusko, WJ; Straubinger, RM; Trueman, S; Zhu, X, 2018)		0.48
" Taken together, the amino acid transporter-targeting gemcitabine prodrug, Gem-Thr, was found to be effective on pancreatic cancer cells and to offer an efficient potential means of treating pancreatic cancer with significantly better pharmacokinetic characteristics than gemcitabine."( Synthesis of Gemcitabine-Threonine Amide Prodrug Effective on Pancreatic Cancer Cells with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties.
Fang, Z; Hong, S; Hong, SS; Jung, HY; Maeng, HJ; Yoon, JH, 2018)		0.48
" PEGylated liposomes decorated with folic acid have been investigated for several anticancer agents not only to extend plasma half-life but also for tumor targeting via folic acid receptors which overexpressed on tumor cell surface."( Gemcitabine-loaded Folic Acid Tagged Liposomes: Improved Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Profile.
Muddana Eswara, BR; Panduragaiah, VM; Sidramappa, MA; Unnam, S, 2019)		0.51
" The comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics of radiolabeled (99mTc-labeled) plain GEM solution, and all liposomal formulations (conventional:CLs; stealth: SLs; folate targeted: FTLs) were evaluated in mice model."( Gemcitabine-loaded Folic Acid Tagged Liposomes: Improved Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Profile.
Muddana Eswara, BR; Panduragaiah, VM; Sidramappa, MA; Unnam, S, 2019)		0.51
"We sought to examine the pharmacodynamic activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway in tumors following anticancer treatment for confirmation of target engagement."( Evaluation of Pharmacodynamic Responses to Cancer Therapeutic Agents Using DNA Damage Markers.
Barrett, AM; Chen, A; Doroshow, JH; Dull, AB; Hollingshead, MG; Kinders, RJ; Kummar, S; Lawrence, SM; Parchment, RE; Wilsker, DF, 2019)		0.51
"Because of inherent biological variability, baseline DDR biomarker levels were evaluated in a colorectal cancer microarray to establish clinically relevant thresholds for pharmacodynamic activation."( Evaluation of Pharmacodynamic Responses to Cancer Therapeutic Agents Using DNA Damage Markers.
Barrett, AM; Chen, A; Doroshow, JH; Dull, AB; Hollingshead, MG; Kinders, RJ; Kummar, S; Lawrence, SM; Parchment, RE; Wilsker, DF, 2019)		0.51
"5-2 h and had an elimination half-life of 8 h."( Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-overall survival analysis of the transforming growth factor-β inhibitor galunisertib in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Benhadji, KA; Cleverly, A; Gueorguieva, I; Lahn, MM; Macarulla, T; Melisi, D; Merz, V; Miles, C; Tabernero, J; Waterhouse, TH, 2019)		0.51
" The primary aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic model for capecitabine and its metabolites, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (dFCR), 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUR), 5-FU, and fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL) using data from a heterogeneous population of cancer patients (n = 237) who participated in seven clinical studies."( Pharmacokinetics of Capecitabine and Four Metabolites in a Heterogeneous Population of Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Analysis.
Beijnen, JH; Cats, A; de Vries, N; Deenen, MJ; Huitema, ADR; Jacobs, BAW; Joerger, M; Meulendijks, D; Rosing, H; Schellens, JHM, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of this work is to build a mechanistic multiscale pharmacokinetic model for the anticancer drug 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine, dFdC), able to describe the concentrations of dFdC metabolites in the pancreatic tumor tissue in dependence of physiological and genetic patient characteristics, and, more in general, to explore the capabilities and limitations of this kind of modeling strategy."( Mechanistic Multiscale Pharmacokinetic Model for the Anticancer Drug 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) in Pancreatic Cancer.
Garcia-Cremades, M; Magni, P; Melillo, N; Troconiz, IF, 2020)		0.56
" To address potential concerns that iohexol administered during a course of chemotherapy impacts that therapy, we performed in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction evaluations of iohexol."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of iohexol, a renal filtration marker.
Beumer, JH; Christner, S; Chu, E; Guo, J; Holleran, JL; Ivy, SP; Joshi, A; Kiesel, B; Miller, BM; Parise, RA; Taylor, S; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)		0.56
" Measuring GFR with iohexol to better dose carboplatin is unlikely to alter the safety or efficacy of chemotherapy through pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of iohexol, a renal filtration marker.
Beumer, JH; Christner, S; Chu, E; Guo, J; Holleran, JL; Ivy, SP; Joshi, A; Kiesel, B; Miller, BM; Parise, RA; Taylor, S; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)		0.56
" This prospective pharmacokinetic study evaluated cytidine deaminase (CDA) activity, the second drug-metabolizing enzyme that generates 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) from 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR), as well as creatinine clearance (CLcr)."( Correlation Between the Metabolic Conversion of a Capecitabine Metabolite, 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, and Creatinine Clearance.
Ando, Y; Fujita, KI; Hattori, N; Inaishi, T; Kikumori, T; Maeda, O; Matsumoto, N; Nakayama, G; Shimokata, T, )		0.13
" We successfully applied the validated method to the analysis of dFdC and dFdU in mouse plasma, brain, and brain tumor tissue in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study."( LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine in mouse plasma and brain tissue: Application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study.
Davis, A; Gibson, EG; Roussel, MF; Stewart, CF; Zhong, B, 2021)		0.62
" When co-delivered with pSL, zebularine increased cellular gemcitabine concentration by 4-fold, and extended the half-life of gemcitabine in plasma by 22-fold in rats."( Zebularine suppressed gemcitabine-induced senescence and improved the cellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine, augmented by liposomal co-delivery.
Leung, E; Lozano Hernandez, L; Reginald-Opara, JN; Svirskis, D; Tang, M; Wang, H; Wu, Z, 2021)		0.62
"Co-delivery of curcumin with gemcitabine using PSL not only increased the intracellular gemcitabine concentration thus cytotoxicity to MIA PaCa-2 cells but also significantly improved the pharmacokinetic profiles for both drugs."( Co-Delivery Using pH-Sensitive Liposomes to Pancreatic Cancer Cells: the Effects of Curcumin on Cellular Concentration and Pharmacokinetics of Gemcitabine.
Li, Y; Paxton, JW; Wu, Z; Xu, H, 2021)		0.62
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were studied with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)."( Building and behavior of a pH-stimuli responsive chitosan nanoparticles loaded with folic acid conjugated gemcitabine silver colloids in MDA-MB-453 metastatic breast cancer cell line and pharmacokinetics in rats.
Babu, D; Gautam, M; Karuppaiah, A; Natrajan, T; Nesamony, J; Rajan, R; Ranganathan, H; Sankar, V; Selvaraj, D; Siram, K, 2021)		0.62
" The data were supplemented with pharmacokinetic data in patients included in four previously conducted clinical trials."( Is age just a number? A population pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine.
Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Crombag, MBS; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van Erp, NP, 2022)		0.72
"In total, pharmacokinetic data were available of 197 patients, of whom 83 patients were aged ≥ 70 years (42%)."( Is age just a number? A population pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine.
Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Crombag, MBS; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van Erp, NP, 2022)		0.72
" Age-related dose adjustments for gemcitabine based on pharmacokinetic considerations are not recommended."( Is age just a number? A population pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine.
Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Crombag, MBS; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van Erp, NP, 2022)		0.72
" No significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters for gemcitabine or its metabolite dFdU were observed with alisertib co-administration."( A phase I dose escalation, dose expansion and pharmacokinetic trial of gemcitabine and alisertib in advanced solid tumors and pancreatic cancer.
Chen, JA; Gandara, DR; Huynh, JC; Kelly, KL; Kim, EJ; Li, T; Mack, PC; Mahaffey, N; Martinez, A; Matsukuma, K; Riess, JW; Semrad, TJ; Tam, K; Wu, CY; Yu, AM, 2022)		0.72
" We aimed to establish physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of capecitabine-metabolites and 5-FU-metabolites to describe their pharmacokinetics in tumor and plasma of cancer patients with liver impairment."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Prediction of 5-FU Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Patients with Hepatic Impairment After 5-FU and Capecitabine Administration.
Hu, H; Wang, Y; Yu, L; Zeng, S, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

We reported previously that deoxycytidine enhances the cytotoxic effects of the drug combination thymidine (TdR) plus 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against HeLa S-3 cells. To investigate the schedule-dependency of 2',2'difluorodeoxycyridine (dFdC, Gemcitabine) combined with hyperthermia (HT), in vitro as well as in vivo.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"We reported previously that deoxycytidine (CdR) enhances the cytotoxic effects of the drug combination thymidine (TdR) plus 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against HeLa S-3 cells."( Factors modifying the synergistic toxicity of deoxycytidine in combination with thymidine plus 5-fluorouracil in HeLa cells.
Clarkson, BD; Doblin, JM; Fried, J; Perez, AG, 1983)		0.27
" Preclinical studies indicated an enhancement of the therapeutic index when capecitabine was combined with leucovorin."( A Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with oral leucovorin in patients with intractable solid tumors.
Allman, D; Bissett, D; Cassidy, J; Dirix, L; Griffin, T; Osterwalder, B; Reigner, B; Van Oosterom, AT, 1998)		0.3
"To determine the maximum-tolerated dose of monthly docetaxel combined with fixed-dose weekly gemcitabine and describe the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of the combination."( Phase I study of docetaxel dose escalation in combination with fixed weekly gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Jones, J; Laufman, LR; Nicol, S; Rhodes, VA; Spiridonidis, CH; Wallace, K, 1998)		0.3
"Gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 days 1,8, and 15 can be safely combined with docetaxel 100 mg/m2 day 1 of a 28-day cycle."( Phase I study of docetaxel dose escalation in combination with fixed weekly gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Jones, J; Laufman, LR; Nicol, S; Rhodes, VA; Spiridonidis, CH; Wallace, K, 1998)		0.3
" We have studied the anti-cancer effect of vesnarinone in combination with cisplatin, VP-16 (etoposide) and gemcitabine, against human lung cancer cell lines (PC-9 and Lu 134A) using the MTT assay and isobologram analysis."( Effect of vesnarinone in combination with anti-cancer drugs on lung cancer cell lines.
Fujita, M; Higashino, K; Tsuchida, T, 1999)		0.3
"This study assessed the cytotoxic effects of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine in combination with the diaminocyclohexane platinum compound oxaliplatin."( Supraadditive effect of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) in combination with oxaliplatin in human cancer cell lines.
Cvitkovic, E; Faivre, S; Raymond, E; Woynarowski, JM, 1999)		0.3
" The aim of this study was to perform a health economic evaluation of present standard treatment (in most cases, palliative treatment in combination with best supportive care) versus palliative treatment with gemcitabine in combination with best supportive care in patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma."( Treatment of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma in Sweden. A health economic comparison of palliative treatment with best supportive care versus palliative treatment with gemcitabine in combination with best supportive care.
Ragnarson-Tennvall, G; Wilking, N, 1999)		0.3
"To evaluate the feasibility of administering the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel, to characterize the principal toxicities of the combination, to recommend doses for subsequent disease-directed studies, and to determine whether significant pharmacokinetic interactions occur between these agents when combined."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Burger, HU; Burris, HA; Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Griffin, T; Kraynak, M; Moczygemba, J; Reigner, B; Rodrigues, G; Rowinsky, EK; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GR, 1999)		0.3
"To investigate the schedule-dependency of 2',2'difluorodeoxycytidine (dFdC, Gemcitabine) combined with hyperthermia (HT), in vitro as well as in vivo."( Effectiveness of 2',2'difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) combined with hyperthermia in rat R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo.
Bakker, PJ; Beumer, C; Haveman, J; Rodermond, HM; Van Bree, C, )		0.13
"The efficacy of dFdC combined with HT is schedule-dependent both in vitro and in vivo."( Effectiveness of 2',2'difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) combined with hyperthermia in rat R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo.
Bakker, PJ; Beumer, C; Haveman, J; Rodermond, HM; Van Bree, C, )		0.13
" Our studies examine the ability of gemcitabine, both alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of several prostate cancer cell lines."( The study of gemcitabine in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents as an effective treatment for prostate cancer.
Brumfield, SK; Lehr, JE; Mahoney, M; Muenchen, HJ; Pienta, KJ; Pilat, MJ; Quigley, MM, )		0.13
"The results revealed synergistic cytotoxicity when vinflunine was combined with cisplatin, mitomycin C, doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil."( In vitro synergistic effects of vinflunine, a novel fluorinated vinca alkaloid, in combination with other anticancer drugs.
Barret, JM; Etiévant, C; Hill, BT, 2000)		0.31
" The aim of this phase II study was to determine the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic profile of gemcitabine administered with doxorubicin as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( Gemcitabine in combination with doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer: final results of a phase II pharmacokinetic trial.
Alba, E; García-Conde, J; Khayat, D; Lluch, A; Moreno-Nogueira, JA; Palomero, M; Pérez-Manga, G; Rivelles, N, 2000)		0.31
"Induction of apoptosis in vitro using gemcitabine (dFdC) in combination with cladribine (2-CdA) and other cytotoxic drugs on malignant mononuclear cells (MNCs) of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n=20) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, n =20) in myeloid (HL60, HEL) and lymphatic cell lines (HUT78, JURKAT) was investigated using different incubation conditions (simultaneous and consecutive)."( Induction of apoptosis using 2',2' difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) in combination with antimetabolites or anthracyclines on malignant lymphatic and myeloid cells. Antagonism or synergism depends on incubation schedule and origin of neoplastic cells.
Boehrer, S; Chow, KU; Hoelzer, D; Mitrou, PS; Napieralski, S; Pourebrahim, F; Ries, J; Rummel, MJ; Stein, J; Stieler, M; Weidmann, E, 2000)		0.31
"To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic profile of vesnarinone given once daily in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
"Twenty-six patients were treated with oral vesnarinone once daily on a continuous schedule at doses of 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg in combination with intravenous (IV) gemcitabine at a dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
"When combined with gemcitabine, the recommended dose of vesnarinone for phase II evaluations is 90 mg orally once daily with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) IV on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)		0.31
" The present study was initiated to investigate the efficacy of gemcitabine in combination with 5-FU-FA."( A phase II trial of gemcitabine in combination with 5-fluorouracil (24-hour) and folinic acid in patients with chemonaive advanced pancreatic cancer.
Arning, M; Arnold, D; Herrenberger, J; Huhn, D; Kindler, M; Korsten, EW; Langrehr, J; Musch, R; Oettle, H; Pelzer, U; Reitzig, P; Riess, H; Stroszczynski, C, 2000)		0.31
" Herein, we describe the case of a 73-year-old woman with breast cancer metastatic to the liver, who developed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) while on treatment with gemcitabine plus docetaxel combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support."( Chemotherapy-induced noncardiogenic pulmonary edema related to gemcitabine plus docetaxel combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support.
Briasoulis, E; Constantopoulos, S; Froudarakis, M; Milionis, HJ; Pavlidis, N; Peponis, I, 2000)		0.31
"We conducted a single-institution phase I clinical trial to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and define the toxic effects of stealth liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( Phase I study of stealth liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Bast, RC; Booser, D; Esteva, FJ; Esteva, FL; Hortobagyi, GN; Murray, JL; Rahman, Z; Rivera, E; Rosales, MM; Syrewicz, L; Theriault, RL; Valero, V, 2001)		0.31
" Docetaxel combined with other new agents, particularly gemcitabine, may offer another useful alternative to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with good performance status."( Challenging the platinum combinations: docetaxel (Taxotere) combined with gemcitabine or vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer.
Douillard, JY; Eckardt, J; Georgoulias, V; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Scagliotti, G, 2001)		0.31
" Based on its favorable toxicity profile, carboplatin has supplanted cisplatin for use in combination with paclitaxel in several different tumor types."( Gemcitabine in combination with new platinum compounds: an update.
Edelman, MJ; Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Lau, DH, 2001)		0.31
"Docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine is an active front-line chemotherapy regimen against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acceptable toxicity."( Docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine plus rhG-CSF support as second-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer. A multicenter phase II study.
Agelaki, S; Androulakis, N; Bania, E; Chainis, K; Georgoulias, V; Kakolyris, S; Kalofonos, C; Kouroussis, C; Papadakis, E; Rapti, A; Sarra, E; Toubis, M; Tsiafaki, X; Vardakis, N, 2001)		0.31
" To design successful therapeutic strategies involving compounds either alone or in combination with others, it is necessary to understand their mechanism of action."( Cell cycle effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and enhanced growth inhibition in combination with gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma cells.
Crowell, PL; Jung, SH; Marshall, MS; Sweeney, CJ; Yip-Schneider, MT, 2001)		0.31
" This two-step study firstly aimed at determining the maximum tolerated and recommended doses of docetaxel given every 3 weeks in combination with a fixed dose of gemcitabine; the phase I study paid particular attention to pharmacokinetics."( Dose-finding, pharmacokinetic and phase II study of docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
Ardiet, C; Azarian, MR; Morere, JF; Pujol, JL; Quantin, X; Rebattu, P; Schuller-Lebeau, MP, )		0.13
"The following range of docetaxel dosages were tested in the phase I study; 60, 75, 85, and 100 mg m(-2) given on day 8 in combination with gemcitabine 1000 mg m(-2) delivered on days 1 and 8 of a 3-week cycle."( Dose-finding, pharmacokinetic and phase II study of docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
Ardiet, C; Azarian, MR; Morere, JF; Pujol, JL; Quantin, X; Rebattu, P; Schuller-Lebeau, MP, )		0.13
"Gemcitabine, 1000 mg m(-2) days 1 and 8 in combination with docetaxel, 85 mg m(-2), day 8, given every 3 weeks could be considered as an active regimen with manageable toxicities in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC."( Dose-finding, pharmacokinetic and phase II study of docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
Ardiet, C; Azarian, MR; Morere, JF; Pujol, JL; Quantin, X; Rebattu, P; Schuller-Lebeau, MP, )		0.13
"The purpose of this study was to analyze the drug interactions of paclitaxel (PTX) with epirubicin (EPI), carboplatin (CBDCA), gemcitabine (GEM) and vinorelbine (VIN) in human breast cancer cells and compare the cytotoxic activity of each drug combination in primary breast cancer samples."( Drug interactions and cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin, epirubicin, gemcitabine or vinorelbine in breast cancer cell lines and tumor samples.
Beryt, M; Felber, M; Hepp, H; Kahlert, S; Konecny, G; Langer, E; Lude, S; Pegram, M; Slamon, D; Untch, M, 2001)		0.31
" Schedule 1 maximum tolerated dose of gemcitabine was 600 mg/m(2)/week when combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at 200 mg/m(2)/day (Days 1-21) repeated every 4 weeks."( Phase I study to evaluate multiple regimens of intravenous 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with weekly gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors: a potential broadly active regimen for advanced solid tumor malignancies.
Bertucci, D; Mani, S; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Stadler, WM; Vogelzang, NJ, 2001)		0.31
"For Phase II development, gemcitabine 450-600 mg/m(2) on Days 1, 8, and 15 can be safely combined with 5-FU 200 mg/m(2) given as a continuous infusion (Days 1-21) of a 28-day cycle or gemcitabine 1800 mg/m(2) Days 1 and 8 given with 5-FU 200 mg/m(2) as a continuous infusion (Days 1-14) of a 21-day cycle."( Phase I study to evaluate multiple regimens of intravenous 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with weekly gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors: a potential broadly active regimen for advanced solid tumor malignancies.
Bertucci, D; Mani, S; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Stadler, WM; Vogelzang, NJ, 2001)		0.31
"Gemcitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin was assessed to be a cost-effective or cost-saving therapy when compared with best supportive care, standard chemotherapy regimens and novel chemotherapy combinations."( Economic evaluation of gemcitabine alone and in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer.
Aristides, M; Botwood, N; Lees, M; Maniadakis, N; McKendrick, J; Stephenson, D, 2002)		0.31
" The combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine could be a useful regimen in standard clinical practice and has the potential for efficient combination with biologic/targeted therapy."( The novel and effective nonplatinum, nontaxane combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: potential for decreased toxicity and combination with biological therapy.
Blumenschein, G; Fossella, FV; Glisson, BS; Herbst, RS; Hong, WK; Jung, MS; Khuri, FR; Kies, MS; Kurie, JM; Lee, JJ; Lee, JS; Liu, DD; Lu, C; Lu, R; Munden, RF; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Pisters, KM; Shin, DM; Zinner, R, 2002)		0.31
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose of capecitabine when used in combination with epirubicin and cisplatin (ECC) in patients with oesophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with epirubicin and cisplatin in patients with inoperable oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma.
Blackie, R; Evans, TR; Fullarton, GM; McDonald, AC; McInnes, A; Morrison, R; Paul, J; Pentheroudakis, G; Raby, N; Soukop, M, 2002)		0.31
"A dose of 1000 mg/m(2) bd of capecitabine is recommended for use on an intermittent schedule in combination with these doses and schedule of epirubicin and cisplatin."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with epirubicin and cisplatin in patients with inoperable oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma.
Blackie, R; Evans, TR; Fullarton, GM; McDonald, AC; McInnes, A; Morrison, R; Paul, J; Pentheroudakis, G; Raby, N; Soukop, M, 2002)		0.31
"The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity profile, the recommended dose (RD) and the pharmacokinetic parameters, and to evaluate the antitumor activity of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian carcinoma (OC)."( Phase I-II and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and ovarian carcinoma.
Armand, JP; Faivre, S; Kayitalire, L; Le Chevalier, T; Lhommé, C; Lokiec, F; Monnerat, C; Novello, S; Pautier, P; Raymond, E; Ruffié, P; Taieb, J, 2002)		0.31
"The aim of this phase I study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of an intermittent weekly capecitabine regimen in combination with oxaliplatin."( Intermittent weekly high-dose capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin: a phase I/II study in first-line treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Huber, H; Kornek, GV; Längle, F; Raderer, M; Scheithauer, W; Schmid, K; Schüll, B, 2002)		0.31
"In the phase I part of the study, 21 patients were enrolled, and a total of 222 courses were administered through four dose levels of capecitabine combined with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2)."( Intermittent weekly high-dose capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin: a phase I/II study in first-line treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Huber, H; Kornek, GV; Längle, F; Raderer, M; Scheithauer, W; Schmid, K; Schüll, B, 2002)		0.31
" On the basis of the toxicological profile of the combination regimen shown in the present study, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2) as a 2-h intravenous infusion every 2 weeks administered in combination with capecitabine 3500 mg/m(2)/day x7 in two divided doses is recommended for further evaluations."( Intermittent weekly high-dose capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin: a phase I/II study in first-line treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Huber, H; Kornek, GV; Längle, F; Raderer, M; Scheithauer, W; Schmid, K; Schüll, B, 2002)		0.31
" This phase I study was designed to find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly cisplatin in combination with standard doses of gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2), 30 min) and 5-FU (750 mg/m(2), 24 h)/folinic acid (200 mg/m(2), 30 min)."( Phase I study of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in patients with advanced esophageal cancer.
Arnold, D; Hoepffner, N; Kern, M; Neuhaus, P; Oettle, H; Riess, H; Settmacher, U, 2002)		0.31
" Therefore, a phase II study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine combined with radiation therapy in patients with localized unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with radiation therapy in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Epelbaum, R; Faraggi, D; Gaitini, D; Kuten, A; Mizrahi, S; Nasrallah, S; Rosenblatt, E, 2002)		0.31
" This, combined with preclinical synergism, prompted the Gynecologic Oncology Group to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of this combination."( Phase I escalation of gemcitabine combined with protracted oral etoposide in gynecologic malignancies: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study.
Bookman, MA; Garcia, AA; Look, KY; Mutch, DG; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L, 2002)		0.31
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity and safety of oral capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and epirubicin (TEX) as first-line treatment for patients with locally advanced/metastatic breast carcinoma."( Capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and epirubicin in patients with previously untreated, advanced breast carcinoma.
Bighin, C; Colozza, MA; Contu, A; Del Mastro, L; Durando, A; Garrone, O; Genta, F; Lambiase, A; Stevani, I; Venturini, M, 2003)		0.32
"The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetic profile, and evidence of antitumor activity of CI-994 used in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I study of oral CI-994 in combination with gemcitabine in treatment of patients with advanced cancer.
Cunningham, CC; Eager, R; Grove, W; Mennel, R; Nemunaitis, JJ; Olson, S; Orr, D; Williams, A, )		0.13
"These data show that administration of IFN-alpha at optimal biological dose and schedule in combination with gemcitabine induced apoptosis in tumor-associated endothelial cells and decreased growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in the pancreas, leading to a significant increase in survival."( Administration of optimal biological dose and schedule of interferon alpha combined with gemcitabine induces apoptosis in tumor-associated endothelial cells and reduces growth of human pancreatic carcinoma implanted orthotopically in nude mice.
Baker, CH; Bucana, CD; Evans, DB; Fidler, IJ; Hwang, R; Killion, JJ; Pisters, PW; Solorzano, CC, 2003)		0.32
"To determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine administered at a fixed dose-rate of 10 mg/m(2) per min in combination with fixed dose carboplatin, to evaluate the toxicity of this regimen and to determine the pharmacokinetics of plasma gemcitabine."( Phase I trial of fixed dose-rate gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin in chemonaive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer Therapeutics Research Group study.
Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Lehnert, M; Lim, HL; Millward, MJ; Soo, RA; Tok, LT; Wang, LZ, 2003)		0.32
"Gemcitabine administered as a 75-min infusion at a fixed dose rate of 10 mg/m(2)/min on days 1 and 8 in combination with carboplatin on day 1 every 21 days is tolerable and active in NSCLC."( Phase I trial of fixed dose-rate gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin in chemonaive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer Therapeutics Research Group study.
Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Lehnert, M; Lim, HL; Millward, MJ; Soo, RA; Tok, LT; Wang, LZ, 2003)		0.32
" The main objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of capecitabine when given in combination with fixed doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (100 and 600 mg/m(2) day 1 every (q) 3 weeks) as primary treatment for large operable or locally advanced/inflammatory breast cancer without distant metastasis."( An EORTC phase I study of capecitabine (Xeloda) in combination with fixed doses of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin (cex) as primary treatment for large operable or locally advanced/inflammatory breast cancer.
Atalay, G; Biganzoli, L; Bonnefoi, H; Cufer, T; Mauriac, L; Piccart, M; Schaefer, P, 2003)		0.32
"The objectives of the current study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine given in combination with strontium-89 to patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma."( A Phase I/II study of strontium-89 combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma and bone metastases.
Delpassand, ES; Logothetis, CJ; Millikan, RE; Pagliaro, LC; Tu, SM; Williams, D, 2003)		0.32
" The use of irinotecan together with raltitrexed is also being investigated, as is its combination with oxaliplatin."( Irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer: dose intensification and combination with new agents, including biological response modifiers.
Ducreux, M; Köhne, CH; Schwartz, GK; Vanhoefer, U, 2003)		0.32
" The MTD of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine at 25 mg/m2 dosage on days 1 and 8 of a 3-week schedule is 2000 mg/m2/day for 14 consecutive days."( A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in advanced breast cancer.
Crucitta, E; De Lena, M; Guida, M; Latorre, A; Lorusso, V; Misino, A; Silvestris, N, 2003)		0.32
" To investigate the activity and toxicity of the cisplatin plus gemcitabine combination with gemcitabine at a fixed infusion rate in patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the authors conducted a randomized Phase II trial of cisplatin plus gemcitabine at the 30-minute standard infusion (calibration arm) or cisplatin plus gemcitabine at a fixed infusion rate (experimental arm)."( Prolonged gemcitabine infusion in advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: a randomized phase II study of two different schedules in combination with cisplatin.
Antimi, M; Barduagni, M; Ceribelli, A; Cognetti, F; Cortesi, E; De Marinis, F; Fabi, A; Gamucci, T; Giannarelli, D; Gridelli, C; Maione, P; Migliorino, MR, 2003)		0.32
" As single agent or in combination with chemotherapy rituximab has shown significant activity in patients with relapsing or refractory aggressive lymphomas."( Rituximab in combination with vinorelbine/gemcitabine chemotherapy in patients with primary refractory or early relapsed T cell rich B cell lymphoma. A pilot study.
Economopoulos, T; Fountzilas, G; Raptis, S; Rontogianni, D; Valsami, S; Xiros, N, 2003)		0.32
"We conducted a phase II clinical trial to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( Phase II study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Adinin, R; Arun, B; Hoelzer, K; Hortobagyi, GN; Pusztai, L; Rivera, E; Royce, M; Valero, V; Wade, JL; Walters, R, 2003)		0.32
"Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( Phase II study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Adinin, R; Arun, B; Hoelzer, K; Hortobagyi, GN; Pusztai, L; Rivera, E; Royce, M; Valero, V; Wade, JL; Walters, R, 2003)		0.32
"We studied the safety and clinical activity of exisulind in combination with capecitabine in 35 patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( Phase I and II study of exisulind in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Arun, B; Booser, D; Esteva, FJ; Gibbs, A; Hortobagyi, GN; Murray, JL; Nealy, KM; Pusztai, L; Rivera, E; Smith, TL; Symmans, WF; Thompson, WJ; Valero, V; Whitehead, C; Zhen, JH, 2003)		0.32
"Exisulind (125 mg orally bid) in combination with capecitabine is well tolerated and the combination has anticancer activity similar to that of capecitabine alone in heavily pretreated patients with MBC."( Phase I and II study of exisulind in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Arun, B; Booser, D; Esteva, FJ; Gibbs, A; Hortobagyi, GN; Murray, JL; Nealy, KM; Pusztai, L; Rivera, E; Smith, TL; Symmans, WF; Thompson, WJ; Valero, V; Whitehead, C; Zhen, JH, 2003)		0.32
" This reduces the clinical applicability of this predictive assay for radiotherapy in combination with gemcitabine."( Colour junctions as predictors of radiosensitivity: X-irradiation combined with gemcitabine in a lung carcinoma cell line.
Castro Kreder, N; Franken, NA; Haveman, J; Van Bree, C, 2003)		0.32
"To assess the feasibility of administering tipifarnib, an oral nonpeptidomimetic competitive inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, in combination with gemcitabine and recommend doses for disease-directed clinical trials."( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)		0.32
" The pharmacologic features of this drug enable its combination with other antiblastic agents, such as vinorelbine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel and docetaxel."( Antiblastic drug combinations with ifosfamide: an update.
Badalamenti, G; Fulfaro, F; Gebbia, N; Russo, A; Valerio, MR, 2003)		0.32
"This prospective trial aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects and systemic toxicities of capecitabine monotherapy and capecitabine treatment combined with biological response modifiers in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma."( Capecitabine monotherapy and in combination with immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Bartsch, R; Hussian, D; Kramer, G; Lintner, C; Locker, GJ; Mader, R; Marberger, M; Pluschnig, U; Rauchenwald, M; Steger, GG; Wenzel, C; Zielinski, CC, 2003)		0.32
"The aim of the current randomized Phase II study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of capecitabine combined with irinotecan as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC)."( Randomized multicenter Phase II trial of two different schedules of irinotecan combined with capecitabine as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
Artale, S; Bajetta, E; Beretta, E; Biasco, G; Bonaglia, L; Bonetti, A; Buzzoni, R; Carreca, I; Cassata, A; Cortinovis, D; Di Bartolomeo, M; Ferrario, E; Frustaci, S; Iannelli, A; Lambiase, A; Mariani, L; Marini, G; Pinotti, G, 2004)		0.32
" In this study, one cycle of chemotherapy combined the following: ifosfamide: 3 g/m2 fixed dose (24-hour intravenous infusion) combined with mesna, day 1; gemcitabine: starting dose 1,000 mg/m2/d, escalating by 250 mg/m2 increments, days 1 and 15; cisplatin: starting dose 80 mg/m2, subsequently 100 mg/m2, day 15; in cohorts of at least 3 patients."( Phase I study with dose escalation of gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with ifosfamide (GIP) in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
Billiart, I; Bourgeois, H; Chabrun, V; Chieze, S; Daban, A; Ferrand, V; Germain, T; Lemerre, D; Meurice, JC; Tourani, JM, 2004)		0.32
" This dose-finding phase I study was designed to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PKC412 when combined with cisplatin-gemcitabine."( Phase I study of PKC412 (N-benzoyl-staurosporine), a novel oral protein kinase C inhibitor, combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Berthaud, P; Faivre, S; Henriksson, R; Le Chevalier, T; Monnerat, C; Novello, S; Raymond, E, 2004)		0.32
" Gefitinib has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in advanced NSCLC in phase II trials in pretreated patients, and a phase I trial of gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin showed favorable tolerability."( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 1.
Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Gatzemeier, U; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Pluzanska, A; Rennie, P; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Von Pawel, J; Wolf, MK, 2004)		0.32
"Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC did not have improved efficacy over gemcitabine and cisplatin alone."( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 1.
Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Gatzemeier, U; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Pluzanska, A; Rennie, P; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Von Pawel, J; Wolf, MK, 2004)		0.32
" The aim was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of mitomycin C (MMC) in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) or capecitabine (CAPE) in previously untreated patients with advanced biliary tract cancer."( Mitomycin C in combination with capecitabine or biweekly high-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a randomised phase II trial.
Depisch, D; Gruenberger, T; Karall, K; Kornek, GV; Laengle, F; Lang, F; Penz, M; Scheithauer, W; Schuell, B, 2004)		0.32
"A total of 51 patients were entered in this study and randomly allocated to treatment with MMC 8 mg/m2 on day 1 in combination with GEM 2000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15 every 4 weeks, or MMC 8 mg/m2 on day 1 plus CAPE 2000 mg/m2/day on days 1-14, every 4 weeks."( Mitomycin C in combination with capecitabine or biweekly high-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a randomised phase II trial.
Depisch, D; Gruenberger, T; Karall, K; Kornek, GV; Laengle, F; Lang, F; Penz, M; Scheithauer, W; Schuell, B, 2004)		0.32
" These data provide a proof-of-principle for the clinical use of LErafAON in combination with chemotherapy for cancer treatment."( Combination with liposome-entrapped, ends-modified raf antisense oligonucleotide (LErafAON) improves the anti-tumor efficacies of cisplatin, epirubicin, mitoxantrone, docetaxel and gemcitabine.
Ahmad, I; Dritschilo, A; Gokhale, PC; Kasid, UN; Pei, J; Rahman, A; Zhang, C, 2004)		0.32
" Therefore, we conducted a phase II study of gemcitabine combined with UFT in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients and assessed the efficacy and the toxicity of the regimen."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with uracil-tegafur in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Choi, SH; Heo, JS; Im, YH; Jung, CW; Kang, WK; Kim, K; Kim, WS; Lee, J; Lee, JK; Lee, KT; Lee, MH; Lee, SI; Lim, DH; Park, JO; Park, K; Song, SY, 2004)		0.32
"A phase I clinical trial was started in order to determine the recommended doses of capecitabine and epirubicin, when administered in combination with a fixed dose of cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m(2) day 1 q3 weeks) in patients with inoperable or recurrent breast cancer."( Application of a continual reassessment method to a phase I clinical trial of capecitabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and epirubicin (CEX) for inoperable or recurrent breast cancer.
Hozumi, Y; Ito, Y; Iwata, H; Kobayashi, T; Morita, S; Ohno, S; Sakamoto, J; Toi, M, 2004)		0.32
"To develop a combination regimen for clinical testing, we performed a dose escalation study of ZD0473 in combination with gemcitabine."( A phase I, dose escalation trial of ZD0473, a novel platinum analogue, in combination with gemcitabine.
Algazy, KM; Flaherty, KT; Giatonio, B; O'Dwyer, PJ; Redlinger, M; Stevenson, JP, 2004)		0.32
"We have shown that the currently used chemotherapeutic drugs for pancreatic adenocarcinoma combined with restoration of p16(INK4A) expression hold promise for the adjuvant treatment of this disease."( 5-Fluorouracil or gemcitabine combined with adenoviral-mediated reintroduction of p16INK4A greatly enhanced cytotoxicity in Panc-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
Costello, E; Ghaneh, P; Greenhalf, W; Halloran, CM; Neoptolemos, JP; Shore, S; Wilson, D; Zumstein, L, 2004)		0.32
" The effectiveness of LY293111, alone and in combination with gemcitabine was investigated in a heterotopic xenograft model in athymic mice using HT29 and LoVo human colonic cancer cells."( Effect of LY293111 in combination with gemcitabine in colonic cancer.
Adrian, TE; Ding, XZ; Hennig, R; Jovanovic, BD; Tong, WG; Witt, RC, 2004)		0.32
"Bortezomib improves efficacy in combination with gemcitabine and carboplatin in NSCLC, but sequential effects are important and must be considered when developing therapeutic regimens."( Effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib alone and in combination with chemotherapy in the A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cell line.
Bold, RJ; Mortenson, MM; Schlieman, MG; Virudachalam, S, 2004)		0.32
"Cetuximab in combination with gemcitabine showed promising activity against advanced pancreatic cancer."( Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, in combination with gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer: a multicenter phase II Trial.
Abbruzzese, JL; Deutsch, J; LoBuglio, A; Needle, M; Rosenberg, A; Schmidt, W; Wolff, RA; Xiong, HQ, 2004)		0.32
" This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy combined with gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer."( Phase II study of radiotherapy combined with gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Ikeda, H; Ikeda, M; Ito, Y; Kagami, Y; Morizane, C; Okusaka, T; Takezako, Y; Ueno, H, 2004)		0.32
" Therefore, we examined transfection of the human pancreatic cancer cell line DAN-G with a retrovirus encoding for IFN-alpha and the effect of IFN-alpha gene expression alone or in combination with gemcitabine on growth inhibition of DAN-G pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in orthotopically implanted DAN-G cells in nude mice."( Retroviral IFN-alpha gene transfer combined with gemcitabine acts synergistically via cell cycle alteration in human pancreatic carcinoma cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice.
Abraham, NG; Gorschlüter, M; Märten, A; Nagaraj, S; Sauerbruch, T; Schmidt-Wolf, IG; Strehl, J; Ziske, C, 2004)		0.32
"To evaluate the efficacy, toxicity and survival of intraoperative 125I brachytherapy combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Intraoperative 125I brachytherapy combined with chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer].
Duan, XN; Liu, YH; Shen, WJ; Wan, YL; Wang, DM; Yang, YM; Yu, SP; Zhou, G, 2004)		0.32
"Interoperative 125I brachytherapy combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer can control tumor, relieve pain and improve quality of life."( [Intraoperative 125I brachytherapy combined with chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer].
Duan, XN; Liu, YH; Shen, WJ; Wan, YL; Wang, DM; Yang, YM; Yu, SP; Zhou, G, 2004)		0.32
"LY900003 can be administered safely in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine and is associated with antitumor activity in patients with advanced NSCLC."( A phase I/II study of LY900003, an antisense inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Belt, R; Dow, E; Figueroa, JA; Geary, R; George, S; Holmlund, J; Leonardo, J; McCachren, S; Miller, GL; Modiano, M; Oliver, JW; Otterson, GA; Ritch, P; Valdivieso, M; Villalona-Calero, MA, 2004)		0.32
"To determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and evidence of antitumor activity of topotecan in combination with gemcitabine in refractory cancer patients."( Phase I trial of topotecan in combination with gemcitabine in refractory solid tumor patients.
Adams, N; Cunningham, CC; MacEachern, JB; Nemunaitis, J; Paulson, AS; Rich, D; Ruxer, RL; Vukelja, S, 2004)		0.32
" Because the toxicity profile of weekly docetaxel differs from the standard 21-day docetaxel schedule, we performed a phase I/II trial to test the efficacy and safety of weekly docetaxel in combination with capecitabine given for 14 days every 21 days."( Final results of a phase II clinical trial of weekly docetaxel in combination with capecitabine in anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
Au, HJ; Bodnar, DM; Joy, AA; Koski, SL; Mackey, JR; Scarfe, AG; Smith, SW; Smylie, MG; Soulieres, D; Tonkin, KS, 2004)		0.32
"To evaluate the clinical efficacy of capecitabine combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for advanced liver cancer."( [Capecitabine combined with TACE for advanced liver cancer].
Chen, AJ; Hu, MD; Li, L; Li, XY; Ran, JH; Sun, F; Tang, JH, 2004)		0.32
"Capecitabine combined with TACE is safe and effective for advanced liver cancer."( [Capecitabine combined with TACE for advanced liver cancer].
Chen, AJ; Hu, MD; Li, L; Li, XY; Ran, JH; Sun, F; Tang, JH, 2004)		0.32
"In this study we have used a standardised ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) to measure the activity of gefitinib alone or in combination with different cytotoxic drugs (cisplatin, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and treosulfan) against a variety of solid tumours (n = 86), including breast, colorectal, oesophageal and ovarian cancer, carcinoma of unknown primary site, cutaneous and uveal melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and sarcoma."( The in vitro effect of gefitinib ('Iressa') alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours.
Cree, IA; Di Nicolantonio, F; Glaysher, S; Johnson, P; Knight, LA; Mercer, S; Sharma, S; Whitehouse, P, 2004)		0.32
" Interestingly, gefitinib had both positive and negative effects when used in combination with different cytotoxics."( The in vitro effect of gefitinib ('Iressa') alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours.
Cree, IA; Di Nicolantonio, F; Glaysher, S; Johnson, P; Knight, LA; Mercer, S; Sharma, S; Whitehouse, P, 2004)		0.32
" Treatment of advanced and metastatic NSCLC with TPZ in combination with Gemcitabine/Cisplatin was well feasible and showed results recording to currently published data."( [Phase II-trial of tirapazamine in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC)].
Gatzemeier, U; Groth, G; Nimmermann, C; Reck, M; von Pawel, J, 2004)		0.32
"5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine alone and in combination with irinotecan/oxaliplatin are clinically active in the treatment of colorectal and other solid tumors."( Synergistic antitumor activity of capecitabine in combination with irinotecan.
Cao, S; Durrani, FA; Rustum, YM, 2005)		0.33
"To assess the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of oral irinotecan given in combination with capecitabine to patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral irinotecan given once daily for 5 days every 3 weeks in combination with capecitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Assadourian, S; deJonge, MJ; Dumez, H; Eskens, FA; Sanderink, GJ; Selleslach, J; Semiond, D; Soepenberg, O; Sparreboom, A; ter Steeg, J; van Oosterom, AT; Verweij, J, 2005)		0.33
" With irinotecan 60 mg/m2/d and capecitabine 2 x 800 mg/m2/d, grade 3 delayed diarrhea in combination with grade 2 nausea (despite maximal antiemetic support) and grade 3 anorexia and colitis, were the first-cycle dose-limiting toxicities in two of six patients, respectively."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral irinotecan given once daily for 5 days every 3 weeks in combination with capecitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Assadourian, S; deJonge, MJ; Dumez, H; Eskens, FA; Sanderink, GJ; Selleslach, J; Semiond, D; Soepenberg, O; Sparreboom, A; ter Steeg, J; van Oosterom, AT; Verweij, J, 2005)		0.33
"To establish the feasibility and efficacy of capecitabine in combination with weekly irinotecan (CAPIRI) with concurrent pelvic radiotherapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer."( Phase I trial of capecitabine and weekly irinotecan in combination with radiotherapy for neoadjuvant therapy of rectal cancer.
Gnad, U; Hehlmann, R; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Kraus-Tiefenbacher, U; Müldner, A; Post, S; von Gerstenberg-Helldorf, B; Wenz, F; Willeke, F, 2005)		0.33
"Capecitabine in combination with docetaxel given every 3 weeks has shown a high degree of activity in a number of tumor types, but at the expense of significant toxicity."( Phase I study of weekly (day 1 and 8) docetaxel in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Belani, CP; Chatta, GS; Egorin, MJ; Fakih, M; Friedland, DM; Jacobs, SA; Jung, LL; Potter, DM; Ramalingam, S; Ramanathan, RK; Shin, DM; Strychor, S; Tutchko, S; Zamboni, WC, 2005)		0.33
"Tezacitabine at a dose of 200 mg/m(2) in combination with CI 5-FU at a dose of 200 mg/m(2) per day was relatively well tolerated and had clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly in patients with esophageal and other gastrointestinal carcinomas."( Phase I dose-escalation study of tezacitabine in combination with 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bendell, JC; Clark, JW; Eder, JP; Fidias, P; Lynch, TJ; Ryan, DP; Seiden, MV, 2005)		0.33
" Chemotherapy combined with antiangiogenic therapy has synergistic effects."( [Antitumor effects of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 combined with gemcitabine].
Deng, HX; Kan, B; Li, J; Mei, K; Tian, L; Wei, YQ; Wen, YJ, 2005)		0.33
"Therapy of IP-10 combined with gemcitabine has significantly synergistic antitumor effect compared with IP-10 or gemcitabine alone."( [Antitumor effects of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 combined with gemcitabine].
Deng, HX; Kan, B; Li, J; Mei, K; Tian, L; Wei, YQ; Wen, YJ, 2005)		0.33
" Further enrollment was terminated in March 2003 as a result of a phase III trial suggesting that aprinocarsen did not have an added survival benefit when combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin therapy in patients with NSCLC."( Randomized phase II evaluation of aprinocarsen in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Canon, JL; John, W; Lahn, M; Mali, P; Peterson, P; Pirker, R; Riska, H; Vansteenkiste, J, 2005)		0.33
"To explore the efficacy and safety of CPT-11 combined with fluoropyrimidine in treatment for advanced or metastatic colorectal carcinoma."( [Irinotecan combined with fluoropyrimidine in treatment for advanced/metastatic colorectal carcinoma].
Wu, WQ; Yu, BM, 2005)		0.33
" CPT-11 combined with capecitabine are not only more effective, but also its occurrence of side effect is lowered, and are especially high effective for lung metastasis."( [Irinotecan combined with fluoropyrimidine in treatment for advanced/metastatic colorectal carcinoma].
Wu, WQ; Yu, BM, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of this study was to determine in patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine, to identify a recommended dose and to determine the response rate and time to disease progression."( A phase I/II and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer.
Bakker, JM; Falk, S; Groenewegen, G; Kerr, DJ; Maughan, T; Nortier, JW; Punt, CJ; Rea, DW; Richel, DJ; Semiond, D; Smit, JM; Steven, N; Ten Bokkel Huinink, WW, 2005)		0.33
"The objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of S-1, an oral fluorouracil derivative, combined with gemcitabine, the current standard treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer (APC)."( Phase I trial of oral S-1 combined with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Ishihara, T; Kato, H; Kobayashi, A; Nakamura, K; Saisho, H; Sudo, K; Tadenuma, H; Yamaguchi, T, 2005)		0.33
"One of the emerging problems concerning the use of antiangiogenic drugs, when used in combination with certain chemotherapy regimens, is enhanced rates and severity of adverse clotting events."( In vitro procoagulant activity induced in endothelial cells by chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drug combinations: modulation by lower-dose chemotherapy.
du Manoir, J; Francia, G; Hicklin, DJ; Kerbel, RS; Ma, L; Rak, J; Viloria-Petit, A, 2005)		0.33
") gemcitabine (GEM) at low dose plus oral chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur (UFT) and cyclophosphamide (CPA) in combination with radiotherapy (RT) against recurrent and advanced pancreatic cancers."( Phase II study on low dose gemcitabine plus oral chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur and cyclophosphamide in combination with radiotherapy against recurrent and advanced pancreatic cancer.
Endo, S; Hashimoto, K; Higami, T; Itakura, M; Koike, M; Maruyama, R; Nio, Y; Tsuji, M; Yamaguchi, K; Yano, S, 2005)		0.33
"Irinotecan (CPT-11) in combination with 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid is used successfully for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of irinotecan combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Czejka, M; Hauer, K; Ostermann, E; Schueller, J, )		0.13
" Use of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in combination with chemotherapy for B-NHL is becoming prevalent in clinical practice, but has not been extensively studied in pre-clinical models."( Enhanced efficacy of gemcitabine in combination with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody against CD20+ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines in vitro and in scid mice.
Jin, F; Joshi, I; Obasaju, C; Smith, MR, 2005)		0.33
" Patients in study arm A will be treated with chemoradiation using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) combined with gemcitabine and simultaneous cetuximab infusions."( Randomized phase II--study evaluating EGFR targeting therapy with cetuximab in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer--PARC: study protocol [ISRCTN56652283].
Abdollahi, A; Buchler, MW; Buechler, P; Debus, J; Didinger, B; Friess, H; Heeger, S; Herfarth, KK; Huber, PE; Krempien, R; Muenter, MW; Nill, S; Timke, C, 2005)		0.33
"Trastuzumab has been repeatedly shown to result in significant clinical benefits and was subsequently accepted as the treatment of choice for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer - particularly as first-line treatment in combination with taxanes and as monotherapy in the second-line or third-line setting."( Safety and efficacy of trastuzumab every 3 weeks combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with HER2-positive recurrent breast cancer: findings from a case series.
Alexopoulos, A; Ardavanis, A; Karamouzis, M; Orfanos, G; Rigatos, G; Scorilas, A; Tryfonopoulos, D, 2005)		0.33
" trastuzumab (8 mg/kg followed by 6 mg/kg) every 3 weeks in combination with chemotherapeutic agents administered in 3-weekly courses (docetaxel, vinorelbine and capecitabine) in 31 patients with HER2-positive recurrent locoregional and/or metastatic breast cancer."( Safety and efficacy of trastuzumab every 3 weeks combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with HER2-positive recurrent breast cancer: findings from a case series.
Alexopoulos, A; Ardavanis, A; Karamouzis, M; Orfanos, G; Rigatos, G; Scorilas, A; Tryfonopoulos, D, 2005)		0.33
"This phase I trial was designed to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours."( Phase I and pharmacological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (Zarnestra, R115777) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Beijnen, JH; Crul, M; Howes, A; Pluim, D; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Solanki, B; Sparidans, RW; Zhang, S, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of the study was to evaluate tolerance and efficacy of preoperative treatment with capecitabine in combination with radiation therapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced, resectable, rectal cancer."( Capecitabine in combination with preoperative radiation therapy in locally advanced, resectable, rectal cancer: a multicentric phase II study.
Beretta, GD; Chiara, S; Corvò, R; De Paoli, A; Del Prete, S; Friso, ML; Frustaci, S; Innocente, R; Luppi, G; Mantello, G; Pasetto, L; Rosso, R; Santantonio, M; Sarti, E, 2006)		0.33
" injection of gemcitabine did not inhibit tumor growth, its combination with AEE788 and STI571 produced >80% inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival in parallel with increases in number of tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cell apoptosis, decreased microvascular density, decreased proliferation rate, and prolonged survival."( Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR, VEGFR, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling combined with gemcitabine produces therapy of human pancreatic carcinoma and prolongs survival in an orthotopic nude mouse model.
Abbruzzese, JL; Baker, CH; Bucana, CD; Fan, D; Fidler, IJ; Kitadai, Y; Kuwai, T; Sasaki, T; Yokoi, K, 2005)		0.33
"The efficacy of oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine (XELOX) as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC) resistant to irinotecan is not well established."( Short-time infusion of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine (XELOX30) as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer after failure to irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil.
Baltesgard, L; Ehrsson, H; Fokstuen, T; Glimelius, B; Mortensen, JP; Pfeiffer, P; Qvortrup, C; Starkhammar, H; Sørbye, H; Tveit, KM; Wallin, I; Øgreid, D, 2006)		0.33
" Bevacizumab is currently approved for the first-line treatment of metastatic CRC and is currently being tested in combination with standard therapies for a range of indications."( Bevacizumab combined with standard fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy regimens to treat colorectal cancer.
Hurwitz, H; Kabbinavar, F, 2005)		0.33
" Radiation consisted of 4500-5000 cGy in 25 daily fractions combined with brachytherapy to take point A to > or = 8500 cGy."( Weekly gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with pelvic radiation in the primary therapy of cervical cancer: a phase I trial of the Puget Sound Oncology Consortium.
Garcia, R; Goff, BA; Greer, B; Koh, WJ; Swensen, RE; Swisher, EM; Tamimi, H, 2006)		0.33
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Ad-NK4 in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) against pancreatic cancer."( Peritumoral injection of adenovirus vector expressing NK4 combined with gemcitabine treatment suppresses growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice and prolongs survival.
Inadome, N; Maemondo, M; Matsumoto, K; Mizumoto, K; Murakami, M; Nagai, E; Nakamura, T; Nukiwa, T; Ogura, Y; Saimura, M; Tanaka, M, 2006)		0.33
" Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine was not associated with significantly increased toxicity compared with single-agent therapy."( Antitumor activity of erlotinib in combination with capecitabine in human tumor xenograft models.
Ouchi, KF; Sekiguchi, F; Tanaka, Y; Yanagisawa, M, 2006)		0.33
" The findings of this study support clinical evaluation of erlotinib, both as a single agent and in combination with capecitabine, for the treatment of CRC and breast cancer."( Antitumor activity of erlotinib in combination with capecitabine in human tumor xenograft models.
Ouchi, KF; Sekiguchi, F; Tanaka, Y; Yanagisawa, M, 2006)		0.33
"A total of 208 cycles of chemotherapy were given with a median of 4 per patient."( Fixed dose-rate infusion of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin and UFT in advanced carcinoma of the pancreas.
Barón, MG; Casado, E; Castañón, C; Castro, J; Cruz, M; Feliu, J; Fonseca, E; Jara, C; Jaráiz, AR; León, A; Lomas, M; Sáenz, JG, 2006)		0.33
" Then, the effects of this ceramide, alone or in combination with GMZ, on the growth of UM-SCC-22A xenografts in SCID mice was assessed following the determination of preclinical parameters, such as maximum tolerated dose, clearance from the blood, and bioaccumulation."( Potent antitumor activity of a novel cationic pyridinium-ceramide alone or in combination with gemcitabine against human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in vitro and in vivo.
Bielawska, A; Bielawski, J; Cobanoglu, B; Day, TA; Hannun, YA; Koybasi, S; Meyer, M; Obeid, LM; Ogretmen, B; Ponnusamy, S; Rossi, MJ; Senkal, CE; Sinha, D; Sundararaj, K; Szulc, Z, 2006)		0.33
" Lipoplatin at 125 mg/m2 was defined as dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and 100 mg/m2 as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in combination with 1000 mg/m2 of gemcitabine."( Liposomal cisplatin combined with gemcitabine in pretreated advanced pancreatic cancer patients: a phase I-II study.
Boulikas, T; Rigatos, SK; Stathopoulos, GP; Stathopoulos, JG; Vougiouka, M, 2006)		0.33
"GEMOX-B could be safely administered with close monitoring and had moderate antitumor activity for patients with advanced HCC."( Phase II study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Bhargava, P; Blaszkowsky, LS; Clark, JW; Enzinger, PC; Hale, KE; Horgan, K; Muzikansky, A; Ryan, DP; Sheehan, S; Stuart, K; Zhu, AX, 2006)		0.33
"We present here a case of severe, but reversible, congestive cardiac failure in a lung cancer patient who had no prior cardiac history, after receiving an experimental treatment of bortezomib combined with chemotherapy."( Severe reversible cardiac failure after bortezomib treatment combined with chemotherapy in a non-small cell lung cancer patient: a case report.
Giaccone, G; Voortman, J, 2006)		0.33
"We conducted a phase II trial of gemcitabine with S-1, oral fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrug tegafur combined with two modulators, 5-chloro-2, 4-dihydroxypyridine and potassium oxonate, to evaluate the activity and toxicity of such a combination in metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) patients."( Phase II trial of oral S-1 combined with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Ishihara, T; Kato, H; Nakamura, K; Saisho, H; Sudo, K; Yamaguchi, T, 2006)		0.33
", twice daily in combination with oxaliplatin 50 mg/m2/week and RT 50."( A Phase I study of weekly intravenous oxaliplatin in combination with oral daily capecitabine and radiation therapy in the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma.
Fakih, MG; Lawrence, DD; Pendyala, L; Rajput, A; Rustum, YM; Smith, JL; Toth, K; Yang, GY, 2006)		0.33
" Patients were treated with weekly T (4 mg/kg on day 0, then 2 mg/kg), in combination with gem (800 mg/m(2)) and vin (25 mg/m(2)) on days 1 and 8, every 21 days."( Trastuzumab in combination with gemcitabine and vinorelbine as second-line therapy for HER-2/neu overexpressing metastatic breast cancer.
Amici, S; Bonginelli, P; Bonsignori, M; Carillio, G; De Sio, L; Fanelli, M; Gasparini, G; Gattuso, D; Longo, R; Mariani, L; Massaccesi, C; Morabito, A; Torino, F, 2006)		0.33
" The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of divided dose of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine in chemo-naïve patients with malignant mesothelioma."( Divided dose of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine in malignant mesothelioma.
Akbulut, H; Büyükçelik, A; Demirkazik, A; Dinçol, D; Gören, D; Içli, F; Mousa, U; Onur, H; Senler, FC; Utkan, G; Yalçin, B, 2006)		0.33
" The observed antitumor activity warrants further evaluation of this combination as an alternative to or in combination with whole-brain radiation therapy for the treatment of multiple brain metastases."( Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma.
Arun, B; Broglio, K; Buchholz, T; Francis, D; Groves, M; Hortobagyi, GN; Meyers, C; Rivera, E; Valero, V; Yin, G, 2006)		0.33
" Furthermore, cell fusion in combination with chemotherapy resulted in strongly enhanced Annexin V binding, an early marker for apoptosis, when compared with single treatment."( Enhanced killing of pancreatic cancer cells by expression of fusogenic membrane glycoproteins in combination with chemotherapy.
Hoffmann, D; Wildner, O, 2006)		0.33
"05), 10(-6) mg/ml gemcitabine in combination with 10(-4) mg/ml TNP-470 had significant effect (P<0."( Inhibition of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell by TNP-470 in combination with gemcitabine.
Tu, LF; Wang, LH; Wang, XF; Zhou, JY, 2006)		0.33
" Findings from preclinical studies prompted a Phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with recurring/refractory advanced solid tumors."( Phase I clinical trial of bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Appleman, LJ; Clark, JW; Cusack, J; Eder, JP; Enzinger, PC; Fidias, P; Fishman, M; Kashala, O; Lynch, T; Ryan, DP; Supko, JG; Zhu, AX, 2006)		0.33
" Preclinically, gemcitabine has demonstrated synergy when combined with platinum compounds."( A phase I study of oxaliplatin in combination with gemcitabine: correlation of clinical outcome with gene expression.
Chow, W; Doroshow, J; Frankel, P; Gandara, D; Juhasz, A; Lenz, HJ; Leong, L; Lim, D; Margolin, K; Morgan, R; Newman, E; Shibata, S; Somlo, G; Synold, T; Yen, Y, 2007)		0.34
" A phase II study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of a single dose of cisplatin in combination with weekly gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma."( Phase II study of cisplatin combined with weekly gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma.
Bang, S; Chung, JB; Jeon, TJ; Kim, MH; Park, JY; Park, SW; Song, SY, 2006)		0.33
"The modified regimen of a single dose of cisplatin per cycle in combination with weekly gemcitabine appeared to have a more favorable therapeutic index and comparable toxicity profiles."( Phase II study of cisplatin combined with weekly gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma.
Bang, S; Chung, JB; Jeon, TJ; Kim, MH; Park, JY; Park, SW; Song, SY, 2006)		0.33
" Only the initial 1 course was administered with 5-FU (500 mg/body) as an inpatient, and further courses were performed as an outpatient with no severe adverse events."( A case report--The marked response to gemcitabine combined with irinotecan and low-dose cisplatin chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer with multiple liver metastases.
Fujiwara, T; Gochi, A; Kagawa, S; Tanaka, N; Teraishi, F; Uno, F, 2006)		0.33
"We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety data of a combination regimen using weekly irinotecan in combination with capecitabine and concurrent radiotherapy (CapIri-RT) as neoadjuvant treatment in rectal cancer in a phase-II trial."( A phase II study of capecitabine and irinotecan in combination with concurrent pelvic radiotherapy (CapIri-RT) as neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
Grobholz, R; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Horisberger, K; Kähler, G; Kraus-Tiefenbacher, U; Leitner, A; Post, S; Wenz, F; Willeke, F; Willer, A, 2007)		0.34
"The objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with solid tumors."( Phase I study of carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with solid tumors: preliminary evidence of activity in small cell and neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Antonia, S; Chiappori, A; de Lima Lopes, G; Haura, E; Langevin, M; Lush, R; Rocha-Lima, CM; Simon, G; Sullivan, D, 2007)		0.34
"Carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan was feasible."( Phase I study of carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with solid tumors: preliminary evidence of activity in small cell and neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Antonia, S; Chiappori, A; de Lima Lopes, G; Haura, E; Langevin, M; Lush, R; Rocha-Lima, CM; Simon, G; Sullivan, D, 2007)		0.34
" On the basis of pre-clinical evidence and some clinical data, we conducted a phase II study of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma."( 13-cis-Retinoic acid in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer--report of a pilot phase II study.
Dalgleish, A; Hill, M; Lofts, F; Maraveyas, A; Michael, A, 2007)		0.34
"The aim of this phase II study was to evaluate the response rate to gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in patients with locally advanced, metastatic or recurrent biliary tract cancer who had received no prior chemotherapy."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in patients with inoperable biliary tract carcinomas.
Ahn, MJ; Kim, HK; Kim, JS; Kim, TY; Lee, J; Lee, MA; Lee, NS; Lim, HY; Park, BJ, 2008)		0.35
" Combination with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy may overcome immunoresistance of cancer cells."( Dendritic cell-based vaccination combined with gemcitabine increases survival in a murine pancreatic carcinoma model.
Bauer, C; Bauernfeind, F; Dauer, M; Eigler, A; Endres, S; Lehr, HA; Orban, M; Schnurr, M; Sterzik, A, 2007)		0.34
"DC-based immunotherapy may not only be successfully combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of advanced pancreatic carcinoma, but may also be effective in preventing local recurrence or metastatisation in tumour-free patients."( Dendritic cell-based vaccination combined with gemcitabine increases survival in a murine pancreatic carcinoma model.
Bauer, C; Bauernfeind, F; Dauer, M; Eigler, A; Endres, S; Lehr, HA; Orban, M; Schnurr, M; Sterzik, A, 2007)		0.34
" This phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Phase III study of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Tarceva Lung Cancer Investigation Trial.
De Rosa, F; Gatzemeier, U; Janaskova, T; Karnicka-Mlodkowski, H; Kaukel, E; Manikhas, GM; Milanowski, J; Pesek, M; Pluzanska, A; Ramlau, R; Roubec, J; Serwatowski, P; Strausz, J; Szczesna, A; Vansteenkiste, J; Von Pawel, J, 2007)		0.34
"Patients received erlotinib (150 mg/d) or placebo, combined with up to six 21-day cycles of chemotherapy (gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1)."( Phase III study of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Tarceva Lung Cancer Investigation Trial.
De Rosa, F; Gatzemeier, U; Janaskova, T; Karnicka-Mlodkowski, H; Kaukel, E; Manikhas, GM; Milanowski, J; Pesek, M; Pluzanska, A; Ramlau, R; Roubec, J; Serwatowski, P; Strausz, J; Szczesna, A; Vansteenkiste, J; Von Pawel, J, 2007)		0.34
" Following a pivotal trial demonstrating that capecitabine confers increased survival when used in combination with docetaxel, it is being investigated intensively in combined regimens using other standard chemotherapeutic agents, as well as with novel molecularly targeted therapies."( Capecitabine in combination with novel targeted agents in the management of metastatic breast cancer: underlying rationale and results of clinical trials.
Tripathy, D, 2007)		0.34
"Emtricitabine is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved as a once-daily drug in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of emtricitabine in combination with other nucleoside antivirals in healthy volunteers.
Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Hui, J; Wang, LH; Zong, J, 2007)		0.34
"To establish maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and tolerability of two schedules of bortezomib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors."( A parallel dose-escalation study of weekly and twice-weekly bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors.
Giaccone, G; Honeywell, R; Kuenen, BC; Peters, GJ; Smit, EF; van de Velde, H; Voortman, J, 2007)		0.34
"Previous studies have indicated that, in combination with cisplatin, fixed dose rate gemcitabine may be more efficacious than standard infusion gemcitabine."( Gemcitabine administered as a short infusion versus a fixed dose rate in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Blajman, CR; Del Giglio, A; Fein, L; Hall, BJ; Orlando, M; Pereira, JR; Richardet, E; Schwartsmann, G; van Kooten, M; West, TM, 2007)		0.34
"The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine combined with a platinum agent compared to single-agent gemcitabine in a pooled analysis of two randomized trials."( Increased survival using platinum analog combined with gemcitabine as compared to single-agent gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer: pooled analysis of two randomized trials, the GERCOR/GISCAD intergroup study and a German multicenter study.
Heinemann, V; Hinke, A; Labianca, R; Louvet, C, 2007)		0.34
"To evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics and to establish the maximum tolerated dose of glufosfamide when administered in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumors."( A Phase 1 dose-escalation trial of glufosfamide in combination with gemcitabine in solid tumors including pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Chiorean, EG; Colowick, AB; Dragovich, T; Hamm, J; Jung, DT; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Loehrer, PJ; Tidmarsh, GF, 2008)		0.35
"Phase I data indicate that full dose glufosfamide (4,500 mg/m(2)) can be given safely in combination with gemcitabine."( A Phase 1 dose-escalation trial of glufosfamide in combination with gemcitabine in solid tumors including pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Chiorean, EG; Colowick, AB; Dragovich, T; Hamm, J; Jung, DT; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Loehrer, PJ; Tidmarsh, GF, 2008)		0.35
"To investigate the antiproliferative effect of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MS-275 on cholangiocarcinoma cells alone and in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs (gemcitabine or doxorubicin) or the novel anticancer agents sorafenib or bortezomib."( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.
Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)		0.34
" Furthermore, additive anti-neoplastic effects were observed when MS-275 treatment was combined with gemcitabine or doxorubicin, while combination with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib resulted in overadditive anti-neoplastic effects."( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.
Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)		0.34
"The growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cells can be potently inhibited by MS-275 alone or in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs or new, targeted anticancer agents."( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.
Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)		0.34
" We evaluated the effect of preexisting drug-associated resistance mutations to the response in treatment-naive patients to therapy with emtricitabine (FTC) or stavudine (d4T) in combination with didanosine (ddI) and efavirenz (EFV)."( Baseline genotype as a predictor of virological failure to emtricitabine or stavudine in combination with didanosine and efavirenz.
Bae, AS; Borroto-Esoda, K; Harris, JL; Hinkle, JE; Quinn, JB; Rousseau, FS; Waters, JM, 2007)		0.34
"The levels of both VEGF and PDGF-BB were measured in three time points, in the serum of 32 rectal carcinoma patients receiving daily reduced-dose/continuous capecitabine in combination with preoperative pelvic irradiation."( Daily low-dose/continuous capecitabine combined with neo-adjuvant irradiation reduces VEGF and PDGF-BB levels in rectal carcinoma patients.
Be'ery, E; Fenig, E; Koren, C; Lavi, I; Loven, D; Shaked, Y; Sulkes, A; Yerushalmi, R, 2008)		0.35
" The MTD for erlotinib in combination with twice weekly gemcitabine-based chemoradiation was 100 mg/day."( A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, non-operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Capanu, M; Duffy, A; Kelsen, DP; Kortmansky, J; Minsky, B; O'Reilly, EM; Puleio, S; Saltz, L; Schwartz, GK, 2008)		0.35
"In combination with fixed dose gemcitabine at 40 mg/m(2) twice weekly and radiation at 180 cGy/day, the MTD of erlotinib was found to be 100 mg/day."( A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, non-operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Capanu, M; Duffy, A; Kelsen, DP; Kortmansky, J; Minsky, B; O'Reilly, EM; Puleio, S; Saltz, L; Schwartz, GK, 2008)		0.35
"These very preliminary data suggest that nab-P in combination with B with and without G is a safe regimen and a formal phase II trial has been developed at the University of Miami to confirm its safety and clinical activity."( Paclitaxel albumin-bound particles (abraxane) in combination with bevacizumab with or without gemcitabine: early experience at the University of Miami/Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute.
Gluck, S; Lobo, C; Lopes, G; Silva, O, 2007)		0.34
"The purpose of this trial was to define the maximum tolerated duration (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), regimen-related toxicities (RRT), and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine infused at a fixed dose rate (FDR) of 10 mg/m2/min, combined with docetaxel/melphalan/carboplatin, using autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT)."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine administered at fixed-dose rate, combined with docetaxel/melphalan/carboplatin, with autologous hematopoietic progenitor-cell support, in patients with advanced refractory tumors.
Aldaz, A; Aramendía, JM; Aristu, J; Centeno, C; Hernández, M; Moreno, M; Nieto, Y; Pérez-Calvo, J; Rifón, J; Sayar, O; Viteri, S; Viúdez, A; Zafra, A; Zufia, L, 2007)		0.34
"To evaluate the anti-tumor effect and toxicity of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy on recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
Huang, HF; Lang, JH; Pan, LY; Peng, P; Shen, K; Wu, M; Yang, JX, 2007)		0.34
"Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy was carried out in 22 patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
Huang, HF; Lang, JH; Pan, LY; Peng, P; Shen, K; Wu, M; Yang, JX, 2007)		0.34
"0) after initiation of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
Huang, HF; Lang, JH; Pan, LY; Peng, P; Shen, K; Wu, M; Yang, JX, 2007)		0.34
"Gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy appears to be an effective and well-tolerant treatment for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer, including platinum-resistant or -refractory diseases."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with platinum chemotherapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
Huang, HF; Lang, JH; Pan, LY; Peng, P; Shen, K; Wu, M; Yang, JX, 2007)		0.34
" Capecitabine was given at a dose of 900 mg m(-2) for 5 days per week combined with 45 Gy of radiotherapy in 25 doses."( Preoperative radiotherapy combined with 5 days per week capecitabine chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.
Byrne, P; Cooper, R; Craven, I; Crellin, A; Melcher, A; Sebag-Montefiore, D, 2007)		0.34
" In conclusion, capecitabine can safely be combined with docetaxel (40 mg m(-2)) and mitomycin C (4 mg m(-2))."( Capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and mitomycin C in patients with pre-treated tumours: results of an extended phase-I trial.
Ernst, T; Gnad-Vogt, U; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Kripp, M; Lukan, N; Merx, K; Schultheis, B, 2007)		0.34
"We evaluated the mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir (TFV), emtricitabine (FTC) and abacavir as carbovir (CBV) alone, with each other, and in combination with additional NRTIs."( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)		0.34
" Although a traditional toxicity-based maximum tolerated dose was not achieved, the highest dosing cohort represented a biologically relevant dose of enzastaurin, on the basis of preclinical data and correlative pharmacodynamic biomarker assays of protein kinase Cbeta inhibition in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, in combination with a standard dose of capecitabine."( A phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of enzastaurin combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Baldwin, J; Basche, M; Britten, CD; Camidge, DR; Darstein, C; Finn, RS; Gail Eckhardt, S; Gore, L; Holden, SN; Leong, S; Musib, L; O'Bryant, CL; Thornton, D, 2008)		0.35
"To determine the antitumor activity of the anti-mesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with gemcitabine against mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts."( Anti-mesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with gemcitabine results in increased activity against mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts.
Broaddus, VC; Hassan, R; Liewehr, DJ; Wilson, S; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
"The in vitro activity of SS1P in combination with gemcitabine against the mesothelin-expressing cell line A431/K5 was evaluated using cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays."( Anti-mesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with gemcitabine results in increased activity against mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts.
Broaddus, VC; Hassan, R; Liewehr, DJ; Wilson, S; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
" In contrast, in the in vivo setting, there was a marked synergy when SS1P was combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts."( Anti-mesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with gemcitabine results in increased activity against mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts.
Broaddus, VC; Hassan, R; Liewehr, DJ; Wilson, S; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
"SS1P in combination with gemcitabine results in marked antitumor activity against mesothelin-expressing tumors."( Anti-mesothelin immunotoxin SS1P in combination with gemcitabine results in increased activity against mesothelin-expressing tumor xenografts.
Broaddus, VC; Hassan, R; Liewehr, DJ; Wilson, S; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
" The objective of this phase 2 trial was to investigate the activity of gemcitabine in combination with rituximab in patients with recurring or refractory HL."( Phase 2 study of gemcitabine in combination with rituximab in patients with recurrent or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.
Fayad, LE; Goy, A; Hagemeister, F; McLaughlin, P; Neelapu, S; Oki, Y; Pro, B; Romaguera, J; Samaniego, F; Younes, A, 2008)		0.35
" The favorable safety profile and the ease of its administration in outpatient settings warrant investigating it further in combination with other active drugs."( Phase 2 study of gemcitabine in combination with rituximab in patients with recurrent or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.
Fayad, LE; Goy, A; Hagemeister, F; McLaughlin, P; Neelapu, S; Oki, Y; Pro, B; Romaguera, J; Samaniego, F; Younes, A, 2008)		0.35
" We conducted a phase I study of gemcitabine and carboplatin in combination with bortezomib."( The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine and carboplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a California Cancer Consortium Phase I study.
Bold, R; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Lara, PN; Lau, DH; Lenz, HJ; Ruel, C; Schenkein, DP; Shibata, S, 2008)		0.35
"Chemotherapy regimens including gemcitabine in combination with microtubule inhibitors such as docetaxel and paclitaxel have wide clinical application."( A phase I trial of gemcitabine in combination with patupilone in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Alberti, D; Bailey, H; Brandon, H; Eickhoff, J; Holen, K; Morgan-Meadows, S; Oliver, K; Schelman, W; Thomas, JP; Wilding, G, 2008)		0.35
"CEX represents a well-tolerated regimen, and RD for Japanese patients was determined to be capecitabine 900 mg/m(2) twice daily in combination with epirubicin 90 mg/m(2) and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m(2) using the CRM."( Dose-finding phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine (Xeloda) in combination with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (CEX) in patients with inoperable or metastatic breast cancer.
Hozumi, Y; Ito, Y; Iwata, H; Kobayashi, T; Morita, S; Ohno, S; Saji, S; Sakamoto, J; Toi, M, 2007)		0.34
" We therefore started a randomised, controlled clinical trial to compare this combination with (177)Lu-octreotate as single agent with regard to anti-tumour effects and side effects."( Report on short-term side effects of treatments with 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine in seven patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.
de Herder, WW; Kam, BL; Krenning, EP; Kwekkeboom, DJ; van Aken, MO; van Essen, M, 2008)		0.35
" The human lung carcinoma MV522 cell line and its corresponding xenograft model were used to evaluate the activity of irofulven in combination with these different agents."( Synergy of Irofulven in combination with various anti-metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents in MV522 lung carcinoma cells: marked interaction with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil.
Estes, LA; Kelner, MJ; McMorris, TC; Rojas, RJ; Suthipinijtham, P, 2008)		0.35
"Oxaliplatin combined with 5-FU/leucovorin or capecitabine was generally well tolerated in elderly patients."( Oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin or capecitabine in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Arkenau, HT; Englisch-Fritz, C; Freier, W; Graeven, U; Greil, R; Grothey, A; Hinke, A; Kretzschmar, A; Kubicka, S; Porschen, R; Schmiegel, W; Schmoll, HJ; Seufferlein, T, 2008)		0.35
"Oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine prolongs survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)."( Chronomodulated capecitabine in combination with short-time oxaliplatin: a Nordic phase II study of second-line therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after failure to irinotecan and 5-flourouracil.
Balteskard, L; Berglund, A; Fokstuen, T; Ogreid, D; Pfeiffer, P; Ploen, J; Qvortrup, C; Starkhammar, H; Sørbye, H; Tveit, K; Yilmaz, M, 2008)		0.35
"A phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of continuously administered pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with low-dose chemotherapy (capecitabine or temozolomide) in patients with high-grade gliomas (glioblastoma or anaplastic glioma)."( Low-dose chemotherapy in combination with COX-2 inhibitors and PPAR-gamma agonists in recurrent high-grade gliomas - a phase II study.
Baumgart, U; Bogdahn, U; Hau, P; Hirschmann, B; Kunz-Schughart, L; Muhleisen, H; Reichle, A; Ruemmele, P; Steinbrecher, A; Weimann, E, 2007)		0.34
" No dose-limiting toxicities were noted at all bortezomib dose levels when administered with full dose capecitabine and oxaliplatin."( Phase I study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Beard, M; Cohen, SJ; Engstrom, PF; Langer, CJ; Lewis, NL; McLaughlin, S; Meropol, NJ; Weiner, LM, 2008)		0.35
"Weekly bortezomib can be safely combined with full doses of capecitabine and oxaliplatin."( Phase I study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Beard, M; Cohen, SJ; Engstrom, PF; Langer, CJ; Lewis, NL; McLaughlin, S; Meropol, NJ; Weiner, LM, 2008)		0.35
" The objectives of this study were to determine safety and efficacy in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin."( A phase II study evaluating bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin for metastatic pancreatic cancer: is an anti-VEGF strategy still applicable?
Bergsland, EK; Dito, E; Hwang, J; Ko, AH; Schillinger, B; Scott, J; Tempero, MA; Venook, AP; Wong, D; Xu, Z, 2008)		0.35
"The authors conducted a phase 2 trial of the antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody cetuximab in combination with the gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GEMOX) regimen in patients with documented progressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)."( Gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GEMOX) combined with cetuximab in patients with progressive advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase 2 study.
Artru, P; Asnacios, A; Fartoux, L; Hebbar, M; Louafi S, S; Mansoubakht, T; Poynard, T; Romano, O; Rosmorduc, O; Taieb, J; Tesmoingt, C, 2008)		0.35
"This dose escalation study was designed to determine the recommended dose of the multi-targeted cell cycle inhibitor indisulam in combination with capecitabine in patients with solid tumours and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the combination."( A dose-escalation study of indisulam in combination with capecitabine (Xeloda) in patients with solid tumours.
Beijnen, JH; Diéras, V; Girre, V; Huitema, AD; King, A; Milano, G; Richmond, E; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Tibben, MM; Wanders, J; Zandvliet, AS, 2008)		0.35
" This trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of nab-paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with thoracic malignancies.
Dees, EC; Goldberg, RM; Hayes, DN; Lee, CB; Moore, DT; Socinski, MA; Stinchcombe, TE, 2008)		0.35
"The maximum tolerated dose of nab-paclitaxel is 300 mg/m in combination with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m on days 1, 8 every 21 days."( Phase I trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with thoracic malignancies.
Dees, EC; Goldberg, RM; Hayes, DN; Lee, CB; Moore, DT; Socinski, MA; Stinchcombe, TE, 2008)		0.35
"A Phase I study was conducted to determine the maximal tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of oxaliplatin (OXA) combined with capecitabine and radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment in patients with operable rectal cancer."( Phase I study of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine and radiotherapy as postoperative treatment for stage II and III rectal cancer.
Fang, H; Jin, J; Li, YX; Liu, YP; Wang, JW; Wang, K; Wang, WH; Yu, ZH; Zhou, AP; Zhou, ZX, 2008)		0.35
"OXA combined with a fixed dose of capecitabine at 625 mg/m(2) twice daily by mouth plus radiotherapy in the adjuvant setting was tolerable and clinically feasible."( Phase I study of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine and radiotherapy as postoperative treatment for stage II and III rectal cancer.
Fang, H; Jin, J; Li, YX; Liu, YP; Wang, JW; Wang, K; Wang, WH; Yu, ZH; Zhou, AP; Zhou, ZX, 2008)		0.35
" Hence, combinations of nucleoside analogues beta-D-2'-C-methylcytidine (2'-C-MeC; NM-107) or beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyleytidine (2'-F-C-MeC; PSI-6130) with interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) or triple combination with ribavirin (RBV) were evaluated."( Combinations of 2'-C-methylcytidine analogues with interferon-alpha2b and triple combination with ribavirin in the hepatitis C virus replicon system.
Bassit, L; Bennett, M; Grier, J; Schinazi, RF, 2008)		0.35
"Huh-7 cells containing the self-replicating subgenomic HCV replicon (Clone B) were used for drug combination studies."( Combinations of 2'-C-methylcytidine analogues with interferon-alpha2b and triple combination with ribavirin in the hepatitis C virus replicon system.
Bassit, L; Bennett, M; Grier, J; Schinazi, RF, 2008)		0.35
"To describe the considerations leading to marketing approval of ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for the treatment of advanced breast cancer that is refractory to other chemotherapies."( Ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for treatment of advanced breast cancer refractory to previous chemotherapies.
Aziz, R; Booth, B; Bullock, J; Dagher, R; Harapanhalli, R; Jiang, X; Justice, R; Kaminskas, E; Kasliwal, R; Lechleider, RJ; Leighton, J; Pazdur, R; Pope, S; Sridhara, R, 2008)		0.35
"On October 16, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration approved ixabepilone for injection in combination with capecitabine or as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer who have experienced disease progression on previous chemotherapies."( Ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for treatment of advanced breast cancer refractory to previous chemotherapies.
Aziz, R; Booth, B; Bullock, J; Dagher, R; Harapanhalli, R; Jiang, X; Justice, R; Kaminskas, E; Kasliwal, R; Lechleider, RJ; Leighton, J; Pazdur, R; Pope, S; Sridhara, R, 2008)		0.35
"Our results show that the regimen of gemcitabine combined with capecitabine is effective and well tolerated in patients with unresectable relapsed or metastatic carcinoma of the biliary tract."( [Gemcitabine combined with capecitabine in the treatment for 41 patients with relapsed or metastatic biliary tract carcinoma].
Chen, X; Chen, ZS; Li, J; Ouyang, XN; Xie, FW; Yu, ZY, 2008)		0.35
"This randomized phase II study investigated the efficacy and safety of a new taxane, larotaxel (XRP9881), in combination with either cisplatin or gemcitabine in the first-line treatment of patients with nonirradiable stage IIIB or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer to select the combination having the most promising antitumor activity."( Randomized multicenter phase II study of larotaxel (XRP9881) in combination with cisplatin or gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy in nonirradiable stage IIIB or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.
Besenval, M; Bosquee, L; Brain, E; Dansin, E; Dohollou, N; Gervais, R; Quoix, E; Sessa, C; Urban, T; Vansteenkiste, J; Zatloukal, P, 2008)		0.35
"Both larotaxel combinations were effective and manageable, however all measured efficacy parameters (response rate, progression free survival, and survival) seemed to favor the combination with cisplatin."( Randomized multicenter phase II study of larotaxel (XRP9881) in combination with cisplatin or gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy in nonirradiable stage IIIB or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.
Besenval, M; Bosquee, L; Brain, E; Dansin, E; Dohollou, N; Gervais, R; Quoix, E; Sessa, C; Urban, T; Vansteenkiste, J; Zatloukal, P, 2008)		0.35
" We then examined the antitumor effect of IAB-1 in combination with anticancer drugs against RCC."( Significant antitumor activity of cationic multilamellar liposomes containing human interferon-beta gene in combination with 5-fluorouracil against human renal cell carcinoma.
Abe, K; Fujiwara, J; Hayashi, I; Ishida, H; Kawauchi, A; Miki, T; Mizuno, M; Mizutani, Y; Nakanishi, H; Okada, K; Toiyama, D; Yamamoto, K; Yoshida, J, 2008)		0.35
" We wanted to evaluate matuzumab (EMD72000), a fully humanized ErbB-1-specific monoclonal antibody in combination with gemcitabine in experimental pancreatic cancer."( Matuzumab short-term therapy in experimental pancreatic cancer: prolonged antitumor activity in combination with gemcitabine.
Amendt, C; Bruns, CJ; Eichhorn, ME; Ischenko, I; Jauch, KW; Kleespies, A; Mantell, O; Seeliger, H, 2008)		0.35
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), characterize the principal toxicities, and assess the pharmacokinetics of EKB-569, an oral selective irreversible inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer."( A phase I study of EKB-569 in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Abbas, R; Boni, J; Bukowski, R; Croghan, G; Donehower, R; Erlichman, C; Hidalgo, M; Jimeno, A; Laheru, D; Martins, P; Messersmith, W; Pelley, R; Rudek, M; Zacharchuk, C, 2008)		0.35
"In advanced colorectal cancer, 50 mg EKB-569 daily can be safely combined with 1,000 mg/m(2) capecitabine twice a day."( A phase I study of EKB-569 in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Abbas, R; Boni, J; Bukowski, R; Croghan, G; Donehower, R; Erlichman, C; Hidalgo, M; Jimeno, A; Laheru, D; Martins, P; Messersmith, W; Pelley, R; Rudek, M; Zacharchuk, C, 2008)		0.35
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin (GEMOX) combined with huachansu (cinobufagin) injection treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), and to assess the quality of life (QOL) of such patients."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin combined with huachansu in patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma.
Pan, BR; Qin, TJ; Ruan, ZP; Yun, J; Zhang, LX; Zhao, XH, 2008)		0.35
"GEMOX combined with huachansu (cinobufagin) injection is well tolerated, effective, thus improving the QOL of patients with advanced GBC."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin combined with huachansu in patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma.
Pan, BR; Qin, TJ; Ruan, ZP; Yun, J; Zhang, LX; Zhao, XH, 2008)		0.35
"Treatment with metronomic capecitabine and cyclophosphamide in combination with bevacizumab was effective in advanced breast cancer and was minimally toxic."( Metronomic cyclophosphamide and capecitabine combined with bevacizumab in advanced breast cancer.
Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Campagnoli, E; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Mancuso, P; Pietri, E; Rocca, A; Scarano, E; Shaked, Y; Torrisi, R, 2008)		0.35
" The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of capecitabine, in substitution of 5-fluorouracil, combined with oxaliplatin and irinotecan and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the drugs."( A dose finding and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin and irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Antonuzzo, A; Bocci, G; Bursi, S; Chiara, S; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Fornaro, L; Loupakis, F; Masi, G; Pfanner, E; Vasile, E, 2009)		0.35
" Food and Drug Administration approved lapatinib (Tykerb tablets; GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia), an oral, small molecule, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ErbB-2 and ErbB-1, for use in combination with capecitabine for the treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who had received prior therapy including an anthracycline, a taxane, and trastuzumab."( FDA drug approval summary: lapatinib in combination with capecitabine for previously treated metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER-2.
Cohen, MH; Ibrahim, A; Johnson, J; Justice, R; Ko, CW; Pazdur, R; Ryan, Q; Sridhara, R, 2008)		0.35
" This open, multicenter, single-arm phase I/II study assessed the safety and activity of gemcitabine in combination with non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Myocet), a more cardiac-friendly anthracycline, in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer."( Non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin combined with gemcitabine as first-line treatment for metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer. Final results of a phase I/II trial.
Adrover, E; Calvo, L; Colomer, R; De la Haba, J; Del Barco, S; Rifà, J; Sánchez, P; Tusquets, I; Virizuela, JA, 2009)		0.35
"The aim of this open-label phase 1b study was to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with solid tumours.
Lipton, L; McCoy, S; McGreivy, J; Price, TJ; Rosenthal, MA; Sun, YN, 2008)		0.35
" This study was to evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal gamma-knife radiotherapy combined with thermochemotherapy on locally advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Efficacy of whole body gamma-knife radiotherapy combined with thermochemotherapy on locally advanced pancreatic cancer].
Cai, CL; Kang, JB; Li, JG; Nie, Q; Qi, WJ; Wang, B; Zhang, LP, 2008)		0.35
"3-D conformal gamma-knife radiotherapy combined with thermochemotherapy is well tolerated and is relatively effective for most patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Efficacy of whole body gamma-knife radiotherapy combined with thermochemotherapy on locally advanced pancreatic cancer].
Cai, CL; Kang, JB; Li, JG; Nie, Q; Qi, WJ; Wang, B; Zhang, LP, 2008)		0.35
"Women with measurable MBC pretreated with anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapy received oral gefitinib (250 mg/day) continuously combined with intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 on day 1, every 2 weeks."( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer pre-treated with taxane and anthracycline chemotherapy: a phase I/II trial.
Amarantidis, K; Georgoulias, V; Gioulbasanis, I; Ignatiadis, M; Kakolyris, S; Kalbakis, K; Kalykaki, A; Mavroudis, D; Saridaki, Z; Vamvakas, L, )		0.13
" Significant activity and favorable toxicity profile provides a basis for considering this regimen for further evaluation in phase III trials or in combination with biologic agents."( Phase II trial of weekly nab (nanoparticle albumin-bound)-paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) (Abraxane) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (N0531).
Bane, CL; Gross, GG; LaPlant, BR; Palmieri, FM; Roy, V, 2009)		0.35
"Cediranib at 30 mg daily can be combined with standard doses of cisplatin/gemcitabine with encouraging anti-tumour activity, and is the recommended phase III dose."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral cediranib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a study of the National C
Chen, E; Feld, R; Gauthier, I; Goss, G; Laurie, S; Leighl, N; Powers, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA, 2009)		0.35
"This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma."( Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study.
Anderson, H; Berglund, K; Byström, P; Ekelund, M; Fernebro, E; Glimelius, B; Gunnlaugsson, A; Holm, T; Johnsson, A; Kjellén, E; Påhlman, L, 2009)		0.35
"4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly."( Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study.
Anderson, H; Berglund, K; Byström, P; Ekelund, M; Fernebro, E; Glimelius, B; Gunnlaugsson, A; Holm, T; Johnsson, A; Kjellén, E; Påhlman, L, 2009)		0.35
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) in combination with cetuximab, capecitabine, and irinotecan in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer."( Cetuximab in combination with capecitabine, irinotecan, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: results of a Phase II MARGIT trial.
Barreto-Miranda, M; Dinter, D; Erben, P; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Horisberger, K; Kähler, G; Kienle, P; Mai, S; Post, S; Ströbel, P; Treschl, A; Wenz, F; Willeke, F; Woernle, C, 2009)		0.35
"Patients with rectal cancer (clinical stage T3/4 or N+) were scheduled to receive cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) Day 1, 250 mg/m(2) Days 8, 15, 22, 29) in combination with weekly irinotecan 40 mg/m(2) and capecitabine 500 mg/m(2) twice daily (Days 1-38)."( Cetuximab in combination with capecitabine, irinotecan, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: results of a Phase II MARGIT trial.
Barreto-Miranda, M; Dinter, D; Erben, P; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Horisberger, K; Kähler, G; Kienle, P; Mai, S; Post, S; Ströbel, P; Treschl, A; Wenz, F; Willeke, F; Woernle, C, 2009)		0.35
"Capecitabine combined with fractionated cisplatin is highly effective and well tolerated as a first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer, with comparable results to 5-Fu plus cisplatin combination therapy."( [Capecitabine combined with cisplatin as first-line therapy in Chinese patients with advanced gastric carcinoma-a phase II clinical study].
Bai, YX; Chen, L; Chen, S; Cheng, Y; Hu, B; Jia, TZ; Jin, ML; Li, J; Liang, J; Shen, L; Shu, YQ; Wan, DS; Wang, BC; Wen, ZZ; Yin, HR; Yu, JR; Zhang, HG; Zhou, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Most data on safety and efficacy in this scenario initially came from clinical trials in which tenofovir was combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."( [Clinical data II. Clinical experience of tenofovir DF in combination with protease inhibitors].
Fiorante, S; Pulido, F, 2008)		0.35
" The primary end-point was to establish the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of capecitabine when combined with (188)Re-HEDP."( (188)Re-HEDP combined with capecitabine in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases: a phase I safety and toxicity study.
Bosma, TB; Lam, MG; van Rijk, PP; Zonnenberg, BA, 2009)		0.35
"Capecitabine may be safely used in combination with (188)Re-HEDP in a dose of 2,500 mg/m(2) per day and 37 MBq/kg, respectively."( (188)Re-HEDP combined with capecitabine in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases: a phase I safety and toxicity study.
Bosma, TB; Lam, MG; van Rijk, PP; Zonnenberg, BA, 2009)		0.35
" The levels of pro-caspase-3 were decreased by heat treatment combined with gemcitabine."( Effect of hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine on apoptotic cell death in cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Adachi, S; Handa, O; Ishikawa, T; Kokura, S; Naito, Y; Okayama, T; Takagi, T; Yoshikawa, T, 2009)		0.35
"Emtricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF), a nucleotide RTI, as a fixed-dose combination tablet (emtricitabine/tenofovir DF) for once-daily oral administration, are used as the nucleoside/nucleotide RTI backbone in combination with other antiretroviral agents, including ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs), in the treatment of adults with HIV-1 infection."( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: in combination with a protease inhibitor in HIV-1 infection.
Perry, CM, 2009)		0.35
"In the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer, gemcitabine in low dose in prolonged infusion in combination with cisplatin has low toxicity and has activity comparable with gemcitabine in higher dose in standard brief infusion."( Gemcitabine in brief versus prolonged low-dose infusion, both combined with cisplatin, for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II clinical trial.
Kovac, V; Smrdel, U; Vrankar, M; Zadnik, V; Zwitter, M, 2009)		0.35
"A phase I study was initiated to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of prolonged-infusion gemcitabine combined with cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC)."( Phase I study of prolonged-infusion gemcitabine combined with cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast: tolerability of an optimal dose schedule.
Estephan, F; Esteva, FJ; Frye, DK; Ibrahim, NK; Mejia, JA; Valero, V, 2009)		0.35
"To understand the mechanisms of the effects of combination treatments, we established animal models showing antitumor activity of bevacizumab as a monotherapy and in combination with capecitabine or capecitabine and oxaliplatin and measured thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels."( Antitumor activity of bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in human colorectal cancer xenograft models.
Fujimoto-Ouchi, K; Mori, K; Yamashita, Y; Yanagisawa, M; Yorozu, K, 2009)		0.35
" The aim of the present study is to clarify the effectiveness of GEM combined with CDDP and 5FU (GFP) therapy for unresectable biliary carcinoma."( Usefulness of gemcitabine combined with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (GFP) in patients for unresectable biliary carcinoma.
Arakawa, Y; Hanaoka, J; Ikegami, T; Imura, S; Kanamoto, M; Kanemura, H; Morine, Y; Nii, A; Shimada, M, )		0.13
" This study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine as first-line chemotherapy for AGC patients."( [Oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine as first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer].
Dong, NN; Liu, ZF; Wang, MY; Zhang, Q, 2009)		0.35
" The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose gemcitabine combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on angiogenesis and growth of established Lewis lung carcinoma in mice."( Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine on angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer in mice.
Cui, DD; Huang, XB; Huang, Y; Ji, LL; Liu, TG; Mao, SH; Song, HB; Yi, C, 2009)		0.35
"Ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine may significantly inhibit angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer and improve survival and quality of life of tumor-bearing mice."( Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine on angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer in mice.
Cui, DD; Huang, XB; Huang, Y; Ji, LL; Liu, TG; Mao, SH; Song, HB; Yi, C, 2009)		0.35
"To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of mapatumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1), in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin."( Mapatumumab, a fully human agonistic monoclonal antibody that targets TRAIL-R1, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin: a phase I study.
de Vries, EG; Eskens, FA; Fox, NL; Gietema, JA; Loos, WJ; Miceli, R; Mom, CH; Oldenhuis, CN; Sleijfer, S; Verweij, J, 2009)		0.35
"Mapatumumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin is safe and well tolerated at doses up to 30 mg/kg."( Mapatumumab, a fully human agonistic monoclonal antibody that targets TRAIL-R1, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin: a phase I study.
de Vries, EG; Eskens, FA; Fox, NL; Gietema, JA; Loos, WJ; Miceli, R; Mom, CH; Oldenhuis, CN; Sleijfer, S; Verweij, J, 2009)		0.35
"To determine the efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine combined with oxaliplatin (CAPOX) or irinotecan (CAPIRI) as first-line treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer aged > or =70 years."( Capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase II study.
Bordonaro, R; Caputo, G; Cordio, S; Manzione, L; Novello, G; Reggiardo, G; Rosati, G, 2010)		0.36
"Administration of heated oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine is feasible and well tolerated without additional toxicity."( Heated (37 degrees C) oxaliplatin infusion in combination with capecitabine for metastatic colorectal carcinoma: can it reduce neuropathy?
Cathomas, R; Köberle, D; Mayer, G; Mey, U; Räss, A; Ruhstaller, T; von Moos, R, 2010)		0.36
" After two cycles, a 4-week outpatient treatment of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2)) on days 1 and 15 combined with 5-FU (500 mg/m(2)) and CDDP (7 mg/m(2)) on days 1 and 15 was commenced."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine combined with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (GFP) chemotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tree cancers.
Gion, T; Harimoto, N; Itoh, S; Maehara, Y; Sugimachi, K; Taketomi, A; Tsujita, E; Yamashita, Y, 2010)		0.36
" We hypothesized that thalidomide, an oral antiangiogenic agent, when combined with chemotherapy, and as maintenance treatment, would improve survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide in combination with gemcitabine and Carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Gilligan, D; Gower, N; Hackshaw, A; Jitlal, M; Lee, SM; Ottensmeier, C; Price, A; Rudd, R; Spiro, S; Woll, PJ, 2009)		0.35
"In this large trial of patients with NSCLC, thalidomide in combination with chemotherapy did not improve survival overall, but increased the risk of thrombotic events."( Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide in combination with gemcitabine and Carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Gilligan, D; Gower, N; Hackshaw, A; Jitlal, M; Lee, SM; Ottensmeier, C; Price, A; Rudd, R; Spiro, S; Woll, PJ, 2009)		0.35
" While clinical efficacy was limited with the viral mutants alone, outcomes were improved in combination with chemotherapeutics."( Optimisation of replication-selective oncolytic adenoviral mutants in combination with chemotherapeutics.
Halldén, G, 2009)		0.35
" We explored the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine administered at a fixed dose rate or in combination with cisplatin, docetaxel, or irinotecan in a multi-institutional, randomized, phase II study."( Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine administered at a fixed dose rate or in combination with cisplatin, docetaxel, or irinotecan in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: CALGB 89904.
Cusnir, M; Enzinger, PC; Goldberg, RM; Gorsch, SM; Hollis, DR; Kindler, HL; Kulke, MH; Mayer, RJ; Niedzwiecki, D; Tempero, MA, 2009)		0.35
" The recommended phase II dose of flavopiridol was 45 mg/m in combination with irinotecan and gemcitabine every 2 weeks."( A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer.
Chyi Lee, F; Fekrazad, HM; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Smith, HO; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)		0.36
"The every 2 week dosing is well tolerated with a phase II recommended dose of 45 mg/m of flavopiridol in combination with irinotecan (80 mg/m) and gemcitabine (800 mg/m)."( A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer.
Chyi Lee, F; Fekrazad, HM; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Smith, HO; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)		0.36
"To observe the effects of Shenyi Capsule combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) regimen in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer."( [Efficacy of Shenyi Capsule combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial].
Fan, QX; Huang, JY; Sun, Y; Zhang, YQ, 2009)		0.35
" Patients in the treatment group were treated with Shenyi Capsule combined with GP regimen, and patients in the control group were treated with GP regimen alone."( [Efficacy of Shenyi Capsule combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial].
Fan, QX; Huang, JY; Sun, Y; Zhang, YQ, 2009)		0.35
"Shenyi Capsule combined with GP regimen is feasible and safe in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, and the effects are better than chemotherapy alone."( [Efficacy of Shenyi Capsule combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial].
Fan, QX; Huang, JY; Sun, Y; Zhang, YQ, 2009)		0.35
"A new drug combination regimen, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), is described for the treatment of HIV-1 infection."( A new drug combination therapy for treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
De Clercq, E, 2009)		0.35
" Peptide-specific CTL could be induced by the VEGFR2-169 peptide vaccine at a high rate, even in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I clinical trial using peptide vaccine for human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Hirono, S; Kawai, M; Miyazawa, M; Nakamura, Y; Ohsawa, R; Tani, M; Tsunoda, T; Yamaue, H, 2010)		0.36
"To investigate the influence of the recombinant human endostatin and gemcitabine combined with HIFU on the mouse xenograft model of pancreatic cancer."( The effect of endostatin and gemcitabine combined with HIFU on the animal xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer.
Gu, YH; Guo, RH; Lin, QF; Liu, LX; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS, 2010)		0.36
" Each arm was treated with gemcitabine, endostatin, gemcitabine combined with endostatin and normal saline respectively."( The effect of endostatin and gemcitabine combined with HIFU on the animal xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer.
Gu, YH; Guo, RH; Lin, QF; Liu, LX; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS, 2010)		0.36
" HIFU combined with chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy may enhance the effect for pancreatic cancer."( The effect of endostatin and gemcitabine combined with HIFU on the animal xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer.
Gu, YH; Guo, RH; Lin, QF; Liu, LX; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS, 2010)		0.36
"25 MBq of PT-RAIT combined with a monthly cycle of gemcitabine (3 weekly, 6-mg doses) significantly enhanced survival, compared with PT-RAIT alone."( Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of pancreatic cancer xenografts: TF10-90Y-IMP-288 alone and combined with gemcitabine.
Chang, CH; Gold, DV; Goldenberg, DM; Karacay, H; McBride, WJ; Ragland, DR; Rossi, EA; Sharkey, RM, 2009)		0.35
"We evaluated the efficacy and safety of cetuximab in combination with XELOX [XELoda® (capecitabine) and OXaliplatin] in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients."( A prospective phase II study of cetuximab in combination with XELOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) in patients with metastatic and/or recurrent advanced gastric cancer.
Chang, HM; Kang, HJ; Kang, YK; Kim, C; Kim, TW; Lee, JL; Lim, HY; Park, YS; Ryoo, BY; Ryu, MH, 2011)		0.37
"Cetuximab in combination with XELOX chemotherapy was active and safe as first-line treatment of metastatic and/or recurrent AGC patients."( A prospective phase II study of cetuximab in combination with XELOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) in patients with metastatic and/or recurrent advanced gastric cancer.
Chang, HM; Kang, HJ; Kang, YK; Kim, C; Kim, TW; Lee, JL; Lim, HY; Park, YS; Ryoo, BY; Ryu, MH, 2011)		0.37
"Z-360 is safe and well tolerated when combined with gemcitabine."( A phase Ib/IIa trial to evaluate the CCK2 receptor antagonist Z-360 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Borbath, I; Caplin, ME; Coxon, F; Kato, H; Larvin, M; Meyer, T; Nagano, E; Palmer, DH; Peeters, M; Valle, JW; Waters, JS, 2010)		0.36
"International, multicenter, open-label, 96-week noninferiority randomized trial of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily vs lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily, each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
" Twenty-three patients experiencing progression following 6 months after concluding platinum-based chemotherapy were managed with second-line treatment with carboplatin combined with gemcitabine or pemetrexed."( High response of second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer experiencing progression following 6 months after concluding platinum-based chemotherapy.
Arrieta, O; Astorga, A; Flores-Estrada, D; Martinez-Barrera, L; Michel Ortega, RM; Pachuca, D; Villarreal-Garza, C, 2011)		0.37
"Through a phase I study with a fixed radiation dose of 54 Gy and escalating doses of weekly gemcitabine, we established a recommended dose of gemcitabine at 250 mg/m in combination with radiation therapy for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer."( Phase II study of radiation therapy combined with weekly low-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Doi, R; Fujii, T; Hiraoka, M; Matsuo, Y; Mitsumori, M; Nakamura, A; Oya, N; Shibuya, K, 2011)		0.37
"Treatment with gemcitabine combined with radiation therapy according to the present schedule is well tolerated and can provide prolonged survival in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer."( Phase II study of radiation therapy combined with weekly low-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Doi, R; Fujii, T; Hiraoka, M; Matsuo, Y; Mitsumori, M; Nakamura, A; Oya, N; Shibuya, K, 2011)		0.37
"The purpose of this article is to report the first case of markedly increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin when used in combination with doxifluridine, given as a replacement for capecitabine."( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine.
Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)		0.36
" This study is aimed to investigate the plasmatic and intracellular pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine given as FDR at doses of 600 and 1,200 mg/m(2) in combination with 75 mg/m(2) of cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients."( Pharmacokinetic study of gemcitabine, given as prolonged infusion at fixed dose rate, in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Caffo, O; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Galligioni, E; Marangon, E; Mini, E; Murgia, V; Nobili, S; Novelli, A; Sala, F; Zucchetti, M, 2010)		0.36
" This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of masitinib in pancreatic cancer, as a single agent and in combination with gemcitabine."( Masitinib combined with standard gemcitabine chemotherapy: in vitro and in vivo studies in human pancreatic tumour cell lines and ectopic mouse model.
Bader, T; Bertucci, F; Castéran, N; Dubreuil, P; Finetti, P; Hanssens, K; Hermine, O; Humbert, M; Iovanna, J; Letard, S; Mansfield, CD; Moussy, A, 2010)		0.36
"This phase I/II study was conducted to assess the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of gefitinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC)."( Gefitinib in combination with capecitabine as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC): a phase I/II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO).
Frieling, T; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Lehnert, L; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Trarbach, T; Vanhoefer, U, 2010)		0.36
"After failure of a 1st-line therapy, patients with aCRC received escalating doses of gefitinib once daily in combination with capecitabine twice daily: dose level (DL) 1: gefitinib 250 mg and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2), DL 2: gefitinib 250 mg and capecitabine 1,250 mg/m(2), DL 3: gefitinib 500 mg and capecitabine 850 mg/m(2)."( Gefitinib in combination with capecitabine as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC): a phase I/II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO).
Frieling, T; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Lehnert, L; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Trarbach, T; Vanhoefer, U, 2010)		0.36
" Treatment consisted of capecitabine (2,000 mg/m(2) days 1-14) in combination with docetaxel (40 mg/m(2) day 1) and mitomycin C (4 mg/m(2) day 1)."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and mitomycin C in patients with pre-treated pancreatic, gallbladder, and bile duct carcinoma.
Ernst, T; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Hofmann, WK; Kripp, M; Kruth, J; Lukan, N; Merx, K; Nissen, J, 2010)		0.36
"We studied the safety and tolerability of telatinib, an orally available, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, and c-Kit in combination with capecitabine and irinotecan."( Phase I evaluation of telatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with irinotecan and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Brendel, E; Laferriere, N; Langenberg, MH; Mergui-Roelvink, M; Roodhart, JM; Schellens, JH; van der Sar, J; Verheul, HM; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2010)		0.36
"Continuous administration of 900 mg telatinib twice daily can be safely combined with irinotecan (180 mg/m(2)) and capecitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily, day 1-14) and is the recommended schedule for further phase II studies."( Phase I evaluation of telatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with irinotecan and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Brendel, E; Laferriere, N; Langenberg, MH; Mergui-Roelvink, M; Roodhart, JM; Schellens, JH; van der Sar, J; Verheul, HM; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2010)		0.36
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)		0.36
"Twenty-two non-randomised patients with unresectable, locally advanced (n = 9) or metastatic pancreatic cancer (n = 13) received oral masitinib (9 mg/kg/day) combined with standard gemcitabine."( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)		0.36
"The efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine are encouraging, with extended survival and median TTP that support initiation of a phase 3 trial."( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)		0.36
"To evaluate the short-term efficacy and toxicity of endostar in combination with XELIRI as the second-line treatment for advanced colorectal cancer."( [Short-term therapeutic effect and safety of endostar combined with XELIRI regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer].
Liao, WJ; Luo, RC; Shen, P; Shi, M; Wu, Wy, 2010)		0.36
"Endostar combined with XELIRI is effective and safe as the second-line treatment for advanced colorectal cancer, and further clinical investigation is warranted."( [Short-term therapeutic effect and safety of endostar combined with XELIRI regimen in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer].
Liao, WJ; Luo, RC; Shen, P; Shi, M; Wu, Wy, 2010)		0.36
"Forty-eight-week data are presented from this multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing the safety profiles of abacavir/lamivudine and tenofovir/emtricitabine, both administered with efavirenz, in HLA-B*5701-negative HIV-1-infected adults."( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study.
Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)		0.36
"4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 750-675 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 40-30 mg/m(2) once weekly)."( Multicentre phase I-II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable pancreatic and biliary tract cancer: The CORGI-U study.
Anderson, H; Glimelius, B; Gunnlaugsson, A; Johnsson, A; Lind, P, 2010)		0.36
"XELOX-RT (30 mg/m(2) oxaliplatin/675 mg/m(2) capecitabine in combination with 50."( Multicentre phase I-II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable pancreatic and biliary tract cancer: The CORGI-U study.
Anderson, H; Glimelius, B; Gunnlaugsson, A; Johnsson, A; Lind, P, 2010)		0.36
" This study determined the response rate for fixed-dose-rate (FDR) gemcitabine combined with cisplatin."( Fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in patients with inoperable biliary tract carcinomas.
Abdi, E; Ackland, SP; Brown, C; Gainford, MC; Gebski, V; Goldstein, D; Jefford, M; Miller, D; Selva-Nayagam, S; Shannon, J; Tebbutt, N; van Hazel, G, 2011)		0.37
" We have investigated the role of artemisone (ATM), a novel derivative of artemisinin (ART) in a cancer setting both alone and in combination with established chemotherapeutic agents."( In vitro study of the anti-cancer effects of artemisone alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Chan, WC; Dalgleish, AG; Gravett, AM; Haynes, RK; Krishna, S; Liu, WM; Wilson, NL, 2011)		0.37
" Finally, ART and ATM were combined with the common anti-cancer agents oxaliplatin, gemcitabine and thalidomide."( In vitro study of the anti-cancer effects of artemisone alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Chan, WC; Dalgleish, AG; Gravett, AM; Haynes, RK; Krishna, S; Liu, WM; Wilson, NL, 2011)		0.37
"To investigate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine combined with gum mastic and the underlying mechanisms in human pancreatic cancer cell lines."( Gemcitabine combined with gum mastic causes potent growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells.
Ai, KX; He, ML; Huang, XY; Li, A; Qin, HL; Wang, HC; Yuan, Z; Zheng, Q, 2010)		0.36
" When cells were treated with gemcitabine in combination with gum mastic, the IkappaBalpha level was increased, whereas NF-kappaB activation was blocked; the expression of Bax protein was substantially increased, but Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated."( Gemcitabine combined with gum mastic causes potent growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells.
Ai, KX; He, ML; Huang, XY; Li, A; Qin, HL; Wang, HC; Yuan, Z; Zheng, Q, 2010)		0.36
"Gemcitabine combined with gum mastic causes potent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells."( Gemcitabine combined with gum mastic causes potent growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells.
Ai, KX; He, ML; Huang, XY; Li, A; Qin, HL; Wang, HC; Yuan, Z; Zheng, Q, 2010)		0.36
"This Phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of vandetanib when administered with either gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) or vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VC) in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer."( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)		0.36
"In this study, in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer, vandetanib 100 mg/d in combination with either VC or GC was not tolerated."( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)		0.36
"Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; also known as ERBB2), was investigated in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer."( Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.
Aprile, G; Bang, YJ; Chung, HC; Feyereislova, A; Hill, J; Kang, YK; Kulikov, E; Lehle, M; Lordick, F; Ohtsu, A; Omuro, Y; Rüschoff, J; Satoh, T; Sawaki, A; Shen, L; Van Cutsem, E, 2010)		0.36
" Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a chemotherapy regimen consisting of capecitabine plus cisplatin or fluorouracil plus cisplatin given every 3 weeks for six cycles or chemotherapy in combination with intravenous trastuzumab."( Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.
Aprile, G; Bang, YJ; Chung, HC; Feyereislova, A; Hill, J; Kang, YK; Kulikov, E; Lehle, M; Lordick, F; Ohtsu, A; Omuro, Y; Rüschoff, J; Satoh, T; Sawaki, A; Shen, L; Van Cutsem, E, 2010)		0.36
"Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy can be considered as a new standard option for patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer."( Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.
Aprile, G; Bang, YJ; Chung, HC; Feyereislova, A; Hill, J; Kang, YK; Kulikov, E; Lehle, M; Lordick, F; Ohtsu, A; Omuro, Y; Rüschoff, J; Satoh, T; Sawaki, A; Shen, L; Van Cutsem, E, 2010)		0.36
"8 or 45 μg/m(2) in combination with capecitabine-oxaliplatin (XELOX)."( Two doses of NGR-hTNF in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients failing standard therapies.
Andretta, V; Bennicelli, E; Bordignon, C; Caprioni, F; Comandini, D; Fornarini, G; Guglielmi, A; Lambiase, A; Mammoliti, S; Mazzola, G; Pessino, A; Sciallero, S; Sobrero, AF, 2011)		0.37
"Both NGR-hTNF doses were safely combined with XELOX in pretreated CRC patients."( Two doses of NGR-hTNF in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients failing standard therapies.
Andretta, V; Bennicelli, E; Bordignon, C; Caprioni, F; Comandini, D; Fornarini, G; Guglielmi, A; Lambiase, A; Mammoliti, S; Mazzola, G; Pessino, A; Sciallero, S; Sobrero, AF, 2011)		0.37
"This phase II randomised trial was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and feasibility of radio frequency regional hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small lung cancer (NSCLC)."( The regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with radio frequency hyperthermia for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study.
Li, XD; Shen, H; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS; Wu, CP; Yin, YM, 2011)		0.37
" Group A patients were treated by radio frequency regional hyperthermia in combination with the regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP)."( The regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with radio frequency hyperthermia for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study.
Li, XD; Shen, H; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS; Wu, CP; Yin, YM, 2011)		0.37
"Radio-frequency regional hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy (GP) is a safe, well tolerated, and effective therapeutic modality for patients with advanced NSCLC."( The regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with radio frequency hyperthermia for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study.
Li, XD; Shen, H; Shu, YQ; Wang, RS; Wu, CP; Yin, YM, 2011)		0.37
"To evaluate the efficacy,clinical benefits and toxicities of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib for advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Efficacy of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer].
Bai, CM; Cheng, YJ; Zhang, ZJ, 2010)		0.36
"Gemcitabine combined with erlotinib is an effective regimen for pancreatic cancer with good clinical tolerance."( [Efficacy of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer].
Bai, CM; Cheng, YJ; Zhang, ZJ, 2010)		0.36
"The aim was to determine the potential of the allosteric mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, everolimus, to act in combination with cytotoxic anticancer compounds in vitro and in vivo."( Evaluation of the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, in combination with cytotoxic antitumor agents using human tumor models in vitro and in vivo.
Brandt, R; Lane, HA; Lassota, P; McSheehy, PM; O'Reilly, T; Wartmann, M, 2011)		0.37
"Capecitabine is an oral fluoropyrimidine that is shown to have similar efficacy to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) when used both alone and in combination with oxaliplatin in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC)."( Differences in efficacy and safety between capecitabine and infusional 5-fluorouracil when combined with irinotecan for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Aliberti, C; Chiriatti, A; Fiorentini, G; Licitra, S; Montagnani, F, 2010)		0.36
" Hazard ratios for progression and death were combined with an inverse variance method based on logarithmic conversion."( Differences in efficacy and safety between capecitabine and infusional 5-fluorouracil when combined with irinotecan for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Aliberti, C; Chiriatti, A; Fiorentini, G; Licitra, S; Montagnani, F, 2010)		0.36
"To compare the tolerability, efficacy, and safety profiles of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with carboplatin (PLD-Carbo) with those of gemcitabine-carboplatin (Gem-Carbo) for the treatment of patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer (PSROC) by reviewing the published literature."( Tolerability, efficacy, and safety of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin in combination with Carboplatin versus gemcitabine-Carboplatin for the treatment of platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: a systematic review.
Grendys, EC; Holloway, RW; Lefebvre, P; McMeekin, S; Vekeman, F, 2010)		0.36
" This study aims to achieve an improved disease free survival for patients after resection or resection combined with RFA of colorectal liver metastases by adding the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab to an adjuvant regimen of CAPOX."( A randomized two arm phase III study in patients post radical resection of liver metastases of colorectal cancer to investigate bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) vs CAPOX alone as adjuvant treatment.
Bergman, AM; Dalesio, O; Rinkes, IH; Schouten, SB; Snoeren, N; Tollenaar, RA; van der Sijp, JR; van Hillegersberg, R; Verheul, HM; Voest, EE, 2010)		0.36
" Patients will be randomized after resection or resection combined with RFA to receive CAPOX and Bevacizumab or CAPOX alone."( A randomized two arm phase III study in patients post radical resection of liver metastases of colorectal cancer to investigate bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) vs CAPOX alone as adjuvant treatment.
Bergman, AM; Dalesio, O; Rinkes, IH; Schouten, SB; Snoeren, N; Tollenaar, RA; van der Sijp, JR; van Hillegersberg, R; Verheul, HM; Voest, EE, 2010)		0.36
"The HEPATICA study is designed to demonstrate a disease free survival benefit by adding bevacizumab to an adjuvant regime of CAPOX in patients with colorectal liver metastases undergoing a radical resection or resection in combination with RFA."( A randomized two arm phase III study in patients post radical resection of liver metastases of colorectal cancer to investigate bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) vs CAPOX alone as adjuvant treatment.
Bergman, AM; Dalesio, O; Rinkes, IH; Schouten, SB; Snoeren, N; Tollenaar, RA; van der Sijp, JR; van Hillegersberg, R; Verheul, HM; Voest, EE, 2010)		0.36
"7 and 5 log(10) IU/mL, respectively, associated with 1500-mg doses twice daily after monotherapy for 2 weeks and with 1000-mg and 1500-mg doses twice daily after treatment in combination with the standard of care (SOC) for 4 weeks."( RG7128 alone or in combination with pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin prevents hepatitis C virus (HCV) Replication and selection of resistant variants in HCV-infected patients.
Berrey, M; Cammack, N; De La Rosa, A; Ewing, A; Kang, H; Kosaka, A; Le Pogam, S; Nájera, I; Seshaadri, A; Symonds, B; Yan, JM, 2010)		0.36
" From 85 patients receiving RG7128 in combination with SOC, 1 HCV genotype 1-infected patient experienced a viral rebound, and 2 genotype 3-infected patients experienced a transient rebound."( RG7128 alone or in combination with pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin prevents hepatitis C virus (HCV) Replication and selection of resistant variants in HCV-infected patients.
Berrey, M; Cammack, N; De La Rosa, A; Ewing, A; Kang, H; Kosaka, A; Le Pogam, S; Nájera, I; Seshaadri, A; Symonds, B; Yan, JM, 2010)		0.36
" Patients with previously untreated aggressive NHL were randomized to receive either eight cycles of (R)CHOP given every 3 wk or (R)CHOP combined with gemcitabine [Gem-(R)CHOP]."( Gem-(R)CHOP versus (R)CHOP: a randomized phase II study of gemcitabine combined with (R)CHOP in untreated aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--EORTC lymphoma group protocol 20021 (EudraCT number 2004-004635-54).
Aurer, I; Baila, L; Eghbali, H; Fortpied, C; Khaled, HM; Raemaekers, J; van der Maazen, RW, 2011)		0.37
"To assess objective response rates after 4 cycles of gemcitabine in combination with oxaliplatin in children and adolescents with relapsed or refractory solid tumours."( Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory paediatric solid malignancies: An innovative therapy for children with Cancer European Consortium Study.
Aerts, I; Boos, J; Cesare, C; Chisholm, J; Couanet, D; Devos, A; Dias, N; Frappaz, D; Gentet, JC; Geoerger, B; Hain, S; Jaspan, T; Le Deley, MC; Leblond, P; Mc Hugh, K; Riccardi, R; Vassal, G; Zwaan, CM, 2011)		0.37
" We hypothesize that a cancer vaccine targeting survivin can achieve enhanced efficacy when combined with gemcitabine."( Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing survivin combined with gemcitabine generates specific antitumor effects in a murine pancreatic carcinoma model.
Diamond, DJ; Ellenhorn, JD; Ishizaki, H; Manuel, ER; Song, GY; Srivastava, T; Sun, S, 2011)		0.37
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this regimen in combination with bevacizumab (BV), as first-line treatment for mCRC."( Bevacizumab in combination with biweekly capecitabine and irinotecan, as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Alvarez-Suarez, S; García-Alfonso, P; Jerez-Gilarranz, Y; Khosravi, P; Martin, M; Muñoz-Martin, AJ; Riesco-Martinez, M, 2010)		0.36
"Bevacizumab combined with biweekly XELIRI is a highly active first-line regimen for mCRC treatment, showing encouraging PFS, ORR and OS with a good tolerability."( Bevacizumab in combination with biweekly capecitabine and irinotecan, as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Alvarez-Suarez, S; García-Alfonso, P; Jerez-Gilarranz, Y; Khosravi, P; Martin, M; Muñoz-Martin, AJ; Riesco-Martinez, M, 2010)		0.36
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of weekly or 3-week docetaxel in combination with capecitabine."( [A pilot study of weekly versus 3-week docetaxel in combination with capecitabine in patients with anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer].
Bai, YX; Cheng, Y; Jiang, ZF; Jiao, SC; Li, X; Liu, DQ; Liu, JW; Liu, WC; Ren, J; Sun, Q; Tang, LL; Wang, HQ; Wang, Y; Wang, YS; Wei, Y; Xiao, JX; Xie, XD; Zhang, SH, 2010)		0.36
" This phase I study was performed to identify the optimal dose of pomalidomide to be used in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( A phase I, dose-escalation study of pomalidomide (CC-4047) in combination with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreas cancer.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Hainsworth, JD; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Messersmith, WA; Spigel, DR; Weekes, CD; Yardley, DA, 2011)		0.37
"To compare the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy combined with insterstitial (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy in unresectable staged IIIa/IIIb non-small cell lung cancer."( [Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with interstitial (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy in unresectable stage IIIa/IIIb non-small cell lung cancer].
Fan, XW; Shan, L; Yang, SF; Zhang, GQ, 2010)		0.36
" Among them 37 cases were of the study group, treated with NP/GP scheme synchronization chemotherapy combined with (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy, while 39 cases in the control group were given NP/GP scheme chemotherapy."( [Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with interstitial (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy in unresectable stage IIIa/IIIb non-small cell lung cancer].
Fan, XW; Shan, L; Yang, SF; Zhang, GQ, 2010)		0.36
"The (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy shows a low complication rate, acceptable toxicity, and good therapeutic effectiveness, and is an effective and satisfactory therapeutic modality in the management of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer."( [Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with interstitial (125)I seed implantation brachytherapy in unresectable stage IIIa/IIIb non-small cell lung cancer].
Fan, XW; Shan, L; Yang, SF; Zhang, GQ, 2010)		0.36
" We conducted this study to investigate its efficacy and safety when combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors."( Efficacy and safety of endostar combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Huang, XE; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Xiang, J; Yan, PW, 2010)		0.36
"5 mg/m2 /day as an intravenous infusion for more than 7 days, in combination with chemotherapy."( Efficacy and safety of endostar combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Huang, XE; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Xiang, J; Yan, PW, 2010)		0.36
"Our study revealed that toxicity of Endostar combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors was tolerable with moderate efficacy."( Efficacy and safety of endostar combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Huang, XE; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Xiang, J; Yan, PW, 2010)		0.36
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and safety of capecitabine combined with weekly docetaxel for the treatment of anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in older Chinese patients."( Capecitabine combined with weekly docetaxel in Chinese patients > 65 years with anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
Hao, XS; Hou, Y; Li, LF; Liu, XM; Qian, ZZ; Qiu, LH; Wang, HQ; Xie, CH; Zhang, HL; Zhou, SY, 2010)		0.36
" Efficacy and tolerability compare favourably with previously reported trials evaluating higher capecitabine doses in combination with 3-weekly or weekly docetaxel."( Capecitabine combined with weekly docetaxel in Chinese patients > 65 years with anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
Hao, XS; Hou, Y; Li, LF; Liu, XM; Qian, ZZ; Qiu, LH; Wang, HQ; Xie, CH; Zhang, HL; Zhou, SY, 2010)		0.36
"This phase I/II study of saracatinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was conducted by the NCIC Clinical Trials Group."( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)		0.38
" In phase I saracatinib was escalated in combination with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2)) to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D)."( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)		0.38
" Saracatinib 175 mg PO daily was chosen as the RP2D in combination with gemcitabine."( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)		0.38
"Saracatinib 175 mg daily in combination with gemcitabine is well tolerated but the combination did not improve efficacy over what would be expected from gemcitabine alone."( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)		0.38
"The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the enzyme activity and specificity of adenovirus-mediated Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (Dm-dNK) mutants in combination with gemcitabine."( Adenovirus-mediated Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase mutants combined with gemcitabine harbor a safe cancer treatment profile.
He, A; Ma, S; Sun, Z; Xu, H; Zhao, L; Zheng, X; Zhu, Z, 2011)		0.37
"We conducted a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of CKD-732 [6-O-(4-dimethylaminoethoxy) cinnamoyl fumagillol hemioxalate] in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in nine metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy."( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)		0.38
" The maximum tolerated dose was 10 mg/m(2)/d, and the clinically recommended dose was 5 mg/m(2)/d for CKD-732 in combination with XELOX."( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)		0.38
"The Phase II recommended dose of CKD-732 was determined to be 5 mg/m(2)/d, and this dose was safely combined with a conventional dose of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in this patient population."( A Phase Ib pharmacokinetic study of the anti-angiogenic agent CKD-732 used in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who progressed on irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Ahn, JB; Chung, HC; Hong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, DH; Kim, HR; Kim, TW; Lee, YJ; Park, KS; Rha, SY; Roh, JK; Shin, SJ, 2012)		0.38
" The aim of this multicenter, randomized phase II study was to evaluate clinical activity and safety of sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or gemcitabine in unselected untreated elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or with gemcitabine in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study.
Cerea, G; Chella, A; Ciardiello, F; de Marinis, F; Di Maio, M; Fasano, M; Favaretto, A; Gridelli, C; Maione, P; Mattioli, R; Morgillo, F; Pasello, G; Ricciardi, S; Rossi, A; Tortora, G, 2011)		0.37
" Using the indwelling catheter-port system with the unification of the pancreatic blood supply, we initially conducted an arterial infusion of weekly high-dose 5-FU (1,000 mg/m2/qw) combined with systemic gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2/qw)."( [Locally advanced pancreatic cancer successfully treated by arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy--a case report].
Anai, H; Hasegawa, M; Kichikawa, K; Maeda, S; Masada, T; Morimoto, K; Nakajima, Y; Nishiofuku, H; Sakaguchi, H; Sho, M; Sueyoshi, S; Tamamoto, T; Tanaka, T; Yamamoto, K, 2010)		0.36
"To assess the efficacy and toxicity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin combined with gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients in a phase II trial."( Phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in metastatic breast cancer patients.
Chaigneau, L; Chargari, C; Clavreul, G; Dumanoir, C; Jacquin, JP; Magné, N; Mélis, A; Merrouche, Y; Mille, D; Nourissat, A; Orfeuvre, H; Savary, J; Thorin, J, 2012)		0.38
"Interstitial lung disease in patients with colorectal cancer during chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab is rare."( Interstitial lung disease during chemotherapy combined with oxaliplatin and/or bevacizumab in advanced colorectal cancer patients.
Furushima, K; Ishihara, T; Katou, Y; Tanai, C; Tanaka, Y; Usui, K, 2011)		0.37
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no apparent drug-drug interaction."( A multicentre dose-escalating study of cabazitaxel (XRP6258) in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment: a phase I/II study.
Awada, A; Besse, T; Campone, M; Dubin, F; Machiels, JP; Magherini, E; Pivot, X; Semiond, D; Villanueva, C, 2011)		0.37
"Cabazitaxel combined with capecitabine is active, has a safety profile consistent with a taxane plus capecitabine combination and warrants further investigation in patients with MBC."( A multicentre dose-escalating study of cabazitaxel (XRP6258) in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment: a phase I/II study.
Awada, A; Besse, T; Campone, M; Dubin, F; Machiels, JP; Magherini, E; Pivot, X; Semiond, D; Villanueva, C, 2011)		0.37
"To evaluate the efficacy and treatment-related toxicity of accelerated hyperfractionation field-involved re-irradiation combined with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy for locally recurrent and irresectable rectal cancer (LRIRC)."( Accelerated hyperfractionation field-involved re-irradiation combined with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy for locally recurrent and irresectable rectal cancer.
Dai, Y; Li, L; Shao, ZY; Sun, DS; Yu, JM; Zhang, JD, 2012)		0.38
"Three-dimensional conformal accelerated hyperfractionation field-involved re-irradiation combined with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy might be an effective and well-tolerated regimen for patients with LRIRC."( Accelerated hyperfractionation field-involved re-irradiation combined with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy for locally recurrent and irresectable rectal cancer.
Dai, Y; Li, L; Shao, ZY; Sun, DS; Yu, JM; Zhang, JD, 2012)		0.38
"Capecitabine administered for 7 days followed by a 7-day rest in combination with bevacizumab had modest efficacy and an acceptable toxicity profile in patients with MBC."( Phase 2 trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with bevacizumab for patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Feigin, K; Gajria, D; Geneus, S; Hudis, CA; Norton, L; Patil, S; Tan, LK; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2011)		0.37
"Vandetanib at doses of 100 mg and 300 mg daily in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin was well tolerated."( A phase I trial of vandetanib combined with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Cabebe, EC; Fisher, GA; Sikic, BI, 2012)		0.38
"To confirm the efficacy and toxicity of Erlotinib in combination with Gemcitabine and Capecitabine when used as a first-line therapy in metastatic/recurrent pancreatic cancer (PC)."( A phase II trial of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and capecitabine in previously untreated metastatic/recurrent pancreatic cancer: combined analysis with translational research.
Bang, YJ; Kang, HJ; Kim, BS; Kim, JS; Lee, KH; Lee, KW; Oh, DY; Park, YS; Ryoo, HM; Sohn, CH; Song, HS; Zang, DY, 2012)		0.38
"0 mg/kg q2w, concomitantly with a combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) and FOLFOX-4 (oxaliplatin in combination with infusional 5-FU/LV), respectively, in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)."( A multicenter, randomized, open-label study to assess the steady-state pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab given with either XELOX or FOLFOX-4 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Abt, M; Burns, I; Chen, E; Goldstein, D; Major, P; McKendrick, J; Rittweger, K; Robinson, B; Zhi, J, 2011)		0.37
" BV in combination with XELOX and FOLFOX-4 was generally well tolerated with no unexpected safety signals and no deaths."( A multicenter, randomized, open-label study to assess the steady-state pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab given with either XELOX or FOLFOX-4 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Abt, M; Burns, I; Chen, E; Goldstein, D; Major, P; McKendrick, J; Rittweger, K; Robinson, B; Zhi, J, 2011)		0.37
"Patients received oral panobinostat administered 2 or 3 times weekly (continuous or intermittent dosing in combination with intravenous gemcitabine administered on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days or on days 1 and 8 every 21 days)."( A phase I study of panobinostat in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of solid tumors.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Murphy, PB; Spigel, DR; Thompson, DS; Yardley, DA, 2011)		0.37
" The recommended doses for further study are intermittent oral panobinostat administered at a dose of 10 mg 3 times weekly for 2 weeks in combination with gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 administered intravenously on days 1 and 8 every 21 days."( A phase I study of panobinostat in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of solid tumors.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Murphy, PB; Spigel, DR; Thompson, DS; Yardley, DA, 2011)		0.37
"Administration of gemcitabine in combination with piroxicam treatment failed to provide a longer overall survival time in dogs with TCC of the urinary bladder, compared with previously reported treatment strategies."( Toxic effects and antitumor response of gemcitabine in combination with piroxicam treatment in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Jeglum, AK; Lindner, D; Marconato, L; Nelson, V; Suslak-Brown, L; Zini, E, 2011)		0.37
"We retrospectively evaluated the durability and reasons for discontinuation of nevirapine (NVP) in combination with a tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) or lamivudine (3TC)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen in an Australian outpatient setting."( Clinical experience with nevirapine combined with tenofovir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine-containing regimens in HIV-infected subjects.
Chan, DJ; Jeganathan, S; Maruszak, H; Smith, DE, 2011)		0.37
" nevirapine on the same background, in naïve HIV-1-infected patients) study compared prospectively ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (qd) with immediate release nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg qd, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg qd in 569 ARV-naïve HIV-1-infected patients."( Lipid profiles for nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir, both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine over 48 weeks, in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients (the ARTEN study).
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cairns, V; Clotet, B; de Rossi, L; Domingo, P; Gellermann, HJ; Podzamczer, D; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
"This phase I study was conducted primarily to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of tesetaxel, a novel, orally active, semisynthetic microtubule inhibitor of the taxane class, administered with oral capecitabine to patients with advanced solid tumors."( Tesetaxel, a new oral taxane, in combination with capecitabine: a phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Beeram, M; Patnaik, A; Saif, MW; Sarantopoulos, J; Takimoto, C; Tolcher, AW, 2011)		0.37
" These data further support the continued clinical development of tesetaxel both as a single agent and in combination with other active cancer therapeutics."( Tesetaxel, a new oral taxane, in combination with capecitabine: a phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Beeram, M; Patnaik, A; Saif, MW; Sarantopoulos, J; Takimoto, C; Tolcher, AW, 2011)		0.37
"ARTEN is a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial that compares nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients with CD4(+) T-cell counts <400 (men) and <250 cells/mm(3) (women)."( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial.
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
"NVP demonstrated at week 48 non-inferior antiviral efficacy compared with ATZ/r when given along with TDF/FTC, despite more drug-related discontinuations with NVP than ATZ/r."( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial.
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
" The drug combination elevated the plasma level of PHT in a patient on chemotherapy with capecitabine for colorectal cancer."( [A case of toxicity caused by drug interaction between capecitabine and phenytoin in patient with colorectal cancer].
Fukui, E; Kawahara, K; Sakurai, M; Ueda, R; Yamada, R, 2011)		0.37
"Gemcitabine at low doses combined with cisplatin is a potent radiosensitizer effective in patients with LAHN cancer."( Weekly gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer: Phase I study.
Afonso, SL; da Silva, LG; Stefano, EJ; Tavares, VC; Viani, GA, 2011)		0.37
"To observe and compare the response rate and toxicity of irinotecan or oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer."( [Comparison between the effects of irinotecan or oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer].
Chen, DY; Qi, Q; Zhao, WY, 2011)		0.37
"The therapeutic effects of irinotecan or oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer are good and comparable, and their toxicities are tolerable."( [Comparison between the effects of irinotecan or oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer].
Chen, DY; Qi, Q; Zhao, WY, 2011)		0.37
"This paper presents a summary of the evidence review group (ERG) report into the use of bevacizumab (Avastin®, Roche) in combination with a taxane for the treatment of untreated metastatic breast cancer (mBC)."( Bevacizumab in combination with a taxane for the first-line treatment of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.
Eastwood, A; Epstein, D; Fox, D; Rodgers, M; Soares, M; Yang, H, 2011)		0.37
" We propose to define the recommended dose of vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced NSCLC in chemonaive patients."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IV vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chemonaive patients.
Bennouna, J; Favrel, S; Lemarie, E; Pinel, MC; Pouget, JC; Senellart, H; Tourani, JM; Tournoux-Facon, C, 2011)		0.37
"A phase I and pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to establish the recommended dose of vinflunine (VFL) administered on day 1 every 21 days combined with gemcitabine given on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IV vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chemonaive patients.
Bennouna, J; Favrel, S; Lemarie, E; Pinel, MC; Pouget, JC; Senellart, H; Tourani, JM; Tournoux-Facon, C, 2011)		0.37
" The recommended dose was established at the dose of VFL 320 mg/m² combined with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m²."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IV vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chemonaive patients.
Bennouna, J; Favrel, S; Lemarie, E; Pinel, MC; Pouget, JC; Senellart, H; Tourani, JM; Tournoux-Facon, C, 2011)		0.37
"The combination of VFL 320 mg/m² administered on day 1 combined with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m² given on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks is established as the RD and was shown to be active in these chemonaive NSCLC patients."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IV vinflunine in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chemonaive patients.
Bennouna, J; Favrel, S; Lemarie, E; Pinel, MC; Pouget, JC; Senellart, H; Tourani, JM; Tournoux-Facon, C, 2011)		0.37
" The results indicate that this drug combination has no statistical significance on the development of pre-neoplastic urothelial lesions and had only a minor impact on invasive bladder cancer incidence in mice."( Experimental study of the anticancer effect of gemcitabine combined with sirolimus on chemically induced urothelial lesions.
Colaço, A; Lopes, C; Oliveira, PA; Palomino, LF; Santos, L; Vala, H; Vasconcelos-Nóbrega, C, 2011)		0.37
"This paper reports the first case of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma with lymph node metastasis treated by sorafenib combined with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin, with a partial response and normalization of α fetoprotein, which allowed curative surgery."( Neoadjuvant sorafenib combined with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Belghiti, J; Botti, M; Boussaha, T; Dubreuil, O; Housset, M; Landi, B; Rougier, P; Taieb, J; Trouilloud, I; Williet, N, 2011)		0.37
" In the present study, we have tested the cytotoxicity of ascorbate to MMe cells in combination with drugs used in MMe therapy, such as cisplatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib, paclitaxel, and raltitrexed, as well as with promising antitumor compounds like taurolidine, α-tocopherol succinate, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)."( In vitro screening of synergistic ascorbate-drug combinations for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
Burlando, B; Martinotti, S; Ranzato, E, 2011)		0.37
" The safety and pharmacokinetics of axitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was evaluated in the phase I portion of this trial."( Phase I study of axitinib (AG-013736) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Kim, S; Moore, MJ; Pithavala, YK; Ricart, AD; Rixe, O; Spano, JP, 2012)		0.38
" In order to improve ATV exposure, plasma and intracellular (IC) PK of ATV in patients administered with ATV 400 mg once daily and TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) and switched to ATV 200 mg twice daily were studied."( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients.
Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)		0.37
" This study investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin."( Phase IB study of sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Brendel, E; Kornacker, M; Kummer, G; Schultheis, B; Strumberg, D; Xia, C; Zeth, M, 2012)		0.38
" No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between sorafenib, cisplatin, and gemcitabine was detected."( Phase IB study of sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Brendel, E; Kornacker, M; Kummer, G; Schultheis, B; Strumberg, D; Xia, C; Zeth, M, 2012)		0.38
"Sorafenib as continuous oral treatment in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin demonstrated an acceptable safety profile."( Phase IB study of sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Brendel, E; Kornacker, M; Kummer, G; Schultheis, B; Strumberg, D; Xia, C; Zeth, M, 2012)		0.38
" This study aimed to define safe doses of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin when combined with imatinib (potent PDGFR-β inhibitor) in patients with advanced gemcitabine-refractory pancreatic cancer (PC)."( A dose escalation study of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in combination with imatinib for gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Barbachano, Y; Brown, G; Chau, I; Cunningham, D; Hawkes, EA; Oates, J; Starling, N; Thomas, J; Thomas, K; Watkins, D; Webb, J, 2012)		0.38
"In gemcitabine-refractory PC, gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2)) and oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) can be safely combined with imatinib given on a 7 days on and 7 days off intermittent schedule."( A dose escalation study of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in combination with imatinib for gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Barbachano, Y; Brown, G; Chau, I; Cunningham, D; Hawkes, EA; Oates, J; Starling, N; Thomas, J; Thomas, K; Watkins, D; Webb, J, 2012)		0.38
"Patients with advanced or metastatic cancer were treated with escalating doses of LY2334737 monotherapy or in combination with continuous daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib."( Phase I study of Oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) alone and in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Beijnen, JH; Benhadji, KA; Callies, S; Garcia-Ribas, I; Jansen, RS; Koolen, SL; Kronemeijer, RH; Langenberg, MH; Nol, A; Schellens, JH; Slapak, CA; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2011)		0.37
" In conclusion, thalidomide alone, or in combination with cisplatin/gemcitabine, controlled disease for >6 months in ∼30% of patients."( The predictive role of serum VEGF in an advanced malignant mesothelioma patient cohort treated with thalidomide alone or combined with cisplatin/gemcitabine.
Abraham, R; Clarke, S; Cullen, M; Davey, R; Harvie, R; Kao, SC; Kerestes, Z; Marx, G; Paturi, F; Pavlakis, N; Taylor, R, 2012)		0.38
"This phase 1b study assessed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics of motesanib (a small-molecule antagonist of VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3; platelet-derived growth factor receptor; and Kit) administered once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) in combination with erlotinib and gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study.
Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)		0.37
"Patients received weekly intravenous gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and erlotinib (100 mg QD) alone (control cohort) or in combination with motesanib (50 mg QD, 75 mg BID, 125 mg QD, or 100 mg QD; cohorts 1-4); or erlotinib (150 mg QD) in combination with motesanib (100 or 125 mg QD; cohorts 5 and 6)."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study.
Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)		0.37
" The MTD of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib was 100 mg QD."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study.
Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)		0.37
" Motesanib 125 mg QD was tolerable only in combination with erlotinib alone."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study.
Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)		0.37
"In the current study, we have evaluated the clinical and immunological responses in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma who received dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1."( Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Homma, S; Imai, K; Kimura, Y; Koido, S; Okamoto, M; Shimamura, K; Shimodaira, S; Sunamura, M; Takahashi, H; Tomoda, T; Tsukada, J; Yonemitsu, Y, 2012)		0.38
"Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (DC vaccine alone or DC vaccine plus lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cell therapy) in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 has been carried out in 49 patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma refractory to standard treatment."( Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Homma, S; Imai, K; Kimura, Y; Koido, S; Okamoto, M; Shimamura, K; Shimodaira, S; Sunamura, M; Takahashi, H; Tomoda, T; Tsukada, J; Yonemitsu, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Survival of patients receiving DC vaccine and chemotherapy plus LAK cell therapy was longer than those receiving DC vaccine in combination with chemotherapy but no LAK cells."( Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Homma, S; Imai, K; Kimura, Y; Koido, S; Okamoto, M; Shimamura, K; Shimodaira, S; Sunamura, M; Takahashi, H; Tomoda, T; Tsukada, J; Yonemitsu, Y, 2012)		0.38
"Dendritic cell vaccine-based immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was shown to be safe and possibly effective in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to standard treatment."( Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Homma, S; Imai, K; Kimura, Y; Koido, S; Okamoto, M; Shimamura, K; Shimodaira, S; Sunamura, M; Takahashi, H; Tomoda, T; Tsukada, J; Yonemitsu, Y, 2012)		0.38
"This phase II study is performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of capecitabine combined with preoperative radiotherapy (RT) in Chinese patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC)."( Preoperative radiotherapy combined with capecitabine chemotherapy in Chinese patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
Deng, J; Jin, J; Li, X; Lu, W; Meng, H; Wang, F; Xu, X; Xue, Z; Zhang, H; Zhou, G, 2011)		0.37
"Limited data are available on the use of unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
" NRTIs used in combination with atazanavir were tenofovir, abacavir and emtricitabine/lamivudine in 36."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
"In patients with virological suppression and no prior history of virological failure, a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with NRTIs is associated with a low probability of virological failure and a good safety profile."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
" In combination with gemcitabine, median survival was further prolonged."( An oncolytic adenovirus defective in pRb-binding (dl922-947) can efficiently eliminate pancreatic cancer cells and tumors in vivo in combination with 5-FU or gemcitabine.
Bhattacharyya, M; Eddouadi, A; Francis, J; Halldén, G; Lemoine, NR, 2011)		0.37
"The primary objective of this Phase I study was to assess the safety and tolerability of the vascular endothelial growth factor signalling inhibitor cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus an oral fluoropyrimidine, in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer."( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer.
Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)		0.38
"Patients received continuous, once-daily oral doses of cediranib 20 mg in combination with either cisplatin (60 mg/m(2) iv day 1) plus S-1 (40-60 mg bid, days 1-21) every 5 weeks for a maximum of eight cycles [Arm A]; or cisplatin (80 mg/m(2) iv, day 1) plus capecitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) bid, days 1-14) every 3 weeks for a maximum of six cycles [Arm B]."( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer.
Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)		0.38
"Cediranib 20 mg/day in combination with cisplatin and S-1 or capecitabine was tolerable, with no new toxicities identified, and showed preliminary evidence of antitumour activity."( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer.
Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the activity and tolerance of gemcitabine in combination with docetaxel and capecitabine in previously untreated patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Docetaxel plus gemcitabine in combination with capecitabine as treatment for inoperable pancreatic cancer: a phase II study.
Amarantidis, K; Chamalidou, E; Chelis, L; Chiotis, A; Courcoutsakis, N; Dimopoulos, P; Kakolyris, S; Prassopoulos, P; Tentes, A; Xenidis, N, 2012)		0.38
" Capecitabine dose was 2500 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-7 (n = 11) and was increased to 3000 mg/m(2)/day (n = 29) in combination with oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg)."( A phase I/II study of capecitabine given on a week on/week off schedule combined with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin for patients with untreated advanced colorectal cancer.
Balaban, EP; Crandall, TL; Kane, P; Lembersky, BC; Pinkerton, RA; Potter, DM; Rajasenan, KK; Ramanathan, RK; Schmotzer, A; Sehgal, R; Zeh, H, 2011)		0.37
"The first US experience of capecitabine to our knowledge (3000 mg/m(2) on days 1-7) in combination with oxaliplatin/bevacizumab in mCRC does not appear to have advantages compared with current standard first-line mCRC treatment regimens."( A phase I/II study of capecitabine given on a week on/week off schedule combined with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin for patients with untreated advanced colorectal cancer.
Balaban, EP; Crandall, TL; Kane, P; Lembersky, BC; Pinkerton, RA; Potter, DM; Rajasenan, KK; Ramanathan, RK; Schmotzer, A; Sehgal, R; Zeh, H, 2011)		0.37
" The conventional schedule of capecitabine limits full dosing in combination with other agents due to toxicity."( Phase II trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with lapatinib for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Chen, C; D'Andrea, G; Drullinsky, P; Feigin, K; Gajria, D; Gonzalez, J; Hudis, CA; Lake, D; Norton, L; Patil, S; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2012)		0.38
"Eligible patients with HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) levels >5000 copies/mL and without baseline resistance to efavirenz, tenofovir, or emtricitabine were randomized in a double-blind, noninferiority study to receive raltegravir or efavirenz, each combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine."( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK.
Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)		0.37
"When combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive patients, raltegravir produced durable viral suppression and immune restoration that was at least equivalent to efavirenz through 156 weeks of therapy."( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK.
Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)		0.37
" The primary objective of this open-label phase I trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC)."( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)		0.37
"Vandetanib 100 mg/day is the RD in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced PAC."( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)		0.37
"Efficacy results were consistent with the ARTEN study demonstrating that NVP was non-inferior to ATV/r when taken in combination with TDF/FTC."( A randomised comparison of safety and efficacy of nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients.
Bhatti, L; Conner, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, A; Storfer, S, 2011)		0.37
" In patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer, bevacizumab is indicated as first-line therapy in combination with paclitaxel, or in combination with capecitabine when treatment with other chemotherapy options, including taxanes or anthracyclines, is not considered appropriate."( Bevacizumab: a review of its use in combination with paclitaxel or capecitabine as first-line therapy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.
Croom, KF; Dhillon, S, 2011)		0.37
"A phase I study was performed to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD), recommended dose (RD), safety and efficacy of vinflunine when combined with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes, with pharmacokinetic blood sampling to test potential drug-drug interactions."( A phase I study of vinflunine in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes.
Bonneterre, J; Bourbouloux, E; Campone, M; Fumoleau, P; Isambert, N; Milano, G; Roché, H, 2012)		0.38
" The risk of clinical significant drug-drug interaction was considered weak."( A phase I study of vinflunine in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes.
Bonneterre, J; Bourbouloux, E; Campone, M; Fumoleau, P; Isambert, N; Milano, G; Roché, H, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of capecitabine and cisplatin, administered in combination with or without trastuzumab, in Japanese patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC)."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine and cisplatin in combination with trastuzumab in Japanese patients with advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer.
Boku, N; Hamamoto, Y; Ohtsu, A; Omuro, Y; Sasaki, Y; Satoh, T; Tamura, T, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the efficacy of regional arterial infusion of the synthetic serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Gocho, T; Hirohara, S; Ito, R; Misawa, T; Sadaoka, S; Tsutsui, N; Uwagawa, T; Yanaga, K, 2013)		0.39
" In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of PF00299804, an irreversible pan-HER inhibitor, in eight BTC cell lines alone or combined with gemcitabine."( The irreversible pan-HER inhibitor PF00299804 alone or combined with gemcitabine has an antitumor effect in biliary tract cancer cell lines.
Bang, YJ; Han, SW; Im, SA; Kim, HP; Kim, TY; Min, AR; Nam, HJ; Oh, DY; Song, SH; Yoon, YK, 2012)		0.38
" This trial tested custirsen (OGX-011), an inhibitor of CLU protein production, combined with gemcitabine/platinum in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Phase I/II trial of custirsen (OGX-011), an inhibitor of clusterin, in combination with a gemcitabine and platinum regimen in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Cormier, Y; Gitlitz, B; Gleave, ME; Hao, D; Laskin, JJ; Lee, C; Murray, N; Nemunaitis, J; Nicholas, G; Nugent, F; Pressnail, B; Sanborn, R; Stephenson, J; Ung, Y; Vincent, M, 2012)		0.38
" Custirsen was infused during a loading dose period and weekly in combination with gemcitabine (1250 mg/m) on days 1 and 8 and with cisplatin (75 mg/m) or carboplatin (area under the curve 5) on day 1 of each 21-day cycle."( Phase I/II trial of custirsen (OGX-011), an inhibitor of clusterin, in combination with a gemcitabine and platinum regimen in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Cormier, Y; Gitlitz, B; Gleave, ME; Hao, D; Laskin, JJ; Lee, C; Murray, N; Nemunaitis, J; Nicholas, G; Nugent, F; Pressnail, B; Sanborn, R; Stephenson, J; Ung, Y; Vincent, M, 2012)		0.38
"The potential of EHT 6706, a novel tubulin-binding agent, was investigated in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) and with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy agents."( Assessment of the novel tubulin-binding agent EHT 6706 in combination with ionizing radiation or chemotherapy.
Bourhis, J; Casagrande, AS; Chargari, C; Clémenson, C; Désiré, L; Deutsch, E, 2012)		0.38
" There are currently insufficient safety data in human subjects, particularly when ascorbic acid is combined with chemotherapy."( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)		0.38
" This, combined with the observed response to treatment, suggests the need for a phase II study of longer duration."( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)		0.38
" Paclitaxel and campthothecin demonstrated the most prominent cytotoxic effect in combination with carbon ion radiotherapy."( In vitro evaluation of photon and carbon ion radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy in glioblastoma cells.
Brons, S; Combs, SE; Debus, J; Haberer, T; Habermehl, D; Rieken, S; Weber, KJ; Winter, M; Zipp, L, 2012)		0.38
" Mean plasma concentration-time profiles for atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), darunavir (DRV, administered with ritonavir [RTV]), and drospirenone/ethinylestradiol were similar following co-administration of GSK2248761."( Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
de Serres, M; Gould, E; Johnson, M; Kim, J; Lou, Y; Mayers, D; Pietropaolo, K; Piscitelli, S; White, S; Zhou, XJ, 2012)		0.38
"In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) transfusion used in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) chemotherapy to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients with distant metastasis after radiotherapy."( Autologous cytokine-induced killer cell transfusion in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin regimen chemotherapy for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Gu, MF; Li, JJ; Liu, LZ; Pan, K; Shen, WX; Xia, JC; Zhang, H, )		0.13
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine in elderly patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( Gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine in elderly patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
Cui, Y; Dong, N; Guo, Q; Li, H; Wang, M, 2012)		0.38
"Gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine is active and safe in elderly patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer."( Gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine in elderly patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
Cui, Y; Dong, N; Guo, Q; Li, H; Wang, M, 2012)		0.38
"To compare the overall survival rates of good-prognosis carcinomas of an unknown primary site (CUPS) patients treated with cisplatin alone (C) or in combination with gemcitabine (CG)."( Cisplatin alone or combined with gemcitabine in carcinomas of unknown primary: results of the randomised GEFCAPI 02 trial.
Blot, E; Bouzy, J; Chaigneau, L; Culine, S; Fizazi, K; Fourcade, A; Gross-Goupil, M; Kaminsky, MC; Laplanche, A; Lesimple, T; Lortholary, A; Négrier, S; Penel, N; Priou, F; Provencal, J; Voog, E, 2012)		0.38
"We performed a prospective phase II trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy combined with capecitabine in patients suffering from a recurrence of a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) within a previously irradiated field."( Re-irradiation combined with capecitabine in locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A prospective phase II trial.
Kornek, G; Lemaire, C; Radonjic, D; Selzer, E; Vormittag, L, 2012)		0.38
"A total of 31 evaluable patients with recurrent SCCHN received re-irradiation with a total dose of 50 Gy (25 fractions over 5 weeks) up to a maximum of 60 Gy combined with 900 mg/m(2)/day capecitabine given on the days of radiotherapy."( Re-irradiation combined with capecitabine in locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A prospective phase II trial.
Kornek, G; Lemaire, C; Radonjic, D; Selzer, E; Vormittag, L, 2012)		0.38
"Capecitabine combined with re-irradiation is a well-tolerated treatment in patients with recurrent SCCHN."( Re-irradiation combined with capecitabine in locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A prospective phase II trial.
Kornek, G; Lemaire, C; Radonjic, D; Selzer, E; Vormittag, L, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate the efficacy of late accelerated hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy (LACF) combined with capecitabine on esophageal carcinoma."( [Efficacy of late accelerated hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy combined with capecitabine for esophageal carcinoma].
Feng, XZ; Han, JQ; Sheng, W, 2011)		0.37
"3 Gy per fraction to a total dose about 64 - 69 Gy, and LCAF + C group (late accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with capecitabine), in which patients were treated as the same as the LCAF group, except that they were treated with capecitabine (1."( [Efficacy of late accelerated hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy combined with capecitabine for esophageal carcinoma].
Feng, XZ; Han, JQ; Sheng, W, 2011)		0.37
"Capecitabine, as an effective chemosensitizater combined with late accelerate hyperfractionated radiotherapy can improve the short-term results of treatment of esophageal cancer."( [Efficacy of late accelerated hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy combined with capecitabine for esophageal carcinoma].
Feng, XZ; Han, JQ; Sheng, W, 2011)		0.37
" The goal of our study was to determine whether RT in combination with isolated lung perfusion increases lung toxicity."( Isolated lung perfusion with gemcitabine combined with radiotherapy: no additional lung toxicity in an experimental model.
De Pooter, C; den Hengst, W; Hendriks, J; Pauwels, P; Van den Weyngaert, D; Van Schil, P; Van Thielen, J; Wittock, A, 2012)		0.38
"Rodents were randomized into eight groups: sham group, RT, intravenous gemcitabine, intravenous gemcitabine combined with RT, isolated lung perfusion with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or gemcitabine, isolated lung perfusion with HES or gemcitabine combined with RT."( Isolated lung perfusion with gemcitabine combined with radiotherapy: no additional lung toxicity in an experimental model.
De Pooter, C; den Hengst, W; Hendriks, J; Pauwels, P; Van den Weyngaert, D; Van Schil, P; Van Thielen, J; Wittock, A, 2012)		0.38
" After isolated lung perfusion with gemcitabine combined with RT, there was moderate to severe fibrosis and mild to severe haemosiderosis."( Isolated lung perfusion with gemcitabine combined with radiotherapy: no additional lung toxicity in an experimental model.
De Pooter, C; den Hengst, W; Hendriks, J; Pauwels, P; Van den Weyngaert, D; Van Schil, P; Van Thielen, J; Wittock, A, 2012)		0.38
"We conducted a multiinstitutional phase II study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine and trastuzumab in patients eligible to receive first- or second-line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive (HER2(+)) metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( Phase II interventional study (N0337) of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine and trastuzumab for first- or second-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a north central cancer treatment group trial.
Allred, JB; Bernath, AM; Fishkin, PA; Fitch, TR; Flynn, P; Perez, EA; Salim, M; Stella, PJ; Tan, WW; Wiesenfeld, M, 2012)		0.38
"We report the first results from a phase II, open-label study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine as first-line therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-positive locally recurrent (LR) or metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( Phase II study of bevacizumab in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine as first-line treatment for HER-2-positive locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
Gligorov, J; Lichinitser, M; Lluch, A; Makhson, A; Martín, M; Mitchell, L; Scotto, N; Semiglazov, V; Tjulandin, S, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to discuss the clinical effectiveness of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with gemcitabine administered by intra-arterial infusion on intermediate and advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Efficacy evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound combined with intra-arterial infusion of gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer].
Chen, J; Gui, YZ; Long, HX; Sun, Y; Zhang, WH; Zhang, XY; Zhong, GC; Zhu, B, 2012)		0.38
" Twenty-four patients of the experimental group were treated by HIFU combined with gemcitabine, and 24 patients of the the HIFU group were treated by HIFU alone."( [Efficacy evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound combined with intra-arterial infusion of gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer].
Chen, J; Gui, YZ; Long, HX; Sun, Y; Zhang, WH; Zhang, XY; Zhong, GC; Zhu, B, 2012)		0.38
"This phase 1b dose-escalation study assessed safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor, combined with targeted agents or cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
" every 2 weeks) combined with either sorafenib 400 mg twice daily, panitumumab 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks, erlotinib 150 mg once daily, or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 4-week cycle."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg appeared well tolerated combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg was well tolerated, without adverse effects on pharmacokinetics in combination with either sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy combined with targeted drugs in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity.
Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)		0.38
"The object of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with HER2-negative (HER2(-)) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and poor hormone receptor expression."( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity.
Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)		0.38
"Treatment with metronomic chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and erlotinib was effective in HER2(-), estrogen receptor (ER)- and progesterone receptor (PR)-poor advanced breast cancer."( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity.
Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)		0.38
" Here, we report two cases of disseminated TNBC with extensive cutaneous metastases and a remarkable response to PLD in combination with gemcitabine."( Activity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in triple negative breast cancer with skin involvement: two case reports.
Adamo, B; Adamo, V; Agostino, RM; Caristi, N; Franchina, T; Proto, C; Ricciardi, GR, 2012)		0.38
" This not only has implications for how this drug combination mediates anticancer effects but also demonstrates the importance of evaluating mechanisms of drug activity within malignant cells."( Drug interactions: the importance of looking inside cancer cells.
Clark, JW, 2012)		0.38
"From September 2008 to October 2011, a total of 31 patients of NSCLC with multiple brain metastases (≥3) received selected incranial, bronchial and corresponding target arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with EGFR-TKIs."( [Selected arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with target drugs for non-small cell lung cancer with multiple brain metastase].
Guo, Z; Li, J, 2012)		0.38
" In this study, patient-derived tumor tissue (PDTT) xenograft models of primary colon carcinoma and lymphatic and hepatic metastases were established for assessment of the antitumor activity of FP3 in combination with capecitabine."( Antitumor effects of FP3 in combination with capecitabine on PDTT xenograft models of primary colon carcinoma and related lymphatic and hepatic metastases.
Cao, F; Han, N; He, K; Jin, K; Lan, H; Li, G; Teng, L; Xie, B; Xu, Z, 2012)		0.38
"The aim was to evaluate activity and toxicity of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer with liver metastases and limited extrahepatic disease."( Intrahepatic and systemic therapy with oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer.
Bergenfeldt, M; Hermann, KL; Jensen, BK; Jensen, BV; Nelausen, KM; Nielsen, DL; Nørgaard, H; Pfeiffer, P; Vestermark, LW, 2012)		0.38
"Sixteen consecutive patients received capecitabine 13 00mg/m(2) daily combined with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2) every two weeks."( Intrahepatic and systemic therapy with oxaliplatin combined with capecitabine in patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer.
Bergenfeldt, M; Hermann, KL; Jensen, BK; Jensen, BV; Nelausen, KM; Nielsen, DL; Nørgaard, H; Pfeiffer, P; Vestermark, LW, 2012)		0.38
"We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ganitumab (a mAb antagonist of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) or conatumumab (a mAb agonist of human death receptor 5) combined with gemcitabine in a randomized phase 2 trial in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of ganitumab (AMG 479) or conatumumab (AMG 655) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bray, SL; Chan, D; Feigal, EG; Fuchs, CS; Galimi, F; Garbo, LE; Garon, EB; Hei, Y; Kindler, HL; Kocs, DM; Loh, E; McGreivy, J; Richards, DA; Rocha-Lima, CM; Safran, H; Stephenson, JJ, 2012)		0.38
" gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) (days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle) combined with open-label ganitumab (12 mg/kg every 2 weeks [Q2W]), double-blind conatumumab (10 mg/kg Q2W), or double-blind placebo Q2W."( A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of ganitumab (AMG 479) or conatumumab (AMG 655) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bray, SL; Chan, D; Feigal, EG; Fuchs, CS; Galimi, F; Garbo, LE; Garon, EB; Hei, Y; Kindler, HL; Kocs, DM; Loh, E; McGreivy, J; Richards, DA; Rocha-Lima, CM; Safran, H; Stephenson, JJ, 2012)		0.38
"Ganitumab combined with gemcitabine had tolerable toxicity and showed trends toward an improved 6-month survival rate and overall survival."( A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of ganitumab (AMG 479) or conatumumab (AMG 655) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bray, SL; Chan, D; Feigal, EG; Fuchs, CS; Galimi, F; Garbo, LE; Garon, EB; Hei, Y; Kindler, HL; Kocs, DM; Loh, E; McGreivy, J; Richards, DA; Rocha-Lima, CM; Safran, H; Stephenson, JJ, 2012)		0.38
" A phase 1b safety/efficacy study of dacetuzumab in combination with rituximab and gemcitabine was conducted in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)."( Pilot study of dacetuzumab in combination with rituximab and gemcitabine for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Bartlett, N; Beaven, A; Drachman, JG; Forero-Torres, A; Lobuglio, AF; Moskowitz, CH; Myint, H; Nasta, S; Northfelt, DW; Whiting, NC, 2013)		0.39
"Huachansu when combined with gemcitabine did not improve the outcome of patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Prospective randomised evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine combined with chemotherapy: a randomised phase II study of wild toad extract plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
Chang, DZ; Cohen, L; Garrett, CR; Huo, Y; Liu, L; Meng, Z; Ng, CS; Shen, Y; Spelman, AR; Yang, P; Zhao, Q, 2012)		0.38
"To evaluate in vitro effects of gemcitabine alone and in combination with carboplatin on canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines."( Effects of gemcitabine and gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin on five canine transitional cell carcinoma cell lines.
Chew, DJ; de Brito Galvao, JF; Inpanbutr, N; Kisseberth, WC; Murahari, S; Sutayatram, S, 2012)		0.38
" The results suggest that capecitabine may be useful in combination with standard fluorouracil-based regimens in patients with advanced and/or metastatic gastric cancer with favourable safety profile."( Incidence of hand-foot syndrome with capecitabine in combination with chemotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with advanced and/or metastatic gastric cancer suitable for treatment with a fluoropyrimidine-based regimen.
Aparicio, J; Dueñas, R; Falcó, E; Gómez-Martin, C; Irigoyen, A; Lacasta, A; Llorente, B; López, RL; Muñoz, ML; Pérez, B; Reboredo, M; Regueiro, P; Safont, MJ; Sánchez, A; Sanchez-Viñes, E; Serrano, R, 2012)		0.38
" We also show here that gemcitabine in combination with P276-00 is much more effective as an antitumor agent compared with either agent alone in the PANC-1 xenograft tumor model in SCID mice."( Molecular evidence for increased antitumor activity of gemcitabine in combination with a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P276-00 in pancreatic cancers.
Joshi, K; Joshi, KS; Khanwalkar, H; Manohar, SM; Rathos, MJ, 2012)		0.38
" Phase IIb clinical trials of P276-00 in combination with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer patients are ongoing."( Molecular evidence for increased antitumor activity of gemcitabine in combination with a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P276-00 in pancreatic cancers.
Joshi, K; Joshi, KS; Khanwalkar, H; Manohar, SM; Rathos, MJ, 2012)		0.38
"To explore the durability of three first-line tenofovir/emtricitabine-based regimens in combination with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients."( Duration of first-line antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in the Italian ARCA cohort.
Borghi, V; Capetti, A; Cicconi, P; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Francisci, D; Giacometti, A; Giannarelli, D; Maggiolo, F; Monno, L; Penco, G; Prinapori, R; Sterrantino, G; Zoncada, A, 2013)		0.39
" Recently, fluorouracil/leucovorin combined with irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) demonstrated their superiority in first-line therapy."( Influcence of localization of primary tumor on effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin combined with irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study.
Chauffert, B; Gentil, J; Ghiringhelli, F; Lorgis, V, 2012)		0.38
" This prospective phase II study evaluated the activity and toxicity of a modified regimen with lower doses of docetaxel and cisplatin combined with oral capecitabine instead of fluorouracil for patients with advanced gastric cancer."( Modified docetaxel-cisplatin in combination with capecitabine as first-line treatment in metastatic gastric cancer. a phase II study.
Dimitroulis, D; Felekouras, E; Griniatsos, J; Karatzas, T; Karavokyros, J; Kontzoglou, K; Mantas, D; Nikiteas, N; Polyzos, A; Polyzos, K; Syrigos, K; Tsavaris, N; Vafiadis, I, 2012)		0.38
" This phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumour activity of axitinib combined with chemotherapy."( Phase I study of axitinib combined with paclitaxel, docetaxel or capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Chen, Y; Cohen, RB; Herbst, RS; Kim, S; Kozloff, MF; Martin, LP; Olszanski, AJ; Rado, T; Rosbrook, B; Samuel, TA; Starr, A; Tarazi, J; Tortorici, M, 2012)		0.38
"Axitinib combined with paclitaxel or capecitabine was well tolerated; no additive increase in toxicities was observed."( Phase I study of axitinib combined with paclitaxel, docetaxel or capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Chen, Y; Cohen, RB; Herbst, RS; Kim, S; Kozloff, MF; Martin, LP; Olszanski, AJ; Rado, T; Rosbrook, B; Samuel, TA; Starr, A; Tarazi, J; Tortorici, M, 2012)		0.38
"To explore the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with Kanglaite Injection (KI) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma patients."( [Curative effect of 3D-CRT combined with gemcitabine concurrently with addition of Kanglaite Injection in treatment of locally advanced pancreatic].
Deng, LC; Shen, WS; Shu, ZQ, 2012)		0.38
"In the present study, the effects of 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alone or in combination with gemcitabine on the growth of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or grown in NCr immunodeficient nude mice were investigated."( Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in combination with gemcitabine on Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or Panc-1 tumors grown in immunodeficient mice.
Conney, AH; Cui, XX; Gao, Z; Huang, MT; Liu, Y; Rabson, AB; Verano, M; Zheng, X, 2012)		0.38
" For TB drugs, equivalence was suggested for peak plasma concentrations when administered with and without efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Oxaliplatin (OX), in combination with fluoropyrimidine (5-fluorouracil or Capecitabine, FU)-based regimens and radiation, has been expected to both enhance primary tumour shrinkage and reduce micrometastases at distant sites in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC)."( Short term results of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with fluoropyrimidine alone or in combination with oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: a meta analysis.
An, X; Cai, PQ; Ding, PR; Fang, YJ; Gao, YH; Goodman, K; Kong, LH; Lin, JZ; Lin, X; Pan, ZZ; Wan, DS; Wang, FH, 2013)		0.39
"In a modified 3 + 3 enrollment scheme, oral once-daily pazopanib was administered with intravenous gemcitabine (Days 1 and 8, 21-day cycles)."( A Phase I study of pazopanib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Ball, HA; Botbyl, J; Gibson, DM; Jeffels, M; Madi, A; Nokay, B; Plummer, R; Richly, H; Rubin, S; Scheulen, ME; Weller, S, 2013)		0.39
"Due to the various inter-individual differences in the biological characteristics of tumor cells, as well as issues on the efficacy, adverse reactions, and defects of existing drugs, we compared the clinical efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
"251 patients were randomly divided into pemetrexed combined with cisplatin group (PP group) with 127 cases and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin group (GP group) with 124 cases."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
"The clinical efficacy of pemetrexed and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin for the treatment of previously untreated advanced NSCLC was roughly the same, but the adverse reactions decreased significantly in the PP group compared with those in the GP group."( [Efficacy and toxicity of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Cheng, G; Hu, C; Hu, X; Huang, C; Jiao, S; Li, K; Luo, R; Lv, W; Ouyang, X; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zheng, R, 2012)		0.38
" (177)Lu-octreotate, in combination with capecitabine and temozolomide, is well tolerated in patients with advanced low-grade NETs, and shows substantial tumor control rates."( Phase I-II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine and temozolomide in advanced low-grade neuroendocrine tumors.
Claringbold, PG; Price, RA; Turner, JH, 2012)		0.38
"MEK inhibition has clinical activity against biliary cancers and might therefore be successfully combined with gemcitabine, one of the most active chemotherapy agents for these cancers."( Sequence dependence of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of biliary cancer.
Cao, P; Chen, E; Green, DE; Hedley, DW; Ibrahimov, E; Knox, JJ; McNamara, MG; Metran-Nascente, C; Serra, S; Tsao, M; Vines, D; Xu, J, 2013)		0.39
"The purpose of this phase Ib clinical trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PR-104 a bioreductive pre-prodrug given in combination with gemcitabine or docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours."( PR-104 a bioreductive pre-prodrug combined with gemcitabine or docetaxel in a phase Ib study of patients with advanced solid tumours.
Gu, Y; Jameson, MB; McKeage, MJ; Melink, TJ; Rajendran, J; Ramanathan, RK; Tchekmedyian, NS; Wilson, WR, 2012)		0.38
"PR-104 was administered as a one-hour intravenous infusion combined with docetaxel 60 to 75 mg/m2 on day one given with or without granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on day two or administrated with gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days one and eight, of a 21-day treatment cycle."( PR-104 a bioreductive pre-prodrug combined with gemcitabine or docetaxel in a phase Ib study of patients with advanced solid tumours.
Gu, Y; Jameson, MB; McKeage, MJ; Melink, TJ; Rajendran, J; Ramanathan, RK; Tchekmedyian, NS; Wilson, WR, 2012)		0.38
" The MTD of PR-104 was 140 mg/m2 when combined with gemcitabine, 200 mg/m2 when combined with docetaxel 60 mg/m2, 770 mg/m2 when combined with docetaxel 60 mg/m2 plus G-CSF and ≥770 mg/m2 when combined with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 plus G-CSF."( PR-104 a bioreductive pre-prodrug combined with gemcitabine or docetaxel in a phase Ib study of patients with advanced solid tumours.
Gu, Y; Jameson, MB; McKeage, MJ; Melink, TJ; Rajendran, J; Ramanathan, RK; Tchekmedyian, NS; Wilson, WR, 2012)		0.38
" A recommended dose was identified for phase II trials of PR-104 of 770 mg/m2 combined with docetaxel 60 to 75 mg/m2 both given on day one of a 21-day treatment cycle supported by prophylactic G-CSF (NCT00459836)."( PR-104 a bioreductive pre-prodrug combined with gemcitabine or docetaxel in a phase Ib study of patients with advanced solid tumours.
Gu, Y; Jameson, MB; McKeage, MJ; Melink, TJ; Rajendran, J; Ramanathan, RK; Tchekmedyian, NS; Wilson, WR, 2012)		0.38
"We evaluated AMG 386, an investigational peptibody that neutralizes the interaction between angiopoietins-1 and -2 and the Tie2 receptor, combined with cisplatin/capecitabine (CX) as first-line treatment for metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer."( Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of AMG 386 (trebananib) in combination with cisplatin and capecitabine in patients with metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer.
Adewoye, AH; Bampton, CL; Bass, MB; Bodoky, G; Eatock, MM; Nanayakkara, N; Strickland, AH; Sun, YN; Swieboda-Sadlej, A; Tebbutt, NC; Valladares-Ayerbes, M; Van Cutsem, E; Zhong, ZD, 2013)		0.39
"With better access to metastases and certain large or inoperable tumours, we applied two treatment sessions of combined therapy of whole-body hyperthermia and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemo-perfusion in the treatment group, while patients in the control group were treated with oxaliplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy or Xeloda."( Whole-body hyperthermia combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of stage IV advanced gastric cancer.
Chen, X; Dai, C; Zhao, C, 2012)		0.38
"These results suggest that whole-body hyperthermia combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with advanced gastric malignancies."( Whole-body hyperthermia combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of stage IV advanced gastric cancer.
Chen, X; Dai, C; Zhao, C, 2012)		0.38
" SM-164 could be a promising new agent for treatment of PC in combination with gemcitabine."( Therapy of Smac mimetic SM-164 in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer.
Chen, G; You, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, TP; Zhao, YP; Zhou, B, 2013)		0.39
"This prospective observational study assessed the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy as preoperative treatment to downsize tumours for radical resection in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)."( Preoperative treatment with bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
Albiol, M; Alsina, M; Codina-Barreras, A; Figueras, J; Guardeño, R; Hernandez-Yagüe, X; Lopez-Ben, S; Queralt, B; Soriano, J, 2013)		0.39
" Preoperative treatment consisted of bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) combined with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy, which was followed by surgery in patients showing clinical benefit."( Preoperative treatment with bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
Albiol, M; Alsina, M; Codina-Barreras, A; Figueras, J; Guardeño, R; Hernandez-Yagüe, X; Lopez-Ben, S; Queralt, B; Soriano, J, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic factors of survival for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy."( Prognostic factors of unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Fujiwara, Y; Furukawa, K; Gocho, T; Haruki, K; Iwase, R; Misawa, T; Shiba, H; Uwagawa, T; Yanaga, K, 2012)		0.38
"The study included 41 patients who were diagnosed with unresectable pancreatic cancer and eligible for our clinical study of nafamostat mesilate, combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer between February 2007 and November 2010 at Jikei University Hospital."( Prognostic factors of unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Fujiwara, Y; Furukawa, K; Gocho, T; Haruki, K; Iwase, R; Misawa, T; Shiba, H; Uwagawa, T; Yanaga, K, 2012)		0.38
"Jaundice, ascites, high lymphocyte count and high serum CA19-9 levels are independent prognostic predictors for poor overall survival of patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy."( Prognostic factors of unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with nafamostat mesilate combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Fujiwara, Y; Furukawa, K; Gocho, T; Haruki, K; Iwase, R; Misawa, T; Shiba, H; Uwagawa, T; Yanaga, K, 2012)		0.38
"The aims of this study were to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oxaliplatin in combination with fixed doses of gemcitabine, irinotecan, and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (G-FLIE) in solid tumors, including advanced pancreatic cancer, and to evaluate the toxicity of the regimen."( Phase I study of oxaliplatin in combination with gemcitabine, irinotecan, and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (G-FLIE) in patients with metastatic solid tumors including adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Chalasani, SB; Chung, MS; Grossbard, ML; Kozuch, PS; Malamud, S; Mirzoyev, T; Olszewski, AJ, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine combined with thalidomide in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) who have previously received gemcitabine-based therapy."( Phase II trial of capecitabine combined with thalidomide in second-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
Liu, QY; Niu, ZX; Shi, SB; Tang, XY; Wang, M, )		0.13
"Capecitabine combined with thalidomide is a well-tolerated second-line regimen, in patients with APC refractory to gemcitabine."( Phase II trial of capecitabine combined with thalidomide in second-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
Liu, QY; Niu, ZX; Shi, SB; Tang, XY; Wang, M, )		0.13
"The aim of this phase I trial was to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and the recommended dose of erlotinib combined with capecitabine and gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer (APC)."( Phase I trial of gemcitabine combined with capecitabine and erlotinib in advanced pancreatic cancer: a clinical and pharmacological study.
Bennouna, J; Chamorey, E; Douillard, JY; Etienne-Grimaldi, MC; Follana, P; Francois, E; Mari, V; Michel, C; Milano, G; Renée, N; Senellart, H, 2012)		0.38
"To observe efficacy and side effects, as well as the impact on quality of life, of Kanglaite® (Coix Seed Oil) injections combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer patiensts."( Clinical safety and efficacy of Kanglaite® (Coix Seed Oil) injection combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with gastric cancer.
Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, X; Ye, LH; Zhan, YP, 2012)		0.38
"A consecutive cohort of 60 patients were divided into two groups:the experimental group receiving Kanglaite® Injection combined with chemotherapy and the control group with chemotherapy alone."( Clinical safety and efficacy of Kanglaite® (Coix Seed Oil) injection combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with gastric cancer.
Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, X; Ye, LH; Zhan, YP, 2012)		0.38
" Patients were treated with cetuximab combined with either CAPIRI or CAPOX."( Early tumor shrinkage in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving first-line treatment with cetuximab combined with either CAPIRI or CAPOX: an analysis of the German AIO KRK 0104 trial.
Giessen, C; Haas, M; Heinemann, V; Laubender, RP; Mansmann, U; Modest, DP; Schulz, C; Stintzing, S, 2013)		0.39
" Patients had received G (day 1, 1000 mg/m(2)) and Cis (day 2 and 4, 25 mg/m(2)) in combination with RHT (day 2 and 4, 1 h) biweekly for 4 months."( Gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with regional hyperthermia as second-line treatment in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer.
Abdel-Rahman, S; Berger, F; Dieterle, N; Issels, RD; Milani, V; Salat, C; Tschoep-Lechner, KE, 2013)		0.39
" The aim of this study was to characterize this pancreatic carcinoma model and to determine the effects of Plasma Gun alone or in combination with gemcitabine."( Effects of a non thermal plasma treatment alone or in combination with gemcitabine in a MIA PaCa2-luc orthotopic pancreatic carcinoma model.
Brullé, L; Le Pape, A; Lerondel, S; Martel, E; Pouvesle, JM; Richard, S; Riès, D; Robert, E; Trichet, V; Vandamme, M, 2012)		0.38
"To assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous cryoablation (PCC) and (125)I seed implantation combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Percutaneous cryoablation and (125)I seed implantation combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: report of 67 cases].
He, LH; Niu, LZ; Xu, KC; Yang, ZZ; Zhou, L; Zuo, JS, 2012)		0.38
"Sixty-seven patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (6 in stage III, 61 in stage IV) received PCC and (125)I seed implantation combined with concomitant gemcitabine hydrochloride and DDP chemotherapy."( [Percutaneous cryoablation and (125)I seed implantation combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: report of 67 cases].
He, LH; Niu, LZ; Xu, KC; Yang, ZZ; Zhou, L; Zuo, JS, 2012)		0.38
"Percutaneous cryoablation and (125)I seed implantation combined with chemotherapy are effective and safe for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Percutaneous cryoablation and (125)I seed implantation combined with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: report of 67 cases].
He, LH; Niu, LZ; Xu, KC; Yang, ZZ; Zhou, L; Zuo, JS, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells for advanced gastric cancer patients with ascites."( [A pilot study of chemotherapy combined with intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer cells for advanced gastric cancer patients with ascites].
Chen, Y; Feng, Y; Li, Q; Liu, TS; Wang, ZM; Zhuang, RY, 2013)		0.39
" According to personal choice, patients were divided into 2 groups: XELOX chemotherapy alone (Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin) was applied in 22 patients (chemotherapy group) and XELOX combined with intraperitoneal perfusion of CIK cells in 20 patients (combination group)."( [A pilot study of chemotherapy combined with intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer cells for advanced gastric cancer patients with ascites].
Chen, Y; Feng, Y; Li, Q; Liu, TS; Wang, ZM; Zhuang, RY, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the 6-mo overall survival, safety and tolerability of lenalidomide in combination with standard gemcitabine as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Lenalidomide in combination with gemcitabine as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic carcinoma of the pancreas: a Sarah Cannon Research Institute phase II trial.
Arkenau, HT; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Hainsworth, JD; Infante, JR; Jones, GT; Lane, CM; Rubin, MS; Spigel, DR; Waterhouse, D, 2013)		0.39
"HAI nab-paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine and bevacizumab was well tolerated and had antitumor activity in selected patients with advanced cancer and liver metastases."( A phase I study of hepatic arterial infusion of nab-paclitaxel in combination with intravenous gemcitabine and bevacizumab for patients with advanced cancers and predominant liver metastases.
Hess, KR; Hong, D; Naing, A; Nwosu, U; Tsimberidou, AM; Wheler, J; Wolff, RA; Ye, Y, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitor upamostat in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC)."( Phase II randomised proof-of-concept study of the urokinase inhibitor upamostat (WX-671) in combination with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with non-resectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Bevan, P; Boeck, S; Ebert, MP; Heinemann, V; Laubender, RP; Mala, C, 2013)		0.39
"Within a prospective multicenter study, LAPC patients were randomly assigned to receive 1000 mg m(-2) of gemcitabine IV weekly either alone (arm A) or in combination with 200 mg (arm B) or 400 mg (arm C) oral upamostat daily."( Phase II randomised proof-of-concept study of the urokinase inhibitor upamostat (WX-671) in combination with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with non-resectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Bevan, P; Boeck, S; Ebert, MP; Heinemann, V; Laubender, RP; Mala, C, 2013)		0.39
" We have designed a trial to assess whether first-line chemotherapy using liposomal paclitaxel combined with cisplatin (LP regimen) is superior to gemcitabine combined with cisplatin (GP regimen) in efficacy (both short-term and long-term efficacy) and safety (adverse events; AEs)."( Assessing the effectiveness and safety of liposomal paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC with regional lymph-node metastasis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (PLC-GC trial).
Bingjing, Z; Hu, L; Liang, G; Rufu, X; Xiangdong, Z; Yuliang, W, 2013)		0.39
" Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor,markedly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of panobinostat combined with gemcitabine."( Identification of unique synergistic drug combinations associated with downexpression of survivin in a preclinical breast cancer model system.
Budman, DR; Calabro, A; Lesser, M; Rosen, L, 2012)		0.38
"Pazopanib combined with FOLFOX6 or reduced CapeOx was adequately tolerated in this patient population."( An open-label study of the safety and tolerability of pazopanib in combination with FOLFOX6 or CapeOx in patients with colorectal cancer.
Adams, LM; Botbyl, J; Brady, J; Chau, I; Corrie, P; Digumarti, R; Laubscher, KH; Mallath, M; Midgley, RS, 2013)		0.39
" There were no clinically significant drug-drug interactions."( Sunitinib in combination with gemcitabine for advanced solid tumours: a phase I dose-finding study.
Chen, I; McDermott, DF; Michaelson, MD; Patyna, S; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Ryan, DP; Schwarzberg, AB; Shapiro, GI; Stephenson, P; Tye, L; Zhu, AX, 2013)		0.39
"Sunitinib plus gemcitabine on Schedule 2/1 with growth factor support was well tolerated and safely administered at maximum doses of each drug, without significant drug-drug interactions."( Sunitinib in combination with gemcitabine for advanced solid tumours: a phase I dose-finding study.
Chen, I; McDermott, DF; Michaelson, MD; Patyna, S; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Ryan, DP; Schwarzberg, AB; Shapiro, GI; Stephenson, P; Tye, L; Zhu, AX, 2013)		0.39
"Oral MSC1992371A can be administered at a MTD of 37 mg/m(2) in combination with the standard 1,000 mg/m(2) dose of gemcitabine, but hematologic toxicity requires careful monitoring."( A phase I schedule dependency study of the aurora kinase inhibitor MSC1992371A in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Alexandre, J; Awada, A; Besse-Hammer, T; Faivre, S; Gianella-Borradori, A; Goldwasser, F; Jego, V; Raymond, E; Rejeb, N; Trandafir, L, 2014)		0.4
" BLU in combination with gemcitabine arrested the cell cycle at the G1-G0 phase and induced apoptosis."( BLU enhances the effects of anti-angiogenic activity in combination with gemcitabine-based chemotherapeutic agents.
Byun, HJ; Kim, BR; Park, SY; Rho, SB; Yoo, HJ, 2013)		0.39
"This phase 1b study determined the safety, tolerability, and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and schedule of trametinib in combination with gemcitabine."( A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours.
Bellew, KM; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Cox, DS; Durante, M; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Le, NT; Papadopoulos, KP; Park, JJ; Patnaik, A; Rasco, D; Smith, L; Tolcher, AW, 2013)		0.39
" During expansion, trametinib 2mg was combined with gemcitabine."( A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours.
Bellew, KM; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Cox, DS; Durante, M; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Le, NT; Papadopoulos, KP; Park, JJ; Patnaik, A; Rasco, D; Smith, L; Tolcher, AW, 2013)		0.39
"Administration of trametinib at its full monotherapy dose of 2mg daily in combination with standard gemcitabine dosing (1000 mg/m(2) IV Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days) was feasible."( A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours.
Bellew, KM; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Cox, DS; Durante, M; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Le, NT; Papadopoulos, KP; Park, JJ; Patnaik, A; Rasco, D; Smith, L; Tolcher, AW, 2013)		0.39
" Elimination of Tregs alone or in combination with DC-based vaccination had no effect on pancreatic tumor growth or survival."( Dendritic cell immunotherapy combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy enhances survival in a murine model of pancreatic carcinoma.
Ghansah, T; Kinney, K; Kodumudi, K; Pilon-Thomas, S; Sarnaik, AA; Springett, G; Vohra, N; Weber, A, 2013)		0.39
"To establish the recommended phase II dose of the oral γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097 (RO) in combination with gemcitabine; secondary objectives include the evaluation of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, biomarkers of Notch signaling and preliminary anti-tumor activity."( A phase I study of the oral gamma secretase inhibitor R04929097 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors (PHL-078/CTEP 8575).
Bedard, PL; Chen, EX; Chen, Z; Clarke, BA; Cohen, B; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Ivy, SP; McWhirter, E; Moore, MJ; Oza, AM; Razak, AR; Reedijk, M; Richter, S; Siu, LL; Stathis, A; Tran, B; Wang, L; Zhang, WJ, 2014)		0.4
" The recommended phase II dose of RO was 30 mg in combination with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2)."( A phase I study of the oral gamma secretase inhibitor R04929097 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors (PHL-078/CTEP 8575).
Bedard, PL; Chen, EX; Chen, Z; Clarke, BA; Cohen, B; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Ivy, SP; McWhirter, E; Moore, MJ; Oza, AM; Razak, AR; Reedijk, M; Richter, S; Siu, LL; Stathis, A; Tran, B; Wang, L; Zhang, WJ, 2014)		0.4
"The protease inhibitor bortezomib attenuates the action of NF-κB and has shown preclinical activity alone and in combination with chemotherapy."( A phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, carboplatin and capecitabine (ECarboX) in advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma.
Eatock, MM; Gallagher, R; James, CR; Law, D; Millar, J; Morris, M; Napier, E; Purcell, C; Turkington, RC; Wilson, RH, 2014)		0.4
"6 mg m(-2) on days 1 and 8 from cycle 2 onwards) in combination with Epirubicin 50 mg m(-2) intravenously on day 1, Carboplatin AUC 5 day 1 and Capecitabine 625 mg m(-2) BD days 1-21 every 21 days (VECarboX regimen), in patients with advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma."( A phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, carboplatin and capecitabine (ECarboX) in advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma.
Eatock, MM; Gallagher, R; James, CR; Law, D; Millar, J; Morris, M; Napier, E; Purcell, C; Turkington, RC; Wilson, RH, 2014)		0.4
"A phase I trial of first-line vorinostat, an orally bio-available histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with capecitabine plus cisplatin (XP) was performed to assess recommend phase II trial dose in patients with advanced gastric cancer."( Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of vorinostat combined with capecitabine and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer.
Kang, YK; Kim, SY; Koo, DH; Lee, CW; Maeng, J; Na, YS; Park, I; Ryoo, BY; Ryu, MH; Yoo, C, 2014)		0.4
" A multicenter phase II study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of capecitabine combined with nedaplatin for these patients."( Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine combined with nedaplatin for recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after failure of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Chen, ZB; Liao, H; Lin, Z; Ou, XQ; Peng, PJ; Peng, YL; Wang, SY; Zhang, HY, 2013)		0.39
"Capecitabine combined with nedaplatin offers a satisfactory clinical activity and an acceptable safety profile for recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after failure of cisplatin-based chemotherapy."( Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine combined with nedaplatin for recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after failure of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Chen, ZB; Liao, H; Lin, Z; Ou, XQ; Peng, PJ; Peng, YL; Wang, SY; Zhang, HY, 2013)		0.39
" Here we report the first phase 2 study of erlotinib in combination with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy for resected PDAC."( Phase 2 study of erlotinib combined with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.
Blackford, AL; Cameron, JL; Choti, MA; De Jesus-Acosta, A; Donehower, RC; Edil, BH; Ellsworth, S; Fan, KY; Hacker-Prietz, A; Herman, JM; Hidalgo, M; Hruban, RH; Laheru, DA; Le, DT; Pawlik, TM; Schulick, RD; Wild, AT; Wolfgang, CL; Wood, LD; Zheng, L, 2013)		0.39
"Erlotinib can be safely administered with adjuvant IMRT-based CRT and chemotherapy."( Phase 2 study of erlotinib combined with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.
Blackford, AL; Cameron, JL; Choti, MA; De Jesus-Acosta, A; Donehower, RC; Edil, BH; Ellsworth, S; Fan, KY; Hacker-Prietz, A; Herman, JM; Hidalgo, M; Hruban, RH; Laheru, DA; Le, DT; Pawlik, TM; Schulick, RD; Wild, AT; Wolfgang, CL; Wood, LD; Zheng, L, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate the inhibitory effect of geraniol alone, or in combination with gemcitabine, on the proliferation of BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells."( Inhibitory effect of geraniol in combination with gemcitabine on proliferation of BXPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells.
Jin, X; Liu, G; Miao, X; Sun, J; Zhong, D, 2013)		0.39
" Geraniol alone or combined with gemcitabine induced BXPC-3 cell apoptosis."( Inhibitory effect of geraniol in combination with gemcitabine on proliferation of BXPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells.
Jin, X; Liu, G; Miao, X; Sun, J; Zhong, D, 2013)		0.39
"To examine the antagonistic effects of anti-extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (anti-EMMPRIN) antibody when combined with chemotherapy using a hypovascular pancreatic tumor model."( Antagonistic effects of anti-EMMPRIN antibody when combined with chemotherapy against hypovascular pancreatic cancers.
Beasley, TM; Boothman, DA; Buchsbaum, DJ; Kim, H; Lee, SK; Li, LS; Martin, A; Rigell, CJ; Samuel, SL; Stockard, CR; Umphrey, HR; Zhai, G; Zinn, KR, 2014)		0.4
" Similarly, tumor growth was significantly suppressed by β-lapachone alone, and additive effects were noted when combined with gemcitabine, but the therapeutic efficacy was reduced when anti-EMMPRIN antibody was added."( Antagonistic effects of anti-EMMPRIN antibody when combined with chemotherapy against hypovascular pancreatic cancers.
Beasley, TM; Boothman, DA; Buchsbaum, DJ; Kim, H; Lee, SK; Li, LS; Martin, A; Rigell, CJ; Samuel, SL; Stockard, CR; Umphrey, HR; Zhai, G; Zinn, KR, 2014)		0.4
" Patients are stratified by hormone-receptor status, geographic region, and prior metastatic chemotherapy status and randomized (1:1) to capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily (BID), days 1 to 14 of 21) in combination with sorafenib (orally BID, days 1 to 21, total dose 600 mg/day) or matching placebo."( A phase 3 tRial comparing capecitabinE in combination with SorafenIb or pLacebo for treatment of locally advanced or metastatIc HER2-Negative breast CancEr (the RESILIENCE study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Baselga, J; Costa, F; Gomez, H; Gradishar, WJ; Hudis, CA; Petrenciuc, O; Rapoport, B; Roche, H; Schwartzberg, LS; Shan, M, 2013)		0.39
"To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( [Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Shi, X; Yu, XM; Zhang, YP; Zhao, J, 2013)		0.39
" Thus, pemetrexed combined with carboplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced NSCLC in elderly patients."( [Efficacy and safety of pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin as the first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer].
Shi, X; Yu, XM; Zhang, YP; Zhao, J, 2013)		0.39
"This open-label, Phase I, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy (RECIST) of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours (NCT00937664)."( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours.
Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)		0.39
"The maximum tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine, 1,000 mg/m(2) was determined as 21 mg in Japanese patients."( Phase I, dose-escalation study of AZD7762 alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours.
Agbo, F; Arita, S; Esaki, T; Fujimoto, C; Hamatake, M; Hirai, F; Kometani, T; Makiyama, A; Nosaki, K; Seto, T; Shi, X; Takeoka, H, 2013)		0.39
" The objective of this research was to enhance the efficacy and drug-resistance for pancreatic carcinoma by using inhibition of SIRT1 combined with gemcitabine therapy methods."( Inhibition of SIRT1 combined with gemcitabine therapy for pancreatic carcinoma.
Gong, DJ; Guo, QQ; Yu, M; Zhang, JM; Zhuang, B, 2013)		0.39
"To assess the efficacy and safety of carboplatin-based chemotherapy when compared with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, both in combination with a third-generation drug, in people with advanced NSCLC."( Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third-generation drugs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
da Silva, EM; de Castria, TB; Gois, AF; Riera, R, 2013)		0.39
"Randomised clinical trials comparing regimens with carboplatin or cisplatin combined with a third-generation drug in people with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC."( Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third-generation drugs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
da Silva, EM; de Castria, TB; Gois, AF; Riera, R, 2013)		0.39
"This phase I study investigated the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacodynamics, immunologic correlatives, and antitumor activity of CP-870,893, an agonist CD40 antibody, when administered in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)."( A phase I study of an agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (CP-870,893) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Alavi, A; Beatty, GL; Brothers, A; Chiorean, EG; O'Dwyer, PJ; Saboury, B; Sun, W; Teitelbaum, UR; Torigian, DA; Troxel, AB; Vonderheide, RH, 2013)		0.39
"CP-870,893 in combination with gemcitabine was well-tolerated and associated with antitumor activity in patients with PDA."( A phase I study of an agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (CP-870,893) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Alavi, A; Beatty, GL; Brothers, A; Chiorean, EG; O'Dwyer, PJ; Saboury, B; Sun, W; Teitelbaum, UR; Torigian, DA; Troxel, AB; Vonderheide, RH, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in the first-line treatment of HER-2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer."( [Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a Phase III, multi-center, randomized controlled trial, Chinese subreport].
Feng, FY; Guan, ZZ; Jiao, SC; Jin, YN; Li, J; Pan, LX; Qin, SK; Shen, L; Tao, M; Wang, JJ; Wang, LW; Wang, YJ; Xu, JM; Yu, SY; Zheng, LZ, 2013)		0.39
" Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a chemotherapy regimen consisting of capecitabine or 5-FU plus cisplatin or chemotherapy in combination with intravenous trastuzumab."( [Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a Phase III, multi-center, randomized controlled trial, Chinese subreport].
Feng, FY; Guan, ZZ; Jiao, SC; Jin, YN; Li, J; Pan, LX; Qin, SK; Shen, L; Tao, M; Wang, JJ; Wang, LW; Wang, YJ; Xu, JM; Yu, SY; Zheng, LZ, 2013)		0.39
" Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy can be considered as a new option for patients with HER-2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer."( [Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a Phase III, multi-center, randomized controlled trial, Chinese subreport].
Feng, FY; Guan, ZZ; Jiao, SC; Jin, YN; Li, J; Pan, LX; Qin, SK; Shen, L; Tao, M; Wang, JJ; Wang, LW; Wang, YJ; Xu, JM; Yu, SY; Zheng, LZ, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the inhibitory effect and its mechanism of celecoxib combined with capecitabine on the growth of implanted H22 hepatoma in mice."( [Inhibitory effects of celecoxib combined with capecitabine on H22 hepatoma mice and its mechanism].
Guo, HQ; Liu, YY; Yang, SJ; Yao, SN; Yao, ZH; Yuan, YD; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.39
"We aimed at investigating in vitro the cytotoxic activity (determined using WST-1, apoptosis and cell cycle assays) of gemcitabine, alone or in combination with mitotane, in mitotane-sensitive H295R and mitotane-insensitive SW-13 cells."( Cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine, alone or in combination with mitotane, in adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines.
Berruti, A; Carturan, S; Germano, A; Lo Buono, N; Papotti, M; Rapa, I; Terzolo, M; Volante, M, 2014)		0.4
" We selected those patients for our study who were receiving treatment with paclitaxel, gemcitabine or etoposide in combination with platinum based drugs."( Survival analysis in advanced non small cell lung cancer treated with platinum based chemotherapy in combination with paclitaxel, gemcitabine and etoposide.
Jamil, K; Naidu Madireddy, UR; Natukula, K; Pingali, UR; Suresh Attili, VS, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of double-mutated oncolytic adenovirus AxdAdB-3 in combination with gemcitabine for treating bladder cancer in an orthotopic nude mouse model."( [Double-mutated oncolytic adenovirus combined with gemcitabine for treating an orthotopic nude mouse model of bladder cancer].
Chen, GP; Li, DC; Li, FY; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Wang, ZP; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.39
" AxdAdB-3 combined with gemcitabine significantly inhibited the growth of bladder cancer cell lines."( [Double-mutated oncolytic adenovirus combined with gemcitabine for treating an orthotopic nude mouse model of bladder cancer].
Chen, GP; Li, DC; Li, FY; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Wang, ZP; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.39
"Intravesical instillation therapy with AxdAdB-3 in combination with gemcitabine can effectively inhibit the orthotopic bladder cancer in nude mouse, and further relevant clinical studies are guaranteed."( [Double-mutated oncolytic adenovirus combined with gemcitabine for treating an orthotopic nude mouse model of bladder cancer].
Chen, GP; Li, DC; Li, FY; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Wang, ZP; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.39
"L19-tumor necrosis factor alpha (L19mTNF-α; L), a fusion protein consisting of mouse TNFα and the human antibody fragment L19 directed to the extra domain-B (ED-B) of fibronectin, is able to selectively target tumor vasculature and to exert a long-lasting therapeutic activity in combination with melphalan (M) in syngeneic mouse tumor models."( Schedule-dependent therapeutic efficacy of L19mTNF-α and melphalan combined with gemcitabine.
Balza, E; Borsi, L; Carnemolla, B; Castellani, P; Mortara, L; Orecchia, P, 2013)		0.39
"The RP2D of dasatinib is 70 mg daily in combination with CapeOx/bevacizumab."( Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab followed by an expanded cohort in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer.
Arrowood, C; Blobe, GC; Brady, JC; Cohn, A; Haley, S; Hsu, SD; Hurwitz, HI; McCall, S; Meadows, KL; Morse, MA; Nixon, AB; Pang, H; Rushing, C; Starodub, A; Strickler, JH; Uronis, HE; Zafar, SY, 2014)		0.4
" In addition three other human tumour cell lines (A549: lung, LN-229: glioblastoma, PANC-1: pancreas) were tested for the combination with camptothecin."( Comparison of the effects of photon versus carbon ion irradiation when combined with chemotherapy in vitro.
Brons, S; Combs, SE; Debus, J; Haberer, T; Schlaich, F; Weber, KJ, 2013)		0.39
" In combination with chemotherapy additive toxicity was the prevailing effect."( Comparison of the effects of photon versus carbon ion irradiation when combined with chemotherapy in vitro.
Brons, S; Combs, SE; Debus, J; Haberer, T; Schlaich, F; Weber, KJ, 2013)		0.39
" In H460 xenografts, CKD-516 combined with gemcitabine significantly delayed tumor growth up to 57 % and 36 % as compared to control and gemcitabine alone, respectively."( CKD-516 displays vascular disrupting properties and enhances anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy in a murine tumor model.
Cha, H; Cho, WJ; Dung, le TK; Lee, HY; Lee, SJ; Min, YJ; Moon, CH; Park, JW, 2014)		0.4
"CKD-516 is a novel agent with vascular disrupting properties and enhances anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy."( CKD-516 displays vascular disrupting properties and enhances anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy in a murine tumor model.
Cha, H; Cho, WJ; Dung, le TK; Lee, HY; Lee, SJ; Min, YJ; Moon, CH; Park, JW, 2014)		0.4
" IFN-γ-producing cells were induced by the KIF20A-derived peptide vaccine at a high rate, even in combination with GEM."( A phase I clinical trial of vaccination with KIF20A-derived peptide in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Hazama, S; Iida, M; Matsui, H; Oka, M; Shindo, Y; Suzuki, N; Takeda, K; Ueno, T; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, S, 2014)		0.4
"01), but all significantly smaller than that in the control group; HIFU combined with gemcitabine resulted in the most obvious reduction in the tumor volume."( [Effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with gemcitabine on subcutaneous pancreatic cancer in nude mice].
Fang, L; Hu, H; Li, F; Liu, L; Mao, Y; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.39
"HIFU therapy produces definite therapeutic effect on human pancreatic cancer in the nude mouse model, and its combination with chemotherapy is the optimal treatment modality."( [Effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with gemcitabine on subcutaneous pancreatic cancer in nude mice].
Fang, L; Hu, H; Li, F; Liu, L; Mao, Y; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.39
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose and the recommended dose (RD) for phase II trials of elisidepsin (Irvalec®) in combination with carboplatin or gemcitabine."( Phase I study of elisidepsin (Irvalec®) in combination with carboplatin or gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Alexandre, J; Coronado, C; Dios, JL; Faivre, S; Fernández-García, EM; Goldwasser, F; Kahatt, CM; Miguel-Lillo, B; Paramio, PG; Raymond, E, 2014)		0.4
"Infra-optimal doses of elisidepsin and carboplatin and a lack of antitumor activity despite using active drug concentrations in combination with gemcitabine do not warrant further clinical development for these two combinations."( Phase I study of elisidepsin (Irvalec®) in combination with carboplatin or gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Alexandre, J; Coronado, C; Dios, JL; Faivre, S; Fernández-García, EM; Goldwasser, F; Kahatt, CM; Miguel-Lillo, B; Paramio, PG; Raymond, E, 2014)		0.4
" This phase 2 trial evaluated the efficacy of tigatuzumab combined with gemcitabine in 62 chemotherapy-naive patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Phase 2, multicenter, open-label study of tigatuzumab (CS-1008), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting death receptor 5, in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Arrowsmith, E; Austin, T; Beckman, R; Forero-Torres, A; Greenberg, J; Hart, L; He, AR; Infante, JR; Jin, X; Rosen, M; Saleh, M; Trent, D; Vickers, S; von Roemeling, R; Wade, J; Wang, Q; Waterhouse, D; Wong, L, 2013)		0.39
"Forty-two patients received AZD7762 6 mg (n = 9), 9 mg (n = 3), 14 mg (n = 6), 21 mg (n = 3), 30 mg (n = 7), 32 mg (n = 6), and 40 mg (n = 8), in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)		0.4
"The maximum-tolerated dose of AZD7762 in combination with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) was 30 mg."( Phase I dose-escalation study of AZD7762, a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in US patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agbo, F; Azad, N; Barker, P; Carducci, M; Carter, J; Cosgrove, D; Knight, R; Lorusso, P; Malburg, L; Oakes, P; Quinn, MF; Sausville, E; Senderowicz, A; Zabludoff, S, 2014)		0.4
" WT1 vaccine in combination with gemcitabine was well tolerated for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Wilms tumor gene (WT1) peptide-based cancer vaccine combined with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Doki, Y; Eguchi, H; Hara, K; Homma, S; Hosen, N; Ikegami, M; Ito, T; Kawase, I; Kitagawa, T; Koido, S; Komita, H; Kumanogoh, A; Mori, M; Morimoto, S; Morita, S; Nagano, H; Nakae, Y; Nakata, J; Nishida, S; Ohkusa, T; Oji, Y; Oka, Y; Sakamoto, J; Sugiyama, H; Tajiri, H; Takahara, A; Takeda, Y; Tanaka, T; Toyama, Y; Tsuboi, A; Wada, H; Yanagisawa, S, )		0.13
"We evaluated the safety and efficacy of biweekly capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin in previously untreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer."( A multicenter phase II study of biweekly capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin as first-line chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.
Bai, LY; Chao, Y; Chen, JS; Hsieh, JS; Li, CP; Su, WC; Su, YC; Tai, CJ; Wu, CC; Yeh, HT; Yeh, KH, 2014)		0.4
" The objective of this study was to compare changes in body composition between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) over 96 weeks using data from a substudy of CASTLE, which compared once-daily ATV/r with twice-daily LPV/r, both in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection."( Comparison of body composition changes between atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir each in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection.
DeGrosky, M; Farajallah, A; Hardy, H; McGrath, D; Moyle, GJ, 2014)		0.4
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of capecitabine combined with postoperative radiotherapy for gastric cancer."( Phase I study of postoperative radiotherapy combined with capecitabine for gastric cancer.
Fang, H; Jin, J; Li, YX; Liu, XF; Liu, YP; Ren, H; Song, YW; Wang, SL; Wang, WH; Wang, X; Yu, ZH, 2014)		0.4
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Honokiol (HNK) combined with Gemcitabine (GEM) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human Burkitt lymphoma Raji cells."( [Honokiol combined with Gemcitabine synergistically inhibits the proliferation of human Burkitt lymphoma cells and induces their apoptosis].
Fan, JX; Guo, KY; Hung, YX; Wang, J; Xu, XJ; Ye, YB; Zhang, MW, 2014)		0.4
" TL-118, a novel drug combination has been recently developed to inhibit tumor angiogenesis."( TL-118 and gemcitabine drug combination display therapeutic efficacy in a MYCN amplified orthotopic neuroblastoma murine model--evaluation by MRI.
Abramovitch, R; Corchia, N; Dery, E; Fried, I; Gross, E; Komar-Stossel, C; Meir, K, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the therapy effects of (125)I implantation combined with chemoradiotherapy on pancreatic cancer patients."( (125)I particle implantation combined with chemoradiotherapy to treat advanced pancreatic cancer.
Di, XY; Guo, JM; Jiang, HT; Yu, Q; Yu, YP; Zhu, Y, 2014)		0.4
"(125)I implanted into tumour combined with chemoradiotherapy has higher local control rate of advanced pancreatic cancer than chemoradiotherapy."( (125)I particle implantation combined with chemoradiotherapy to treat advanced pancreatic cancer.
Di, XY; Guo, JM; Jiang, HT; Yu, Q; Yu, YP; Zhu, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Liver transplant patients receive a large number of medications and adverse drug reactions, and drug-drug interactions must be closely monitored."( Liver injury possibly related to drug interaction after liver transplant: a case report.
Jiang, WT; Liu, YH; Pan, C; Thian, Y; Zhu, LQ, 2014)		0.4
"Close monitoring and prompt discontinuation of the drugs with high volume of distribution and metabolized through the liver are necessary to avoid drug-drug interaction in liver transplant patients."( Liver injury possibly related to drug interaction after liver transplant: a case report.
Jiang, WT; Liu, YH; Pan, C; Thian, Y; Zhu, LQ, 2014)		0.4
" In combination with gemcitabine, the peptide demonstrated enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity as well as tumor growth inhibition in an animal model."( Anti-tumor efficacy of a therapeutic peptide based on thermo-responsive elastin-like polypeptide in combination with gemcitabine.
Raucher, D; Ryu, JS, 2014)		0.4
" This study was conducted to elucidate the safety and efficacy of palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine or pemetrexed, both in combination with a platinum agent in NSCLC patients with ILD."( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease.
Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)		0.4
"Patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC and ILD who received gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum agent as first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed."( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease.
Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)		0.4
"Our results suggest that gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with platinum agents could be a feasible option for advanced NSCLC with ILD with some risk of AE-ILD or early death."( Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease.
Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Chang, W; Choi, MK; Chung, MP; Hong, JY; Jung, HA; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Park, K; Park, S; Sun, JM, 2014)		0.4
"This study aimed to determine the recommended dose of capecitabine combined with peginterferon α-2a (Phase I) and evaluate its safety and efficacy for sorafenib-refractory advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (Phase II)."( A phase I/II trial of capecitabine combined with peginterferon α-2a in Patients with sorafenib-refractory advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Chiba, T; Kanai, F; Kanogawa, N; Motoyama, T; Ogasawara, S; Ooka, Y; Suzuki, E; Tawada, A; Yokosuka, AO, 2014)		0.4
"Capecitabine at 2000 mg/(m(2)∙day) combined with peginterferon α-2a (90 μg/week) exhibited moderate, albeit manageable, toxicity and was declared as the recommended phase II dose."( A phase I/II trial of capecitabine combined with peginterferon α-2a in Patients with sorafenib-refractory advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Chiba, T; Kanai, F; Kanogawa, N; Motoyama, T; Ogasawara, S; Ooka, Y; Suzuki, E; Tawada, A; Yokosuka, AO, 2014)		0.4
"Patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors were treated with escalating doses of tivantinib (120-360 mg capsules) in combination with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 of 4 weeks)."( A phase I dose escalation study of oral c-MET inhibitor tivantinib (ARQ 197) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Abbadessa, G; Bendell, J; Camacho, LH; Chen, Y; Infante, JR; Jones, S; Kazakin, J; Kurkjian, CD; Moore, KM; Pant, S; Saleh, M; Schwartz, B; Wang, Y, 2014)		0.4
"This Phase 1 study aimed to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose of LY2334737, an oral gemcitabine prodrug, when combined with standard dose docetaxel treatment in patients with advanced solid tumors."( Phase 1 dose escalation and pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Aguirre, E; Benhadji, KA; Callies, S; Garcia, M; Gil-Martín, M; Llombart, A; Morales, S; Oaknin, A; Salazar, R; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2014)		0.4
" PK data were consistent with the first-in-man study of LY2334737 and did not reveal any drug-drug interaction between LY2334737 and docetaxel."( Phase 1 dose escalation and pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Aguirre, E; Benhadji, KA; Callies, S; Garcia, M; Gil-Martín, M; Llombart, A; Morales, S; Oaknin, A; Salazar, R; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2014)		0.4
" However, ganitumab 20 mg/kg in combination with gemcitabine had not been administered to patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of ganitumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, combined with gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancr
Fukutomi, A; Gansert, J; Ikeda, M; Kobayashi, Y; Okusaka, T; Shibayama, K; Takubo, T, 2014)		0.4
" No apparent pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of ganitumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, combined with gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancr
Fukutomi, A; Gansert, J; Ikeda, M; Kobayashi, Y; Okusaka, T; Shibayama, K; Takubo, T, 2014)		0.4
"Ganitumab 20 mg/kg combined with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) was tolerable and showed an acceptable safety profile in patients with untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of ganitumab, an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor, combined with gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancr
Fukutomi, A; Gansert, J; Ikeda, M; Kobayashi, Y; Okusaka, T; Shibayama, K; Takubo, T, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in lymphoma patients after failure of multiple chemotherapy regimens."( [Efficacy and safety evaluation of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in lymphoma patients after failure of multiple chemotherapy regimens].
Dong, M; Gui, L; He, X; Liu, P; Qin, Y; Shi, Y; Yang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2014)		0.4
"A dose escalation study of biweekly irinotecan (CPT-11) combined with capecitabine was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes."( A phase I study of capecitabine combined with CPT-11 in metastatic breast cancer pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes.
Inaba, T; Ishida, K; Kashiwaba, M; Kawagishi, R; Komatsu, H; Matsui, Y; Sugai, T; Uesugi, N; Wakabayashi, G, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the curative effect and clinical application of hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy combined with endogenetic field tumor hyperthermia (EFTH) in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma."( Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with endogenetic hyperthermia treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Chen, YT; Sun, HL; Teng, H; Xu, LF; Yao, HR, )		0.13
"HAI chemotherapy combined with EFTH is safe, minimally invasive, and well tolerated."( Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with endogenetic hyperthermia treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Chen, YT; Sun, HL; Teng, H; Xu, LF; Yao, HR, )		0.13
" In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of treatment with systemic gemcitabine (GEM) combined with HAIC with cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and isovorin in patients with advanced ICC."( Systemic gemcitabine combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and isovorin for the treatment of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a pilot study.
Harima, Y; Hidaka, I; Ishikawa, T; Marumoto, M; Marumoto, Y; Saeki, I; Sakaida, I; Segawa, M; Takami, T; Terai, S; Uchida, K; Urata, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamasaki, T, )		0.13
"Seven patients with advanced ICC, who received systemic GEM combined with HAIC with CDDP, 5-FU, and isovorin were studied."( Systemic gemcitabine combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and isovorin for the treatment of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a pilot study.
Harima, Y; Hidaka, I; Ishikawa, T; Marumoto, M; Marumoto, Y; Saeki, I; Sakaida, I; Segawa, M; Takami, T; Terai, S; Uchida, K; Urata, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamasaki, T, )		0.13
"Although this is a pilot study, we suggest that systemic GEM combined with HAIC with CDDP, 5-FU, and isovorin, may be a useful therapy for patients with advanced ICC."( Systemic gemcitabine combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and isovorin for the treatment of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a pilot study.
Harima, Y; Hidaka, I; Ishikawa, T; Marumoto, M; Marumoto, Y; Saeki, I; Sakaida, I; Segawa, M; Takami, T; Terai, S; Uchida, K; Urata, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamasaki, T, )		0.13
" Combination with standard chemotherapy may strengthen antitumor therapy."( A phase I dose escalation trial of tremelimumab (CP-675,206) in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Aglietta, M; Bagalà, C; Barone, C; Cagnazzo, C; Colombi, F; Fly, KD; Gioeni, L; Huang, B; Leone, F; Miller, WH; Moore, MJ; Sawyer, MB; Wang, E, 2014)		0.4
"To investigate the safety, optimal dosing, pharmacokinetics and clinical activity of a regimen of navitoclax (ABT-263) combined with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors."( A phase I clinical trial of navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity Bcl-2 family inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Busman, T; Cleary, JM; Franklin, C; Graham, A; Holen, K; Hurwitz, HI; Lima, CM; Mabry, M; Montero, AJ; Shapiro, GI; Uronis, H; Yang, J, 2014)		0.4
" No clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions were observed."( A phase I clinical trial of navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity Bcl-2 family inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Busman, T; Cleary, JM; Franklin, C; Graham, A; Holen, K; Hurwitz, HI; Lima, CM; Mabry, M; Montero, AJ; Shapiro, GI; Uronis, H; Yang, J, 2014)		0.4
" In calu-6 xenografts, LY2835219 in combination with gemcitabine enhanced in vivo antitumor activity without a G1 cell cycle arrest, but was associated with a reduction of ribonucleotide reductase expression."( Preclinical characterization of the CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219: in-vivo cell cycle-dependent/independent anti-tumor activities alone/in combination with gemcitabine.
Ajamie, RT; Cai, S; Chan, EM; Cronier, D; de Dios, A; Del Prado, M; Flack, RS; Gelbert, LM; Iversen, P; Kreklau, E; Lallena, MJ; Lin, X; Neubauer, BL; Sanchez-Martinez, C; Torres, R; Wishart, GN; Young, J, 2014)		0.4
" Carlumab could be safely administered at 10 or 15 mg/kg in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy and was well-tolerated, although no long-term suppression of serum CCL2 or significant tumor responses were observed."( Carlumab, an anti-C-C chemokine ligand 2 monoclonal antibody, in combination with four chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of patients with solid tumors: an open-label, multicenter phase 1b study.
Brana, I; Calles, A; Calvo, E; de Boer, CJ; LoRusso, PM; Puchalski, TA; Seetharam, S; Tabernero, J; Yee, LK; Zhong, B, 2015)		0.42
" We aimed to assess the safety, efficacy, biomarkers, and pharmacokinetics of rilotumumab combined with epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine (ECX) in patients with advanced gastric or oesophagogastric junction cancer."( Rilotumumab in combination with epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine as first-line treatment for gastric or oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: an open-label, dose de-escalation phase 1b study and a double-blind, randomised phase 2 study.
Anderson, A; Davidenko, I; Deptala, A; Donehower, RC; Dubey, S; Harrison, M; Iveson, T; Jiang, Y; Lakshmaiah, K; Loh, E; Nirni, S; Oliner, KS; Tang, R; Thomas, A; Tjulandin, S; Zhu, M, 2014)		0.4
"This was a prospective single-centre, phase I study to document the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and the recommended phase II dose for future study of capecitabine in combination with radioembolization."( Phase I study of capecitabine combined with radioembolization using yttrium-90 resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres) in patients with advanced cancer.
Astsaturov, I; Ball, DS; Cade, DN; Cohen, SJ; Dickens, A; Konski, AA; Marlow, C; Meropol, NJ; Meyer, JE; Putnam, S; Yu, JQ, 2014)		0.4
" This systematic evaluation compared the efficacy and safety profiles of gemcitabine combined with targeted agents (GEM + TA) versus gemcitabine administered as monotherapy or combined with placebo (GEM ± PLC) in LA/MPC patients."( Comparison of gemcitabine combined with targeted agent therapy versus gemcitabine monotherapy in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer.
Cao, B; Li, Q; Wen, Z; Yan, H; Yuan, Z; Zhang, R, 2014)		0.4
" Treatment was administered with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8), cisplatin (70 mg/m(2)), or carboplatin (AUC 5) on day 1, and dovitinib (orally on days 1-5, 8-12, and 15-19), every 21 days."( Phase Ib study of dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Galsky, MD; Gimpel-Tetra, K; Godbold, J; Holcombe, RF; Lee, KM; Lowe, N; Misiukiewicz, K; Oh, WK; Posner, M; Soto, R; Tsao, CK, 2014)		0.4
"Dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin was poorly tolerated due to myelosuppression."( Phase Ib study of dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Galsky, MD; Gimpel-Tetra, K; Godbold, J; Holcombe, RF; Lee, KM; Lowe, N; Misiukiewicz, K; Oh, WK; Posner, M; Soto, R; Tsao, CK, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of autologous cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell t combined with XELOX regimen in treatment of senile advanced gastric cancer."( [Clinical study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells combined with XELOX regimen in the treatment of senile advanced gastric cancer].
Bai, B; Cui, Y; Kuang, S; Wen, Y, 2014)		0.4
"Forty-six cases of senile advanced gastric cancer patients with a mean age of 70 years were prospectively divided into two groups according to individual acceptance of CIK cells: 25 patients receiving autologous CIK cell treatment combined with XELOX regimen (trial group) and 21 patients receiving simple chemotherapy (control group)."( [Clinical study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells combined with XELOX regimen in the treatment of senile advanced gastric cancer].
Bai, B; Cui, Y; Kuang, S; Wen, Y, 2014)		0.4
"Autologous CIK cells combined with XELOX regimen can increase immune function, improve clinical efficacy, decrease adverse reaction and prolong OS for senile patients with advanced gastric cancers."( [Clinical study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells combined with XELOX regimen in the treatment of senile advanced gastric cancer].
Bai, B; Cui, Y; Kuang, S; Wen, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Here we reported the in vitro activity of azvudine against HIV-1 and HIV-2 when used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs and its drug resistance features."( Azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro.
Chang, JB; Chen, H; Cui, XQ; Dai, SX; Huang, JF; Liu, YJ; Luo, RH; Peng, YM; Wang, RR; Yang, QH; Zhang, XJ; Zheng, YT, 2014)		0.4
" We conducted a phase II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of Endostar, an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, in combination with GC chemotherapy."( A phase II trial of Endostar combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NCT01612286).
Chen, XZ; Jin, T; Li, B, 2013)		0.39
"In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety of the oral fluoropyrimidine S-1 as monotherapy or in combination with leucovorin as the second-line treatment for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer whose disease had progressed on gemcitabine treatment."( S-1 as monotherapy or in combination with leucovorin as second-line treatment in gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study.
Ba, Y; Bai, Y; Ge, F; Jia, R; Li, F; Lin, L; Wang, Y; Xu, H; Xu, J; Xu, N; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Patients randomly received S-1 or S-1 in combination with leucovorin (SL arm) in 21-day cycles."( S-1 as monotherapy or in combination with leucovorin as second-line treatment in gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study.
Ba, Y; Bai, Y; Ge, F; Jia, R; Li, F; Lin, L; Wang, Y; Xu, H; Xu, J; Xu, N; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
"Neratinib in combination with capecitabine had a manageable toxicity profile and showed promising antitumor activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer pretreated with trastuzumab and lapatinib."( Safety and efficacy of neratinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.
Baselga, J; Cortés, J; Garcia-Saenz, JA; Germa, C; Harb, W; Kiger, C; Kim, SB; Martin, M; Moroose, R; Pluard, T; Saura, C; Wang, K; Xu, B, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fixed dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel in patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma."( [Efficacy and safety of fixed dose rate gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel in patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma].
Guo, H; Liu, Y; Yang, S; Yao, S; Yao, Z; Zhao, Y, 2014)		0.4
"The fixed dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel is an effective treatment regimen for patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma, and with tolerable adverse reactions."( [Efficacy and safety of fixed dose rate gemcitabine infusion in combination with docetaxel in patients with relapsed/refractory soft tissue sarcoma].
Guo, H; Liu, Y; Yang, S; Yao, S; Yao, Z; Zhao, Y, 2014)		0.4
"Docetaxel and cisplatin in combination with fluorouracil (DCF) regimen is accepted to be one of the standard regimens in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer."( Modified docetaxel and cisplatin in combination with capecitabine (DCX) as a first-line treatment in HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer.
Bilici, A; Demir, N; Dikilitas, M; Oven Ustaalioglu, BB; Selcukbiricik, F; Yildiz, O, 2014)		0.4
" Patients received docetaxel 60 mg/m2 plus cisplatin 60 mg/m2 (day 1) combined with capecitabine 1650 mg/m2 (days 1-14) every 3 weeks."( Modified docetaxel and cisplatin in combination with capecitabine (DCX) as a first-line treatment in HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer.
Bilici, A; Demir, N; Dikilitas, M; Oven Ustaalioglu, BB; Selcukbiricik, F; Yildiz, O, 2014)		0.4
"Bevacizumab (Bev) combined with chemotherapy significantly improves progression-free survival (PFS) but not overall survival (OS) in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."( The efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in treatment of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: a meta-analysis based on published phase III trials.
Chen, F; Chen, Y; Cheng, B; Fang, Y; Qu, X; Wang, Z; Xiong, B, 2015)		0.42
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intratumoral chemotherapy with paclitaxel liposome combined with systemic chemotherapy as induction therapy in clinical stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Intratumoral chemotherapy with paclitaxel liposome combined with systemic chemotherapy: a new method of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer.
Ai, Z; Lu, B; Sun, L; Xu, J; Yan, X, 2015)		0.42
" Overall, 63 treatment-naïve participants were recruited and received up to six 21-d cycles of cisplatin 70 mg/m2 (intravenously [IV], day 1) and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (IV, days 1 and 8) combined with sunitinib 37."( SUCCINCT: an open-label, single-arm, non-randomised, phase 2 trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in combination with sunitinib as first-line treatment for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma.
Barber, J; Casbard, A; Chester, J; Cowles, R; Crabb, S; Elliott, T; Evans, J; Geldart, T; Griffiths, G; Huddart, RA; Jones, RJ; Mead, G; Protheroe, A; Smith, J, 2015)		0.42
"These preliminary results indicate that nimotuzumab can be safely combined with radiotherapy plus concurrent capecitabine."( Prospective phase II trial of nimotuzumab in combination with radiotherapy and concurrent capecitabine in locally advanced rectal cancer.
Fan, YT; Feng, HY; Jin, T; Ju, HX; Li, DC; Liu, LY; Liu, Y; Luo, JL; Zhou, N; Zhu, Y; Zhu, YP, 2015)		0.42
"To analyze the efficacy and survival associated factors of gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer."( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer.
Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)		0.4
"A total of 57 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who received platinum-based chemotherapy regimens for more than 1 cycle, were treated with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine until disease progression."( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer.
Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)		0.4
"Gefitinib combined with cisplatin andgemcitabine, is effective for patients with IIIb~IV NSCLC who received multiple cycles of chemotherapy."( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer.
Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)		0.4
"We determined the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and recommended phase II dose of MK-8776 (SCH 900776), a potent, selective checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor, as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in a first-in-human phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies."( Phase I dose-escalation trial of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor MK-8776 as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Ashworth, MT; Daud, AI; Freshwater, T; Goldman, JW; Grabowsky, JA; Isaacs, R; Kang, SP; Loechner, S; Mendelson, D; Munster, PN; Parry, D; Rosen, LS; Shanahan, F; Shumway, S; Sorge, C; Springett, G; Strosberg, J; Venook, AP, 2015)		0.42
"Forty-three patients were treated by intravenous infusion with MK-8776 at seven dose levels ranging from 10 to 150 mg/m(2) as monotherapy and then in combination with gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2) (part A, n = 26) or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) (part B, n = 17)."( Phase I dose-escalation trial of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor MK-8776 as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Ashworth, MT; Daud, AI; Freshwater, T; Goldman, JW; Grabowsky, JA; Isaacs, R; Kang, SP; Loechner, S; Mendelson, D; Munster, PN; Parry, D; Rosen, LS; Shanahan, F; Shumway, S; Sorge, C; Springett, G; Strosberg, J; Venook, AP, 2015)		0.42
"MK-8776 was well tolerated as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I dose-escalation trial of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor MK-8776 as monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Ashworth, MT; Daud, AI; Freshwater, T; Goldman, JW; Grabowsky, JA; Isaacs, R; Kang, SP; Loechner, S; Mendelson, D; Munster, PN; Parry, D; Rosen, LS; Shanahan, F; Shumway, S; Sorge, C; Springett, G; Strosberg, J; Venook, AP, 2015)		0.42
"This double-blind, phase 3 study assessed the efficacy and safety of ganitumab combined with gemcitabine as first-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer."( A phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ganitumab or placebo in combination with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: the GAMMA trial.
Azevedo, S; Bach, BA; Bodoky, G; Carrato, A; Fuchs, CS; Gansert, JL; Haddad, V; Ikeda, M; Lipton, LR; Loberg, R; Melichar, B; Moore, MJ; Nemecek, R; Ohkawa, S; Okusaka, T; Peeters, M; Riess, H; Świeboda-Sadlej, A; Szczylik, C; Tjulandin, SA; Van Cutsem, E; Van Laethem, JL, 2015)		0.42
"Ganitumab combined with gemcitabine had manageable toxicity but did not improve OS, compared with gemcitabine alone in unselected patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( A phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ganitumab or placebo in combination with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: the GAMMA trial.
Azevedo, S; Bach, BA; Bodoky, G; Carrato, A; Fuchs, CS; Gansert, JL; Haddad, V; Ikeda, M; Lipton, LR; Loberg, R; Melichar, B; Moore, MJ; Nemecek, R; Ohkawa, S; Okusaka, T; Peeters, M; Riess, H; Świeboda-Sadlej, A; Szczylik, C; Tjulandin, SA; Van Cutsem, E; Van Laethem, JL, 2015)		0.42
"This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of and immune response to Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination combined with gemcitabine (DCGEM) as a first-line therapy among patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Phase I pilot study of Wilms tumor gene 1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.
Aiura, K; Fujita, T; Hamamoto, Y; Higuchi, H; Itano, O; Kawakami, Y; Kitagawa, Y; Kitago, M; Matsuda, T; Mayanagi, S; Okamoto, M; Sakurai, T; Sunamura, M; Taguchi, J; Takaishi, H; Takeuchi, H, 2015)		0.42
"Trastuzumab has been approved for use in combination with fluoropyrimidine plus cisplatin for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC)."( Multicenter phase II study of trastuzumab in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced gastric cancer.
Chung, IJ; Han, HS; Kang, SY; Kang, YK; Kim, JG; Lee, KH; Park, SR; Park, YS; Ryoo, BY; Ryu, MH; Song, EK; Yoo, C, 2015)		0.42
" Collectively, our findings suggest that PG545 exerts anti-tumor activity by disrupting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and combination with gemcitabine should be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment."( The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 interferes with Wnt/β-catenin signaling and significantly suppresses pancreatic tumorigenesis alone and in combination with gemcitabine.
Dredge, K; Hammond, E; Jung, DB; Jung, JH; Kim, B; Kim, EO; Kim, J; Kim, SH; Mukhopadhyay, D; Shridhar, V; Wang, E; Yun, M, 2015)		0.42
" Therefore, we aimed to assess the clinical effect of XELOX neoadjuvant chemotherapy on AGC when combined with laparoscopic surgery."( Treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer with the XELOX program of neoadjuvantchemotherapy combined with laparoscopic surgery: the experience in China.
Huang, CM; Li, P; Lin, JX; Lu, J; Wang, JB; Xie, JW; Zheng, CH, 2014)		0.4
" Oxaliplatin in combination with intravenous 5-FU plus leucovorin (LV; modified [m]FOLFOX6) or capecitabine (XELOX) improves tolerability compared with 5-FU/cisplatin regimen."( Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab in combination with oxaliplatin and fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma patients: a retrospective study.
André, T; Bachet, JB; Chibaudel, B; Cohen, R; de Gramont, A; Hentic, O; Louvet, C; Samalin, E; Soularue, É; Tournigand, C; Zaanan, A, 2015)		0.42
" The objectives of the present study were to define maximum tolerated dose and the recommended phase II dose (RPTD) of AXL1717 in combination with gemcitabine HCl and carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( A phase I pilot study of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway modulator AXL1717 in combination with gemcitabine HCl and carboplatin in previously untreated, locally advanced, or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Bergqvist, M; Bergström, S; Brandén, E; Ekman, S; Harmenberg, J; Holgersson, G; Jerling, M; Klockare, M; Koyi, H; Larsson, O; Lundström, KL; Ringbom, M, 2015)		0.42
"The primary objective of this study was to determine the activity and safety of 3-weekly oxaliplatin combined with gemcitabine and oral capecitabine in the first-line treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer."( Three-weekly oxaliplatin combined with gemcitabine and capecitabine in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced biliary tract cancer.
Fiaschi, AI; Francini, E; Laera, L; Marrelli, D; Petrioli, R; Roviello, F; Roviello, G, 2015)		0.42
"We reviewed the hospital database and finally included 26 recurrent ovarian cancer patients who were treated with bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel or single agent."( A retrospective clinical study of bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.
Ding, T; Liu, XH; Lv, QY; Song, J; Wang, SH; Wang, Y; Wei, MH; Wu, MD; Yang, QH; Zhou, J; Zhou, YF, 2014)		0.4
"Under the treatment of bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel, 2 complete response (7."( A retrospective clinical study of bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.
Ding, T; Liu, XH; Lv, QY; Song, J; Wang, SH; Wang, Y; Wei, MH; Wu, MD; Yang, QH; Zhou, J; Zhou, YF, 2014)		0.4
"Bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel was a promising treatment schedule for platinum-resistance recurrent ovarian cancer."( A retrospective clinical study of bevacizumab combined with gemcibabine or paclitaxel in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.
Ding, T; Liu, XH; Lv, QY; Song, J; Wang, SH; Wang, Y; Wei, MH; Wu, MD; Yang, QH; Zhou, J; Zhou, YF, 2014)		0.4
" The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the activity and toxicity of bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrence or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer."( Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrence or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer: a retrospective study of 37 cases.
Li, Y; Shang, YM; Yang, Y; Zheng, H, 2014)		0.4
"Totally, 37 ovarian cancer patients with complete data who treated with bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy were reviewed from the databases of Beijing Cancer hospital and included in this retrospective study."( Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrence or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer: a retrospective study of 37 cases.
Li, Y; Shang, YM; Yang, Y; Zheng, H, 2014)		0.4
" The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of lenalidomide given in combination with gemcitabine was defined as the highest dose level at which no more than one out of four (25%) subjects experiences a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT)."( A phase I dose-escalation study of lenalidomide in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Liljefors, M; Rossmann, E; Ullenhag, GJ, 2015)		0.42
"To evaluate the maximum tolerated dose, safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of pegaspargase (PEG-ASP) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors and lymphoma."( A multicenter, open-label, Phase 1 study evaluating the safety and tolerability of pegaspargase in combination with gemcitabine in advanced metastatic solid tumors and lymphoma.
Anthony, S; Babiker, HM; Borad, MJ; Buchbinder, A; Grem, J; Keilani, T; Mita, M, 2015)		0.42
" Seventeen patients were treated with of PEG-ASP in combination with gemcitabine."( A multicenter, open-label, Phase 1 study evaluating the safety and tolerability of pegaspargase in combination with gemcitabine in advanced metastatic solid tumors and lymphoma.
Anthony, S; Babiker, HM; Borad, MJ; Buchbinder, A; Grem, J; Keilani, T; Mita, M, 2015)		0.42
" Murine studies have previously demonstrated that treatment with the late-autophagy inhibitor chloroquine in combination with chemotherapy limited tumor growth."( Safety and Biologic Response of Pre-operative Autophagy Inhibition in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
Bahary, N; Bao, P; Bartlett, DL; Boone, BA; Espina, V; Liotta, LA; Lotze, MT; Loughran, P; Moser, AJ; Normolle, DP; Singhi, AD; Wu, WC; Zeh, HJ; Zureikat, AH, 2015)		0.42
"This multicentre, open-label, randomized, controlled phase II study evaluated cilengitide in combination with cetuximab and platinum-based chemotherapy, compared with cetuximab and chemotherapy alone, as first-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Cilengitide combined with cetuximab and platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: results of an open-label, randomized, controlled phase II study (CERTO).
Atanackovic, D; Barlesi, F; Bennouna, J; Feurer, M; Germonpre, P; Goekkurt, E; Gridelli, C; Hicking, C; Krzakowski, M; Lena, H; Milanowski, J; O'Byrne, K; Picard, M; Schuette, W; Straub, J; Szczesna, A; Vansteenkiste, J; Verhoeven, D; Waller, CF, 2015)		0.42
"Gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin for treatment of relapse-refractory lymphoma shows singnificant efficacy and low toxicity, this regimen can be used as a second-line chemotheray in clinic."( [Safety and efficacy evaluation of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin for the treatment of patients with lymphoma].
Chen, BL; Liu, L; Qin, SH; Tan, QL; Zhao, Z, 2015)		0.42
"The PANCOSTABRAX study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) versus GEM alone in the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer in Spain."( Cost-utility analysis of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) in combination with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer in Spain: results of the PANCOSTABRAX study.
Benedit, P; Carrato, A; García, P; Gostkorzewicz, J; López, R; Macarulla, T; Pérez-Alcántara, F; Rivera, F; Sastre, J, 2015)		0.42
" This novel siRNA based drug was studied, in combination with chemotherapy, as targeted therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC)."( RNAi therapy targeting KRAS in combination with chemotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients.
Dancour, A; David, EB; Domb, A; Eliakim, R; Gabai, RM; Galun, E; Golan, T; Goldes, Y; Goldin, E; Harari, G; Hen, N; Hubert, A; Khvalevsky, EZ; Kopleman, Y; Lahav, M; Raskin, S; Segal, A; Shemi, A, 2015)		0.42
" In this study, we compared the survival outcomes of mCRC patients treated with bevacizumab in combination with either modified 5-FU/FA/oxaliplatin (mFOL- FOX6) or capecitabine/oxaliplatin (XELOX)."( Comparison of first-line bevacizumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 or XELOX in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Akyol, M; Alacacioglu, A; Cokmert, S; Demir, L; Dirican, A; Kucukzeybek, Y; Oktay Tarhan, M; Varol, U; Vedat Bayoglu, I; Yildiz, I; Yildiz, Y, )		0.13
"Our results show that XELOX is a safe and effective alternative to mFOLFOX6 when combined with bevacizumab as first-line treatment for mCRC patients."( Comparison of first-line bevacizumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 or XELOX in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Akyol, M; Alacacioglu, A; Cokmert, S; Demir, L; Dirican, A; Kucukzeybek, Y; Oktay Tarhan, M; Varol, U; Vedat Bayoglu, I; Yildiz, I; Yildiz, Y, )		0.13
" The remission rate, control rate and time to disease progression were compared among patients receiving cetuximab combined with different chemotherapy regimens in different periods."( [Clinical efficacy observation of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma].
Bai, L; Han, C; Jiao, S; Li, J; Su, D; Wang, Y; Zhang, T, 2015)		0.42
"Cetuximab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is recommended as the first-line application in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients, because it is helpful to improve the rate of disease control."( [Clinical efficacy observation of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma].
Bai, L; Han, C; Jiao, S; Li, J; Su, D; Wang, Y; Zhang, T, 2015)		0.42
" In the present study, the antiproliferative and proapoptotic abilities of ABL alone or in combination with gemcitabine in a human NSCLC cell line were investigated."( 1‑O‑acetylbritannilactone combined with gemcitabine elicits growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 human non‑small cell lung cancer cells.
Li, H; Qiao, JO; Wang, F, 2015)		0.42
"Cediranib did not improve the progression-free survival of patients with advanced biliary tract cancer in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine, which remains the standard of care."( Cediranib or placebo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-03): a randomised phase 2 trial.
Anthoney, DA; Backen, AC; Beare, S; Bridgewater, JA; Corrie, P; Cunningham, D; Dive, C; Duggan, M; Lopes, A; Madhusudan, S; Maraveyas, A; Morris, K; Palmer, DH; Rees, C; Ross, PJ; Steward, WP; Valle, JW; Wasan, H; Waters, JS, 2015)		0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results.
Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)		0.42
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine combined with systemic chemotherapy and/or regional arterial perfusion for pancreatic cancer with liver metastases (PCLM)."( [A Retrospective Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy and/or Regional Arterial Perfusion for Pancreatic Cancer with Liver Metastases].
Liu, F; Ouyang, HQ; Pan, ZY; Xie, GR; Yan, ZC, 2015)		0.42
"We retrospectively selected 292 patients with PCLM who were treated by Chinese herbal medicine combined with systemic chemotherapy and/or regional arterial perfusion at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2001 to December 2010."( [A Retrospective Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy and/or Regional Arterial Perfusion for Pancreatic Cancer with Liver Metastases].
Liu, F; Ouyang, HQ; Pan, ZY; Xie, GR; Yan, ZC, 2015)		0.42
"Chinese herbal medicine combined with systemic chemotherapy and/or regional arterial perfusion was effective and safe, and it could be optimally selected as palliative therapy for PCLM."( [A Retrospective Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy and/or Regional Arterial Perfusion for Pancreatic Cancer with Liver Metastases].
Liu, F; Ouyang, HQ; Pan, ZY; Xie, GR; Yan, ZC, 2015)		0.42
" In order to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of single-agent trametinib (part 1) and trametinib in combination with gemcitabine (part 2), we undertook the first clinical study of this combination in Japanese patients with cancer and herein report our results."( A phase I/Ib study of trametinib (GSK1120212) alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.
Fujisaka, Y; Furuse, J; Kasuga, A; Kitamura, H; Kurata, T; Matsushita, H; Mukaiyama, A; Nagashima, F; Nakagawa, K; Naruge, D; Nishimura, Y; Nishina, S; Okamoto, W; Shimizu, T; Takasu, A, 2015)		0.42
"0 mg once daily) in combination with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2))."( A phase I/Ib study of trametinib (GSK1120212) alone and in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.
Fujisaka, Y; Furuse, J; Kasuga, A; Kitamura, H; Kurata, T; Matsushita, H; Mukaiyama, A; Nagashima, F; Nakagawa, K; Naruge, D; Nishimura, Y; Nishina, S; Okamoto, W; Shimizu, T; Takasu, A, 2015)		0.42
"This phase I trial evaluated LY2603618, a selective inhibitor of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase 1, in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I study of LY2603618, a CHK1 inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with solid tumors.
Doi, T; Fuse, N; Hynes, SM; Lin, AB; Matsubara, N; Naito, Y; Nakamura, T; Shitara, K; Uenaka, K; Yoshino, T, 2015)		0.42
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of Rituximab combined with second line regimen for treatment of relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma."( [Rituximab combined with second line regimens for treatment of seven relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma patients].
Li, H; Liu, H; Qiu, L; Xiong, W; Yi, S; Zou, D, 2015)		0.42
"Seven patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma were treated with Rituximab combined with second line regimen."( [Rituximab combined with second line regimens for treatment of seven relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma patients].
Li, H; Liu, H; Qiu, L; Xiong, W; Yi, S; Zou, D, 2015)		0.42
"These results indicate that the Rituximab combined with second line regimen is an effective therapy for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma."( [Rituximab combined with second line regimens for treatment of seven relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma patients].
Li, H; Liu, H; Qiu, L; Xiong, W; Yi, S; Zou, D, 2015)		0.42
"Lapatinib has proven efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) overexpressing HER2 and/or EGFR."( Phase I and pharmacological trial of lapatinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced breast cancer.
Beijnen, JH; Boss, DS; Grob, M; Huitema, AD; Keessen, M; Rehorst, H; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Smit, WM; Tibben, MM; van der Noll, R; Wymenga, AN, 2015)		0.42
"To study the effectiveness of human recombinant endostatin injection (Endostar®) combined with cisplatin doublets in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to evaluate outcome by CT perfusion imaging."( Human Recombinant Endostatin Combined with Cisplatin Based Doublets in Treating Patients with Advanced NSCLC and Evaluation by CT Perfusion Imaging.
Chen, SQ; Cui, FB; Gao, EY; Jiang, BQ; Li, M; Shu, RB; Sun, P; Tang, W; Wang, H; Zhang, FL; Zhang, Y, 2015)		0.42
"The response rate with Endostar® administered 4 days before chemotherapy and combined with chemotherapy from day 5 in group A was better than Endostar® combined with chemotherapy from the first day, and CT perfusion imaging could be a reasonable method for evaluation of patient outcomes."( Human Recombinant Endostatin Combined with Cisplatin Based Doublets in Treating Patients with Advanced NSCLC and Evaluation by CT Perfusion Imaging.
Chen, SQ; Cui, FB; Gao, EY; Jiang, BQ; Li, M; Shu, RB; Sun, P; Tang, W; Wang, H; Zhang, FL; Zhang, Y, 2015)		0.42
" However, chemotherapy can be immune stimulative especially in combination with an immunotherapy."( In vitro immunomodulatory properties of gemcitabine alone and in combination with interferon-alpha.
Bazhin, AV; Brecht, R; Fritz, J; Karakhanova, S; Nachtigall, I; Werner, J, 2015)		0.42
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer."( [Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer].
He, P; Jiang, Y; Yang, K; Zheng, L; Zhong, H, 2015)		0.42
"Gemcitabine combined with S-1 is effective and safe in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, with less side effects, and can be tolerated by the patients."( [Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer].
He, P; Jiang, Y; Yang, K; Zheng, L; Zhong, H, 2015)		0.42
" A nonrandomized phase 1 dose-escalation study of ABT-751 in combination with CAPIRI (capecitabine and irinotecan) and bevacizumab was conducted to define the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetics in patients with advanced colorectal cancer."( Phase 1 Study of ABT-751 in Combination With CAPIRI (Capecitabine and Irinotecan) and Bevacizumab in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer.
Dasari, A; Donehower, RC; He, P; Hidalgo, M; Jimeno, A; Jin, R; Laheru, D; Messersmith, WA; Purcell, WT; Rudek, MA; Taylor, GE; Walker, R, 2016)		0.43
" LY294002 and gemcitabine hydrochloride combined with IR better inhibited cell migration, VM formation and MMP-2 mRNA expression of Panc-1 cells in vitro, and we also proved that the novel therapeutic regimen better inhibited tumor growth, tumor metastasis and VM formation of orthotopic Panc-1 xenografts by suppressing the PI3K/MMPs/Ln-5γ2 signaling pathway in vivo."( The effect of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and gemcitabine hydrochloride combined with ionizing radiation on the formation of vasculogenic mimicry of Panc-1 cells in vitro and in vivo.
Bai, R; Ding, T; Lan, X; Liu, S; Yin, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhao, J, 2016)		0.43
" In this context, alternatives to the lapatinib (L) and capecitabine (C) regimen, evaluating L combined with other cytotoxic drugs, are warranted."( A Phase II Randomized Study of Lapatinib Combined With Capecitabine, Vinorelbine, or Gemcitabine in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer With Progression After a Taxane (Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group 0801 Study).
Barrios, CH; Bines, J; Blajman, C; Capó, A; Fanelli, M; Fein, L; Gómez, HL; Ismael, G; Lerzo, G; Mano, M; Martínez-Mesa, J; Neciosup, S; Nerón, Y; Pinczowski, H; Sampaio, C; Santi, PX; Tosello, C; Varela, MS; Werutsky, G; Zarba, JJ, 2016)		0.43
"In the present phase II, multicenter study, patients with HER2(+) MBC with progression after taxane were randomized between L, 1250 mg, combined with C, 2000 mg/m(2) on days 1 to 14 (LC), vinorelbine (V), 25 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (LV), or gemcitabine (G), 1000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (LG), every 21 days."( A Phase II Randomized Study of Lapatinib Combined With Capecitabine, Vinorelbine, or Gemcitabine in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer With Progression After a Taxane (Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group 0801 Study).
Barrios, CH; Bines, J; Blajman, C; Capó, A; Fanelli, M; Fein, L; Gómez, HL; Ismael, G; Lerzo, G; Mano, M; Martínez-Mesa, J; Neciosup, S; Nerón, Y; Pinczowski, H; Sampaio, C; Santi, PX; Tosello, C; Varela, MS; Werutsky, G; Zarba, JJ, 2016)		0.43
" The purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the feasibility and the efficacy of radiotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and EGFR targeting therapy for patients with locally advanced disease."( Prospective study of cetuximab and gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy: feasibility and efficacy in locally advanced pancreatic head cancer.
Borzomati, D; Coppola, R; D'Angelillo, RM; Fiore, M; Floreno, B; Ippolito, E; Ramella, S; Trecca, P; Trodella, L; Trodella, LE; Valeri, S, 2015)		0.42
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide (GI regimen)in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy."( [Efficacy and safety evaluation of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy].
Dong, M; Gui, L; He, X; Hu, S; Jia, B; Liu, P; Qin, Y; Yang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2015)		0.42
" This phase I study evaluated the safety profile of vandetanib in combination with standard doses of gemcitabine and capecitabine in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)."( Phase I trial of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors with an expanded cohort in pancreatic and biliary cancers.
Bradshaw-Pierce, EL; Eckhardt, SG; Eppers, S; Freas, E; Kane, MA; Kessler, ER; Leong, S; Lieu, CH; Messersmith, WA; Nallapreddy, S; O'byrant, CL; Pitts, TM; Spratlin, J; Weekes, C, 2016)		0.43
"Most patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection who have had a previous null response (<2-log10 reduction in HCV RNA by treatment week 12) to peginterferon/ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) do not achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) when re-treated with a first-generation HCV protease inhibitor (PI) administered in combination with PegIFN/RBV."( Mericitabine and Either Boceprevir or Telaprevir in Combination with Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus Ribavirin for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1 Infection and Prior Null Response: The Randomized DYNAMO 1 and DYNAMO 2 Studies.
Forns, X; Hézode, C; Le Pogam, S; Lee, SS; Nájera, I; Scalori, A; Thommes, JA; Voulgari, A; Wedemeyer, H, 2016)		0.43
" The effect of inhibition of PAK1 by either shRNA knock-down (KD), or by a selective inhibitor, FRAX597, alone or in combination with gemcitabine, on cell proliferation and migration/invasion was measured by thymidine uptake and Boyden chamber assays, respectively."( FRAX597, a PAK1 inhibitor, synergistically reduces pancreatic cancer growth when combined with gemcitabine.
Baldwin, GS; He, H; Lowy, AM; Nikfarjam, M; Patel, O; Yeo, D, 2016)		0.43
" When combined with gemcitabine, FRAX597 synergistically inhibited pancreatic cancer proliferation in vitro and inhibited tumour growth in vivo."( FRAX597, a PAK1 inhibitor, synergistically reduces pancreatic cancer growth when combined with gemcitabine.
Baldwin, GS; He, H; Lowy, AM; Nikfarjam, M; Patel, O; Yeo, D, 2016)		0.43
" The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose of CEP-9722 in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors."( An open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of CEP-9722 (a PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Aftimos, P; Awada, A; Bahleda, R; Bourbouloux, E; Campone, M; Frenel, JS; Gombos, A; Soria, JC; Varga, A, 2016)		0.43
" Pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with hepatic artery resection was performed, and an end-to-end anastomosis was made between the common and proper hepatic artery to reconstruct the hepatic artery."( [A Case of Pancreatic Head Cancer Treated with Pancreaticoduodenectomy Combined with Hepatic Artery Resection Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy].
Furukawa, K; Kagawa, S; Kato, A; Kuboki, S; Maeda, S; Miyazaki, M; Ohtsuka, M; Sakai, N; Shimizu, H; Suzuki, D; Takano, S; Takayashiki, T; Yoshitomi, H, 2015)		0.42
" The objective of the ABC-04 trial was to establish the recommended dose of selumetinib in combination with CisGem in patients with ABC."( A phase 1b study of Selumetinib in combination with Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer: the ABC-04 study.
Beare, S; Bridgewater, J; Duggan, M; Lee, D; Lopes, A; McEntee, D; Ricamara, M; Sukumaran, A; Valle, JW; Wasan, H, 2016)		0.43
"The recommended dose of selumetinib when combined with CisGem was 75 mg bd."( A phase 1b study of Selumetinib in combination with Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer: the ABC-04 study.
Beare, S; Bridgewater, J; Duggan, M; Lee, D; Lopes, A; McEntee, D; Ricamara, M; Sukumaran, A; Valle, JW; Wasan, H, 2016)		0.43
" It has been shown that compound kushen injection in combination with chemotherapy can enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity."( A multicenter randomized controlled open-label trial to assess the efficacy of compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy in treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: study protocol for a randomiz
Hou, W; Lin, HS; Liu, J; Wang, XQ, 2016)		0.43
" Three hundred seventy elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer will be randomly divided into experimental (n = 185) and control groups (n = 185) to receive compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy or standard platinum-based doublet chemotherapy for two cycles."( A multicenter randomized controlled open-label trial to assess the efficacy of compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy in treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: study protocol for a randomiz
Hou, W; Lin, HS; Liu, J; Wang, XQ, 2016)		0.43
" This study will determine whether or not the efficacy of compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy is comparable to that of platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, and whether or not the toxicity of compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy is lower than that of platinum-based doublet chemotherapy."( A multicenter randomized controlled open-label trial to assess the efficacy of compound kushen injection in combination with single-agent chemotherapy in treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: study protocol for a randomiz
Hou, W; Lin, HS; Liu, J; Wang, XQ, 2016)		0.43
" Preclinical and phase I clinical data suggest activity of bortezomib in NSCLC, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents including gemcitabine and cisplatin."( A phase II, open-label trial of bortezomib (VELCADE(®)) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Agelaki, S; Filippa, G; Georgoulias, V; Kentepozidis, N; Kontopodis, E; Kotsakis, A; Mala, A; Mavroudis, D; Moutsos, M; Syrigos, K; Vamvakas, L; Ziras, N, 2016)		0.43
" on days 1 and 8, and starting on day 21 (cycle 2), bortezomib (days 1 and 8) in combination with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2), (days 1 and 8), and cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) (day 1) in cycles of 21 days."( A phase II, open-label trial of bortezomib (VELCADE(®)) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Agelaki, S; Filippa, G; Georgoulias, V; Kentepozidis, N; Kontopodis, E; Kotsakis, A; Mala, A; Mavroudis, D; Moutsos, M; Syrigos, K; Vamvakas, L; Ziras, N, 2016)		0.43
" The effect of afatinib, as either a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM), on tumor growth was determined using NPC tumor xenografts in mice."( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of afatinib as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Fang, W; Tian, Y; Xue, C; Zhan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Afatinib in combination with GEM demonstrated significant antitumor effect in an NPC xenograft model."( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of afatinib as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Fang, W; Tian, Y; Xue, C; Zhan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The purpose of this dose escalation phase Ib study was to assess the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of AXP107-11 in combination with gemcitabine in treatment-naïve patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma."( A phase I dose escalation trial of AXP107-11, a novel multi-component crystalline form of genistein, in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Berkenstam, A; Frödin, JE; Karimi, M; Kartalis, N; Löhr, JM; Omazic, B; Verbeke, CS, )		0.13
"AXP107-11 was given orally in escalating doses (400 mg-1600 mg daily) in combination with standard gemcitabine treatment (1000 mg/m(2)/week) for the first seven of eight weeks and thereafter for a maximum of four × four-week treatment cycles."( A phase I dose escalation trial of AXP107-11, a novel multi-component crystalline form of genistein, in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Berkenstam, A; Frödin, JE; Karimi, M; Kartalis, N; Löhr, JM; Omazic, B; Verbeke, CS, )		0.13
"Treatment of pancreatic cancer patients with AXP107-11 in combination with gemcitabine resulted in a favorable PK-profile with high serum levels without signs of either hematological or non-hematological toxicity."( A phase I dose escalation trial of AXP107-11, a novel multi-component crystalline form of genistein, in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Berkenstam, A; Frödin, JE; Karimi, M; Kartalis, N; Löhr, JM; Omazic, B; Verbeke, CS, )		0.13
" Here, we report combination therapies in which TOP3 was combined with gemcitabine or TS-1."( Hypoxia-inducible factor-targeting prodrug TOP3 combined with gemcitabine or TS-1 improves pancreatic cancer survival in an orthotopic model.
Hoang, NT; Kadonosono, T; Kizaka-Kondoh, S; Kuchimaru, T, 2016)		0.43
" CheckMate 012, a phase I, multicohort study, was conducted to explore the safety and efficacy of nivolumab as monotherapy or combined with current standard therapies in first-line advanced NSCLC."( Nivolumab in Combination With Platinum-Based Doublet Chemotherapy for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
Antonia, S; Borghaei, H; Brahmer, JR; Chen, AC; Chow, LQ; Gerber, DE; Gettinger, S; Goldman, JW; Harbison, CT; Hellmann, MD; Juergens, RA; Laurie, SA; Nathan, FE; Rizvi, NA; Shen, Y; Shepherd, FA, 2016)		0.43
"To compare the short-term efficacy and treatment-related adverse reaction between preoperative three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) concurrently combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal carcinoma (LARC)."( [Short-term efficacy comparison between preoperative three dimensional conformal radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy concurrently combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal carcinoma].
Gao, Y; Liu, M; Xiao, L; Xiao, W; Yu, X; Zeng, Z; Zhang, R; Zhu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The present study assessed the ability of MET, alone or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM), to inhibit the growth of the human CFPAC‑1 pancreatic cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo."( Inhibitory effect of metformin combined with gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
He, Z; Jia, Z; Shi, Y; Xu, C, 2016)		0.43
" This phase I study defined the recommended phase II dose of LY2603618 combined with gemcitabine."( Phase I Study of CHK1 Inhibitor LY2603618 in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Solid Tumors.
Becerra, C; Bence Lin, A; Braiteh, F; Calvo, E; Galsky, MD; Hurt, K; Hynes, SM; Jameson, G; Lin, J; McKane, S; McWilliams, R; Richards, D; Von Hoff, D; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2016)		0.43
"The maximum tolerated dose of LY2603618 combined with gemcitabine was 200 mg/m2, but a fixed LY2603618 dose of 230 mg combined with gemcitabine was selected as the recommended phase II dose."( Phase I Study of CHK1 Inhibitor LY2603618 in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Solid Tumors.
Becerra, C; Bence Lin, A; Braiteh, F; Calvo, E; Galsky, MD; Hurt, K; Hynes, SM; Jameson, G; Lin, J; McKane, S; McWilliams, R; Richards, D; Von Hoff, D; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2016)		0.43
"In general, DTG 50 mg given once daily combined with an active background drug is a better choice in terms of both efficacy and safety."( Dolutegravir(DTG, S/GSK1349572) combined with other ARTs is superior to RAL- or EFV-based regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, H; Guo, W; Huang, J; Jiang, J; Liang, B; Liang, H; Liao, Y; Su, J; Xu, X; Ye, L; Zang, N, 2016)		0.43
" This retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of repeated iodine-125 seed implantations combined with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for locally recurrent or metastatic stage-III/IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Repeated iodine-125 seed implantations combined with external beam radiotherapy for the treatment of locally recurrent or metastatic stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study.
Dan, G; Deng, D; Jiang, J; Li, W; Zheng, X; Zheng, Y, 2016)		0.43
"The results of this study demonstrated that repeated implantation of radioactive particles combined with EBRT is a safe treatment that effectively controlled local recurrence and metastasis of stage III/IV NSCLC."( Repeated iodine-125 seed implantations combined with external beam radiotherapy for the treatment of locally recurrent or metastatic stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study.
Dan, G; Deng, D; Jiang, J; Li, W; Zheng, X; Zheng, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of telomerase peptide vaccination, GV1001 combined with gemcitabine in treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocardinoma (PDAC)."( The anti-fibrotic effect of GV1001 combined with gemcitabine on treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Hwnag, YI; Jeon, J; Kang, JS; Kim, H; Kim, TW; Kim, Y; Lee, WJ; Park, JH; Park, JK, 2016)		0.43
" This single-center phase Ib study investigated the tolerability, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nivolumab combined with standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Safety and efficacy of nivolumab and standard chemotherapy drug combination in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a four arms phase Ib study.
Fujiwara, Y; Goto, K; Horinouchi, H; Hozumi, H; Kanda, S; Kitazono, S; Kubo, E; Mizugaki, H; Nokihara, H; Shiraishi, H; Sunami, K; Tamura, T; Tanaka, A; Utsumi, H; Yamamoto, N, 2016)		0.43
"We retrospectively investigated the efficacy and safety of pegaspargase, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin (P-GEMOX) combined with different dose radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of 35 newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE ENKTL patients at our institution from October 2011 to September 2015."( Effectiveness of pegaspargase, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin (P-GEMOX) chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal-type, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.
Li, L; Wei, W; Wu, P; Zhang, ZH, 2017)		0.46
"The research showed that the treatment of P-GEMOX combined with RT was a tolerable and effective treatment for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma."( Effectiveness of pegaspargase, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin (P-GEMOX) chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal-type, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.
Li, L; Wei, W; Wu, P; Zhang, ZH, 2017)		0.46
" In the S/P arm, patients were treated orally with sorafenib continuous dosing at two dose levels (DL1: 200 mg twice daily and DL2: 400 mg twice daily) combined with plitidepsin (1."( Phase I dose-escalation study of plitidepsin in combination with sorafenib or gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors or lymphomas.
Alfaro, V; Aspeslagh, S; Bahleda, R; Extremera, S; Fudio, S; Gyan, E; Hollebecque, A; Salles, G; Soria, JC; Soto-Matos, A; Stein, M, 2017)		0.46
" However, the safety and efficacy of nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer patients remain unclear."( Nimotuzumab Combined with Chemotherapy is a Promising Treatment for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Esophageal Cancer.
Han, X; Lu, N; Pan, Y; Xu, J, 2017)		0.46
"We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of gemcitabine monotherapy versus gemcitabine in combination with a second cytotoxic agent in patients with LA/MPC."( Gemcitabine in Combination with a Second Cytotoxic Agent in the First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Cao, YB; Li, Q; Ma, YX; Sun, Y; Xu, CA; Zhang, XW, 2017)		0.46
" Different gemcitabine-based combinations showed different antitumor activity, and doublet regimens of gemcitabine in combination with a taxoid or a fluoropyrimidine, in particular an oral fluoropyrimidine provided significant survival benefits in the first-line treatment of unresectable LA/MPC."( Gemcitabine in Combination with a Second Cytotoxic Agent in the First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Cao, YB; Li, Q; Ma, YX; Sun, Y; Xu, CA; Zhang, XW, 2017)		0.46
" This study evaluated the efficacy of intensity modulated radiotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and S-1 as neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) for borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer with arterial involvement (BR-A)."( A phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with intensity-modulated radiotherapy combined with gemcitabine and S-1 for borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer with arterial involvement.
Hijikata, Y; Hosokawa, Y; Kasuya, K; Katsumata, K; Nagakawa, Y; Nakajima, T; Nakayama, H; Sahara, Y; Takishita, C; Tokuuye, K; Tsuchida, A, 2017)		0.46
" The pharmacokinetic profile of galunisertib in combination with gemcitabine was similar to that previously observed for galunisertib alone."( Phase 1b study of galunisertib in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with metastatic or locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Benhadji, KA; Fujii, H; Ikeda, M; Kondo, S; Lahn, MMF; Ogasawara, K; Takahashi, H; Ueno, H, 2017)		0.46
" This phase I determined the maximal tolerable dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of veliparib combined with gemcitabine."( Phase I study of veliparib in combination with gemcitabine.
Almokadem, S; Appleman, L; Belani, CP; Beumer, JH; Carneiro, BA; Chen, A; Chu, E; Ding, F; Hershberger, PA; Holleran, J; Jiang, Y; Ken Czambel, R; Kiesel, BF; Kontopodis, E; Lin, Y; Petro, D; Puhalla, S; Rachid, M; Schmitz, JC; Stoller, R, 2017)		0.46
"IMRT combined with GP for locoregionally advanced NPC is well tolerated, effective, and convenient, and warrants further studies."( Long-term results of a phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
He, X; Hu, C; Ou, D; Wu, M, 2017)		0.46
"This randomized study showed that nimo in combination with gem is safe and well tolerated."( Gemcitabine combined with the monoclonal antibody nimotuzumab is an active first-line regimen in KRAS wildtype patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a multicenter, randomized phase IIb study.
Behringer, DM; Berdel, WE; Bulitta, M; De Dosso, S; Dommach, M; Ebert, MP; Goker, E; Hofheinz, R; Kerkhoff, A; Kneba, M; Overkamp, F; Reuter, D; Rohrberg, R; Schlegel, F; Schmidt, WE; Schultheis, B; Siveke, J; Steinmetz, T; Strumberg, D; Yalcin, S, 2017)		0.46
"Evaluate toxicity of two treatment arms, A (cetuximab) and B (bevacizumab), when combined with gemcitabine, and chemoradiation in patients with completely resected pancreatic carcinoma."( An Intergroup Randomized Phase II Study of Bevacizumab or Cetuximab in Combination with Gemcitabine and in Combination with Chemoradiation in Patients with Resected Pancreatic Carcinoma: A Trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2204).
Abbruzzese, JL; Benson, AB; Berlin, JD; Blackstock, AW; Catalano, P; Feng, Y; Lowy, AM; McWilliams, RR; Philip, PA, 2018)		0.48
"Patients with R0/R1 resection were randomized 1:1 to cetuximab or bevacizumab administered in combination with gemcitabine for two treatment cycles."( An Intergroup Randomized Phase II Study of Bevacizumab or Cetuximab in Combination with Gemcitabine and in Combination with Chemoradiation in Patients with Resected Pancreatic Carcinoma: A Trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2204).
Abbruzzese, JL; Benson, AB; Berlin, JD; Blackstock, AW; Catalano, P; Feng, Y; Lowy, AM; McWilliams, RR; Philip, PA, 2018)		0.48
"The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify the effectiveness of chemotherapy with gemcitabine combined with low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (GFP) for advanced biliary carcinoma after hepatectomy."( Effect of Adjuvant Gemcitabine Combined with Low-dose 5-Fluorouracil and Cisplatin Chemotherapy for Advanced Biliary Carcinoma.
Arakawa, Y; Ikemoto, T; Imura, S; Iwahashi, S; Morine, Y; Saito, YU; Shimada, M; Yamada, S, 2017)		0.46
" Furthermore, we demonstrated that FANCD2 depletion combined with CHK1 inhibitor MK-8776 significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine to the two LSC cell lines, compared to individual FANCD2 depletion or MK-8776 treatment."( Suppression of the FA pathway combined with CHK1 inhibitor hypersensitize lung cancer cells to gemcitabine.
Chen, P; Dai, CH; Jiang, Q; Lan, T; Li, J; Li, MY; Su, JY; Wang, Y; Wu, Y, 2017)		0.46
" In this study, our goal is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of mocetinostat alone and in combination with gemcitabine in LMS."( Mocetinostat combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of leiomyosarcoma: Preclinical correlates.
Batte, K; Bid, HK; Braggio, D; Casadei, L; Choy, E; Iwenofu, OH; Koller, D; Lev, D; Lopez, G; Pollock, R; Strohecker, A; Yu, P; Zewdu, A, 2017)		0.46
"To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mocetinostat (a Class I/IV HDAC inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer."( Phase I/II study of mocetinostat in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and other advanced solid tumors.
Alcindor, T; Chan, E; Chao, R; Chiorean, EG; Gabrail, NY; Hurwitz, H; O'Dwyer, PJ; Potvin, D, 2018)		0.48
"Mocetinostat TIW in combination with gemcitabine was associated with significant toxicities in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Phase I/II study of mocetinostat in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and other advanced solid tumors.
Alcindor, T; Chan, E; Chao, R; Chiorean, EG; Gabrail, NY; Hurwitz, H; O'Dwyer, PJ; Potvin, D, 2018)		0.48
"To investigate the predictive value of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) expression in patients with PDAC treated with adjuvant gemcitabine in combination with S-1 (adjuvant GS) or adjuvant gemcitabine alone (adjuvant G alone)."( The high stromal SPARC expression is independently associated with poor survival of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with adjuvant gemcitabine in combination with S-1 or adjuvant gemcitabine alone.
Kondo, N; Murakami, Y; Nakagawa, N; Okano, K; Shintakuya, R; Sueda, T; Takahashi, S; Uemura, K, 2018)		0.48
" Here, we tested DFMO in combination with a polyamine transport inhibitor (PTI), Trimer44NMe, against Gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells."( Difluoromethylornithine Combined with a Polyamine Transport Inhibitor Is Effective against Gemcitabine Resistant Pancreatic Cancer.
Altomare, DA; Copik, AJ; Gitto, SB; Hogan, FC; Oyer, JL; Pandey, V; Phanstiel, O, 2018)		0.48
" Our study highlights the molecular targetability of HDACs 1, 7, and 8, confirm their PDAC-CSCs maintaining role, and demonstrate that compared to SAHA, TSA modulates the epigenetically- mediated oncogenic activity of PDAC-CSCs, and potentiate Gemcitabine therapeutic activity, making a case for further exploration of TSA activity alone or in combination with Gemcitabine in PDAC therapy."( Depletion of HDAC1, 7 and 8 by Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Confers Elimination of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells in Combination with Gemcitabine.
Cai, MH; Sun, Z; Tu, YX; Wang, BK; Xu, XG; Yan, SL; Ying, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Pathway inhibition by γ-secretase inhibitors has been shown to be effective in pre-clinical models of pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine."( A phase I trial of the γ-secretase inhibitor MK-0752 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Anthoney, DA; Basu, B; Cook, N; Evans, J; Farmer-Hall, H; Gopinathan, A; Halford, S; Hampson, LV; Hategan, M; Jodrell, D; McLeod, R; Nebozhyn, M; Palmer, D; Propper, D; Smith, DM; Steward, WP; Turner, H; Tuveson, D; Venugopal, B, 2018)		0.48
"The optimal Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) combined with XELOX regimen for patients with gastric cancer remains elusive."( Which are the best Chinese herbal injections combined with XELOX regimen for gastric cancer?: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis.
Duan, X; Liu, S; Wang, K; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, D, 2018)		0.48
" Standard pair-wise and Bayesian NMAs were performed to compare the efficacy and safety of different CHIs combined with the XELOX regimen via Stata 13."( Which are the best Chinese herbal injections combined with XELOX regimen for gastric cancer?: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis.
Duan, X; Liu, S; Wang, K; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, D, 2018)		0.48
" Nevertheless, CHIs combined with XELOX regimen did not confer higher better clinical effectiveness rate over receiving XELOX regimen alone, with nonstatistically significant between-group differences."( Which are the best Chinese herbal injections combined with XELOX regimen for gastric cancer?: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis.
Duan, X; Liu, S; Wang, K; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, D, 2018)		0.48
"As the available evidence suggested that CHIs combined with XELOX regimen could provide treatment benefits for patients with gastric cancer."( Which are the best Chinese herbal injections combined with XELOX regimen for gastric cancer?: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis.
Duan, X; Liu, S; Wang, K; Wu, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, D, 2018)		0.48
" We examined the safety of WT1-peptide pulsed dendritic cell (WT1-DC) vaccine in combination with chemotherapy in patients with surgically resected pancreatic cancer."( WT1-pulsed Dendritic Cell Vaccine Combined with Chemotherapy for Resected Pancreatic Cancer in a Phase I Study.
Kobayashi, M; Koido, S; Koizumi, T; Koya, T; Nagai, K; Okamoto, M; Sano, K; Shimodaira, S; Sugiyama, H; Yanagisawa, R, 2018)		0.48
"Eight patients with resectable pancreatic cancer undergoing surgery either combined with S-1 or S-1 plus gemcitabine therapy were enrolled."( WT1-pulsed Dendritic Cell Vaccine Combined with Chemotherapy for Resected Pancreatic Cancer in a Phase I Study.
Kobayashi, M; Koido, S; Koizumi, T; Koya, T; Nagai, K; Okamoto, M; Sano, K; Shimodaira, S; Sugiyama, H; Yanagisawa, R, 2018)		0.48
"The present study aimed to investigate the effects of obatoclax (OBX) combined with gemcitabine (GEM) treatment on the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins of pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC‑3 under hypoxic conditions."( Effects of obatoclax combined with gemcitabine on the biological activity of pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.
Hou, XF; Li, K; Li, S; Wang, JF; Wu, C; Xu, SN, 2018)		0.48
" We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic properties of GDC-0575 alone and in combination with gemcitabine."( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)		0.48
"In this phase I open-label study, in the dose escalation stage, patients were enrolled in a GDC-0575 monotherapy Arm (1) or GDC-0575 combination with gemcitabine Arm (2) to determine the maximum tolerated dose."( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)		0.48
" No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed between GDC-0575 and gemcitabine."( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)		0.48
"GDC-0575 can be safely administered as a monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine; however, overall tolerability with gemcitabine was modest."( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)		0.48
" In the present study, we show that gemcitabine (GEM) in combination with TRA was more effective than TRA alone."( MEK inhibitor trametinib in combination with gemcitabine regresses a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) pancreatic cancer nude mouse model.
Bouvet, M; Clary, B; Delong, JC; Hoffman, RM; Hwang, HK; Igarashi, K; Kawaguchi, K; Kiyuna, T; Lwin, TM; Miyake, K; Miyake, M; Murakami, T; Singh, SR; Unno, M, 2018)		0.48
" Thus, in combination with GP chemotherapy, CE could be a suitable alternative to DE in locally advanced or metastatic SCC patients, resulting in less hemoptysis, less treatment time, and lower costs."( Influence of different drug delivery methods for Endostar combined with a gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen in locally advanced or metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective observational study.
Dai, H; Huang, J; Shen, H; Yao, D; Yuan, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Experimental Design Patients were enrolled into five cohorts of increasing doses of MMB between 100 and 200 mg administered once or twice daily in combination with nab-P + G in 28-day cycles to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD)."( Phase 1 dose-escalation study of momelotinib, a Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor, combined with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Barbie, D; Chaves, J; Fuchs, CS; Hahn, WC; Hendifar, A; Koh, B; Ng, K; Starodub, A; Yang, Y, 2019)		0.51
" In this prospective study, we investigated gemcitabine, cisplatin, and dexamethasone (GDP) combined with methotrexate (MTX) and pegaspargase (PEG-L) as front-line treatment in PTCL."( Gemcitabine, cisplatin, and dexamethasone (GDP) in combination with methotrexate and pegaspargase is active in newly diagnosed peripheral T cell lymphoma patients: a phase 2, single-center, open-label study in China.
Cai, H; Cao, X; Chen, M; Duan, M; Han, B; Li, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhou, D; Zhu, T; Zhuang, J, 2019)		0.51
" Methods We used the standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design with cohort expansion to evaluate 2 dose levels of enzalutamide: 80 mg and 160 mg/day orally (phase 1a) in combination with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients."( Phase 1 trial of enzalutamide in combination with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
Copolla, D; Goyal, G; Kim, J; Kim, R; Kommalapati, A; Mahipal, A; Neuger, A; Soares, H; Tella, SH, 2019)		0.51
"The authors undertook a phase 1 study of gemcitabine in combination with escalating doses of paricalcitol administered weekly intravenously in patients with advanced cancers."( A phase 1, open-label, dose escalation study of intravenous paricalcitol in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
Fetterly, G; Fountzilas, C; Iyer, R; Javle, M; Johnson, C; Ma, Y; Tan, W, 2018)		0.48
" Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of oVV‑Smac combined with gemcitabine was also evaluated."( Gemcitabine combined with an engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus exhibits a synergistic suppressive effect on the tumor growth of pancreatic cancer.
Chen, W; Fan, W; Huang, F; Lu, X; Mou, X; Ru, G; Wang, S; Zhang, X, 2019)		0.51
" We investigated the efficacy of first-line gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy versus gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy combined with the anti-angiogenic drug endostar (GP + E) in advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma."( Efficacy and toxicities of gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with endostar in advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma.
Chen, X; Dai, L; Fang, J; Han, J; Han, S; Hu, W; Long, J; Ma, X; Nie, J; Tian, G; Wang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2019)		0.51
" Chemotherapy combined with endostar could improve the overall response rate, but did not prolong PFS or OS."( Efficacy and toxicities of gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with endostar in advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma.
Chen, X; Dai, L; Fang, J; Han, J; Han, S; Hu, W; Long, J; Ma, X; Nie, J; Tian, G; Wang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2019)		0.51
" This study was designed to investigate the effects of microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human lung squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H1703 and NCI-H2170) in vitro."( [Microwave Hyperthermia Combined with Gemcitabine Inhibits Proliferation 
and Induces Apoptosis of Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma Cells].
Ma, S; Yang, D; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine could up-regulate the p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, Cleaved-PARP and Bax protein expression."( [Microwave Hyperthermia Combined with Gemcitabine Inhibits Proliferation 
and Induces Apoptosis of Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma Cells].
Ma, S; Yang, D; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
"Microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine remarkably inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of human lung squamous cell carcinoma in vitro."( [Microwave Hyperthermia Combined with Gemcitabine Inhibits Proliferation 
and Induces Apoptosis of Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma Cells].
Ma, S; Yang, D; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including erlotinib and gefitinib, which block the action of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 receptor, provide small increases in patient survival when administered with gemcitabine."( Targeting retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in combination with EGFR inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells.
Abraham, RG; Dedi, B; Krucher, NA; Thomas, NA, 2019)		0.51
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of bevacizumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Clinical efficacy of bevacizumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Duan, J; Liu, D; Shi, Y; Yang, Z, )		0.13
" Patients in the control group were treated with GP chemotherapy, while patients in observation group were treated with intravenous infusion of bevacizumab combined with GP chemotherapy."( Clinical efficacy of bevacizumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Duan, J; Liu, D; Shi, Y; Yang, Z, )		0.13
" This study aimed to investigate the curative effects and safety of hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy (HCT) for advanced patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially those with malignant pleural effusion."( Radiofrequency deep hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Lai, ZY; Li, Y; Mu, JB; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, MD; Yang, WH; Zhang, GH, 2019)		0.51
" The HCT group was treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) regimen combined with regional radiofrequency deep hyperthermia, while the CT group was treated with GP regimen only."( Radiofrequency deep hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Lai, ZY; Li, Y; Mu, JB; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, MD; Yang, WH; Zhang, GH, 2019)		0.51
"Hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy might lead to the development of better therapeutic strategy for advanced NSCLC with malignant pleural effusion patients."( Radiofrequency deep hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Lai, ZY; Li, Y; Mu, JB; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, MD; Yang, WH; Zhang, GH, 2019)		0.51
" This phase Ib study evaluated vantictumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with untreated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma."( A phase 1b dose escalation study of Wnt pathway inhibitor vantictumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Berlin, J; Cardin, DB; Cohen, SJ; Davis, SL; Dotan, E; Kapoun, AM; Lenz, HJ; Messersmith, WA; O'Neil, BH; Shahda, S; Stagg, RJ, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, we built on our preclinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AZD1775 in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in patients with newly diagnosed locally advanced pancreatic cancer."( Dose Escalation Trial of the Wee1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Combination With Gemcitabine and Radiation for Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.
Al-Hawaray, M; Cho, CS; Cuneo, KC; Devasia, T; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Nathan, H; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Sahai, V; Schipper, MJ; Zalupski, MM, 2019)		0.51
"AZD1775 in combination with gemcitabine and radiation therapy was well tolerated at a dose that produced target engagement in a surrogate tissue."( Dose Escalation Trial of the Wee1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Combination With Gemcitabine and Radiation for Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.
Al-Hawaray, M; Cho, CS; Cuneo, KC; Devasia, T; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Nathan, H; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Sahai, V; Schipper, MJ; Zalupski, MM, 2019)		0.51
"This study aimed to examine the efficacy of metabolically supported administration of chemotherapy combined with ketogenic diet, hyperthermia, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer."( Long-Term Survival Outcomes of Metabolically Supported Chemotherapy with Gemcitabine-Based or FOLFIRINOX Regimen Combined with Ketogenic Diet, Hyperthermia, and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.
Iyikesici, MS, 2020)		0.56
" In conclusion, MDC-1112 should be further explored as a potential agent to be used in combination with GEM for treating PC."( Phospho-valproic acid (MDC-1112) reduces pancreatic cancer growth in patient-derived tumor xenografts and KPC mice: enhanced efficacy when combined with gemcitabine.
Digiovanni, MG; Lacomb, JF; Luo, D; Mackenzie, GG; Rigas, B; Wei, R; Williams, JL, 2020)		0.56
"This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes, toxicity, and prognostic factors of SBRT combined with gemcitabine plus capecitabine (GEM-CAP) in treating locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC)."( Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with gemcitabine plus capecitabine for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Huang, GC; Ji, XQ; Jiang, CC; Li, AM; Li, B; Shen, ZT; Yuan, X; Zhou, H; Zhu, XX, 2020)		0.56
"A total of 56 patients with LAPC treated with SBRT combined with GEM-CAP were reviewed from October 2010 to October 2016."( Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with gemcitabine plus capecitabine for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Huang, GC; Ji, XQ; Jiang, CC; Li, AM; Li, B; Shen, ZT; Yuan, X; Zhou, H; Zhu, XX, 2020)		0.56
"To evaluate clinical outcomes when HAI chemotherapy is combined with systemic chemotherapy in patients with unresectable IHC."( Assessment of Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Floxuridine in Combination With Systemic Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin in Patients With Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial.
Allen, PJ; Balachandran, VP; Boerner, T; Boucher, TM; Cercek, A; Chapman, WC; Chou, JF; D'Angelica, MI; DeMatteo, RP; Diaz, LA; Do, RKG; Drebin, JA; Fields, RC; Gönen, M; Harding, JJ; Hauser, HF; Hawkins, WG; Jarnagin, WR; Kemeny, NE; Kingham, TP; Lim, KH; Lowery, MA; Majella Doyle, MB; Reidy-Lagunes, D; Saltz, L; Sanchez-Vega, F; Schultz, N; Strasberg, SM; Tan, BR; Vachharajani, N; Varghese, AM, 2020)		0.56
" We hypothesized that pelareorep in combination with pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in patients with PDAC would be safe and effective."( Pembrolizumab in Combination with the Oncolytic Virus Pelareorep and Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Phase Ib Study.
Arora, SP; Cheetham, K; Coffey, M; Eng, KH; Fields, P; Fountzilas, C; Kalinski, P; Mahalingam, D; Moseley, JL; Nuovo, G; Raber, P; Wilkinson, GA; Zhang, B, 2020)		0.56
"This Phase IIb (NCT02195180) open-label study evaluated erythrocyte-encapsulated asparaginase (eryaspase) in combination with chemotherapy in second-line advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma."( Erythrocyte-encapsulated asparaginase (eryaspase) combined with chemotherapy in second-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: An open-label, randomized Phase IIb trial.
Andre, T; Bachet, JB; Bouche, O; Cros, J; De La Fouchardiere, C; El Hajbi, F; El Hariry, I; Fabienne, P; Faroux, R; Guimbaud, R; Gupta, A; Hamm, A; Hammel, P; Kay, R; Lecomte, T; Louvet, C; Metges, JP; Mineur, L; Rebischung, C; Tougeron, D; Tournigand, C, 2020)		0.56
"Eligible patients were randomized 2:1 to either eryaspase in combination with gemcitabine or mFOLFOX6 (eryaspase arm), or to gemcitabine or mFOLFOX6 alone (control arm)."( Erythrocyte-encapsulated asparaginase (eryaspase) combined with chemotherapy in second-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: An open-label, randomized Phase IIb trial.
Andre, T; Bachet, JB; Bouche, O; Cros, J; De La Fouchardiere, C; El Hajbi, F; El Hariry, I; Fabienne, P; Faroux, R; Guimbaud, R; Gupta, A; Hamm, A; Hammel, P; Kay, R; Lecomte, T; Louvet, C; Metges, JP; Mineur, L; Rebischung, C; Tougeron, D; Tournigand, C, 2020)		0.56
"Eryaspase in combination with chemotherapy is associated with improvements in OS and PFS, irrespective of ASNS expression in second-line advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma."( Erythrocyte-encapsulated asparaginase (eryaspase) combined with chemotherapy in second-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: An open-label, randomized Phase IIb trial.
Andre, T; Bachet, JB; Bouche, O; Cros, J; De La Fouchardiere, C; El Hajbi, F; El Hariry, I; Fabienne, P; Faroux, R; Guimbaud, R; Gupta, A; Hamm, A; Hammel, P; Kay, R; Lecomte, T; Louvet, C; Metges, JP; Mineur, L; Rebischung, C; Tougeron, D; Tournigand, C, 2020)		0.56
"LMS03 failed to show that second-line therapy, with gemcitabine combined with pazopanib, followed by pazopanib alone, was beneficial for advanced LMS patients."( A phase II of gemcitabine combined with pazopanib followed by pazopanib maintenance, as second-line treatment in patients with advanced leiomyosarcomas: A unicancer French Sarcoma Group study (LMS03 study).
Bay, JO; Bertucci, F; Bompas, E; Bozec, L; Chenuc, G; Chevreau, C; Cupissol, D; Delaye, J; Delcambre, C; Duffaud, F; Eymard, JC; Guillemet, C; Isambert, N; Italiano, A; Pautier, P; Penel, N; Piperno-Neumann, S; Ray-Coquard, I; Rios, M; Saada, E, 2020)		0.56
"This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of docetaxel combined with lobaplatin, relative to docetaxel combined with gemcitabine, for treating patients with recurrent metastatic breast cancer (rMBC)."( Pilot study of docetaxel combined with lobaplatin or gemcitabine for recurrent and metastatic breast cancer.
Chang, J; Chen, T; He, M; Hong, W; Li, F; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, L; Luo, D; Ran, L; Shan, L; Song, Y; Wang, B; Wang, H, 2019)		0.51
" To this end, we developed and evaluated a novel drug combination of gemcitabine and paclitaxel (GT)."( Novel drug combination nanoparticles exhibit enhanced plasma exposure and dose-responsive effects on eliminating breast cancer lung metastasis.
Griffin, JI; Ho, RJY; McConnachie, LA; Mu, Q; Wu, Y; Yu, J; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
" The patients in MPC group were treated with microwave ablation (MWA) combined with PC while patients in MGC group were given MWA combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC)."( Comparative clinical study on microwave ablation combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin or combined with pemetrexed and cisplatin in treatment of advanced NSCLC.
Feng, Y; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Many research has indicated that some Chinese herb injections (CHIs) might be beneficial in combination with chemotherapy, however, with inconsistent results."( Comparative efficacy of Chinese herbal injections combined with GP regimen chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Li, J; Liu, TT; Xu, BW; Zhu, GH, 2020)		0.56
" We researched clinical significance of circPVT1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy."( Clinical significance of circPVT1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Bao, C; Cai, S; Chen, Q; Kong, J; Liu, S; Lu, H; Luo, J; Xie, X, 2021)		0.62
" In addition, after cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy, circPVT1 expression was decreased, and circPVT1 expression in the chemotherapy-resistant group was higher than in the chemotherapy-sensitive group."( Clinical significance of circPVT1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Bao, C; Cai, S; Chen, Q; Kong, J; Liu, S; Lu, H; Luo, J; Xie, X, 2021)		0.62
"Our study revealed the clinical significance of circPVT1 in NSCLC after cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy."( Clinical significance of circPVT1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received cisplatin combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Bao, C; Cai, S; Chen, Q; Kong, J; Liu, S; Lu, H; Luo, J; Xie, X, 2021)		0.62
"Reports of the efficacy of induction chemotherapy (IC) combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) on locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are scarce."( Gemcitabine combined with cisplatin vs. taxane, cisplatin, and fluorouracil in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study.
Chen, WP; Huang, YM; Li, SL; Lu, L; Qi, CH; Qiao, SQ, 2020)		0.56
"This study retrospectively analyzed 827 patients with advanced NPC who received IC combined with CCRT in People's Hospital of Rizhao, China from January 2006 to June 2012."( Gemcitabine combined with cisplatin vs. taxane, cisplatin, and fluorouracil in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study.
Chen, WP; Huang, YM; Li, SL; Lu, L; Qi, CH; Qiao, SQ, 2020)		0.56
"The clinical efficacy of the GP regimen combined with CCRT for the treatment of locoregionally advanced NPC may be better than that of the TPF regimen."( Gemcitabine combined with cisplatin vs. taxane, cisplatin, and fluorouracil in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study.
Chen, WP; Huang, YM; Li, SL; Lu, L; Qi, CH; Qiao, SQ, 2020)		0.56
" To address potential concerns that iohexol administered during a course of chemotherapy impacts that therapy, we performed in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction evaluations of iohexol."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of iohexol, a renal filtration marker.
Beumer, JH; Christner, S; Chu, E; Guo, J; Holleran, JL; Ivy, SP; Joshi, A; Kiesel, B; Miller, BM; Parise, RA; Taylor, S; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)		0.56
"Iohexol is unlikely to affect the clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or other agents used in combination with carboplatin treatment."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of iohexol, a renal filtration marker.
Beumer, JH; Christner, S; Chu, E; Guo, J; Holleran, JL; Ivy, SP; Joshi, A; Kiesel, B; Miller, BM; Parise, RA; Taylor, S; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, we administered apatinib in combination with chemotherapy to achieve good disease control."( Chemotherapy combined with apatinib for the treatment of desmoplastic small round cell tumors: A case report.
Cheng, X; Li, Y; Tian, Y, 2020)		0.56
" This report describes a Phase Ib clinical trial investigating PG-11047 in combination with cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic chemotherapeutic agents in patients with advanced refractory metastatic solid tumors or lymphoma."( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma.
Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)		0.62
"The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PG-11047 in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU was 590 mg."( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma.
Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)		0.62
"Results of this Phase Ib trial indicate that PG-11047 can be safely administered to patients in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU on the once weekly dosing schedule described and may provide therapeutic benefit."( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma.
Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, this study attempts to elucidate the efficiency and safety of concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus 5-fluorouracil plus cisplatin) for treating patients with NPC."( Efficacy and safety of two different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in treating patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A protocol for randomized controlled trial.
Cui, J; Pan, LX; Tan, HF; Xiao, Z; Zhang, LL, 2021)		0.62
"This study is a randomized, multicentral, open-labelled trial to assess the clinical efficiency and safety of using concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy as a therapeutic measure for advanced NPC patients."( Efficacy and safety of two different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in treating patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A protocol for randomized controlled trial.
Cui, J; Pan, LX; Tan, HF; Xiao, Z; Zhang, LL, 2021)		0.62
"The current research evaluates the clinical efficiency and safety of utilising concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy as a therapeutic strategy to treat advanced NPC patients."( Efficacy and safety of two different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in treating patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A protocol for randomized controlled trial.
Cui, J; Pan, LX; Tan, HF; Xiao, Z; Zhang, LL, 2021)		0.62
" Cell invasion and metastasis-related factors decreased after AMD3100 combined with gemcitabine."( The effect of gemcitabine combined with AMD3100 applying to cholangiocarcinoma RBE cell lines to CXCR4/CXCL12 axis.
Bian, W; Liu, JH; Liu, SG; Lv, HT; Wang, WB; Xing, L; Zhang, TF, 2021)		0.62
"Between November 2013 and May 2015, 71 patients were randomized to chemotherapy in combination with DCVAC/OvCa or to chemotherapy alone."( Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (DCVAC/OvCa) combined with second-line chemotherapy in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (SOV02): A randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial.
Bartos, P; Bartunkova, J; Chovanec, J; Cibula, D; Fucikova, J; Galluzzi, L; Hassan, HIB; Hein, A; Hraska, M; Hrnciarova, T; Kieszko, D; Klat, J; Knapp, P; Madry, R; Mallmann, P; Markowska, J; Melichar, B; Minar, L; Pecen, L; Pluta, M; Rob, L; Spacek, J; Spisek, R; Streb, J; Valha, P; Wimberger, P, 2021)		0.62
"DCVAC/OvCa combined with chemotherapy had a favorable safety profile in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer."( Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (DCVAC/OvCa) combined with second-line chemotherapy in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (SOV02): A randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial.
Bartos, P; Bartunkova, J; Chovanec, J; Cibula, D; Fucikova, J; Galluzzi, L; Hassan, HIB; Hein, A; Hraska, M; Hrnciarova, T; Kieszko, D; Klat, J; Knapp, P; Madry, R; Mallmann, P; Markowska, J; Melichar, B; Minar, L; Pecen, L; Pluta, M; Rob, L; Spacek, J; Spisek, R; Streb, J; Valha, P; Wimberger, P, 2021)		0.62
" In complex diseases like cancer, single-agent approaches are often insufficient for an effective treatment, and drug combination therapies can be implemented."( New In Vitro-In Silico Approach for the Prediction of In Vivo Performance of Drug Combinations.
Correia, C; Ferreira, A; Lapa, R; Santos, J; Urtti, A; Vale, N; Yliperttula, M, 2021)		0.62
"In this phase I, dose-escalation study, we sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase/c-ROS oncogene 1 receptor (ALK/ROS1) inhibitor ceritinib in combination with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors."( A phase I study of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor ceritinib in combination with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Adjei, A; Attwood, K; Bshara, W; Evans, R; Fountzilas, C; Ghasemi, M; Goey, A; Groman, A; Iyer, R; Ma, WW; Opyrchal, M; Wilton, J, 2021)		0.62
" The purpose of this study was to further investigate its synergistic antitumor efficiency in combination with low-dose chemotherapeutic gemcitabine (GEM) on the subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft model in nude mice."( Synergistic Effect of Baculovirus-Mediated Endostatin and Angiostatin Combined with Gemcitabine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Bai, C; Fan, H; Ji, Y; Wang, Z; Yang, M; Yang, W, 2022)		0.72
" Herein, a murine xenograft model of human aggressive B cell lymphoma (BCL) was established to explore anti-lymphoma efficiency of L-CDDP combined with GEM."( Cisplatin Loaded Poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol Complex Nanoparticles Combined with Gemcitabine Presents Improved Safety and Lasting Anti-Tumor Efficacy in a Murine Xenograft Model of Human Aggressive B Cell Lymphoma.
Bai, O; Guo, W; Liu, Z; Song, W; Tang, Z; Wang, S; Yu, H; Zhang, D, 2021)		0.62
"s) or rosmarinic acid in combination with gemcitabine on Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells."( Complementary effects of Orthosiphon stamineus standardized ethanolic extract and rosmarinic acid in combination with gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer.
Abdul Majid, AMS; Asif, M; Oon, CE; Yehya, AHS, 2021)		0.62
"To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human endostatin combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Systematic Evaluation Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Recombinant Human Endostatin Combined with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
He, Y; Huang, M; Yi, C; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
"The databases of Cochrane Library, Embase, ClinicalTrials, PubMed, HowNet, Wanfang, and VIP were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of recombinant human endostatin combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin (experimental group) and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin (control group) for comparative study."( Systematic Evaluation Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Recombinant Human Endostatin Combined with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
He, Y; Huang, M; Yi, C; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
"Endobiliary RFA prolonged the patency period of uncovered SEMS combined with GC therapy in patients with eCCA."( Endobiliary Radiofrequency Ablation Combined with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Patients with Unresectable Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.
Ibusuki, M; Inoue, T; Ito, K; Kitano, R; Kobayashi, Y; Naitoh, I; Nakade, Y; Sumida, Y; Yoneda, M, 2022)		0.72
"To evaluate the efficacy of bevacizumab and gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of esophageal cancer and the effect on the incidence of adverse reactions."( Efficacy of Bevacizumab and Gemcitabine in Combination with Cisplatin in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer and the Effect on the Incidence of Adverse Reactions.
Cai, L; Chen, S; Li, J; Wang, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)		0.72
" The control group was treated with gemcitabine combined with cisplatin, and the study group was treated with the triple therapy of bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin."( Efficacy of Bevacizumab and Gemcitabine in Combination with Cisplatin in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer and the Effect on the Incidence of Adverse Reactions.
Cai, L; Chen, S; Li, J; Wang, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)		0.72
"The clinical efficiency of bevacizumab and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in the treatment of esophageal cancer is remarkable, which improves the survival of patients, and is worthy of clinical promotion and application."( Efficacy of Bevacizumab and Gemcitabine in Combination with Cisplatin in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer and the Effect on the Incidence of Adverse Reactions.
Cai, L; Chen, S; Li, J; Wang, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)		0.72
" This open-label, phase I study (TRX518-003) evaluated the safety and efficacy of repeated dose TRX518 monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine, pembrolizumab, or nivolumab in advanced solid tumors."( Phase IB Study of GITR Agonist Antibody TRX518 Singly and in Combination with Gemcitabine, Pembrolizumab, or Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.
Bajor, D; Bauer, T; Davar, D; Holland, A; Luke, JJ; Merghoub, T; Naik, GS; Newman, W; Piper, D; Qi, J; Rixe, O; Sato, T; Sifferlen, L; Sirard, CA; Wang, H; Wolchok, JD; Wong, P; Zappasodi, R, 2022)		0.72
"To explore the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine (GEM) combined with cisplatin (DDP) in the treatment of recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)."( Gemcitabine Combined with Cisplatin Has a Better Effect in the Treatment of Recurrent/Metastatic Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Cai, MB; Li, ZM; Nie, YH; Tan, YR; Yang, Q; Zhu, HB, 2022)		0.72
"GEM combined with DDP can provide more clinical benefits for patients with recurrent/metastatic advanced NPC, with less side effects, high tolerance and significant efficacy, which can be further promoted in clinical use."( Gemcitabine Combined with Cisplatin Has a Better Effect in the Treatment of Recurrent/Metastatic Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Cai, MB; Li, ZM; Nie, YH; Tan, YR; Yang, Q; Zhu, HB, 2022)		0.72
"Platinum is recommended in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC)."( A randomized phase 3 trial of Gemcitabine or Nab-paclitaxel combined with cisPlatin as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.
Cai, L; Guo, X; Hu, X; Jiang, Z; Luo, J; Pan, Y; Shao, Z; Sun, T; Teng, YE; Wang, B; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wu, J; Yan, M; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (CDDP) were employed as representative antineoplastic agents to observe effects of continuous low-dose chemotherapy with GEM or GEM combined with CDDP (GEM+CDDP) on tumor formation and growthin xenograft tumor models in vivo."( Promotion of tumor progression induced by continuous low-dose administration of antineoplastic agent gemcitabine or gemcitabine combined with cisplatin.
Chen, Y; Feng, W; Feng, Y; Li, H; Liu, H; You, H; Zheng, Q, 2022)		0.72
" The primary objective was to determine the recommended phase 2 dose of crenigacestat combined with other anticancer agents (gemcitabine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/carboplatin)."( A phase 1b study of crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin or gemcitabine and carboplatin in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors.
Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Massard, C; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2022)		0.72
"This study demonstrated that the Notch inhibitor, crenigacestat, combined with different anticancer agents (gemcitabine, cisplatin, and carboplatin) was poorly tolerated and resulted in disappointing clinical activity in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors."( A phase 1b study of crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin or gemcitabine and carboplatin in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors.
Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Massard, C; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2022)		0.72
"In the treatment of gallbladder cancer, the use of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin combined with apatinib can effectively control the progression of patients' disease."( Effects of Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Combined with Apatinib on Immune Function and Levels of SIL-2R and sicAM-1 in Patients with Gallbladder Cancer.
Hu, W; Li, K; Liu, K; Qu, L, 2022)		0.72
"This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy in multiline treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer."( Clinical Study of Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined with Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Multiline Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.
Du, S; Fan, L; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J, 2022)		0.72
" In this study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP), combined with a PD-1 inhibitor, in patients with locally advanced HNSCC."( Neoadjuvant toripalimab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin in resectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NeoTGP01): An open label, single-arm, phase Ib clinical trial.
Feng, W; Hong, H; Huang, X; Jiang, W; Li, Z; Liang, J; Liang, L; Liu, Q; Liu, Y; Liu, ZG; Peng, Y; Xian, S; Yang, S; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhong, G; Zhou, Y, 2022)		0.72
"We reported a patient with unresectable ICC who received lenvatinib and pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy and subsequently underwent radical liver resection."( Conversion therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin: A case report and literature review.
Chen, XP; Luo, C; Zhang, BX; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZY, 2022)		0.72
"Lenvatinib and anti-PD1 antibody pembrolizumab in combination with GP chemotherapy provided promising antitumor efficacy with reasonable tolerability, which may be a potentially feasible and safe conversion therapy strategy for patients with initially unresectable and advanced ICC."( Conversion therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin: A case report and literature review.
Chen, XP; Luo, C; Zhang, BX; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZY, 2022)		0.72
"Lenvatinib combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies and systemic chemotherapy has demonstrated a relatively high antitumor activity for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in phase 2 clinical trials."( Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus Gemox chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer.
Long, J; Sang, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xue, J; Yang, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhu, C, 2023)		0.91
"Patients with advanced BTC who received lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus oxaliplatin and gemcitabine (Gemox) chemotherapy were retrospectively screened."( Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus Gemox chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer.
Long, J; Sang, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xue, J; Yang, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhu, C, 2023)		0.91
"Lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and Gemox chemotherapy represents an effective and tolerable treatment option in patients with advanced BTC."( Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus Gemox chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer.
Long, J; Sang, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xue, J; Yang, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhu, C, 2023)		0.91
" In phase Ib, devimistat was infused over 2 hours in combination with GC on days 1 and 8 every 21 days with a primary objective to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D)."( Devimistat in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Biliary Tract Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Phase Ib Multicenter Clinical Trial (BilT-04).
Achreja, A; Animasahun, O; Chinnaiyan, AM; Choppara, S; Crysler, O; Dippman, D; Enzler, T; Griffith, KA; Gunchick, V; Hsiehchen, D; Kumar-Sinha, C; Mohan, A; Nagrath, D; Nenwani, M; Sahai, V; Wuchu, F; Zalupski, MM; Zhen, DB, 2023)		0.91
" One DLT was observed, and the RP2D of devimistat was determined to be 2,000 mg/m2 in combination with GC."( Devimistat in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Biliary Tract Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Phase Ib Multicenter Clinical Trial (BilT-04).
Achreja, A; Animasahun, O; Chinnaiyan, AM; Choppara, S; Crysler, O; Dippman, D; Enzler, T; Griffith, KA; Gunchick, V; Hsiehchen, D; Kumar-Sinha, C; Mohan, A; Nagrath, D; Nenwani, M; Sahai, V; Wuchu, F; Zalupski, MM; Zhen, DB, 2023)		0.91
"Devimistat in combination with GC is well tolerated and has an acceptable safety profile in patients with untreated advanced BTC."( Devimistat in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Biliary Tract Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation and Phase Ib Multicenter Clinical Trial (BilT-04).
Achreja, A; Animasahun, O; Chinnaiyan, AM; Choppara, S; Crysler, O; Dippman, D; Enzler, T; Griffith, KA; Gunchick, V; Hsiehchen, D; Kumar-Sinha, C; Mohan, A; Nagrath, D; Nenwani, M; Sahai, V; Wuchu, F; Zalupski, MM; Zhen, DB, 2023)		0.91
" Identifying the key target that determines gemcitabine resistance in PDAC and reversing gemcitabine resistance using target inhibitors in combination with gemcitabine are crucial steps in the quest to improve survival prognosis in patients with PDAC."( Nuclear PLD1 combined with NPM1 induces gemcitabine resistance through tumorigenic IL7R in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Chang, A; Ding, J; Feng, Y; Fu, D; Gao, C; Gao, S; Hao, J; Huang, C; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Ma, X; Ma, Y; Tang, B; Wang, H; Wang, X; Yan, J; Yang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, R; Zhao, T, 2023)		0.91
" Furthermore, LirB combined with GEM had potent inhibitory effects on pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs)."( Inhibitory effect of liriopesides B in combination with gemcitabine on human pancreatic cancer cells.
Chen, M; Gan, L; Hong, P; Jin, J; Li, D; Liu, W; Wei, X; Wong, W; Wu, M; Wu, P; Wu, R; Xu, X; Zhang, K; Zheng, X, 2024)		1.44
"To evaluation the feasibility of Iodine-125 (¹²5I) brachytherapy combined with arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."( Feasibility of 125I brachytherapy combined with arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Cao, Y; Huang, S; Liu, H; Wang, R; Wang, T; Yang, S, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Neither cyclo-C nor ara-C is well absorbed after oral administration, and the drug concentration in the plasma is too low to be measurable."( Pharmacologic studies of cyclocytidine and arabinosylcytosine in dogs.
Abbott, RL; Carter, CJ; Ho, DH; Loo, TL; McBride, CM, )		0.13
" ddC was well absorbed from the gut and crossed the blood-brain barrier."( Phase I studies of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in severe human immunodeficiency virus infection as a single agent and alternating with zidovudine (AZT).
Allain, JP; Dubinsky, R; Fischl, MA; Klecker, RW; McAtee, N; McNeely, MC; Perno, CF; Thomas, RV; Wills, RJ; Yarchoan, R, 1988)		0.27
" When administered orally to rats, dOTC was well absorbed, with a bioavailability of approximately 77%, with a high proportion (approximately 16."( Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity, intracellular metabolism, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine.
Ahmed, PS; de Muys, JM; Gourdeau, H; Locas, C; Mansour, T; Nguyen-Ba, N; Rando, RF; Richard, N; Taylor, DL; Wainberg, MA, 1999)		0.3
" The absolute bioavailability of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine was estimated as 42% in patients with normal hepatic function and 62% in patients with impaired hepatic function."( Effect of hepatic dysfunction due to liver metastases on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Glynne-Jones, R; Goggin, T; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Schüller, J; Twelves, C; Utoh, M; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
"The bioavailability of 5'-DFUR in the systemic circulation was practically identical after administration of the two tablet formulations."( Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and exploration of age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance as factors influencing systemic exposure in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Bush, E; Cameron, D; Cassidy, J; Goggin, T; Jodrell, D; Jones, D; O'Byrne, K; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Steward, W; Twelves, C; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
" Among large numbers of the derivatives, capecitabine was selected based on its susceptibility to hepatic carboxylesterase, oral bioavailability in monkeys and efficacy in a human cancer xenograft."( [Discovery and development of novel anticancer drug capecitabine].
Horii, I; Ishitsuka, H; Shimma, N, 1999)		0.3
" Following oral administration of an equivalent dose, the absolute oral bioavailability of L-FddC derived from L-FddCMP-bisSATE administration was 65%."( In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of bis [(t-butyl)-S-acyl-2-thioethyl]-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine monophosphate.
Cretton-Scott, E; Faraj, A; Gosselin, G; Imbach, JL; Loi, AG; Martin, LT; McClure, HM; Placidi, L; Schinazi, RF; Sommadossi, JP, )		0.13
"The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and determine the absolute bioavailability of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (dOTC) (BCH-10652), a novel nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in humans."( Absolute bioavailability and disposition of (-) and (+) 2'-deoxy- 3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (dOTC) following single intravenous and oral doses of racemic dOTC in humans.
Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Martin, DE; Proulx, L; Smith, PF, 2000)		0.31
" Forty to 50% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine, indicating a good bioavailability and resulting significant systemic exposure to the drug, which may enable chronic oral treatment."( Phase I trial of oral 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine: on a daily x 14-day schedule.
Fukuoka, M; Kudoh, S; Masuda, N; Matsui, K; Myobudani, H; Nakagawa, K; Negoro, S; Nemoto, S; Nihira, S; Nogami, T; Ogawa, K; Okuda, T; Takeda, K; Takifuji, N; Yamada, M; Yamamoto, N, 2000)		0.31
" Oral bioavailability of DMDC is in the order of 40%, largely as a result of first-pass metabolism in the gut and liver."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC), a deoxycytidine analogue antineoplastic agent.
Brindley, CJ; Devlin, AJ; Funaki, T; Gordon, RJ; Morrison, R; van der Gaast, A; Verweij, L, 2000)		0.31
" Numerous active 5-FU schedules are in clinical use, but erratic oral bioavailability has historically mandated intravenous administration."( Oral therapy for colorectal cancer: how to choose.
Damjanov, N; Meropol, NJ, 2000)		0.31
" The unpredictable and low oral bioavailability of 5FU initially discouraged this form of treatment."( The oral fluorinated pyrimidines.
de Bono, JS; Twelves, CJ, 2001)		0.31
" One limitation to its use is the necessity of co-injecting cimetidine to increase its bioavailability and hence its sensitivity for PET detection."( Use of 5-[(76)Br]bromo-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine as a ligand for tumour proliferation: validation in an animal tumour model.
Bergström, M; Borbath, I; Grégoire, V; Långström, B; Laryea, D; Pauwels, S, 2002)		0.31
" Bioavailability after oral administration is close to 100%."( Capecitabine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the management of advanced breast cancer.
Goa, KL; Ibbotson, T; Wagstaff, AJ, 2003)		0.32
"In order to improve the oral bioavailability of LdC, valinyl esters were prepared as prodrugs."( Monoval-LdC: efficient prodrug of 2'-deoxy-beta-L-cytidine (L-dC), a potent and selective anti-HBV agent.
Bardiot, D; Benzaria, S; Bridges, EG; Cretton-Scott, E; Gosselin, G; Pierra, C; Standring, D; Zhou, XJ, )		0.13
"In order to improve the oral bioavailability of 2-C-methylcytidine, a potent anti-HCV agent, the corresponding 3'-O-L-valinyl ester derivative (NM 283) has been synthesized Based on its ease of synthesis and its physicochemical properties, NM 283 has emerged as a promising antiviral drug for treatment of chronic HCV infection."( Nm 283, an efficient prodrug of the potent anti-HCV agent 2'-C-methylcytidine.
Amador, A; Benzaria, S; Gosselin, G; Mathieu, S; Moussa, A; Pierra, C; Storer, R, 2005)		0.33
"Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD 1839) is an orally bioavailable small molecule that selectively inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity."( [Molecular targeted therapy--non-small-cell lung cancer and gefitinib].
Horio, Y; Mitsudomi, T; Shimizu, J, 2005)		0.33
" Here we have analyzed the role of nucleoside transporters in nucleoside-derived drug bioavailability and action in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells."( Expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and its correlation with gemcitabine uptake and cytotoxicity in mantle cell lymphoma.
Campo, E; Casado, FJ; Colomer, D; Marcé, S; Molina-Arcas, M; Pastor-Anglada, M; Villamor, N, 2006)		0.33
" We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability of FdCyd with and without THU in mice."( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in mice.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2006)		0.33
"The oral bioavailability of FdCyd alone was approximately 4%."( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in mice.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2006)		0.33
"FdCyd is well absorbed but undergoes substantial first-pass catabolism by CD to potentially toxic metabolites that do not inhibit DNA methyltransferase."( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in mice.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2006)		0.33
" Its stability as well as bioavailability can be increased by making prodrugs."( Characterization of lipophilic gemcitabine prodrug-liposomal membrane interaction by differential scanning calorimetry.
Castelli, F; Cattel, L; Ceruti, M; Rocco, F; Sarpietro, MG, )		0.13
"The stability and bioavailability of anticancer agents, such as gemcitabine, can be increased by forming prodrugs."( Interaction of lipophilic gemcitabine prodrugs with biomembrane models studied by Langmuir-Blodgett technique.
Castelli, F; Cattel, L; Ceruti, M; Rocco, F; Sarpietro, MG, 2007)		0.34
" ATC is well absorbed orally, with a bioavailability of 65-80%."( Apricitabine: a novel deoxycytidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of nucleoside-resistant HIV infection.
Bethell, RC; Cahn, P; Cox, S; Sawyer, J; Wainberg, MA, 2007)		0.34
"6 h and an oral bioavailability of 24."( Pharmacokinetics of the antiviral agent beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine in rhesus monkeys.
Asif, G; Hernandez-Santiago, BI; Hurwitz, SJ; Schinazi, RF; Shi, J, 2007)		0.34
" EGFR inhibition may be achieved either by small-molecule orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib or erlotinib, or else by large-molecule receptor antibodies, such as cetuximab or panitumumab."( Tumor resensitization to erlotinib following brief substitution of cetuximab.
Epstein, RJ; Leung, TW, 2008)		0.35
"One of the key challenges in anticancer therapy is the toxicity and poor bioavailability of the anticancer drugs."( Targeted delivery of gemcitabine to pancreatic adenocarcinoma using cetuximab as a targeting agent.
Ames, MM; Bhattacharya, R; Buhrow, SA; Dutta, S; Katarya, A; Lau, JS; Muders, M; Mukherjee, P; Mukhopadhyay, D; Patra, CR; Reid, JM; Safgren, SL; Wang, E; Wang, S; Yaszemski, MJ, 2008)		0.35
" When mizoribine was administered orally in conscious rats, the bioavailability of mizoribine estimated by urinary excretion percentage of unchanged mizoribine was a dose dependent: 53."( Characterization of intestinal absorption of mizoribine mediated by concentrative nucleoside transporters in rats.
Kamio, Y; Mori, N; Murakami, T; Yokooji, T, 2008)		0.35
" Systemic exposure to dFdC was low with an estimated bioavailability of 10%."( Oral administration of gemcitabine in patients with refractory tumors: a clinical and pharmacologic study.
Andre, VA; Beijnen, JH; Callies, S; Jansen, RS; Kloeker-Rhoades, S; Pluim, D; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Slapak, CA; Veltkamp, SA; Visseren-Grul, CM, 2008)		0.35
" and orally substantially increased oral bioavailability of dFdC."( Modulation of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability in mice by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2008)		0.35
" Hence, modulation of a specific nucleoside transporter may affect bioavailability and contribute significantly to sensitizing tumor cells to these anticancer agents."( Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) enhances gemcitabine response in human pancreatic cancer.
Carbó, N; Casado, FJ; García-Manteiga, J; Mazo, A; Mercadé, E; Pastor-Anglada, M; Pérez-Torras, S, 2008)		0.35
"Capecitabine is an orally bioavailable prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil through several enzymatic steps, the last of which is mediated by thymidine phosphorylase (TP)."( Thymidine phosphorylase expression and benefit from capecitabine in patients with advanced breast cancer.
Andreetta, C; Damante, G; Di Loreto, C; Fasola, G; Minisini, A; Pandolfi, M; Pegolo, E; Piga, A; Pizzolitto, S; Puglisi, F; Puppin, C; Valent, F, 2009)		0.35
" A co-crystal structure then allowed merging this series with a high throughput screening hit to afford a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor, compound 10."( Lead optimization and structure-based design of potent and bioavailable deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors.
Anderson, S; Augeri, DJ; Carlsen, M; Carson, KG; David Kimball, S; Finch, R; Foushee, AM; Fu, Q; Healy, JP; Heim-Riether, A; Hoffman, I; Hunter, M; Jessop, TC; Jhaver, K; Keyes, PE; Liu, Q; Miranda, M; Nouraldeen, A; Oravecz, T; Shen, M; Stouch, TR; Swaffield, JC; Swanson, RV; Tari, LW; Tarver, JE; Taylor, JA; Wilson, AG; Xu, A; Yu, XC, 2009)		0.35
" Valproate amide 3 is orally bioavailable and releases gemcitabine into the systemic circulation after passing through the intestinal mucosa."( Synthesis, crystallization, and biological evaluation of an orally active prodrug of gemcitabine.
Bao, J; Bender, DM; Dantzig, AH; Diseroad, WD; Law, KL; Magnus, NA; McCarthy, JR; Perkins, EJ; Peterson, JA; Pu, YJ; Remick, DM; Reutzel-Edens, SM; Starling, JJ; Stephenson, GA; Vaid, RK; Zhang, D, 2009)		0.35
"Curcumin induces cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis in vitro, but its poor bioavailability in vivo limits its antitumor efficacy."( Gemcitabine sensitivity can be induced in pancreatic cancer cells through modulation of miR-200 and miR-21 expression by curcumin or its analogue CDF.
Ahmad, A; Ali, S; Banerjee, S; Dominiak, K; Padhye, S; Philip, PA; Sarkar, FH; Schaffert, JM; Wang, Z, 2010)		0.36
"To assess in a phase II pharmacokinetic study whether different pH levels, dilution volumes and exposure times affect intracellular bioavailability and systemic absorption of gemcitabine."( Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine.
Berta, G; Carbone, F; Cattel, L; Fiorito, C; Gontero, P; Medana, C; Milla, P; Paone, TC; Tizzani, A, 2010)		0.36
"The most commonly reported administration scheme of gemcitabine produced the lowest tissue bioavailability of dFdC."( Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine.
Berta, G; Carbone, F; Cattel, L; Fiorito, C; Gontero, P; Medana, C; Milla, P; Paone, TC; Tizzani, A, 2010)		0.36
" We have engineered a polymeric nanoparticle encapsulated curcumin formulation (NanoCurc) that shows remarkably higher systemic bioavailability in plasma and tissues compared with free curcumin upon parenteral administration."( Systemic administration of polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc) blocks tumor growth and metastases in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer.
Bisht, S; Chenna, V; Feldmann, G; Goggins, MG; Hong, SM; Karikari, C; Maitra, A; Mizuma, M; Ottenhof, NA; Pramanik, D; Ravi, R; Rudek, MA; Sharma, R, 2010)		0.36
"This study evaluated the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir (EVG), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and a investigational pharmacoenhancer, cobicistat (GS-9350, COBI) coformulated as a fixed-dose combination tablet (FDC) compared with ritonavir-boosted EVG and FTC + TDF in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV.
German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)		0.36
" Polymer-drug conjugates, in this regard have spawned an approach to improve the cytotoxicity efficiency and bioavailability of gemcitabine by chemical modification."( Long circulation and cytotoxicity of PEGylated gemcitabine and its potential for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Sahoo, SK; Vandana, M, 2010)		0.36
" Given the oral bioavailability of capecitabine as well as in-vitro and in-vivo findings showing higher expression of thymidine phosphorylase in tumor cells and xenografts compared with normal tissue, capecitabine is an evolving candidate in the management of colorectal cancer with antimetabolite-based therapy."( Evolution of 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation in the management of rectal cancer.
Patel, PA, 2011)		0.37
" We have developed a novel synthetic compound-CDF, which showed greater bioavailability in animal tissues such as pancreas, and also induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, which was mediated by inactivation of NF-κB, COX-2, and VEGF in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells."( Anti-tumor activity of a novel compound-CDF is mediated by regulating miR-21, miR-200, and PTEN in pancreatic cancer.
Aboukameel, A; Ali, S; Banerjee, S; Bao, B; Kong, D; Padhye, S; Philip, PA; Sarkar, FH; Sarkar, SH; Wang, Z, 2011)		0.37
"5-fold higher than that in control rats, whereas the bioavailability of cephalexin remained unchanged."( Modulation in concentrative nucleoside transporters-mediated intestinal absorption of mizoribine, an immunosuppressive agent, in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.
Ishiguro, M; Kamio, Y; Mori, N; Murakami, T; Shimomukai, Y; Yokooji, T, 2011)		0.37
" NanoHHI particles have an average diameter of approximately 60 nm, forms uniform aqueous suspension, and improved systemic bioavailability compared with the parent compound."( A polymeric nanoparticle encapsulated small-molecule inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling (NanoHHI) bypasses secondary mutational resistance to Smoothened antagonists.
Aftab, BT; Campbell, NR; Chenna, V; Hong, SM; Hu, C; Karikari, C; Khan, SR; Maitra, A; Pramanik, D; Rudek, MA; Rudin, CM; Zhao, M, 2012)		0.38
"2 μM and showing moderate in vivo bioavailability in rat (F=14%)."( Discovery of 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-C-methyl cytidine and prodrugs thereof: a potent inhibitor of Hepatitis C virus replication.
Agback, T; Belfrage, AK; Benckestock, K; Boothee, M; de Kock, H; Johansson, NG; Jonckers, TH; Kalayanov, G; Klumpp, K; Lachau-Durand, S; Lin, TI; Lindqvist, A; Martin, JA; Nilsson, M; Pelcman, M; Pinho, P; Raboisson, P; Rosenquist, S; Rydegård, C; Samuelsson, B; Simmen, K; Smith, DB; Sund, C; Terelius, Y; Vandyck, K; Vrang, L; Wähling, H; Wikström, K; Winqvist, A; Zhou, XX, 2012)		0.38
" We hypothesize that NF-κB suppression with the novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor dimethylamino parthenolide (DMAPT) will sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine."( Dimethylamino parthenolide enhances the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells.
Beane, JD; Crooks, PA; Holcomb, BK; Schmidt, CM; Waters, JA; Yip-Schneider, MT, 2012)		0.38
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that the CLA-GEM conjugate had a longer plasma half-life and a higher bioavailability compared to that of unmodified GEM."( Enhanced anticancer activity of gemcitabine coupling with conjugated linoleic acid against human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo.
Feng, Q; Gao, SY; Tao, XM; Wang, JB; Wang, JC; Zhang, LR; Zhang, Q, 2012)		0.38
"Sapacitabine is an orally bioavailable prodrug of the nucleoside analog 2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC)."( Sapacitabine, the prodrug of CNDAC, is a nucleoside analog with a unique action mechanism of inducing DNA strand breaks.
Liu, XJ; Nowak, B; Plunkett, W; Wang, YQ, 2012)		0.38
" We also observed bioavailability of ursolic acid in the serum and tissue of animals."( Ursolic acid inhibits growth and metastasis of human colorectal cancer in an orthotopic nude mouse model by targeting multiple cell signaling pathways: chemosensitization with capecitabine.
Aggarwal, BB; Baladandayuthapani, V; Deorukhkar, A; Diagaradjane, P; Guha, S; Kannappan, R; Krishnan, S; Prasad, S; Reuter, S; Sung, B; Wei, C; Yadav, VR, 2012)		0.38
"Owing to poor curcumin solubility, we have used cyclodextrins (CD) as an excipient allowing a considerable increase of aqueous solubility and bioavailability of curcumin."( Curcumin-cyclodextrin complexes potentiate gemcitabine effects in an orthotopic mouse model of lung cancer.
Bekaert, S; Cataldo, D; Chiap, P; Coia, I; Evrard, B; Foidart, JM; Gueders, M; Noel, A; Paulissen, G; Rocks, N; Van Heugen, JC, 2012)		0.38
" In vivo pharmacokinetics showed the oral bioavailability of D07001-F4 to be 34%."( In vitro and in vivo studies of pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of D07001-F4, an oral gemcitabine formulation.
Chang, LC; Hao, WH; Hsu, CS; Hsu, KY; Hsu, PJ; Hsueh, SP; Wang, JJ, 2013)		0.39
" Our previous reports suggested that SL-01 possesses superior bioavailability and anticancer activity to gemcitabine in mice."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SL-01, a prodrug of gemcitabine, in rats.
Li, G; Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, Y; Qu, X; Sun, C; Wang, R; Zhao, C, 2013)		0.39
" The absolute bioavailability for the sum of gemcitabine was 32."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SL-01, a prodrug of gemcitabine, in rats.
Li, G; Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, Y; Qu, X; Sun, C; Wang, R; Zhao, C, 2013)		0.39
"SL-01 displayed improved absorption, good distribution, high clearance, long mean residence time, and moderate bioavailability after administered intravenously or orally to rats."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SL-01, a prodrug of gemcitabine, in rats.
Li, G; Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, Y; Qu, X; Sun, C; Wang, R; Zhao, C, 2013)		0.39
" It is combined with gimeracil in order to increase its bioavailability and with oteracil to try to reduce its gastrointestinal toxicity."( Tegafur + gimeracil + oteracil. Just another fluorouracil precursor.
, 2013)		0.39
" Intriguingly, the proposed triple therapy approach could be further enhanced by using a PEGylated formulation of gemcitabine, which significantly increased its bioavailability and tissue penetration, resulting in a further improved overall outcome."( Multimodal Treatment Eliminates Cancer Stem Cells and Leads to Long-Term Survival in Primary Human Pancreatic Cancer Tissue Xenografts.
Bakker, A; Balic, A; Garcia, E; Hahn, SA; Heeschen, C; Hermann, PC; Hidalgo, M; Sahoo, SK; Sainz, B; Trabulo, SM; Tunici, P; Vandana, M, 2013)		0.39
" Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can provide an alternative approach for regulating the bioavailability of this and most other anticancer drugs."( Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as vehicles for the delivery of the antitumor drug gemcitabine to tumor cells. Physicochemical in vitro evaluation.
Carazo, A; Delgado, AV; Gómez-Sotomayor, R; Munoz-Gamez, JA; Rudzka, K; Ruiz-Extremera, A; Salmerón, J; Viota, JL, 2013)		0.39
" Here, we describe the characterization of GNE-900, an ATP-competitive, selective, and orally bioavailable ChK1 inhibitor."( Combination drug scheduling defines a "window of opportunity" for chemopotentiation of gemcitabine by an orally bioavailable, selective ChK1 inhibitor, GNE-900.
Blackwood, E; Cain, G; Choi, J; Epler, J; Evangelista, M; Flagella, M; Gazzard, L; Halladay, J; Jackson, PK; Jakubiak, D; Kowanetz, K; Malek, S; O'Brien, T; Ramiscal, J; Schmidt, S; Williams, K; Wong, K; Xiao, Y; Yee, S; Yen, I, 2013)		0.39
"As an initial step towards the clinical translation of these drugs for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, we synthesized decitabine and gemcitabine prodrugs in order to increase drug permeability, which has generally been shown to correlate with increased bioavailability in vivo."( Characterization of permeability, stability and anti-HIV-1 activity of decitabine and gemcitabine divalerate prodrugs.
Bonnac, L; Clouser, CL; Mansky, LM; Patterson, SE, 2014)		0.4
"39 fold) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the OPT-FTC NPs compared to pure drug."( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution of optimized PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system for controlled release of emtricitabine.
Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)		0.4
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study.
Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)		0.4
"The absorption rate constant was found lower in the oldest patient group (≥75 years) compared with the youngest group, and the constant rate elimination of the 5-fluorouracil metabolite was found decreased over time (i."( Pharmacokinetics and exposure-effect relationships of capecitabine in elderly patients with breast or colorectal cancer.
Daher Abdi, Z; Lavau-Denes, S; Leobon, S; Marquet, P; Martin, J; Prémaud, A; Rousseau, A; Sauvage, FL; Tubiana-Mathieu, N; Urien, S, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of study was to formulate PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) of Gemcitabine HCl for enhanced oral bioavailability via absorption through M cells of Peyer's patches."( Enhanced bioavailability and intestinal uptake of Gemcitabine HCl loaded PLGA nanoparticles after oral delivery.
Joshi, G; Kumar, A; Sawant, K, 2014)		0.4
" The present study was undertaken to evaluate the absolute oral bioavailability of FNC in rats and the pharmacokinetic properties of FNC after intragastric administration of single and multiple doses in rats and dogs."( Quantification of 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.
Chang, J; Chen, X; Cheng, T; Dong, L; Guo, M; Guo, X; Jiang, J; Peng, Y; Wang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
"Due to the differences between bioavailability of efavirenz (EFV) and tenofovir (TDF), the single-tablet regimen of EFV/emtricitabine (FTC)/TDF is not approved as initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Europe by the European Medical Agency."( Safety and efficacy of coformulated efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir single-tablet regimen in treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1.
De Castro, N; Delaugerre, C; Flandre, P; Gallien, S; Molina, JM; Nguyen, N, 2015)		0.42
" Here we present the genesis of this novel series and the identification of GNE-783, a potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of ChK1."( Discovery of the 1,7-diazacarbazole class of inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 1.
Appleton, B; Chapman, K; Chen, H; Clark, K; Drobnick, J; Gazzard, L; Goodacre, S; Halladay, J; Lyssikatos, J; Malek, S; Schmidt, S; Sideris, S; Wiesmann, C; Williams, K; Wu, P; Yen, I, 2014)		0.4
" Because the oral bioavailability of 5-FU is unpredictable and highly variable, 5-FU is commonly administered intravenously."( Role of ABC transporters in fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy response.
Magdy, T; Nies, AT; Schwab, M; Zanger, UM, 2015)		0.42
" ALS-8176 (71), the 3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl prodrug of 2c, demonstrated good oral bioavailability and a high level of 2c-TP in vivo."( Discovery of 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl-2'-fluorocytidine (ALS-8176), a first-in-class RSV polymerase inhibitor for treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus infection.
Beigelman, L; Blatt, LM; Chanda, SM; Deval, J; Dyatkina, N; Fung, A; Hong, J; Jin, Z; Liu, J; Prhavc, M; Serebryany, V; Smith, DB; Stevens, SK; Symons, JA; Tam, Y; Taylor, J; Wang, G; Zhang, Q, 2015)		0.42
"AXL1717 is an orally bioavailable IGF-1R pathway modulator that has been shown to have anti-tumoral effects."( A phase I pilot study of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway modulator AXL1717 in combination with gemcitabine HCl and carboplatin in previously untreated, locally advanced, or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
Bergqvist, M; Bergström, S; Brandén, E; Ekman, S; Harmenberg, J; Holgersson, G; Jerling, M; Klockare, M; Koyi, H; Larsson, O; Lundström, KL; Ringbom, M, 2015)		0.42
" However, effective delivery of drugs in combination at the tumor site is marred by low bioavailability and systemic toxicity of individual drugs."( Synergistic activity of combination therapy with PEGylated pemetrexed and gemcitabine for an effective cancer treatment.
Sahoo, SK; Vandana, M, 2015)		0.42
" Average bioavailability was assessed by ANOVA."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of capecitabine and its metabolites following replicate administration of two 500 mg tablet formulations.
Baken, BC; Erlinghagen, V; Fuhr, U; Kubeš, V; Novotný, V; Peroutka, R; Queckenberg, C; Van Os, SH; Wargenau, M, 2015)		0.42
" Mouse oral bioavailability was complete (100%) with extensive tumor exposure."( The clinical development candidate CCT245737 is an orally active CHK1 inhibitor with preclinical activity in RAS mutant NSCLC and Eµ-MYC driven B-cell lymphoma.
Aherne, GW; Box, G; Boxall, KJ; Collins, I; De Haven Brandon, AK; Eccles, SA; Eve, PD; Garrett, MD; Hayes, A; Henley, AT; Hunter, JE; Lainchbury, M; Matthews, TP; McHardy, T; Osborne, J; Perkins, ND; Raynaud, FI; Reader, JC; Swales, K; Tall, M; Valenti, MR; Walton, MI, 2016)		0.43
" FdCyd PO bioavailability after THU ranged between 9 and 25 % and increased with increasing THU dose."( Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Davis, M; Doroshow, JH; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Johnson, WD; Kummar, S; McCormick, DL; Newman, EM, 2015)		0.42
"ABT-751 is an orally bioavailable sulfonamide with antimitotic properties."( Phase 1 Study of ABT-751 in Combination With CAPIRI (Capecitabine and Irinotecan) and Bevacizumab in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer.
Dasari, A; Donehower, RC; He, P; Hidalgo, M; Jimeno, A; Jin, R; Laheru, D; Messersmith, WA; Purcell, WT; Rudek, MA; Taylor, GE; Walker, R, 2016)		0.43
" AXP107-11 has improved physiochemical properties and oral bioavailability compared to the natural form of genistein, and it is possible that combining AXP107-11 with chemotherapy may increase the effect and reduce chemoresistance."( A phase I dose escalation trial of AXP107-11, a novel multi-component crystalline form of genistein, in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Berkenstam, A; Frödin, JE; Karimi, M; Kartalis, N; Löhr, JM; Omazic, B; Verbeke, CS, )		0.13
" 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone (EF24), a novel synthetic curcumin analog, has shown promising in vitro therapeutic efficacy in various human cancer cells, but insufficient water solubility and systemic bioavailability limit its clinical application."( A liposomal formulation of the synthetic curcumin analog EF24 (Lipo-EF24) inhibits pancreatic cancer progression: towards future combination therapies.
Bendas, G; Bisht, S; Brossart, P; Feldmann, G; Holdenrieder, S; Nolting, J; Rupp, A; Schlesinger, M; Schubert, R; Wenzel, J, 2016)		0.43
" The pharmacokinetic study revealed a high bioavailability of arctigenin and rapid conjugation of the drug with glucuronic acid."( Phase I trial of GBS-01 for advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to gemcitabine.
Esumi, H; Fujioka, R; Hasegawa, H; Hashimoto, Y; Ikeda, M; Kishino, S; Mitsunaga, S; Miyoshi, C; Mochizuki, N; Nomura, S; Ohno, I; Sato, A; Takahashi, H; Takahashi, R; Toyosaki, K; Tsuchihara, K; Yomoda, S, 2016)		0.43
" Because of the high OCTN2 affinity, the hexane diacid-linked prodrug demonstrated significantly improved stability (3-fold), cellular permeability (15-fold), and oral bioavailability (5-fold), while causing no toxicity as compared to gemcitabine."( Combination of l-Carnitine with Lipophilic Linkage-Donating Gemcitabine Derivatives as Intestinal Novel Organic Cation Transporter 2-Targeting Oral Prodrugs.
Chen, H; Ding, D; Dong, J; He, Z; Kou, L; Liu, X; Luo, C; Sun, J; Sun, M; Wang, G; Wang, J; Yi, X; Zhang, D; Zhao, D, 2017)		0.46
" IVC bypasses bioavailability barriers of oral ingestion, provides pharmacological concentrations in tissues, and exhibits selective cytotoxic effects in cancer cells through peroxide formation."( High Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Inhibited Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Mechanisms and a Phase I/IIa study.
Chen, P; Chen, Q; Dong, R; Drisko, JA; Fan, F; Godwin, AK; Levine, M; Pessetto, Z; Polireddy, K; Reed, G; Violet, PC; Williamson, S; Yu, J, 2017)		0.46
" Furthermore, this nanoparticle can efficiently target pancreatic cancer in vivo, resulting in the enhanced bioavailability and efficacy of Gem."( A Nanoparticle Carrier for Co-Delivery of Gemcitabine and Small Interfering RNA in Pancreatic Cancer Therapy.
Chen, S; Chen, Y; Huang, K; Li, J; Li, Y; Lian, G; Yang, K; Zeng, L, 2016)		0.43
" However, the full potential of this drug has not been realised, in part due to low oral bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements."( N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and CSKSSDYQC peptide: N-trimethyl chitosan conjugates enhance the oral bioavailability of gemcitabine to treat breast cancer.
Chen, G; Huang, Y; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2018)		0.48
"To improve bioavailability and provide resistance to deamination, an array of gemcitabine (dFdC) prodrugs carrying the acyl modifications has been successful in the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of dFdC, but the reports about 4-N-carbobenzoxy-dFdC (Cbz-dFdC), a dFdC prodrug bearing alkyloxycarbonyl modification, are relatively rare."( Simultaneous determination of gemcitabine prodrug, gemcitabine and its major metabolite 2', 2'-difluorodeoxyuridine in rat plasma by UFLC-MS/MS.
Aa, L; Fei, F; Hao, K; Jiang, W; Liu, J; Lu, L; Pei, X; Peng, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Wang, J; Zhen, L, 2018)		0.48
" Finally, the carbonate linkage bond-bearing group, especially the one with a linker lacking a disulfide bond, stood out with remarkably increased bioavailability (21-fold greater than GEM) and efficient tumor free-GEM accumulation (8-fold of GEM), which consequently contributed to excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy."( Striking a Balance between Carbonate/Carbamate Linkage Bond- and Reduction-Sensitive Disulfide Bond-Bearing Linker for Tailored Controlled Release: In Situ Covalent-Albumin-Binding Gemcitabine Prodrugs Promote Bioavailability and Tumor Accumulation.
Ding, H; He, Z; Kan, Q; Kou, L; Li, D; Li, Z; Luo, C; Na, K; Sun, J; Wang, K; Wang, M; Zhang, H; Zhao, D; Zhong, L, 2018)		0.48
" Because of its tumor selective activation, novel mechanism of action, excellent oral bioavailability and candidate biomarkers for patient selection, RX-3117 has the potential to replace gemcitabine in the treatment of a spectrum of cancer types."( RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenyl cytosine): a novel specific antimetabolite for selective cancer treatment.
Balboni, B; Benaim, E; El Hassouni, B; Giovannetti, E; Heaton, C; Honeywell, RJ; Kim, DJ; Lee, YB; Peters, GJ; Peterson, C; Poore, J; Sarkisjan, D, 2019)		0.51
"Gemcitabine is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that is administered via intravenous infusion due to a low oral bioavailability of only 10%."( Mechanisms of gemcitabine oral absorption as determined by in situ intestinal perfusions in mice.
Hu, Y; Smith, DE; Thompson, BR, 2019)		0.51
" The oral bioavailability of Gemcitabine (Gem) is low mainly due to its poor intestinal permeability and rapid metabolism."( A facile di-acid mono-amidation strategy to prepare cyclization-activating mono-carboxylate transporter 1-targeting gemcitabine prodrugs for enhanced oral delivery.
Chen, H; He, Z; Jian, W; Liu, X; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Wang, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Formulated forms of cancer therapeutics enhance the efficacy of treatment by more precise targeting, increased bioavailability of drugs, and an aptitude of some delivery systems to overcome multiple drug resistance of tumors."( Biodegradable Polymeric Multilayer Capsules for Therapy of Lung Cancer.
Abakumova, TO; Antipina, MN; Brichkina, AI; Brzozowska, AM; Gorin, DA; Kakran, M; Ketkar, A; Lau, HH; Loh, HM; Novoselova, MV; Trushina, DB; Zatsepin, TS, 2020)		0.56
"Improving the bioavailability and tumor-targeting ability of a prodrug, as well as monitoring its active ingredient release in vivo, is still a challenge in cancer diagnosis and therapy."( Nanomized tumor-microenvironment-active NIR fluorescent prodrug for ensuring synchronous occurrences of drug release and fluorescence tracing.
Cao, J; Guo, Z; Li, Q; Wang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhu, S; Zhu, WH, 2019)		0.51
"Gemcitabine (Gem) is a key drug for pancreatic cancer, yet limited by high systemic toxicity, low bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetic profiles."( Biomimetic Gemcitabine-Lipid Prodrug Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer.
Bean, PA; Bulanadi, JC; de Campo, L; Gong, X; Julovi, SM; Moghaddam, MJ; Smith, RC; Xue, A, 2020)		0.56
" These studies revealed that V-Gem undergoes rapid systemic elimination (half-life < 1 min) and has a low oral bioavailability (<1%)."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its amino acid ester prodrug following intravenous and oral administrations in mice.
Shi, J; Smith, DE; Thompson, BR; Zhu, HJ, 2020)		0.56
" Pancreatic cancer is relatively insensitive to chemotherapy due to multiple factors, including reduced bioavailability of drugs to tumor cells."( A MET Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate Overcomes Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer.
Betancourt, O; Cazes, A; Esparza, E; Gymnopoulos, M; Jaquish, D; Lowy, AM; Mose, ES; Tiriac, H; Wascher, AA; Wong, E, 2021)		0.62
" In this study, TMC was used as a mucoadhesive adjuvant to enhance the oral bioavailability and hence antitumour effects of gemcitabine formulated into nanocomplexes composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) conjugated with d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)."( N-trimethyl chitosan coated nano-complexes enhance the oral bioavailability and chemotherapeutic effects of gemcitabine.
Chen, G; Li, H; Liu, M; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2021)		0.62
"Drug-polymer conjugates that can self-assemble into nanoparticles are promising drug delivery systems that improve the drug bioavailability and allow their controlled release."( Supramolecular Organization of Polymer Prodrug Nanoparticles Revealed by Coarse-Grained Simulations.
Gao, P; Ha-Duong, T; Nicolas, J, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Although 2008/C13 cells were slightly cross-resistant to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, the drug displayed a steep dose-response (colony growth inhibition) effect toward these cells."( Deoxycytidine protects normal bone marrow progenitors against Ara-C and gemcitabine cytotoxicity without compromising their activity against cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells.
Bhalla, K; Bullock, G; Holladay, C; Ibrado, AM; Jasiok, M; Lutzky, J; Singh, S, 1992)		0.28
" Of all the tested drug dosage levels (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, respectively) compound 23 had no toxic deaths and compound 22 yielded only one toxic death at the highest dosage level."( Synthesis and anticancer and antiviral activities of various 2'- and 3'-methylidene-substituted nucleoside analogues and crystal structure of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine hydrochloride.
Birnbaum, GI; Cheng, YC; Clarke-Katzenburg, RH; Gabe, EJ; Giziewicz, J; Lin, TS; Liu, MC; Luo, MZ; Mancini, WR; Prusoff, WH, 1991)		0.28
" 3H-thymidine incorporation was measured after the addition of drug or vehicle to these confluent cells, and dose-response curves were generated."( An in vitro method which assesses corneal epithelial toxicity due to antineoplastic, preservative and antimicrobial agents.
Botti, RE; Imperia, PS; Lass, JH; Lazarus, HM; Mack, RJ, 1989)		0.28
" In tumor tissue, optimal doses of FUra or FdUrd resulted in lower (a) FdUMP levels (5- to 2-fold), (b) RNA-level antimetabolites (6- to 3-fold), and (c) DNA-level antimetabolites (10- to 4-fold) compared to an optimal dosage of FdCyd plus H4Urd."( Tumor-selective metabolism of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine coadministered with tetrahydrouridine compared to 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma.
Boothman, DA; Briggle, TV; Greer, S, 1987)		0.27
" These compounds had almost identical effects on hydroxyurea dose-response curves and on thymidine isotope-dilution plots."( Isotope-dilution analysis of the effects of deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine on the incorporation of thymidine and deoxycytidine by hydroxyurea-treated thymus cells.
Forsdyke, DR; Scott, FW, 1980)		0.26
"7 and the mean dosage delivered was 725 mg/m2 per injection."( Advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial with gemcitabine.
Beykirch, M; Carmichael, J; Harris, AL; Kerr, H; Phillip, P; Possinger, K; Walling, J, 1995)		0.29
" Studies were performed to optimize dosing schedule and route of administration."( Response of human colon and prostate tumor xenografts to (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase.
Bitonti, AJ; Bush, TL; Lewis, MT; Sunkara, PS, )		0.13
" In rat, excretion of radioactivity in the urine 24 h after daily dosing was nearly constant, but excretion of radioactivity in the faeces slightly increased with increasing number of doses."( Disposition of gemcitabine in rat and dog after single and multiple dosings.
Esumi, Y; Kawai, M; Mitsugi, K; Seki, H; Takao, A, 1994)		0.29
" Further evaluation, including the use of more intense dosing and/or combination therapy, is warranted."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine (2,2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Brown, TD; Casper, ES; Flombaum, CD; Green, MR; Heelan, RT; Kelsen, DP; Tarassoff, PG; Trochanowski, B, 1994)		0.29
" Twenty percent dosage escalation was permitted after course no."( Single-agent activity of weekly gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study.
Anderson, H; Bach, F; Hansen, HH; Lund, B; Thatcher, N; Walling, J, 1994)		0.29
"5 mg/kg MDL 101,731 following the same dosing regimen."( Regression of human breast tumor xenografts in response to (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene)cytidine, an inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Bitonti, AJ; Bush, TL; Cashman, EA; Cross-Doersen, DE; Dumont, JA; Kaplan, DA; Matthews, DP; McCarthy, JR; Wright, PS, 1994)		0.29
" Hematologic toxicity was not severe with this dosing schedule; however, two patients developed dyspnea with bronchospasm after repeated injections of drug."( Gemcitabine in advanced renal cell carcinoma. A phase II study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.
Eisenhauer, EA; Mertens, WC; Moore, M; Muldal, A; Stewart, D; Venner, P; Wong, D, 1993)		0.29
"5 and the mean dosage received was 890 mg m2 per injection."( Phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Blatter, J; Carmichael, J; Fink, U; Harris, AL; Russell, RC; Spiessi, G; Spittle, MF, 1996)		0.29
" To gain insight into the mechanism of deoxyadenosine toxicity, we investigated the dose-response and time course of its toxic effects on concanavalin A-stimulated mouse splenic lymphocytes by thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry."( Deoxyadenosine blockade of G0 to G1 transition in lymphocytes: possible involvement of protein kinases.
Chan, TS; Sato, T, 1996)		0.29
" In one study 50 patients were treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin given weekly x 3 every 4 weeks, cisplatin at a dosage of 25-30 mg/m2 and gemcitabine at doses escalating from 1000 mg/m2 in steps of 250 mg/m2 per cycle, 38 of 50 patients have been evaluated to date, with an overall response rate of 31."( Gemcitabine in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.
Burkes, RL; Shepherd, FA, 1995)		0.29
" LY188011 was administered weekly for 3 consecutive weeks starting with an initial dose of 60 mg/m2 (1n) and then increasing the dosage to 1,000 mg/m2 (16."( [LY188011 phase I study. Research Group of Gemcitabine (LY188011)].
Fukuoka, M; Furue, H; Furuse, K; Majima, H; Morimoto, K; Nakamura, T; Nakao, I; Niitani, H; Ohta, K; Shimoyama, T; Taguchi, T; Tsukagoshi, S; Wakui, A, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response data suggest that a dose of 1000 mg/m2 or more is required for optimal therapeutic effect."( Phase II trials of single-agent activity of gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: an overview.
Shepherd, FA, 1995)		0.29
" Carboplatin dosing was escalated and determined using the Calvert formula, and three patients were treated at the initial predicted dose of area under the curve (AUC) 4 mg/mL/min."( A phase I study of gemcitabine and carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer.
Allerheiligen, S; Carmichael, J; Walling, J, 1996)		0.29
" Given the recovery pattern for suppression of marrow, the above mentioned results led us to decide that an recommended method of administration and dosage in an early phase II trial would be 300 mg/m2 per administration by an intravenous infusion every 2 approximately 3 weeks."( [Phase I study on DMDC].
Ariyoshi, Y; Fukuoka, M; Fukuyama, E; Furue, H; Furuse, K; Gemma, A; Harada, M; Hasegawa, K; Horikoshi, N; Kanamaru, R; Kudoh, S; Kurihara, M; Kurita, Y; Mori, K; Niitani, H; Ota, K; Taguchi, T; Tsukagoshi, S; Wakui, A; Yoneda, S, 1996)		0.29
" Gemcitabine was well tolerated thus, although gemcitabine at the dosage and schedule chosen had only small activity, the observed toxicity may permit further dose escalation or a more frequent administration of the drug."( Experimental and clinical efficacy of 2', 2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) against renal cell carcinoma.
Blatter, J; De Mulder, PH; Jakse, G; Osieka, R; Rohde, D; Weissbach, L, )		0.13
"This regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin was effective, with high response and survival rates and few dosage modifications during its administration."( Weekly gemcitabine with monthly cisplatin: effective chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Abratt, RP; Bezwoda, WR; Goedhals, L; Hacking, DJ, 1997)		0.3
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of gemcitabine are reviewed."( Gemcitabine: a cytidine analogue active against solid tumors.
Hui, YF; Reitz, J, 1997)		0.3
" Combination effects were analyzed by means of a three-dimensional model, which directly elucidates the shape of the dose-response surface over the entire clinical dose range, identifies regions of statistically significant synergy and antagonism, and quantifies these effects."( In vitro interaction between gemcitabine and other anticancer drugs using a novel three-dimensional model.
Kanzawa, F; Saijo, N, 1997)		0.3
" Modifications of dosing schedules and the use of premedication regimens have resulted in better efficacy and more manageable side effects with such combinations."( Overview of current and future chemotherapeutic agents in non-small cell lung cancer.
Natale, RB, 1997)		0.3
" Preclinical studies suggest that the efficacy of gemcitabine is more schedule than dose related, and it is concluded that this is not the most appropriate dosing schedule for gemcitabine."( Phase I study of gemcitabine using a once every 2 weeks schedule.
Clavel, MD; Guastalla, JP; Hatty, SR; McDaniels, C; Seitz, DE; Tanis, B; Vermorken, JB, 1997)		0.3
"The suggested phase II dose on a continuous 42-day dosing schedule is 1,331 mg/m2/d."( Preliminary studies of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate: capecitabine.
Behr, J; Berghorn, E; Budman, DR; Creaven, PJ; Gordon, RJ; Griffin, T; Lichtman, SM; Meropol, NJ; Osterwalder, B; Reigner, B, 1998)		0.3
" Five phase II studies have been performed using different scheduling and dosage regimens."( Combination studies with gemcitabine in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.
Steward, WP, 1998)		0.3
" The median dosage of gemcitabine per scheduled infusion was statistically higher with the day 15 cisplatin regimens (combined) compared with any of the other regimens treating at 1,000 mg/m2 (P < ."( Combined cisplatin and gemcitabine for non-small cell lung cancer: influence of scheduling on toxicity and drug delivery.
Abratt, RP; Crinò, L; Green, MR; Nguyen, B; Peters, GJ; Sandler, A; Shepherd, FA; Steward, WP, 1998)		0.3
" Comparison with standard 30-minute bolus dosing will be evaluated in subsequent randomized phase II trials."( Clinical results of a pharmacodynamically-based strategy for higher dosing of gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Abbruzzese, JL; Gravel, D; Plunkett, W; Raber, MN; Touroutoglou, N, 1998)		0.3
" Gemcitabine was administered at a dosage of 1200 mg/m2 as a 30-min intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15, repeated every 28 days."( A phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract previously treated with platinum. Italian Co-operative Group on Bladder Cancer.
Antimi, M; De Lena, M; Frassineti, GL; Gridelli, C; Lorusso, V; Luporini, G; Oliva, C; Pacini, M; Pollera, CF, 1998)		0.3
" The inactive X allele, however, is hypermethylated in leukocytes, presumably reflecting early X inactivation events that become important for gene dosage in expressing lineages."( DNA methylation in transcriptional repression of two differentially expressed X-linked genes, GPC3 and SYBL1.
D'Esposito, M; D'Urso, M; Gartler, SM; Hansen, RS; Huber, R; Mazzarella, R; Pengue, G; Pilia, G; Schlessinger, D; Strazzullo, M, 1999)		0.3
" Patients were treated on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day schedule at the dosage of 1200 mg/m2 for a total of three courses."( Therapy with gemcitabine in pretreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma patients.
Albertini, P; Bendandi, M; Gherlinzoni, F; Magagnoli, M; Orcioni, GF; Pileri, SA; Tura, S; Zinzani, PL, 1998)		0.3
" 5-FU was given via protracted venous infusion (PVI) at a fixed dosage of 200 mg/m2/d, and gemcitabine was administered weekly for 3 consecutive weeks every 4 weeks."( Phase I-II study of gemcitabine and fluorouracil as a continuous infusion in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Alonso, S; Castellano, D; Cortes-Funes, H; Diaz-Puente, M; Gravalos, C; Hidalgo, M; Hitt, R; Paz-Ares, L, 1999)		0.3
" Day-15 gemcitabine dosing is problematic and may contribute to excessive thrombocytopenia when gemcitabine is combined with carboplatin."( Gemcitabine and carboplatin in combination: an update of phase I and phase II studies in non-small cell lung cancer.
Calvert, P; Edelman, MJ; Gandara, DR; Langer, CJ; Ozols, RF, 1999)		0.3
" Dose-response relationships for the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine were determined using methylthiotetrazole assays, and induction of apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis."( Gemcitabine-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) of human pancreatic carcinoma is determined by Bcl-2 content.
Bold, RJ; Chandra, J; McConkey, DJ, )		0.13
" Further investigations are necessary to establish optimal dosing schedules and routes for the administration of FMdC."( Phase I and pharmacologic study of oral (E)-2'-deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine: on a daily x 5-day schedule.
Fukuoka, M; Hirashima, T; Kobayashi, S; Kudoh, S; Kurata, N; Kuwabara, T; Masuda, N; Matsui, K; Negoro, S; Takada, M; Takeda, K; Takifuji, N; Yana, T, )		0.13
"At the prescribed dosage and schedule, single agent gemcitabine appears to have limited activity in chemotherapy-naive patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma."( A Phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group.
Ardizzoni, A; Baas, P; Debruyne, C; Giaccone, G; Gridelli, C; Groen, HJ; Lentz, M; Manegold, C; van Marck, EA; van Meerbeeck, JP, 1999)		0.3
" The dosage of cisplatin was fixed to 80 mg/m2 and the dosage of Gemcitabine was gradually escalated in 3 dosing level from 600, 800 to 1,000 mg/m2."( [Phase I study of gemcitabine hydrochloride (LY 188011) combination therapy with cisplatin in the patients with non-small cell lung cancer].
Hara, N; Kurita, Y; Matsui, K; Nakai, Y; Niitani, H; Ohhashi, Y; Yokoyama, A, 1999)		0.3
" Although the efficacy of this drug was confirmed in terms of the combination therapy from the results, the optimal dosage schedule of this drug was not established because each study showed a different result in terms of the dosage as well as the dosage interval, thus, it is necessary to discuss and establish the optimal dosage schedule."( [Gemcitabine hydrochloride is a new anti-cancer agent which will be available in the patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Japan].
Yokoyama, A, 1999)		0.3
" This methodology was successfully applied to the determination of FTC-TP in PBMCs of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus after oral administration of various dosing regimens of FTC monotherapy."( Quantitation of intracellular triphosphate of emtricitabine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
Darque, A; Rousseau, F; Sommadossi, JP; Valette, G; Wang, LH; Zhou, XJ, 1999)		0.3
" To decrease toxicity, the dosage of dFdC was lowered to 50 mg/kg and combined with the total dose of CDDP on day 0, which caused a better antitumour effect than the combination of 60 mg/kg dFdC and 3 mg/kg CDDP (q6dx2) with acceptable toxicity."( Scheduling of gemcitabine and cisplatin in Lewis lung tumour bearing mice.
Peters, GJ; Pinedo, HM; Postmus, PE; van Moorsel, CJ; Veerman, G; Vermorken, JB, 1999)		0.3
"5 mg/week; however, the warfarin dosage had to be reduced to 48."( Identification of a gemcitabine-warfarin interaction.
Kinikar, SA; Kolesar, JM, 1999)		0.3
"The dosage and scheduling of VNR and GEM in the pilot study resulted in neutropenia necessitating reductions or delays in treatment, and consequently low dose intensity."( Phase II study of vinorelbine and gemcitabine for inoperable stage IIIB-IV non-small-cell lung cancer.
Halme, M; Isokangas, OP; Joensuu, H; Knuuttila, A; Lindström, I; Mäntylä, M; Mattson, K; Nikkanen, V; Viren, M, 1999)		0.3
" All patients required a warfarin dosage reduction (range 18-74%, mean 44%)."( Warfarin-5-FU interaction--a consecutive case series.
Berlin, JD; Freeberg, BL; Johnson, CL; Kolesar, JM; Schiller, JH, 1999)		0.3
"In phase I, dose-limiting toxicity occurred at the dosage of 1,500 mg/m(2) gemcitabine, with three of five patients developing grade 4 thrombocytopenia."( Phase I/II study of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine as first-line chemotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer.
Brunetti, C; Carpagnano, F; Cinieri, S; Cisternino, ML; De Lena, M; Di Rienzo, G; Frasci, G; Lorusso, V; Napoli, G; Orlando, S; Palazzo, S; Panza, N, 2000)		0.31
" The terminal half-lives indicate that dosing intervals of 12 to 24 h would be reasonable."( Absolute bioavailability and disposition of (-) and (+) 2'-deoxy- 3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (dOTC) following single intravenous and oral doses of racemic dOTC in humans.
Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Martin, DE; Proulx, L; Smith, PF, 2000)		0.31
" There are several strategies for increasing dose intensity, one being a protracted daily dosing strategy without major dose reduction for toxicity."( Cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens that increase dose per cycle (dose intensity) by extending daily dosing from 5 consecutive days to 28 consecutive days and beyond.
Albella, B; Bueren, JA; Keyes, KA; LoRusso, PM; Parchment, RE, 2000)		0.31
" Several tumour responses are observed at the highest doses of DMDC, indicating a possible dose-response relationship with this drug."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC), a deoxycytidine analogue antineoplastic agent.
Brindley, CJ; Devlin, AJ; Funaki, T; Gordon, RJ; Morrison, R; van der Gaast, A; Verweij, L, 2000)		0.31
" The dosing schedule remained fixed, and any dose of gemcitabine that could not be given on time was omitted."( Gemcitabine in the treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease: results of a multicenter phase II study.
Benoehr, C; Bonadonna, G; Bonfante, V; Bredenfeld, H; Devizzi, L; Diehl, V; Fiedler, F; Pacini, M; Parra, HS; Santoro, A; Tesch, H; Viviani, S, 2000)		0.31
" Patients with elevated creatinine levels seem to have increased sensitivity to gemcitabine, but the data are not adequate to support a specific dosing recommendation."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of gemcitabine in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9565.
Budman, D; Byrd, J; Egorin, MJ; Hawkins, M; Hohl, R; Hollis, D; Mani, S; Meropol, NJ; Ratain, MJ; Rosner, GL; Venook, AP, 2000)		0.31
" Several trials evaluating different dosing regimens of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel or docetaxel are ongoing or planned."( Gemcitabine and paclitaxel combination therapy in transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium.
Burris, HS; Greco, FA; Hainsworth, JD; Meluch, AA, 2000)		0.31
" This article describes recent clinical trials evaluating gemcitabine plus carboplatin, and the impact of the dosing schedule on the feasibility and tolerability of this combination."( Gemcitabine/carboplatin combination regimens: importance of dose schedule.
Edelman, MJ; Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Lau, DH, 2000)		0.31
" Preclinical tests have shown antiproliferative activity in various human tumor xenograft models and have also indicated that efficacy is greatest with frequent dosing schedules."( A phase I study of the antimetabolite (E)-2'-fluoromethylene-2'-deoxycytidine (MDL 101,731) administered as a twice-weekly infusion.
Belker, M; Burtness, B; Chmael, SE; Clark, MB; DeVita, VT; Lamb, LA; Marsh, JC; McKeon, A; Peccerillo, KM; Pizzorno, G; Stoltz, M; Winship, J, )		0.13
" We conclude that the administered dosage and schedule of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer of the pancreas constitutes an active cytotoxic regimen associated with moderate toxicity."( Phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Brodowicz, T; Függer, R; Jakesz, R; Köstler, WJ; Steger, GG; Teleky, B; Tomek, S; Vaclavik, I; Wolfram, RM; Zielinski, CC, 2000)		0.31
" Phase I trials have examined several schedules with the divided oral daily x 14 schedule every 3 weeks as the preferred phase II and phase III dosing method."( Capecitabine.
Budman, DR, 2000)		0.31
" Twice-daily dosing was associated with greater toxic effects than once-daily dosing."( Models of schedule dependent haematological toxicity of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC).
Brindley, CJ; Devlin, AJ; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO, 2000)		0.31
"In a multicenter phase II Italian trial that used a 28-day dosing schedule of gemcitabine on days 1, 8, and 15 and cisplatin on day 2, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were the main dose-limiting toxicities observed."( Decreased myelotoxicity of gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with cisplatin infusion on day 15.
Corona, M; Cortesi, E; Gasperoni, S; Grifalchi, F; Lembo, A; Moscetti, L; Oliva, A; Padovani, A; Ramponi, S, )		0.13
" Combined dosing of NDP with GEM resulted in synergistically enhanced inhibition of tumor growth in the Ma44 tumor model."( Preclinical in vivo antitumor efficacy of nedaplatin with gemcitabine against human lung cancer.
Hojo, K; Maekawa, R; Maki, H; Matsumoto, M; Nishitani, Y; Takeda, Y; Wada, T; Yoshioka, T, 2001)		0.31
" Three different dosing regimens were investigated in phase I studies: continuous monotherapy, intermittent monotherapy, and intermittent therapy supplemented with leucovorin."( 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin versus capecitabine in patients with stage III colon cancer.
Seitz, JF, 2001)		0.31
" Initial trials combining gemcitabine and carboplatin using standard days 1, 8, and 15 dosing of gemcitabine suggested that thrombocytopenia was problematic."( Gemcitabine in combination with new platinum compounds: an update.
Edelman, MJ; Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Lau, DH, 2001)		0.31
" The combination showed better antitumor efficacy than the monotherapy of either agent in either dosing regimen."( Schedule dependency of antitumor activity in combination therapy with capecitabine/5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and docetaxel in breast cancer models.
Fujimoto-Ouchi, K; Tanaka, Y; Tominaga, T, 2001)		0.31
" Further study of this regimen should concentrate on the dosage and the sequence of administration."( Phase II study of concurrent gemcitabine and radiotherapy in locally advanced stage IIIB cervical carcinoma.
Chansilpa, Y; Ieumwananontachai, N; Pattaranutaporn, P; Thephamongkhol, K; Therasakvichya, S; Thirapakawong, C, 2001)		0.31
" The dosage of gemcitabine was 1 g/m2 weekly on day 1, 8 and 15."( Combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Chewaskulyong, B; Pothirat, C; Thongprasert, S, 2001)		0.31
"5 and 15 days in the HS746T xenograft and between 5 and 25 days in the Hep3B xenograft over the dosage range (3 to 30 mg/kg)."( Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in human hepatocellular and gastric cancer xenografts.
Alvarez, E; Faul, MM; Liu, P; Menon, K; Shih, C; Teicher, BA, )		0.13
"This Phase II study evaluated a flexible 3- or 4-week dosing schedule of gemcitabine and vinorelbine to determine its effect on response rate and survival of patients with metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)."( Flexible chemotherapy regimen with gemcitabine and vinorelbine for metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: a phase II multicenter trial.
Ayoub, J; Cormier, Y; Hirsh, V; Iglésias, JL; Langleben, A; Pintos, J, 2001)		0.31
" Cumulative dose-response plots of primary breast cancer tumor cells responding in vitro with > or = 90% growth inhibition showed a strong dose dependence for both EPI/PTX and CBDCA/PTX."( Drug interactions and cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin, epirubicin, gemcitabine or vinorelbine in breast cancer cell lines and tumor samples.
Beryt, M; Felber, M; Hepp, H; Kahlert, S; Konecny, G; Langer, E; Lude, S; Pegram, M; Slamon, D; Untch, M, 2001)		0.31
"We conclude that this drug combination and dosage are feasible and have potential as either a front- or second-line chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced lung cancer, and phase II/III trials should be performed."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with advanced lung cancer: preclinical studies and report of a phase I trial.
Anderson, I; Dang, NH; Elias, A; Herbst, RS; Leong, T; Lynch, C; Salgia, R; Skarin, AT; Strauss, G; Teicher, BA; Vasconcelles, M; Zacarola, P, 2001)		0.31
" These studies consisted of single-dose and steady-state dosing regimen studies, the latter to assess drug distribution in normal brain and brain tumors."( Targeted delivery of a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand-gemcitabine conjugate to brain tumors in a xenograft model.
Adams, AL; Gallo, JM; Guo, P; Guo, Z; Li, S; Ma, J, 2001)		0.31
" Using data on viral replication kinetics and dynamics, we designed an accelerated (14 day) open-label study of single agent emtricitabine (formerly known as FTC)--a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor--to select a dosing regimen for further therapeutic study."( Prototype trial design for rapid dose selection of antiretroviral drugs: an example using emtricitabine (Coviracil).
Delehanty, J; Kahn, JO; Mildvan, D; Quinn, JB; Rousseau, FS; Shepp, D; Simpson, JN; Sommadossi, JP; Thompson, M; van der Horst, C; Wakeford, C; Wang, LH, 2001)		0.31
" Tumor response was determined in animals receiving a similar dosing schedule of dFdCyd."( Tumor uptake and elimination of 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine) after deoxycytidine kinase gene transfer: correlation with in vivo tumor response.
Blackstock, AW; Case, LD; Hess, SM; Lightfoot, H; Mitchell, BS; Mukherji, SK; Swarts, SG; Tepper, JE, 2001)		0.31
" The schedule 2 maximum tolerated dose of gemcitabine was 2200 mg/m(2)/week when combined with 5-FU dosed at 200 mg/m(2)/day (Days 1-14) repeated every 3 weeks."( Phase I study to evaluate multiple regimens of intravenous 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with weekly gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors: a potential broadly active regimen for advanced solid tumor malignancies.
Bertucci, D; Mani, S; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Stadler, WM; Vogelzang, NJ, 2001)		0.31
" Capecitabine in therapeutic dosage regimens generally has acceptable tolerability."( Capecitabine: a review of its use in the treatment of advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer.
Goa, KL; McGavin, JK, 2001)		0.31
" Despite prompt initiation of antimycotic therapy the outcome was fatal; dosage of conventional and liposomal amphotericin B was limited due to treatment-related toxicities."( A novel type of metastatically spreading subcutaneous aspergillosis without epidermal lesions following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Bethe, U; Cornely, OA; Pels, H; Ritzkowsky, A; Seibold, M; Soehngen, D; Toepelt, K, 2001)		0.31
"Paclitaxel pharmacokinetics did not change as a result of dosage escalation of gemcitabine from 1,500 to 2,000 mg/m2."( Drug distribution and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Curigliano, G; Danesi, R; De Braud, F; De Pas, T; Del Tacca, M; Fogli, S; Giovannetti, G, 2001)		0.31
" In addition, gemcitabine 1,500 mg/m2 is the recommended dosage in combination with paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 for future phase II studies, due to its predictable kinetic behaviour and less severe thrombocytopenia than expected."( Drug distribution and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Curigliano, G; Danesi, R; De Braud, F; De Pas, T; Del Tacca, M; Fogli, S; Giovannetti, G, 2001)		0.31
" Current research in pancreatic cancer involves newer dosing schedules of gemcitabine, and combinations of gemcitabine with novel agents."( Pancreatic cancer: the evolving role of systemic therapy.
Adsay, NV; El-Rayes, BF; Philip, PA, 2001)		0.31
" Prediction of the drug sensitivity of each patient and cell kill kinetics of the drug may improve the outcome of treatment and avoid unnecessary dosing of the drug."( Prediction of cell kill kinetics of anticancer agents using the collagen gel droplet embedded-culture drug sensitivity test.
Komiyama, M; Mori, T; Ohnishi, M; Okada, H; Tsutsui, A; Yabushita, H, )		0.13
" Phase I studies have determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of capecitabine and identified a number of dosage regimens, which were subsequently evaluated in a randomised, phase II study as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer."( Rational development of capecitabine.
Venturini, M, 2002)		0.31
" An intermittent dosing schedule of capecitabine twice daily at a dose of 2510 mg/m2/day on days 1-14 in a 3-week cycle appeared to be feasible and resulted in a high dose intensity."( Capecitabine in breast cancer: current status.
Bontenbal, M; Smorenburg, CH; Verweij, J, 2001)		0.31
" To our knowledge, this is one of the few cases of ROC in which partial remissions using conventionally dosed chemotherapy were achieved repeatedly despite a unfavorable relapse-free interval after high-dose chemotherapy for primary disease."( Individualized long-term chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer after failing high-dose treatment.
Breidenbach, M; Kurbacher, CM; Mallmann, P; Rein, DT, 2002)		0.31
"The antitumor activity of gemcitabine is not dose-response related but schedule-dependent."( Toxicity of a 24-hour infusion of gemcitabine in biliary tract and pancreatic cancer: a pilot study.
Assmann, G; Eckel, F; Lersch, C; Schulte-Frohlinde, E, 2002)		0.31
" Patients received capecitabine orally at the standard dosing regimen (1250 mg/m(2) capecitabine twice daily for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest period)."( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Gardiner, J; Harper, P; Johnston, P; Monkhouse, J; Poole, C; Reigner, B; Twelves, C; Weidekamm, E, 2002)		0.31
" In the control group, chemotherapy was performed via peripheral veins with the same dosage as the experimental group."( [Regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: an experimental study].
Fu, D; Hua, Y; Ni, Q; Wang, L; Yu, X; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2002)		0.31
" With a fixed interval between chemotherapy and XRT taken from these studies, the dose-response relationship was examined for XRT in the range of 20-65 Gy."( Effect of gemcitabine on acute and late radiation toxicity of skin and underlying soft tissues to single-dose irradiation in a nude mice model.
Bamberg, M; Budach, W; Classen, J; Hehr, T; Paulsen, F, 2002)		0.31
" Onset, duration, and extent of acute skin toxicity, as well as skin and leg contracture, were not significantly modulated by GEM in the dose-response experiments with GEM applied 2 h before XRT."( Effect of gemcitabine on acute and late radiation toxicity of skin and underlying soft tissues to single-dose irradiation in a nude mice model.
Bamberg, M; Budach, W; Classen, J; Hehr, T; Paulsen, F, 2002)		0.31
" Emtricitabine was well tolerated over the 2-month dosing period."( Dose range study of pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary antiviral activity of emtricitabine in adults with hepatitis B virus infection.
Delehanty, J; Fang, L; Gish, RG; Kessler, HA; Lang, W; Leung, NW; Mondou, E; Rigney, A; Rousseau, F; Snow, A; Trinh, H; Wang, LH; Wright, TL, 2002)		0.31
" The usual dosage of gemcitabine in these cases was 1000 mg/m(2) given on a weekly basis."( Gemcitabine-induced radiation recall.
Brooks, S; Burstein, HJ; Devlin, PM; Fuchs, CS; Jänne, PA; Jeter, MD; Loeffler, JS; Salgia, R; Wen, P, 2002)		0.31
" Sixteen plasma samples for pharmacokinetic assessments were collected for 72 hours following dosing and assayed for (-) and (+) dOTC concentrations."( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of (-) and (+) dOTC when administered as an oral racemate.
Adams, JM; Ballow, CH; Forrest, A; Smith, PF, 2002)		0.31
" The most appropriate dosing option appeared to be 400 mg x m(-2) per day of oral UFT for 14 consecutive days with 900 mg x m(-2) gemcitabine on days 8 and 15."( A phase I study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and oral UFT for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Asoh, H; Ichinose, Y; Semba, H; Seto, T; Yamamoto, H; Yoh, K, 2002)		0.31
"Our results demonstrate a large pharmacokinetic advantage of intrathecal gemcitabine and support a planned Phase I clinical trial of this dosing strategy."( Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal gemcitabine in nonhuman primates.
Balis, FM; Berg, SL; Blaney, SM; Egorin, MJ; Kerr, JZ; McCully, CM; Zuhowski, EG, 2002)		0.31
" Rats were dosed intravenously with either 2'-fluorouridine (2'-FU) or 2'-fluorocytidine (2'-FC) at doses of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 days."( Quantification of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in DNA and RNA isolated from rats and woodchucks using LC/MS/MS.
Bendele, RA; Koc, H; Lehrman, SR; Richardson, FC; Richardson, KA; Swenberg, JA; Zhang, C, 2002)		0.31
" The combined dosing of NDP with GEM resulted in synergistically enhanced inhibition of tumor growth against Ma44/GEM."( Preclinical combination chemotherapy of nedaplatin with gemcitabine against gemcitabine-refractory human lung cancer.
Hojo, K; Maekawa, R; Matsumoto, M; Nishitani, Y; Takeda, Y; Wada, T; Yoshioka, T, 2002)		0.31
"The maximum tolerated dosage of gemcitabine is 75 mg/m(2)/week with paclitaxel 40 mg/m(2)/week and conventional 50."( Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and radiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a Phase I trial.
Akerman, P; Cioffi, W; Cruff, D; Dipetrillo, T; Iannitti, D; Quirk, D; Ramdin, N; Rich, T; Safran, H; Shah, S, 2002)		0.31
" Thus, a dosage of 825 mg/m(2) bid is the recommended dose level for further evaluation."( Phase I trial evaluating the concurrent combination of radiotherapy and capecitabine in rectal cancer.
Dunst, J; Frings, S; Hinke, A; Kölling-Schlebusch, K; Reese, T; Sutter, T; Zühlke, H, 2002)		0.31
" Treatment schedule consisted of DCT at the dosage of 50 mg/m(2) with conventional steroid premedication and GEM at the dosage of 2,000 mg/m(2)."( Gemcitabine and docetaxel every 2 weeks in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico Italia Meridionale.
Borsellino, N; Cazzato, C; Colucci, G; Durini, E; Galetta, D; Gebbia, V; Giotta, F; Pezzella, G; Romito, S, 2002)		0.31
" Three of 7 (43%) patients treated with irinotecan 300 mg/m(2) and capecitabine 2,300 mg/d had course 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) defining maximum tolerated dosage (MTD)."( Phase I clinical trial of irinotecan with oral capecitabine in patients with gastrointestinal and other solid malignancies.
Baker, C; Chun, HG; Fehn, K; Goel, S; Hoffman, A; Hopkins, U; Jhawer, M; Landau, L; Makower, D; Mani, S; Rajdev, L; Wadler, S, 2002)		0.31
" The treatment plan consisted of weekly gemcitabine for three weeks with twice daily dosing of 5-FU and eniluracil for 21 days beginning on day one of gemcitabine."( Phase I study of eniluracil, oral 5-fluororacil and gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancy.
Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, RZ; Bailey, H; Berlin, JD; Binger, K; Feierabend, C; Marrocha, R; Morgan-Meadows, S; Mulkerin, D; Thomas, JP; Volkman, J; Wilding, G, 2002)		0.31
" The safety of capecitabine and optimal dosing schedules have been explored in phase I/II studies, resulting in the evaluation of the intermittent schedule (1250 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days, every 3 weeks) in most subsequent clinical trials."( Capecitabine (Xeloda): from the laboratory to the patient's home.
Pentheroudakis, G; Twelves, C, 2002)		0.31
"In a phase I trial, carried out on 21 patients, grade 4 neutropenia, as dose-limiting toxicity, occurred at the dosage level of paclitaxel 80 mg/m(2)."( Phase I/II study of paclitaxel, gemcitabine and vinorelbine as first-line chemotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer.
Carpagnano, F; Crucitta, E; De Lena, M; Guida, M; Lorusso, V; Mancarella, S; Panza, N; Sambiasi, D; Silvestris, N, 2002)		0.31
" Dose-limiting thrombocytopenia at week 3 necessitated less frequent gemcitabine dosing (days 1 and 15 of each cycle)."( A dose-escalation study of weekly topotecan, cisplatin, and gemcitabine front-line therapy in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
Biggs, DD; Grubbs, SS; Guarino, MJ; Himelstein, AL; Hogaboom, K; Schneider, CJ; Tilak, S, 2002)		0.31
" DX-8951f was significantly effective in a dose-response manner on the BxPC-3 primary tumor."( Efficacy of camptothecin analog DX-8951f (Exatecan Mesylate) on human pancreatic cancer in an orthotopic metastatic model.
Bouvet, M; Hoffman, RM; Moossa, AR; Nassirpour, R; Sun, FX; Tohgo, A; Yagi, S, 2003)		0.32
" Phase I/II studies exploring toxicity and the appropriate dosing resulted in the evaluation of the intermittent schedule (2510 mg/m2/day for 14 days every 3 weeks) in subsequent trials."( The rational development of capecitabine from the laboratory to the clinic.
Pentheroudakis, G; Twelves, C, )		0.13
" In phase I, on 23 patients entered on study, dose-limiting toxicity occurred at the dosage of 1200 mg m(-2) gemcitabine and 10 mg m(-2) mitoxantrone, with three out of five patients developing grade 4 neutropenia."( Phase I/II study of gemcitabine plus mitoxantrone as salvage chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.
Calabrese, P; Caporusso, L; Catino, A; Crucitta, E; D'Amico, C; De Lena, M; Guida, M; Latorre, A; Lorusso, V; Mazzei, A; Sambiasi, D; Schittulli, F; Silvestris, N, 2003)		0.32
" The present results have no clinical implications for the use of capecitabine and argue against the value of therapeutic drug monitoring for dosage adjustment."( Population pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of capecitabine metabolites in colorectal cancer patients.
Blesch, KS; Burger, HU; Gieschke, R; Reigner, B; Steimer, JL, 2003)		0.32
"The dose-response curves obtained with the SRB assay and the CA were very similar up to 6 Gy."( Comparison of the sulforhodamine B assay and the clonogenic assay for in vitro chemoradiation studies.
Baay, MF; de Pooter, CM; Korst, AE; Lambrechts, HA; Lardon, F; Pattyn, GG; Pauwels, B; Vermorken, JB, 2003)		0.32
" Dose-limiting toxicities were thrombocytopenia and liver failure, and with repeated dosing neutropenia was commonly observed."( Phase I trial of fixed dose-rate gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin in chemonaive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer Therapeutics Research Group study.
Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Lehnert, M; Lim, HL; Millward, MJ; Soo, RA; Tok, LT; Wang, LZ, 2003)		0.32
" In subsequent cohorts, the weekly dosing frequency of gemcitabine was increased until weekly administration was reached."( A Phase I study of gemcitabine with concurrent radiotherapy in stage III, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Gregor, A; Groen, HJ; Little, FA; Price, A; van der Leest, AH; van Putten, JW, 2003)		0.32
" Vinorelbine was administered at a fixed dosage of 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks."( A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in advanced breast cancer.
Crucitta, E; De Lena, M; Guida, M; Latorre, A; Lorusso, V; Misino, A; Silvestris, N, 2003)		0.32
" She had been receiving capecitabine 2000 mg/m2/day; however, when the dosage was increased to 2500 mg/m2/day (the maximum dosage approved by the Food and Drug Administration) she experienced abdominal pain and cramping."( Capecitabine-induced pancreatitis.
Jones, KL; Valero, V, 2003)		0.32
" Among the newer agents available for the experimental treatment arms, three stood out-gemcitabine, polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-liposomal doxorubicin, and topotecan-based on evidence of their activity demonstrated in previous phase I and II trials and, with appropriate dosage modifications, manageable toxicity when used in combination with platinum."( Clinical trials of newer regimens for treating ovarian cancer: the rationale for Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocol GOG 182-ICON5.
Bookman, M; Copeland, LJ; Trimble, E, 2003)		0.32
" The exact dosing and different mechanism of action of gemcitabine make it attractive for these combinations."( Gemcitabine combination chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
Mutch, DG, 2003)		0.32
" Clinical trials that include pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies may be the most efficient way to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of ifosfamide and define the dosing and scheduling."( Antiblastic drug combinations with ifosfamide: an update.
Badalamenti, G; Fulfaro, F; Gebbia, N; Russo, A; Valerio, MR, 2003)		0.32
"The antitumor effect of gemcitabine is not dose-response related but schedule dependent."( Phase II trial of a 24-hour infusion of gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Eckel, F; Erdmann, J; Lersch, C; Mayr, M; Schmelz, R, 2003)		0.32
" Potency, tolerability, convenient dosing and a low rate of side effects are some of the main characteristics of this new drug."( Emtricitabine: a new nucleoside analogue for once-daily antiretroviral therapy.
Cahn, P, 2004)		0.32
" A phase I open-label trial was conducted in children to identify an FTC dosing regimen that would provide comparable plasma exposure to that observed in adults at 200 mg QD."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single oral doses of emtricitabine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
Bakshi, SS; Chittick, GE; Emmanuel, PJ; Flynn, PM; Rathore, MH; Wang, LH; Wiznia, AA, 2004)		0.32
"The purpose was to determine the optimal multifractionated (MF) dosing schedule to permit the delivery of four active agents in nonsmall cell lung cancer simultaneously in alternating doublets (docetaxel-cisplatin alternating with gemcitabine-vinorelbine)."( Alternating doublets: establishing the optimal multifractionated dosing schedule to administer docetaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in combination.
Anderson, N; Coco, F; Lokich, J, 2003)		0.32
" Administration of more than 2 courses was attempted for each patient, with the same dosage levels at all 3 scheduled steps."( [Phase I study of gemcitabine (GEM) and UFT combination chemotherapy for unresectable/recurrent pancreatic cancer].
Dono, K; Maruhashi, S; Miyamoto, A; Monden, M; Nagano, H; Nakamori, S; Sakon, M; Takahashi, Y; Tujie, M; Umeshita, K, 2004)		0.32
" This phase I trial aimed to determine the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose [maximum tolerated dosage (MTD)], and recommended dose (RD) of a GIP combination in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC."( Phase I study with dose escalation of gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with ifosfamide (GIP) in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
Billiart, I; Bourgeois, H; Chabrun, V; Chieze, S; Daban, A; Ferrand, V; Germain, T; Lemerre, D; Meurice, JC; Tourani, JM, 2004)		0.32
"4%) of the 110 cycles following dosage reduction (P = ."( Paclitaxel and gemcitabine as salvage treatment in metastatic breast cancer.
Murad, AM, 2003)		0.32
"This study utilized MiaPaCa pancreatic xenografts to demonstrate irofulven antitumor activity using either a daily or intermittent dosing schedule."( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )		0.13
"Both dosing regimens of irofulven demonstrated curative activity against the MiaPaCa xenografts."( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )		0.13
"These results support further clinical characterization of intermittent irofulven dosing schedules and suggest that irofulven combined with gemcitabine may have activity in patients with pancreatic tumors."( Activity of irofulven against human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
MacDonald, JR; Roth, S; Van Laar, ES; Waters, SJ; Weitman, S, )		0.13
" HFS, also known as erythrodysesthesia, manifests as acral erythema with swelling and dysesthesia of the palms and plantar aspects of the feet, and, in the absence of dosage reduction or stoppage of the drug, progresses to moist desquamation and ulceration with serious infections and loss of function."( Serious hand-and-foot syndrome in black patients treated with capecitabine: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.
Hitti, IF; Narasimhan, P; Narasimhan, S; Rachita, M, 2004)		0.32
" Also, food effect was assessed separately in a group dosed with 20 mg of the compound."( Single ascending dose tolerability, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor Ro 09-4889.
Banken, L; Bellibas, SE; Brivet, B; Bush, ED; Chamorey, E; Kircher, C; Milano, G; Nave, S; Patel, I; Renée, N, 2004)		0.32
"We hypothesized that the shape of a dose-response curve would be determined by the major mechanisms of resistance of a cancer to the drug being studied."( Phase II study of alternating chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
MacLeod, P; Maziak, DE; Shamji, FM; Stewart, DJ; Tomiak, E, 2004)		0.32
" Animals were inspected daily for signs of toxicity and distress, body weight changes, and water and food consumption; electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and urinalysis were recorded before dosing and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment."( Experimental study on the toxicity and the local and systemic tolerability of gemcitabine after topical treatment of the rabbit bladder.
Clementi, G; Costantino, G; Lempereur, L; Matera, M; Vasquez, E; Vasta, D, 2004)		0.32
"Gilead Sciences is developing a fixed-dose co-formulation of two of its reverse transcriptase inhibitors, emtricitabine [Emtriva] and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread], for once-daily dosing in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection."( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
, 2004)		0.32
" Although there was a differential dose-response rate among dose levels, increasing the gemcitabine dose beyond 2200mg/m2 did not show increased clinical response."( Phase I study of gemcitabine given weekly as a short infusion for non-small cell lung cancer: results and possible immune system-related mechanisms.
Ferson, PF; Friberg, D; Gooding, WE; Kassem, B; Keenan, R; Landreneau, RJ; Levitt, ML; Lindberg, CA; Miketic, LM; Ponas, RS; Sabatine, JM; Tarasoff, P; Trenn, MR; Whiteside, TL; Yousem, SA, 2004)		0.32
" Fluorouracil (FU) chemoradiotherapy has demonstrated success in several organ sites with multiple dosing schedules that now guide the selection of oral analogs of FU to provide new chemoradiotherapy options."( Four decades of continuing innovation with fluorouracil: current and future approaches to fluorouracil chemoradiation therapy.
Mosley, ST; Rich, TA; Shepard, RC, 2004)		0.32
" During the last four decades, optimal dosing schedules have produced a therapeutic gain."( Four decades of continuing innovation with fluorouracil: current and future approaches to fluorouracil chemoradiation therapy.
Mosley, ST; Rich, TA; Shepard, RC, 2004)		0.32
" Additional phase II trials have focused on optimizing dosing and schedule schemas with the demonstration of impressive efficacy with acceptable toxicity with the biweekly administration."( Gemcitabine and docetaxel in metastatic and neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer.
Yardley, DA, 2004)		0.32
" FTC may be dosed once daily and in vitro is less associated with the M184V mutation, which is classically associated with failure of treatment with lamivudine."( Emtricitabine (FTC) for the treatment of HIV infection.
Nelson, M; Schiavone, M, 2004)		0.32
" No DLT was observed at the dosage group of 500 mg/m(2) and 750 mg/m(2)."( [Phase I study of capecitabine with concurrent radiotherapy in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma].
Guo, L; Guo, X; Hong, MH; Li, FY; Li, Q; Lin, HX; Luo, DH; Qiu, F, 2004)		0.32
" Although the study exhibited a high response rate, the neuropathy encountered in the study, and the need to eliminate gemcitabine in 54% of the patients due to bone marrow suppression merits further investigation of the dosing schedule."( Pilot study of outpatient paclitaxel, carboplatin and gemcitabine for advanced stage epithelial ovarian, peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer.
Birk, CL; Brown, JV; Goldstein, BH; Graham, C; Mattison, J; Micha, JP; Rettenmaier, MA, 2004)		0.32
"Treatment consisted of six courses of chemotherapy with gemcitabine at a dosage of 1,200 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 21 days."( Single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated elderly patients with advanced bladder carcinoma: response to treatment and correlation with the comprehensive geriatric assessment.
Bertetto, O; Botta, M; Castagneto, B; Ferraris, V; Marenco, D; Mencoboni, M; Repetto, L; Scaltriti, L; Zai, S, 2004)		0.32
" In addition, studies show that dosing flexibility with capecitabine/docetaxel allows management of side effects without compromising efficacy."( Optimizing the management of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer with capecitabine (Xeloda).
Leonard, R; Miles, D; Reichardt, P; Twelves, C, 2004)		0.32
" The use of such combinations requires smart planning and choice of the drugs to be combined, their proper dosing as well as correct sequence and schedule of application."( Targeting metastatic leiomyosarcoma by rapamycin plus gemcitabine: an intriguing clinical observation.
Merimsky, O, 2004)		0.32
"Fifty-four patients were treated according to three different dosing schemes in which the capecitabine dose was fixed and the CI-994 dose was escalated."( A phase I study of the oral combination of CI-994, a putative histone deacetylase inhibitor, and capecitabine.
Janisch, L; Kimmel, KA; Kindler, HL; Macek, TA; Olson, SC; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Undevia, SD; Vogelzang, NJ, 2004)		0.32
"Once daily (QD) dosing facilitates regimen simplification and adherence to antiretroviral therapy."( A randomized study of emtricitabine and lamivudine in stably suppressed patients with HIV.
Benson, CA; Haas, DW; Lamarca, A; McDonald, CK; Mondou, E; Quinn, JB; Rousseau, F; Rublein, J; Steinhart, CR; van der Horst, C, 2004)		0.32
" The initial dosage of gemcitabine was 800 mg/m(2) weekly times three with 1 week off until progressive disease or adverse side effects prohibited further therapy."( Evaluation of gemcitabine in previously treated patients with non-squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.
Blessing, J; Cohn, DE; Schilder, RJ, 2005)		0.33
" The aim of this study was to determine the maximally tolerable dosage of gemcitabine and docetaxel using a weekly administration regimen."( Phase I trial using weekly administration of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Hribaschek, A; Lippert, H; Lueck, A; Meyer, F; Ridwelski, K, 2004)		0.32
"Thirty-two patients with metastatic NPC were treated with combination chemotherapy that included paclitaxel 70 mg/m(2) on Days 1 and 8, carboplatin dosed to area under curve of 5 on Day 1, and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days for a maximum of 8 cycles."( Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a Phase II trial using a triplet combination.
Foo, KF; Leong, SS; Lim, WT; Tan, EH; Tan, SB; Tan, T; Tay, MH; Thng, CH; Toh, CK; Wee, J, 2005)		0.33
"Antiangiogenic therapy shows significant anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects, and is helpful to reduce the dosage of cytotoxic drugs and the side effects."( Antiangiogenic therapy for human pancreatic carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.
Huang, WG; Jia, L; Yuan, SZ; Zhang, MH, 2005)		0.33
" Eighty-five patients affected by advanced TCC and measurable disease were randomized to receive either paclitaxel at dosage of 70 mg/m2, gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 35 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks (GCP) or gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15 and cisplatin 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 4 weeks (GC)."( Randomised, open-label, phase II trial of paclitaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin versus gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium.
Comella, P; Crucitta, E; De Lena, M; Gebbia, V; Lorusso, V; Mancarella, S; Mangiameli, A; Manzione, L; Muci, D; Palmeri, S; Pezzella, G; Rosati, G; Silvestris, N; Sobrero, A, 2005)		0.33
"The purpose of this article is to review the available information on capecitabine with respect to clinical pharmacology, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy for breast and colorectal cancer adverse-effect profile, documented drug interactions, dosage and administration, and future directions of ongoing research."( Capecitabine: a review.
Lindley, C; Walko, CM, 2005)		0.33
" The predominant route of elimination is renal, and dosage reduction of 75% is recommended in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 30 to 50 mL/min."( Capecitabine: a review.
Lindley, C; Walko, CM, 2005)		0.33
" Preclinical data have suggested a possible dose-response relationship of gemcitabine."( Increased dose-intensity of gemcitabine in advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a multicenter phase II study in elderly patients from the "polmone toscano group" (POLTO).
Bernardini, I; Chioni, A; Conte, PF; Fabbri, A; Falcone, A; Ferrari, K; Galli, L; Grosso, AM; Innocenti, F; Orlandini, C; Pegna, AL; Ricci, S; Russo, F; Tibaldi, C; Tognarini, L, 2005)		0.33
" Dose-response regression lines were used to compare the individual susceptibilities to gemcitabine with respect to the chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies."( In vitro genotoxic effects of the anticancer drug gemcitabine in human lymphocytes.
Aydemir, N; Bilaloğlu, R; Celikler, S, 2005)		0.33
" Intraperitoneal GCB administration at similar dosage had no effect on lung metastases."( Aerosol gemcitabine inhibits the growth of primary osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma lung metastases.
Kleinerman, ES; Koshkina, NV, 2005)		0.33
"Gemcitabine as a single agent, in this dosage and schedule, has minimal clinical activity in relapsed or refractory low-grade lymphomas and was associated with considerable toxicity."( A phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Larson, BJ; Lynch, JW; Mendenhall, NP; Pusateri, A; Waples, JM, 2005)		0.33
" Gemcitabine dosing produced least body weight loss and least neutropenia after injection at 11 vs 23 HALO, whether the drug was given alone or with cisplatin (P=0."( Preclinical relevance of dosing time for the therapeutic index of gemcitabine-cisplatin.
Filipski, E; Focan, C; Kayitalire, L; Lévi, F; Li, XM; Sun, J; Tanaka, K, 2005)		0.33
" However the results of this study did not show expected treatment efficacy and we raise the idea of cisplatin dosage relevance in this combination."( Gemcitabine plus cisplatine and paclitaxel (GCP) in second-line treatment of germ cell tumors (GCT): a phase II study.
Hlavatá, Z; Koza, I; Mardiak, J; Mego, M; Obertová, J; Recková, M; Sálek, T; Sycová-Milá, Z, 2005)		0.33
"In a phase II IRB approved trial, capecitabine was given at a dosage of 2000 mg/m2/day orally in a divided dose daily for 14 days followed by a 7-day rest period."( Phase II trial of capecitabine in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
Atkinson, EN; Bodurka, DC; Brown, J; Jenkins, AD; Johnston, T; Levenback, C; Ramondetta, LM; Sun, C; Wolf, JK, 2005)		0.33
"This retrospective analysis supports a starting dose of 2000 mg/m2/day because of its superior therapeutic index; however, patients may still have toxic effects and individualization of dosing is necessary."( Lower dose capecitabine has a more favorable therapeutic index in metastatic breast cancer: retrospective analysis of patients treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and a review of capecitabine toxicity in the literature.
Gauthier, AM; Hennessy, BT; Hortobagyi, G; Michaud, LB; Valero, V, 2005)		0.33
" Untoward side-effects were moderate, reversible and, therefore, did not require dosage to be corrected or cut down."( [Gemcitabine plus cisplatin therapy in breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines, docetaxel and capecitabine].
Filatova, LV; Gershanovich, ML; Semiglazova, TIu, 2005)		0.33
" In adult patients infected with HIV-1, emtricitabine has a convenient and simple dosing schedule of one 200-mg capsule once daily, and is as effective as lamivudine 150 mg twice daily and more effective than stavudine twice daily at suppressing plasma HIV-1 RNA when administered as part of a triple-drug regimen."( Emtricitabine: a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Cox, SL; Molina, JM, 2005)		0.33
" Study of genomic DNA showed 12-fold increase in R1 gene dosage in MCF7 1K cells."( Increased expression of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase is involved in resistance to gemcitabine in human mammary adenocarcinoma cells.
Dumontet, C; Galmarini, CM; Guittet, O; Jordheim, LP; Lepoivre, M, 2005)		0.33
" We present a concise review of cancer chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction."( Chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction.
Eklund, JW; Mulcahy, MF; Trifilio, S, 2005)		0.33
" Gemcitabine was administered as a 30-minutes infusion at a dosage of 1 g/m2 on day 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks."( An open label, non-comparative phase II study of gemcitabine as salvage treatment for patients with pretreated adult type soft tissue sarcoma.
Azemar, M; Bokemeyer, C; Hartmann, JT; Horger, M; Huober, J; Jakob, A; Kanz, L; Oechsle, K, 2006)		0.33
" A single dose seemed ineffective, and the multiple dosing regimens seemed effective."( Randomized phase II marker lesion study evaluating effect of scheduling on response to intravesical gemcitabine in recurrent Stage Ta urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Beckman, E; Carringer, M; Gårdmark, T; Malmström, PU, 2005)		0.33
" With G-CSF support, all except 2 patients were administered as per schedule, and the TXT dosage in 2 patients was reduced."( [Phase II study of gemcitabine (GEM) and docetaxel (TXT) combination chemotherapy for unresectable non small cell lung cancer].
Kuramoto, K; Terao, I, 2005)		0.33
" In single and multiple dosing experiments, mice received ZD6126, gemcitabine, a combination of both agents, or no treatment."( Vascular targeting in pancreatic cancer: the novel tubulin-binding agent ZD6126 reveals antitumor activity in primary and metastatic tumor models.
Barge, A; Bruns, CJ; Friedrich, M; Jauch, KW; Kleespies, A; Köhl, G; Ryan, AJ, 2005)		0.33
"Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell strain SW1990/GZ was induced by increasing drug dosage intermittently, then the changes of its biological features and the activity of TrxR were examined."( [Drug resistance and activity changes of thioredoxin reductase in pancreatic cancer cells strain SW1990 induced by gemcitabine].
Chen, G; Li, LJ; Niu, BZ; Wu, YD; Zhao, YP, 2005)		0.33
" A flat dosing scheme of both drugs was used to facilitate development of the oral regimen, and because neither drug's clearance is associated with body surface area (BSA), pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic endpoints were explored."( Combination vinorelbine and capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer using a non-body surface area dosing scheme.
Baker, LH; Griffith, KA; Hayes, DF; Rae, JM; Schott, AF; Sterns, V, 2006)		0.33
"A non-BSA based dosing scheme of capecitabine and vinorelbine is safe and efficacious."( Combination vinorelbine and capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer using a non-body surface area dosing scheme.
Baker, LH; Griffith, KA; Hayes, DF; Rae, JM; Schott, AF; Sterns, V, 2006)		0.33
" Only BILT significantly influenced the pharmacokinetics but this effect was not considered as relevant for dosing adjustment."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of 5-FU production from capecitabine--a population study in 40 adult patients with metastatic cancer.
Lokiec, F; Rezaí, K; Urien, S, 2005)		0.33
"This article describes a woman with metastatic upper gastrointestinal cancer who developed thoracic myelopathy unexpectedly after standard dosage and fractionation radiotherapy."( Myelopathy after radiation therapy and chemotherapy with capecitabine and gemcitabine.
Barstis, JL; Black, AC, 2005)		0.33
"We performed intraperitoneal and intrapleural dosing gemcitabine (GEM) to eight patients with advanced pancreatic cancer having peritoneal or pleural carcinomatosis and evaluated its actions and safety."( [Intraperitoneal and intrapleural gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer].
Akiyama, T; Hirata, K; Homma, H; Kogawa, K; Koike, K; Mezawa, S; Takahashi, S, 2005)		0.33
" Most patients were switched to an every-other-week dosing schedule."( Phase II study of fixed dose rate gemcitabine with cisplatin for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Bergsland, EK; Dito, E; Ko, AH; Schillinger, B; Tempero, MA; Venook, AP, 2006)		0.33
" The second patient was a 59-year-old man with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who was placed on capecitabine treatment at a dosage of 2500 mg/m2/day in 2 divided doses for 2 weeks followed by a one week rest period."( Capecitabine-induced severe hypertriglyceridemia: report of two cases.
Babaoglu, MO; Guler, N; Kurt, M; Shorbagi, A; Yasar, U, 2006)		0.33
" Emphasis was on the use of very low doses of each drug and of different dosing schedules."( Preclinical in vivo activity of a combination gemcitabine/liposomal doxorubicin against cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer (A2780/CDDP).
Apollonio, P; Ferlini, C; Fruscella, E; Gallo, D; Mancuso, S; Scambia, G, )		0.13
" Dosage reduction was performed for cytopenias and/or other grade 3 or 4 toxicity."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine as first line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic or unresectable soft tissue sarcoma.
Borden, EC; Karen, A; Mills, GM; Rankin, C; Von Burton, G; Zalupski, MM, 2006)		0.33
" Daily dosing of imatinib with concurrent administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy (either gemcitabine or doxorubicin) at standard doses was associated with toxicity that was clinically unacceptable."( Selective kinase inhibition with daily imatinib intensifies toxicity of chemotherapy in patients with solid tumours.
Appleman, LJ; Demetri, GD; Desai, J; George, S; Manola, J; Paul Eder, J; Ryan, DP, 2006)		0.33
" Twelve were on an average warfarin dosage of 19."( A retrospective study of coagulation abnormalities in patients receiving concomitant capecitabine and warfarin.
Diasio, R; Ledbetter, L; Saif, MW; Shah, HR, 2006)		0.33
" These data can be used to rationally design gemcitabine dosage regimes for canine oncology patients and as a basis for future investigations on the in vivo intracellular accumulation of gemcitabine triphosphate in dogs."( Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its primary metabolite in dogs after intravenous bolus dosing and its in vitro pharmacodynamics.
Freise, KJ; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2006)		0.33
" 5-fluoruracil 750 mg sq m(-1), leucovorin 75 mg sq m(-1), epirubicin 45 mg sq m(-1), carboplatin 225 mg sq m(-1) were administered every 3 weeks into celiac axis for three cycles (FLEC regimen), then gemcitabine at the dosage of 1 g sq m(-1) on days 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks for 3 months (FLECG regimen)."( Adjuvant intra-arterial 5-fluoruracil, leucovorin, epirubicin and carboplatin with or without systemic gemcitabine after curative resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Cantore, M; Capelli, P; Fiorentini, G; Iacono, C; Lombardi, M; Mambrini, A; Pacetti, P; Pagani, M; Pederzoli, P; Pulica, C; Serio, G; Torri, T, 2006)		0.33
" The dose intensity of gemcitabine of the 35 patients with 5-FU dosage set at MTD was 593 mg/m2 per week."( Phase I-II trial of weekly gemcitabine plus high-dose 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Chang, JY; Chao, Y; Chen, LT; Cheng, AL; Chuang, TR; Hsu, C; Hsu, CH; Jan, CM; Liu, TW; Shiah, HS; Whang-Peng, J; Yu, WL, 2006)		0.33
" Fixed dose rate gemcitabine is active and feasible, supporting the concept of fixed dosing rate of gemcitabine in advanced NSCLC."( A multicentre randomised phase II study of carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine at standard rate or fixed dose rate infusion in patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer.
Beale, P; Boyer, M; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, SC; Liang, S; Lim, HL; Millward, M; Soo, RA; Tham, LS; Wang, LZ; Yong, WP, 2006)		0.33
" Growth inhibition assays were conducted in each cell line evaluating combinations of the Ic25, Ic50, and Ic90 to determine optimal dosing for the combination of gemcitabine plus cisplatin."( Determination of the mechanism of gemcitabine modulation of cisplatin drug resistance in panel of human endometrial cancer cell lines.
Brown, J; Gaikwad, A; Ramondetta, LM; Smith, JA; Wolf, JK, 2006)		0.33
"To evaluate the effects of the novel protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor enzastaurin on intracellular phosphoprotein signaling using flow cytometry and to use this approach to measure enzastaurin effects on surrogate target cells taken from cancer patients that were orally dosed with this agent."( Development and validation of a drug activity biomarker that shows target inhibition in cancer patients receiving enzastaurin, a novel protein kinase C-beta inhibitor.
Basche, M; Britten, CD; Carducci, M; Cook, CA; Eckhardt, SG; Green, LJ; Herbst, RS; Jaken, S; Marder, P; Musib, LC; Ray, C; Thornton, D, 2006)		0.33
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with once-daily dosing approved for use in HIV-1 infection."( In vitro evaluation of the anti-HIV activity and metabolic interactions of tenofovir and emtricitabine.
Borroto-Esoda, K; Miller, MD; Myrick, F; Ray, AS; Vela, JE, 2006)		0.33
" The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal dosage and the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of a specified schedule of gemcitabine and ifosfamide."( Dose-finding study of fixed dose gemcitabine and escalating doses of ifosfamide given on days 1 and 8 in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Aschroft, L; Baka, S; Blackhall, F; Buchholz, E; Lorigan, P; Manegold, C; Nagel, S; Schott-von-Römer, K; Thatcher, N, 2006)		0.33
" Divided dose of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine, at the current dosage and schedule, appears to be an active regimen in chemotherapy-naïve patients with malignant mesothelioma, and well-tolerated."( Divided dose of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine in malignant mesothelioma.
Akbulut, H; Büyükçelik, A; Demirkazik, A; Dinçol, D; Gören, D; Içli, F; Mousa, U; Onur, H; Senler, FC; Utkan, G; Yalçin, B, 2006)		0.33
" However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day."( An update and review of antiretroviral therapy.
Piacenti, FJ, 2006)		0.33
" We thus conducted a phase I/II study of gemcitabine and infusional 5-FU in Japanese patients to determine a recommended dosage for this combination and clarify efficacy and toxicity."( A phase I/II study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Funakoshi, A; Furuse, J; Ishii, H; Okusaka, T; Sumii, T; Ueno, H, 2006)		0.33
" Results from phase I determined the recommended dosage to be examined in phase II for effect on survival period, clinical benefit response (CBR), tumor response and safety."( A phase I/II study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Funakoshi, A; Furuse, J; Ishii, H; Okusaka, T; Sumii, T; Ueno, H, 2006)		0.33
" Dose limiting toxicities in phase I determined the recommended 5-FU dosage at 400 mg/m(2)/day."( A phase I/II study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Funakoshi, A; Furuse, J; Ishii, H; Okusaka, T; Sumii, T; Ueno, H, 2006)		0.33
" Temozolomide and capecitabine were administered concomitantly to 4 sequential cohorts at different dosing levels on Days 1-5 and Days 8-12, with cycles repeated every 21 days until disease progression."( Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with temozolomide in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma.
Arun, B; Broglio, K; Buchholz, T; Francis, D; Groves, M; Hortobagyi, GN; Meyers, C; Rivera, E; Valero, V; Yin, G, 2006)		0.33
" One such treatment, capecitabine, offers patients the benefit of oral dosing and permits at-home self-management."( Capecitabine: a new adjuvant option for colorectal cancer.
Berg, DT, 2006)		0.33
" These indications of an antagonistic interaction between GEM and 5-FU in some pancreatic cancer context urge further investigation of both genetic and non-genetic differences to identify the variables most relevant for optimal selection and dosing of treatment for the individual patient."( Antagonistic interactions between gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil in the human pancreatic carcinoma cell line Capan-2.
Bellone, G; Bertetto, O; Buffolino, A; Busso, V; Carbone, A; Emanuelli, G; Novarino, A; Scirelli, T; Smirne, C; Tosetti, L, 2006)		0.33
"Capecitabine/docetaxel dosing flexibility allows management of side-effects without compromising efficacy."( Detailed analysis of a randomized phase III trial: can the tolerability of capecitabine plus docetaxel be improved without compromising its survival advantage?
Barak-Wigler, N; Bexon, AS; Chan-Navarro, CA; Gorbounova, V; Harker, WG; Leonard, R; Maraninchi, D; McKendrick, JJ; O'Shaughnessy, J; Twelves, C; Vukelja, S, 2006)		0.33
" The clinical utility of capecitabine in the management of breast cancer is supported by its convenient oral dosing schedule and favorable safety profile, as well as its excellent clinical activity in primary and metastatic breast cancer."( The role of capecitabine in first-line treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Chan, A; Gelmon, K; Harbeck, N, 2006)		0.33
"Twenty patients with rectal cancer (clinical Stage uT3-T4 or N+) received a standard dosing regimen of cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) on Day 1 and 250 mg/m(2) on Days 8, 15, 22, and 29) and escalating doses of irinotecan and capecitabine according to phase I methods: dose level I, irinotecan 40 mg/m(2) on Days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 and capecitabine 800 mg/m(2) on Days 1-38; dose level II, irinotecan 40 mg/m(2) and capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2); and dose level III, irinotecan 50 mg/m(2) and capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2)."( Phase I trial of cetuximab in combination with capecitabine, weekly irinotecan, and radiotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer.
Dinter, D; Grobholz, R; Heeger, S; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Horisberger, K; Kähler, G; Kraus-Tiefenbacher, U; Post, S; Wenz, F; Willeke, F; Woernle, C, 2006)		0.33
" doses of tipifarnib, without a dose-response relationship."( A phase I safety, pharmacological and biological study of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor, tipifarnib and capecitabine in advanced solid tumors.
Cohen, RB; Eckhardt, SG; Gore, L; Gustafson, D; Holden, SN; Mikule, C; Morrow, M; O'Bryant, CL; Palmer, PA; Persky, M; Pierson, AS; Zhang, S, 2006)		0.33
" Gemcitabine alone was dosed at 1,000 mg/m2 up to 7 weeks in the first cycle, then once a week for the first 3 weeks of a 4-week cycle."( Randomized phase III study of exatecan and gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in untreated advanced pancreatic cancer.
Abou-Alfa, GK; Ackerman, J; De Jager, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Feit, K; Harker, G; Hurwitz, H; Letourneau, R; Modiano, M; O'Reilly, EM; Tchekmedyian, NS, 2006)		0.33
" Due to the dosage for carboplatin by AUC an adaptation to the glomerular filtration rate is possible."( [Gemcitabine and carboplatin chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma in regard to patients with impaired renal function].
Helke, C; Hoschke, B; May, M, 2006)		0.33
" Tenofovir requires surveillance of glomerular filtration rate and dosing interval adjustment when creatinine clearance is less than 50 ml/min and avoidance less than 30 ml/min."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine coformulation for once-daily dual NRTI backbone.
Arribas López, JR; Muñoz de Benito, RM, 2006)		0.33
"Gemcitabine and paclitaxel (Taxol) each provides an efficacious non-platinum option for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the optimal dosage and schedule of the two agents used in combination are not well defined."( Randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine plus weekly versus three-weekly paclitaxel in previously untreated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Belani, CP; Clark, RH; Dakhil, S; Desch, CE; Monberg, MJ; Obasaju, CK; Rooney, DK; Waterhouse, DM; Ye, Z, 2007)		0.34
" The dosage should be reduced or therapeutic regimen changed."( [Unilateral acral necrosis as a minor form of hand-foot syndrome. Patient with unilateral acral necrosis secondary to capecitabine therapy for metastatic breast cancer].
Ockenfels, HM; Saborowski, A; Sauter, C, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic data for 24 h after dosing were obtained for both day 1 (gemcitabine without oxaliplatin coadministration) and day 8 (gemcitabine with oxaliplatin) during the first cycle of treatment."( Coadministration of oxaliplatin does not influence the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine.
Georgoulias, V; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P, 2006)		0.33
"Firstly, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine was determined, when administered intraperitoneally at two different dosing schedules (0."( Combination therapy using gemcitabine and radioimmunotherapy in nude mice with small peritoneal metastases of colonic origin.
Bleichrodt, RP; Boerman, OC; Goldenberg, DM; Koppe, MJ; Oyen, WJ; Verhofstad, AA, 2006)		0.33
" The GEM dosage was decreased to 800 mg/m2 after the initial 21 patients because 3 patients developed interstitial lung disease (ILD)."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with completely resected stage IIA-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer.
Eguchi, K; Hada, E; Izumi, Y; Kawamura, M; Kobayashi, K; Koike, T; Sakaguchi, H; Yamato, Y, 2007)		0.34
" In the escalating phase of the trial, patients were enrolled in sequential cohorts using 100 or 150 mg oral daily dosing of erlotinib."( Erlotinib plus gemcitabine in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer and other solid tumors: phase IB trial.
Dragovich, T; Hage, G; Hamilton, M; Huberman, M; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Von Hoff, DD; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2007)		0.34
" Consequently gemcitabine dosage was reduced at the second treatment in 8 of 21 dogs or a dose delay of 1-7 days and a reduction of dosage was used in 7 of 21 dogs."( Single agent gemcitabine chemotherapy in dogs with spontaneously occurring lymphoma.
Cosgrove, SB; Gamblin, RM; Griffice, K; Hahn, KA; Khanna, C; Rusk, A; Turner, AI, )		0.13
" Individually, these agents have long half-lifes that allow for once-daily dosing and may provide a pharmacologic bridge for the occasional missed dose."( Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination: first-line therapy for all?
Best, B; Goicoechea, M, 2007)		0.34
" administration of gemcitabine is tolerated within the tested dosage range."( Phase I trial of intraperitoneal gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced malignancies primarily confined to the peritoneal cavity.
Chow, W; Chu, D; Doroshow, JH; Frankel, P; Koczywas, M; Leong, L; Lim, D; Lin, P; Margolin, K; Morgan, RJ; Paz, B; Schwarz, RE; Shibata, S; Somlo, G; Stalter, S; Synold, TW; Tetef, M; Twardowski, P; Wagman, L; Xi, B; Yen, Y, 2007)		0.34
" In April 2004, she had a recurrence manifesting itself as bone metastasis, partly because of poor compliance with the hospital-visit and dosing schedules."( [A patient with advanced recurrent breast cancer who firmly resisted hair loss and was then treated by combination therapy with high-dose toremifene and capecitabine].
Akahane, T; Chiba, T; Hashimoto, Y; Yano, H, 2007)		0.34
" Dosing schedule was modified for toxicity (doses constant but administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle)."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas: results of a phase II trial.
Demetri, GD; Desai, J; Dileo, P; George, S; Harmon, DC; Morgan, JA; Polson, K; Quigley, MT; Salesi, JM; Zahrieh, D, 2007)		0.34
"The study accrued 40 patients, and 248 dosing cycles were administered (range, 1-32)."( Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas: results of a phase II trial.
Demetri, GD; Desai, J; Dileo, P; George, S; Harmon, DC; Morgan, JA; Polson, K; Quigley, MT; Salesi, JM; Zahrieh, D, 2007)		0.34
"Chemonaive patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2 received either 500 mg/m2 of pemetrexed (day 1, every 3 weeks) for eight cycles, or the same dosage of pemetrexed for cycles 1 and 2 and then 1200 mg/m2 of gemcitabine (days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks) for cycles 3 and 4 (repeated once for a total of eight cycles)."( Single-agent pemetrexed or sequential pemetrexed/gemcitabine as front-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients or patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy: a multicenter, randomized, phase II trial.
Caffo, O; Favaretto, A; Gregorc, V; Gridelli, C; Kaukel, E; Manegold, C; Martoni, A; Migliorino, MR; Müller, TR; Muñoz, M; Peterson, P; Reck, M; Rossi, A; Russo, F; Schmittel, A, 2007)		0.34
" Lack of PK alteration for FTC, tenofovir (TFV), and GS-9137 was defined as a 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated ratio of geometric least squares means (coadministration/alone) between 70% and 143% for the primary PK parameters: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over dosing interval (AUCtau), and trough concentration (Ctau)."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137.
Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)		0.34
" Tolerability for this drug is best following dosing at ZT 11 in mice."( Circadian physiology is a toxicity target of the anticancer drug gemcitabine in mice.
Lévi, F; Li, XM, 2007)		0.34
" Two sequential schema were used: Arm A fixed the dose of irinotecan at 100 mg/m(2) and escalated capecitabine in cohorts, and arm B fixed the dose of capecitabine at 750 mg/m(2) PO BID and escalated the dosage of irinotecan."( A Phase I dose-finding study using an innovative sequential biweekly schedule of irinotecan followed 24 hours later by capecitabine.
Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Fricano, M; Gonzales, A; Hirawat, S; Kolitz, J; Lichtman, SM; Villani, G, )		0.13
" Repetitive dosing was feasible with prolonged disease stabilization in 8 patients."( A Phase I dose-finding study using an innovative sequential biweekly schedule of irinotecan followed 24 hours later by capecitabine.
Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Fricano, M; Gonzales, A; Hirawat, S; Kolitz, J; Lichtman, SM; Villani, G, )		0.13
" Capecitabine was administered orally twice daily at a dosage of 2500 mg/m(2) for 14 days, followed by 7 days of rest."( Capecitabine as third-line treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failing immunotherapy.
Barbanti, G; de Rubertis, G; Francini, E; Francini, G; Manganelli, A; Marsili, S; Paolelli, L; Pascucci, A; Petrioli, R; Salvestrini, F; Sciandivasci, A, 2007)		0.34
" HFS manifests as acral erythema, with swelling and dysesthesia of the palms and plantar aspects of the feet, which in the absence of dosage reduction or drug cessation, progresses to moist desquamation and ulceration, resulting in serious infections and loss of function."( Hand-foot syndrome with scleroderma-like change induced by the oral capecitabine: a case report.
Hwang, SJ; Kim, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, YJ; Lee, SD; Nam, SH, 2007)		0.34
" In the man, the capecitabine dosage was reduced and metoprolol was prescribed, while in the woman the capecitabine was stopped."( [Myocardial ischaemia as a result of treatment with capecitabine].
Liem, AH; Planting, AS; van Halteren, HK, 2007)		0.34
" A sensitive analytical method for the quantitation of gemcitabine is required for the assessment of alternative dosage and treatment schemes."( Rapid determination of gemcitabine in plasma and serum using reversed-phase HPLC.
Cerny, T; Früh, M; Lanz, C; Lauterburg, BH; Thormann, W, 2007)		0.34
"A novel, once-daily dosing regimen of 3 antiretroviral drugs, emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz, was tested in 37 therapy-naive HIV-infected children and adolescents between 3 and 21 years of age (inclusive)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz in HIV-infected, therapy-naive children and adolescents: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021.
Abrams, E; Blum, MR; Britto, P; Chittick, GE; Cunningham, C; Dickover, R; Draper, L; Flynn, P; Hu, C; Hughes, M; Kraimer, J; McKinney, RE; Ortiz, AA; Rathore, M; Reynolds, L; Rodman, J; Scites, M; Serchuck, LK; Smith, ME; Spector, S; Tran, P; Weinberg, A; Yogev, R, 2007)		0.34
" Another goal was to find the optimal individual schedule by adjusting frequency and dosage according to patient tolerability."( Low dose gemcitabine plus cisplatin in a weekly-based regimen as salvage therapy for relapsed breast cancer after taxane-anthracycline-containing regimens.
Alés-Martínez, JE; Aramburo González, PM; Sánchez-Escribano Morcuende, R, 2007)		0.34
" This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and bioequivalence of an investigational coformulation of EFV/FTC/TDF (test) single-tablet regimen compared with the commercially available individual dosage forms (EFV+FTC+TDF; reference treatment) in healthy subjects."( Bioequivalence of efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet regimen.
Hinkle, J; Hui, J; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Menning, M, 2007)		0.34
" The results were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance followed by post-hoc tests, and nonlinear regression analysis for dose-response rates."( Everolimus and mycophenolate mofetil sensitize human pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine in vitro: a novel adjunct to standard chemotherapy?
Dillmann, S; Henne-Bruns, D; Keller, F; Klug, F; Mayer, JM; Stracke, S; Tuncyurek, P, 2007)		0.34
" In addition to reassurance, pregabalin was prescribed for these myotonic symptoms at a dosage of 50 mg by mouth three times daily."( Successful amelioration of oxaliplatin-induced hyperexcitability syndrome with the antiepileptic pregabalin in a patient with pancreatic cancer.
Hashmi, S; Saif, MW, 2008)		0.35
" Dosing of S-1 is different between Western and Asian populations due to differences in metabolism by CYP2A6."( Medical treatment for advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.
Ajani, JA; Cen, P, 2007)		0.34
"The addition of intermittently dosed IM to GEM at low to full dose was associated with broad antitumor activity and little increase in toxicity."( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) and gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Ali, Y; Egorin, MJ; Gharibo, MM; Gounder, MK; Lagattuta, TF; Lin, Y; Poplin, EA; Rubin, EH; Stein, MN, 2007)		0.34
" In view of the convenience and flexibility of patients in adjusting dosage when encountering toxicities, capecitabine is replacing continuous infusion fluorouracil as the backbone of combination chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer patients."( Capecitabine in advanced gastric cancer.
Chau, I; Cunningham, D; Okines, A, 2007)		0.34
" Gemcitabine is an anticancer drug which is metabolized to a number of metabolites, administered using different dosing regimens and increasingly used in combination with oxaliplatin."( Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its metabolite in patients with cancer: effect of oxaliplatin and infusion rate.
Galettis, P; Jiang, X; Links, M; McLachlan, AJ; Mitchell, PL, 2008)		0.35
" One-week interruption showed sufficient recovery of decreased WBC in dosing regimens of 1-week-on/1-week-off and 2-weeks-on/2-weeks-off."( Effect of dose regimen on the toxicity of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC) in monkeys.
Horii, I; Kawashima, A; Kobayashi, K; Nakano, K; Shindoh, H; Shishido, N, 2007)		0.34
" The most common reason for reduction of the dosage or for cycle delay in the combined scheme was neutropenia."( Feasibility and efficacy of chemotherapy with gemcitabine mono and with paclitaxel/mitoxantron in gynaecological cancers.
Cordes, T; Fischer, D; Friedrich, M; Lüdders, D; Maass, N; Schroer, A; Villena-Heinsen, C, 2007)		0.34
" The trial protocol was changed by reducing the cisplatin dosage to 20 mg/m(2)."( Weekly gemcitabine and cisplatin concurrent with pelvic irradiation for primary therapy of cervical cancer: report of the first seven cases in Thai women.
Chumworathayi, B; Krusun, S; Luanratanakorn, S; Pattamadilok, J; Tangvorapongchai, V; Yuenyao, P, 2007)		0.34
" We designed a dosing schema that used multiple sequential exchanges of a peritoneal dialysate containing dFdC in an effort to produce prolonged IP dFdC exposure."( Intraperitoneal gemcitabine pharmacokinetics: a pilot and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Alexander, HR; Bartlett, DL; Dedrick, RL; Egorin, MJ; Gamblin, TC; Herscher, LL; Lagattuta, TF; Libutti, SK; Russo, A; Zuhowski, EG, 2008)		0.35
" Although a traditional toxicity-based maximum tolerated dose was not achieved, the highest dosing cohort represented a biologically relevant dose of enzastaurin, on the basis of preclinical data and correlative pharmacodynamic biomarker assays of protein kinase Cbeta inhibition in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, in combination with a standard dose of capecitabine."( A phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of enzastaurin combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Baldwin, J; Basche, M; Britten, CD; Camidge, DR; Darstein, C; Finn, RS; Gail Eckhardt, S; Gore, L; Holden, SN; Leong, S; Musib, L; O'Bryant, CL; Thornton, D, 2008)		0.35
" This study suggests that continuous oral capecitabine at a fixed daily dose of 2000 mg is well tolerated, and that it allows for the simplification and ease of dosing in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer."( Continuous oral capecitabine at fixed dose in patients older than 75 years with metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer: a study of the Multidisciplinary Oncology Group on Gastrointestinal Tumors.
Battistelli, S; Civitelli, S; Fiaschi, AI; Francini, E; Francini, G; Lorenzi, M; Marsili, S; Pascucci, A; Petrioli, R; Roviello, F; Tanzini, G, 2008)		0.35
"Continuous dosing of the combination of capecitabine and celecoxib was well tolerated, produced antiangiogenic effects, and has antitumor activity."( Metronomic antiangiogenic therapy with capecitabine and celecoxib in advanced tumor patients--results of a phase II study.
Arends, J; Drevs, J; Frost, A; Häring, B; Hennig, J; Medinger, M; Mross, K; Steinbild, S; Strecker, R; Unger, C, 2007)		0.34
" The observed self-induction of gemcitabine metabolism has broad implications for the dosing of nucleoside analogs."( Randomized crossover study evaluating the effect of gemcitabine infusion dose rate: evidence of auto-induction of gemcitabine accumulation.
de Souza, PL; Galettis, P; Grimison, P; Jelinek, M; Liauw, W; Links, MJ; Manners, S; Metharom, E, 2007)		0.34
" In conclusion, gemcitabine and cisplatin combination therapy with this biweekly schedule and dosage is moderately active and extremely safe in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline and taxanes."( Biweekly administration of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with anthracycline and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
Aydiner, A; Camlica, H; Derin, D; Guney, N; Tas, F; Topuz, E, 2008)		0.35
" Although select patients may benefit from treatment, the overall risk:benefit ratio is unfavorable, and other dosing regimens and therapeutic options should be explored in this setting."( Excess toxicity associated with docetaxel and irinotecan in patients with metastatic, gemcitabine-refractory pancreatic cancer: results of a phase II study.
Bergsland, EK; Dito, E; Ko, AH; Schillinger, B; Tempero, MA; Venook, AP, 2008)		0.35
" In the event of progressive disease, the dosage was increased for subsequent cycles."( [Irinotecan plus gemcitabine(IRINOGEM)in the treatment of biliary malignancies].
Hatakeyama, K; Muneoka, K; Sakata, J; Sasaki, M; Shirai, Y; Toshima, M; Wakai, T, 2008)		0.35
"We show here that, consistent with our previous in vitro studies, gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth, whereas pemetrexed was ineffective, even at the highest dosage tested."( Imatinib mesylate enhances therapeutic effects of gemcitabine in human malignant mesothelioma xenografts.
Bertino, P; Cilli, M; Favoni, R; Gaudino, G; Mutti, L; Piccardi, F; Porta, C, 2008)		0.35
" At level 1, 4/6 patients experienced DLTs; dosing decreased to level 0 and 4/5 patients experienced DLTs."( Phase I study of a 3-drug regimen of gemcitabine/cisplatin/pemetrexed in patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium.
Atienza, D; Awasthi, S; Berry, W; Delaune, R; Deutsch, M; Dien, PY; Gregory, TF; Hood, K; Hutson, TE; Ilegbodu, D; Kolodziej, MJ; Mull, S; Muscato, JJ; Nicol, S; Raju, RN; Ruxer, RL; Vukelja, S, 2008)		0.35
" Three treatment cohorts were assessed, using different dosing regimens."( Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a dose-escalation study.
Baselga, J; De Rosa, F; Fettner, S; Jones, R; Rakhit, A; Trigo, JM; Twelves, C; Wright, T, 2008)		0.35
" Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir."( Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir.
Adams, DR; Cong, ME; Delinsky, D; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Heneine, W; Jackson, E; Janssen, R; Johnson, JA; Kim, C; Lipscomb, J; Luo, W; Masciotra, S; Monsour, M; Otten, RA; Qari, SH; Schinazi, RF, 2008)		0.35
" However, a 4- to 5-day spaced dosing schedule (injections on day 0, 4, 8, and 13) was proved to be safer in terms of weight loss and hematological and other toxicity."( Preclinical toxicology (subacute and acute) and efficacy of a new squalenoyl gemcitabine anticancer nanomedicine.
Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Dubernet, C; Marque, PE; Mouelhi, SL; Reddy, LH, 2008)		0.35
" The drug enables chronic dosing that mimics continuous infusion of 5-FU."( Safety profile and activity of lower capecitabine dose in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Alessandroni, P; Baldelli, AM; Casadei, V; Catalano, G; Catalano, V; Ceccolini, M; Fedeli, A; Fedeli, SL; Giordani, P; Rossi, D, 2007)		0.34
" Each course consisted of capecitabine at a dosage of 1,800 mg/body/day for 2 weeks and docetaxel at a dosage of 60 mg/body (day 8 only) followed by withdrawal for 1 week."( [A case of triple negative recurrent breast cancer successfully treated with capecitabine+docetaxel combination chemotherapy].
Hachisuka, Y; Hatano, H; Johira, H; Kamei, Y; Kawata, N; Kimura, M; Miyata, N; Ohmori, K; Umeoka, T; Uomoto, M; Watanabe, R; Yunoki, S, 2008)		0.35
" FTC dose-linearity studies revealed that excretion parameters were not significantly different among dosing groups."( Renal excretion of emtricitabine I: effects of organic anion, organic cation, and nucleoside transport inhibitors on emtricitabine excretion.
Nakatani-Freshwater, T; Taft, DR, 2008)		0.35
" Three alternate dosing sequences were used during cycle 1 to examine dynamic changes in molecular profiles."( A phase II study of sequential neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus doxorubicin followed by gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with operable breast cancer: prediction of response using molecular profiling.
Awasthy, B; Chacko, RT; Dawar, R; Dhindsa, N; Hu, Z; Julka, PK; Koppiker, CB; Lin, B; Ma, D; Miller, ID; Nag, S; Nair, A; Nair, S; Oh, DS; Parshad, R; Perou, CM, 2008)		0.35
"As predicted by mathematical modeling, capecitabine dosing for 7 days followed by a 7-day rest is well tolerated."( Phase I study of a novel capecitabine schedule based on the Norton-Simon mathematical model in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Dugan, U; Edwards, C; Feigin, K; Hudis, C; Norton, L; Patil, S; Tan, KL; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2008)		0.35
" OXA was administered at a dosage of 40 (n = 6), 50 (n = 3),60 (n = 3), 70 (n = 3), or 80 mg/m(2) (n = 6) once a week for 2 weeks (first cycle) followed by a second cycle after a 7-day break."( Phase I study of oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine and radiotherapy as postoperative treatment for stage II and III rectal cancer.
Fang, H; Jin, J; Li, YX; Liu, YP; Wang, JW; Wang, K; Wang, WH; Yu, ZH; Zhou, AP; Zhou, ZX, 2008)		0.35
" dFdC, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected 7qdx1d dosing of dFdC."( Extensive metabolism and hepatic accumulation of gemcitabine after multiple oral and intravenous administration in mice.
Beijnen, JH; Pluim, D; Schellens, JH; van Tellingen, O; Veltkamp, SA, 2008)		0.35
" In addition to standard threeweekly dosing regimens, alternative schedules of administration of taxanes and gemcitabine doublets (weekly, twoweekly) might deserve further investigation due to their potential usefulness in reducing pharmacological toxicity while maintaining or increasing dose-intensity and clinical efficacy."( Taxanes and gemcitabine doublets in the management of HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer: towards optimization of association and schedule.
Carlini, P; Cognetti, F; De Laurentiis, M; Fabi, A; Felici, A; Ferretti, G; Graziano, V; Introna, M; Metro, G; Nuzzo, C; Papaldo, P; Pellegrini, D; Russillo, M; Vici, P, )		0.13
" In patients with abnormal renal function, dosage adjustment is often required to improve the renal tolerance, and also to limit the risk of extra-renal toxicities (such as haematological toxicities) induced by a drug overdosage, in those patients with reduced drug-elimination."( [Chemotherapy and renal toxicity].
Deray, G; Isnard-Bagnis, C; Janus, N; Karie, S; Launay-Vacher, V, 2008)		0.35
" Patients received one of two dosing schemes: (a) once daily dosing for 14 days of a 21-day cycle or (b) every other day dosing for 21 days of a 28-day cycle."( Oral administration of gemcitabine in patients with refractory tumors: a clinical and pharmacologic study.
Andre, VA; Beijnen, JH; Callies, S; Jansen, RS; Kloeker-Rhoades, S; Pluim, D; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Slapak, CA; Veltkamp, SA; Visseren-Grul, CM, 2008)		0.35
" We investigated the ability of THU to decrease elimination and first-pass effect by CD, thereby enabling oral dosing of dFdC."( Modulation of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability in mice by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2008)		0.35
"Coadministration of THU enables oral dosing of dFdC and warrants clinical testing."( Modulation of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability in mice by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Joseph, E; Parise, RA, 2008)		0.35
"Single-agent PPX, dosed at 175 mg/m, is active and well tolerated in PS 2 patients with advanced NSCLC."( Randomized phase III trial comparing single-agent paclitaxel Poliglumex (CT-2103, PPX) with single-agent gemcitabine or vinorelbine for the treatment of PS 2 patients with chemotherapy-naïve advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Bandstra, B; Bilynsky, BT; Bondarenko, IN; Eisenfeld, AJ; Ganul, VL; Hotko, YS; Kostinsky, IY; O'Brien, ME; Oldham, FB; Popovich, AY; Sandalic, L; Sandler, AB; Singer, JW; Socinski, MA; Tomova, A, 2008)		0.35
" As a result, the patient's QOL is hindered and led to a reduction of the dosage or discontinuation of the treatment depending on the grade of adverse event."( [Management of hand-foot syndrome in patient treated with capecitabine].
Anami, S; Fujii, C; Fujino, M; Fujita, M; Furukawa, H; Inoue, M; Kamigaki, S; Nakayama, T; Tatsuta, M; Yasui, Y, 2008)		0.35
" However, with MTD dosing this drug ratio is not optimal to produce synergy and future studies using ratiometric dosing are required to confirm these findings."( Phase I evaluation of gemcitabine, mitoxantrone, and their effect on plasma disposition of fludarabine in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.
Adams, DJ; Decastro, CM; Gockerman, JP; Moore, JO; Peterson, BL; Petros, WP; Rao, AV; Rizzieri, DA; Sand, GJ; Spasojevic, I; Younis, IR, 2008)		0.35
" Unresectable stage III NSCLC patients received CDDP (60 mg/m(2)), GEM (1g/m(2), days 1 and 8) and VNR (25mg/m(2), days 1 and 8) with reduced dosage of GEM and VNR during radiotherapy (66Gy)."( A phase III randomised study comparing concomitant radiochemotherapy as induction versus consolidation treatment in patients with locally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer.
Alard, S; Berghmans, T; Giner, V; Holbrechts, S; Koumakis, G; Leclercq, N; Lecomte, J; Meert, AP; Paesmans, M; Richez, M; Roelandts, M; Sculier, JP; Van Houtte, P, 2009)		0.35
" GEM was administrated at a dosage of 1 g/m(2) intravenously weekly 3 of 4 weeks and UFT at a dosage of 200 mg/day orally continuously."( A randomized phase II trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil/tegafur and gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in patients with resected pancreatic cancer.
Furukawa, K; Ito, H; Kato, A; Kimura, F; Miyazaki, M; Nozawa, S; Otsuka, M; Shimizu, H; Togawa, A; Yoshidome, H; Yoshitomi, H, 2008)		0.35
" Anticancer drugs were studied with regard to their potential renal toxicity and need for dosage adjustment."( Lung cancer and renal insufficiency: prevalence and anticancer drug issues.
Beuzeboc, P; Deray, G; Etessami, R; Gligorov, J; Janus, N; Launay-Vacher, V; Morere, JF; Oudard, S; Pourrat, X; Ray-Coquard, I; Spano, JP, )		0.13
" The capecitabine dosage was started at 2000 mg daily for 14 days during the first cycle and increased to 2500 and 3000 mg daily during the second and the third cycles, respectively."( Capecitabine-associated cerebellar ataxia.
Kaufman, DA; Lam, MS; Russin, MP, 2008)		0.35
" Capecitabine was given at an oral dosage of 825 mg/m(2)bid on each day of the radiotherapy period with the first daily dose applied 2 h before irradiation, followed by surgery 6 weeks later."( Neoadjuvant capecitabine combined with standard radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: mature results of a phase II trial.
Budach, W; Debus, J; Dunst, J; Hinke, A; Hoelscher, T; Mose, S; Reese, T; Roedel, C; Rudat, V; Wulf, J; Zuehlke, H, 2008)		0.35
" However, the patient suffered relatively severe side effects, and it was necessary to change the dosing schedule of gemcitabine."( A patient with unresectable advanced pancreatic cancer achieving long-term survival with gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Izuishi, K; Kakinoki, K; Maeba, T; Okamoto, Y; Okano, K; Suzuki, Y; Usuki, H; Wakabayashi, H, 2008)		0.35
" Recent analyses show that capecitabine/docetaxel dosing flexibility for managing side effects does not compromise efficacy, and define this combination regimen as an important treatment option for its efficacy, tolerability and cost-effectiveness."( Capecitabine and docetaxel combination for the treatment of breast cancer.
Leonard, RC; Morishita, M, 2008)		0.35
"Modifying the capecitabine dosing schedule from 14 days on, 7 days off (14/7) to 7 days on, 7 days off (7/7) may enable higher doses and improved antitumor efficacy in colorectal cancer xenografts."( In vivo activity of novel capecitabine regimens alone and with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer xenograft models.
Dugan, U; Heimbrook, D; Higgins, B; Kohles, J; Kolinsky, K; Packman, K; Shen, BQ; Zhang, YE; Zioncheck, TF, 2009)		0.35
"To prove that combining gemcitabine and H-1PV in a model of pancreatic carcinoma may reduce the dosage of the toxic drug and/or improve the overall anticancer effect."( Improvement of gemcitabine-based therapy of pancreatic carcinoma by means of oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV.
Angelova, AL; Aprahamian, M; Balboni, G; Dinsart, C; Giese, NA; Grekova, SP; Hajri, A; Herrmann, A; Leuchs, B; Raykov, Z; Rommelaere, J, 2009)		0.35
" The purpose of this article is to review the available information on capecitabine with respect to clinical efficacy for tumors of the digestive tract, adverse-effect profile, documented drug interactions, dosage and administration, and future directions of ongoing research."( The role of capecitabine in the management of tumors of the digestive system.
Gennatas, C; Gennatas, S; Michalaki, V, 2009)		0.35
" Response rate in this study was modest, and optimization of dosing of this combination is required."( Combined gemcitabine and carboplatin therapy for carcinomas in dogs.
Cadile, CD; Dervisis, NG; Dominguez, PA; Kitchell, BE; Sarbu, L, )		0.13
" Grade 3/4 creatinine increase occurred in 6 patients on glufosfamide, including 4 with dosing errors."( A randomised Phase III trial of glufosfamide compared with best supportive care in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma previously treated with gemcitabine.
Bodoky, G; Ciuleanu, TE; Garin, AM; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Pavlovsky, AV; Tidmarsh, GT, 2009)		0.35
" Additionally, no dosage decrease was required, and only 4 cycles were withheld for 1 week because of neutropenia."( Efficacy and safety of capecitabine and oxaliplatin combination as second-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer.
Hatzopoulos, A; Heras, P; Karagiannis, S; Kritikos, K; Kritikos, N; Mitsibounas, D; Xourafas, V, )		0.13
" Cholangiocellular carcinoma cells (TFK-1 cells) were treated either with 8 Gy (RTB group) or 16 Gy (RTA group) (188)Re or with (188)Re irradiation (8 Gy) combined with either gemcitabine (8 Gy/Gem) or 5-fluorouracil (8 Gy/5-FU) at a dosage of 20 microg/ml medium for 4 days and subsequently compared with an untreated control group."( Impact of rhenium-188, gemcitabine, and 5-fluorouracil on cholangiocellular carcinoma cells: an in vitro study.
Bantleon, R; Farkas, E; Kehlbach, R; Werner, M; Wiesinger, B; Wiskirchen, J, 2009)		0.35
"Gemcitabine as a single agent, in this dosage and at this schedule, evidenced minimal clinical activity in cases of advanced MZL."( Phase II study of gemcitabine for treatment of patients with advanced stage marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma (CISL) trial.
Choi, YJ; Chung, JS; Kang, HJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, SH; Kim, SJ; Kim, WS; Lee, DH; Oh, SY; Ryoo, BY; Suh, C, 2010)		0.36
" Adjustments in gemcitabine dosage during radiotherapy or changes in radiotherapy planning could reduce toxicity."( High frequency of radiation pneumonitis in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent radiotherapy and gemcitabine after induction with gemcitabine and carboplatin.
Arrieta, O; Astorga-Ramos, AM; de la Garza, J; Gallardo-Rincón, D; Martínez-Barrera, L; Michel, RM; Villarreal-Garza, C, 2009)		0.35
" A new combination therapy consisting of the TFV pro-drug (300 mg) and another reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine (FTC, 200 mg) has become available in a convenient once-daily dosage form (Truvada)."( The simultaneous assay of tenofovir and emtricitabine in plasma using LC/MS/MS and isotopically labeled internal standards.
Bushman, L; Delahunty, T; Fletcher, CV; Robbins, B, 2009)		0.35
" cytotoxicity) of interest in these studies are based on the effects of an individual dosage of a drug on the cell lines, or a summary of results at many dosages of a drug (e."( A Bayesian hierarchical nonlinear model for assessing the association between genetic variation and drug cytotoxicity.
Fridley, BL; Jenkins, G; Schaid, DJ; Wang, L, 2009)		0.35
" When sirolimus was added to this regimen at a dosage to achieve a serum level of at least 10 ng/dL at the time of the gemcitabine and docetaxel infusion, their tumors regressed."( Sirolimus can reverse resistance to gemcitabine, capecitabine and docetaxel combination therapy in pancreatic cancer.
Sherman, WH, 2009)		0.35
" Dose-response studies showed that the drug inhibited 50% growth of seven pancreatic cancer cell lines at 10(-7) mol/L, whereas clonogenic growth was significantly inhibited at 5 x 10(-8) mol/L."( Cucurbitacin B induces apoptosis by inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway and potentiates antiproliferative effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells.
Abbassi, S; Doan, NB; Iwanski, GB; Koeffler, HP; Lin, P; Okamoto, R; Said, JW; Song, JH; Thoennissen, NH; Toh, M; Xie, WD; Yin, D, 2009)		0.35
" Alternative dosing of glufosfamide plus gemcitabine should be explored."( A phase 2 trial of glufosfamide in combination with gemcitabine in chemotherapy-naive pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Barrios, CH; Chiorean, EG; Dragovich, T; Gorini, CF; Hamm, J; Jung, DT; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Loehrer, PJ; Tidmarsh, GT, 2010)		0.36
"Once-daily treatment with ritonavir-boosted saquinavir was well tolerated and resulted in similar saquinavir drug exposure despite much lower ritonavir concentrations when compared with a twice-daily dosing schedule."( Once-daily treatment with saquinavir mesylate (2000 mg) and ritonavir (100 mg) together with a fixed-dose combination of abacavir/lamivudine (600/300 mg) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (245/200 mg) in HIV-1-infected patients.
Bickel, M; Bodtländer, A; Gute, P; Klauke, S; Knecht, GK; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Stephan, C; von Hentig, N, 2009)		0.35
" Scheduled dosing of 5-FU was changed from infusion to a bolus type."( Bolus 5-Fluorouracil as an alternative modality to infusion 5-Fluorouracil in a patient with rectal cancer and capecitabine-induced cardiotoxicity.
Lee, V; Saif, MW; Shaib, W, )		0.13
" Starting chemotherapy dosage (dose level: 0) was capecitabine 550 mg/m bid, day 1 to 5 every week through out x-ray therapy, irinotecan 30 mg/ m IV on days 1, 8, 22, 29 (no treatment on day 15 and day 36), and celecoxib 400 mg PO bid from day 1 till the last day of radiation."( A phase I study of capecitabine, irinotecan, celecoxib, and radiation as neoadjuvant therapy of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
Alqaisi, M; Bernal, P; Bush, D; Byrd, J; Garberoglio, C; Hussein, F; Malik, I, 2010)		0.36
"Recommended dosage for future trials is capecitabine 625 mg/m bid, irinotecan 35 mg/m, and celecoxib 400 mg orally bid in combination with pelvic radiation."( A phase I study of capecitabine, irinotecan, celecoxib, and radiation as neoadjuvant therapy of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
Alqaisi, M; Bernal, P; Bush, D; Byrd, J; Garberoglio, C; Hussein, F; Malik, I, 2010)		0.36
" Following dosing on days 1, 9 and 10, pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken over 12 hours post-dosing to determine the plasma concentrations of apricitabine and tipranavir."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of apricitabine in the presence and absence of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: a phase I, open-label, controlled, single-centre study.
Borin, M; Cox, S; Linet, O; Perry, K; Southby, J; Tackwell, K, 2009)		0.35
" No adjustment of apricitabine dosing is required when administered with ritonavir-boosted tipranavir."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of apricitabine in the presence and absence of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: a phase I, open-label, controlled, single-centre study.
Borin, M; Cox, S; Linet, O; Perry, K; Southby, J; Tackwell, K, 2009)		0.35
"6% at dose 2, suggesting a dose-response relationship between OS and Rexin-G dosage."( Advanced phase I/II studies of targeted gene delivery in vivo: intravenous Rexin-G for gemcitabine-resistant metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Blackwelder, WC; Chawla, SP; Chua, VS; Fernandez, L; Gordon, EM; Hall, FL; Quon, D, 2010)		0.36
"The every 2 week dosing is well tolerated with a phase II recommended dose of 45 mg/m of flavopiridol in combination with irinotecan (80 mg/m) and gemcitabine (800 mg/m)."( A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer.
Chyi Lee, F; Fekrazad, HM; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Smith, HO; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)		0.36
" In this study, we compared the dosage of carboplatin (CBDCA) calculated using MDRD with that calculated by conservative creatinine clearance (Ccr), and investigated the actual dosage given and the incidence of its adverse effects."( [Clinical evaluation of calculating carboplatin doses using modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) estimate and adverse events].
Adachi, S; Kimura, M; Matsumoto, R; Matsuoka, T; Nakao, T; Okada, K; Tanaka, Y; Usami, E; Yasuda, T; Yoshimura, T, 2009)		0.35
" Therefore, the MTD was defined at 1500mg/m(2) of capecitabine in this dosing schedule with PHY906."( Phase I study of the botanical formulation PHY906 with capecitabine in advanced pancreatic and other gastrointestinal malignancies.
Cheng, YC; Elligers, K; Grant, N; Jiang, ZL; Lamb, L; Lansigan, F; Liu, SH; Mezes, M; Ruta, S; Saif, MW, 2010)		0.36
" The most (even if not fully) effective strategy was reducing capecitabine dosage together with nitrates, calcium-channel blockers and trimetazidine therapy."( Capecitabine cardiac toxicity presenting as effort angina: a case report.
Crivellari, D; Lestuzzi, C; Meneguzzo, N; Rigo, F; Viel, E, 2010)		0.36
" However, dosing has been the subject of considerable debate, and there is evidence that dosing differs among clinical practices in Europe, Asia, and North America."( Evolution of capecitabine dosing in colorectal cancer.
Sun, W, 2010)		0.36
" Target plasma concentrations were correctly predicted by our previously described dosing nomogram."( Phase I trial of non-cytotoxic suramin as a modulator of docetaxel and gemcitabine therapy in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Au, JL; Bekaii-Saab, T; Chen, L; Grever, M; Guillaume Wientjes, M; Jensen, RR; Lam, ET; Li, X; Murgo, AJ; Otterson, GA; Shen, T; Villalona-Calero, MA; Wei, Y, 2010)		0.36
" Since the concomitant use of warfarin and the oral fluoropyrimidines was unavoidable in this case, the warfarin dosage was adjusted to keep INR within goal range (1."( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine.
Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)		0.36
"To keep INR within goal range, the maintenance dosage of warfarin was reduced during the treatment with doxifluridine as well as capecitabine."( Increased anticoagulant activity of warfarin used in combination with doxifluridine.
Genda, T; Hori, S; Miki, A; Nakajima, M; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y; Suehira, M, 2010)		0.36
"This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety and to compare dosing schedules of gemcitabine combined with S-1 in chemo-naïve non-small cell lung cancer patients."( Randomized phase II study of two different schedules of gemcitabine and oral S-1 in chemo-naïve patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Ando, M; Funada, Y; Hata, A; Katakami, N; Kotani, Y; Negoro, S; Satouchi, M; Shimada, T; Urata, Y; Yoshimura, S, 2010)		0.36
" Daily drug dosage was 300 mg Tenofovir, 200mg Emtricitabine and 400 mg Nevirapine once daily."( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily nevirapine in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine in the treatment of HIV-infected patients: a 72-week prospective multicenter study (TENOR-trial).
Flux, K; Gholam, P; Hartmann, M; Hueter, E; Weberschock, T, 2009)		0.35
" In phase I, dosage for levels 1, 2, and 3 was set at 600, 800, and 1000 mg/m, respectively, and was increased in 3 to 6 patients at a time."( Phase I/II study of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (JIVROSG-0301).
Anai, H; Arai, Y; Aramaki, T; Ikeda, M; Inaba, Y; Kumada, T; Najima, M; Sato, Y; Sone, M; Tanigawa, N; Yamaura, H; Yoshioka, T, 2011)		0.37
"5 or 50mg/day intermittently (Schedule 2/1: 2 weeks on treatment, 1 week off treatment) or 25mg continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule with intravenous infusions of gemcitabine (1000 or 1250 mg/m(2) days 1, 8) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2) day 1)."( Sunitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase I dose-escalation study.
Cedres, S; Chao, R; Felip, E; Frickhofen, N; Fuhr, HG; Gatzemeier, U; Heigener, D; Lanzalone, S; Reck, M; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Stephenson, P; Thall, A, 2010)		0.36
" To date there is limited information on dosing of gemcitabine in patients with an elevated total bilirubin."( Toxicities of gemcitabine in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction.
Hall, PD; Teusink, AC, 2010)		0.36
" The MTT cytotoxicity dose-response studies revealed the placebo at/or below 1 mg/ml has no effect on MIA PaCa-2 or BxPC-3 cells."( Chitosan and glyceryl monooleate nanostructures containing gemcitabine: potential delivery system for pancreatic cancer treatment.
Dash, AK; Khurana, J; Nagvekar, AA; Trickler, WJ, 2010)		0.36
" Hematologic toxicities limiting day 8 gemcitabine dosing were observed in the first 20 patients, prompting a protocol amendment to evaluate pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 followed by gemcitabine 1500 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 14-day cycle."( A phase II trial of pemetrexed and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received prior taxane therapy.
Elias, AD; Gralow, J; Muscato, J; Neubauer, M; O'Shaughnessy, JA; Orlando, M; Pippen, J; Shonukan, O; Stokoe, C; Vaughn, LG; Wang, Y, 2010)		0.36
"In the United States, poor patient tolerability of the standard capecitabine dosing regimen (1250 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1-14 administered every 21 days) limits the established benefit of the agent."( Evolution of capecitabine dosing in breast cancer.
Naughton, M, 2010)		0.36
" In this article, we focus on capecitabine dosing in advanced breast cancer, review the available data and discuss the implications of this evidence on best treatment practice both for chemotherapy alone and for chemotherapy when combined with biological agents."( Optimising the dose of capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer: confused, clarified or confirmed?
Gralow, J; Martin, M; Zielinski, C, 2010)		0.36
" Treatment consisted of gemcitabine at a dosage of 1,250 mg/m(2) administered intravenously over a 30-minute period on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle until progression."( Phase II study of second line gemcitabine single chemotherapy for biliary tract cancer patients with 5-fluorouracil refractoriness.
Ha, CY; Hong, SC; Hwang, IG; Jang, JS; Jeong, CY; Kang, JH; Kim, HJ; Kim, TH; Kwon, HC; Lee, GW; Oh, SY, 2011)		0.37
" Adherence was calculated as the number of doses taken divided by doses expected, taking into account toxicity-related dosing changes."( Adherence and persistence with oral adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early-stage breast cancer in CALGB 49907: adherence companion study 60104.
Archer, L; Berry, D; Gralow, J; Grenier, D; Hudis, C; Kastrissios, H; Kornblith, AB; Muss, H; Partridge, AH; Perez, E; Wang, X; Winer, E; Wolff, AC, 2010)		0.36
" We hypothesized that intermittent prophylactic treatment with long-acting antiviral drugs would be as effective as daily dosing in blocking the earliest stages of viral replication and preventing mucosal transmission."( Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection.
Barr, JR; Cong, ME; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Hanson, DL; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Kuklenyik, Z; Lipscomb, J; Martin, A; Masciotra, S; Mitchell, J; Otten, R; Pau, CP; Paxton, L; Youngpairoj, AS; Zheng, Q, 2010)		0.36
" As the drug is orally administered, capecitabine permits greater convenience and flexibility in dosing by eliminating the need for continuous infusion and its potential complications."( Dosing considerations for capecitabine-irinotecan regimens in the treatment of metastatic and/or locally advanced colorectal cancer.
Boehm, KA; Cartwright, T; McCollum, D, 2010)		0.36
"Following significant hematotoxicity, dosing was modified to gemcitabine 1000 mg/m (Days 1, 8), capecitabine 1000 mg twice daily (Days 1-14), and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg (Day 1) on a 21-day cycle with evaluation every 3 cycles."( A phase II trial of gemcitabine, capecitabine, and bevacizumab in metastatic renal carcinoma.
Chung, EK; Hahn, OM; Karrison, T; Kasza, K; Manchen, E; Posadas, EM; Stadler, WM, 2011)		0.37
"we demonstrated that the application of Norton-Simon modeling to the design and analysis of preclinical data predicts an improved capecitabine dosing schedule in xenograft models."( Optimizing chemotherapy dose and schedule by Norton-Simon mathematical modeling.
Dugan, U; Higgins, B; Hudis, CA; Kolinsky, K; Norton, L; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2010)		0.36
" Such variability, which may lead to treatment failure or toxicity, could need drug concentration measurement to individualize dosing regimen."( An APCI LC-MS/MS method for routine determination of capecitabine and its metabolites in human plasma.
Bérard, M; Demarchi, M; Kantelip, JP; Montange, D; Muret, P; Piédoux, S; Royer, B, 2010)		0.36
" Recent studies demonstrated that frequent dosing of chemotherapeutic drugs at relatively lower doses in metronomic regimens also confers anti-tumour activity but with fewer side effects."( Metronomic gemcitabine suppresses tumour growth, improves perfusion, and reduces hypoxia in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Baker, JH; Buczkowski, AK; Cham, KK; Chang, CW; Chu, EM; Chung, SW; Flexman, JA; Kozlowski, P; Minchinton, AI; Ng, SS; Owen, DA; Reinsberg, SA; Scudamore, CH; Takhar, KS; Wong, MQ; Yapp, DT; Yung, A, 2010)		0.36
"Metronomic dosing of gemcitabine is active in pancreatic cancer and is accompanied by pronounced changes in the tumour microenvironment."( Metronomic gemcitabine suppresses tumour growth, improves perfusion, and reduces hypoxia in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Baker, JH; Buczkowski, AK; Cham, KK; Chang, CW; Chu, EM; Chung, SW; Flexman, JA; Kozlowski, P; Minchinton, AI; Ng, SS; Owen, DA; Reinsberg, SA; Scudamore, CH; Takhar, KS; Wong, MQ; Yapp, DT; Yung, A, 2010)		0.36
" Irrespective of the dosing strategy used, the rsIL-7gly administration transiently increased proliferation of both central memory and naive cells, in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, without increasing SIV levels in the blood."( Increased CD4+ T cell levels during IL-7 administration of antiretroviral therapy-treated simian immunodeficiency virus-positive macaques are not dependent on strong proliferative responses.
Assouline, B; Axthelm, MK; Legasse, A; Leone, A; Lifson, JD; Morre, M; Okoye, A; Piatak, M; Picker, LJ; Rohankhedkar, M; Sodora, DL; Villinger, F, 2010)		0.36
"2 Gy/f, 2 f/d plus concurrent capecitabine at an oral dosage of 825 mg/m2 bid on each day of radiotherapy period."( [Efficacy observation of accelerated hyperfractionation recourse radiotherapy plus concurrent capecitabine in the treatment of locoregional recurrent rectal cancer].
Dai, Y; Shao, ZY; Yu, JM; Zhang, JD, 2010)		0.36
" Secondary endpoints include evaluating response rate, safety profile and whether or not VN dosage escalation was required."( Phase I study of oral vinorelbine and capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Anton, A; Bermejo, B; Casado, A; Gayo, J; Lao, J; Lluch, A; Martin, M; Muñoz, M; Paules, AB; Provencio, M, 2010)		0.36
" carboplatin dosed at an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 5 over 60 min on day 1 of a 21-day cycle."( Gemcitabine with carboplatin for advanced biliary tract cancers: a phase II single institution study.
Fournier, CC; James, JS; Picus, J; Suresh, R; Tan, BR; Trinkhaus, K; Williams, KJ, 2010)		0.36
" Emergence of postbaseline resistance mutations occurred at similar low rates in each dosing group."( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t
Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)		0.36
"Due to rapid tumor progression and toxicity at this dosage and schedule in a multicenter setting, it was not feasible to deliver a prolonged regimen."( Randomized phase III trial of 2nd line gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: short-term versus prolonged treatment [German Association of Urological Oncology (AUO) trial AB 20/99].
Albers, P; Fechner, G; Fimmers, R; Heidenreich, A; Heimbach, D; Lehmann, J; Niegisch, G; Park, SI; Siener, R; Steiner, U, 2011)		0.37
" Although some patients may benefit from the treatment, other dosing regimens and novel taxanes such as Nab-paclitaxel should be explored in this setting."( Docetaxel second-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a retrospective study.
Kaley, K; Penney, R; Saif, MW; Syrigos, K, 2010)		0.36
" Relative to ritonavir-boosted EVG, the geometric least-squares means ratios (GMR) [90% confidence interval (CI)] for EVG area under plasma concentration-time curve from time zero until the end of the dosing interval (AUC)tau, maximum concentration (Cmax), and trough concentration (Ctau) were 118 (110 to 126), 108 (100 to 116), and 110 (95."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV.
German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)		0.36
" Dosing in both treatment phases was generally well tolerated with manageable toxicities and no requirement for dose reduction."( Sorafenib after combination therapy with gemcitabine plus doxorubicine in patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: a prospective evaluation.
Bader, M; Haseke, N; Karl, A; Roosen, A; Siebels, M; Stadler, T; Staehler, M; Stief, CG, 2010)		0.36
"Addition of darunavir/ritonavir to etravirine, all dosed once daily, did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of etravirine."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
" We also explore different dosing and schedules of capecitabine administration."( Safety of capecitabine: a review.
Marshall, JL; Mikhail, SE; Sun, JF, 2010)		0.36
" They may be useful for the improvement of control over gemcitabine toxicity, correction of its dosage regime, and efficacious prevention of the most serious side effects."( [Specific features of toxicological profile of gemcitabine, an antitumour agent from the group of anti-metabolites].
Baĭkova, VN; Parshina, NA; Pleteneva, TV, )		0.13
"This study was conducted to determine the optimal dosage of the docetaxel-capecitabine-cisplatin (DXP) regimen and to evaluate its efficacy and safety in patients with advanced gastric cancer."( Phase I/II study of a combination of docetaxel, capecitabine, and cisplatin (DXP) as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Chang, HM; Kang, YK; Kim, BS; Kim, TW; Oh, ST; Ryu, MH; Yoo, C; Yook, JH, 2011)		0.37
"5, or 50 mg) was administered orally once daily on three dosing schedules: 4 weeks on treatment, 2 weeks off treatment (Schedule 4/2); 2 weeks on treatment, 1 week off treatment (Schedule 2/1); and continuous daily dosing (CDD schedule)."( A phase I study of sunitinib plus capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bello, A; Burris, HA; Chao, R; Chiorean, EG; Jones, S; Lee, FC; Liau, KF; Royce, M; Sweeney, CJ; Tye, L; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)		0.36
"asparagine-glycine-arginine-human tumour necrosis factor (NGR-hTNF), an agent selectively damaging the tumour vasculature, showed a biphasic dose-response curve in preclinical models."( Two doses of NGR-hTNF in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients failing standard therapies.
Andretta, V; Bennicelli, E; Bordignon, C; Caprioni, F; Comandini, D; Fornarini, G; Guglielmi, A; Lambiase, A; Mammoliti, S; Mazzola, G; Pessino, A; Sciallero, S; Sobrero, AF, 2011)		0.37
"Area under the curve (AUC) dosing is routinely carried out for carboplatin, but the chosen target AUC values remain largely empirical."( Factors for hematopoietic toxicity of carboplatin: refining the targeting of carboplatin systemic exposure.
Billaud, EM; Bobin-Dubigeon, C; Boisdron-Celle, M; Boyer, JC; Chatelut, E; Concordet, D; Durdux, C; Etienne-Grimaldi, MC; Evrard, A; Floquet, A; Gladieff, L; Laffont, CM; Lafont, T; Lansiaux, A; Le Guellec, C; Mazières, J; Mousseau, M; Ollivier, F; Pinguet, F; Schmitt, A, 2010)		0.36
"The combination of sorafenib plus gemcitabine and capecitabine is tolerable, but requires attenuation of sorafenib and capecitabine dosing because of the overlapping toxicity of hand-foot syndrome."( A phase I trial of sorafenib plus gemcitabine and capecitabine for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: New York Cancer Consortium Trial NCI 6981.
Jeske, S; Kung, S; Lehrer, D; Matulich, D; Mazumdar, M; Milowsky, MI; Nanus, DM; Selzer, J; Sung, M; Tagawa, ST; Wright, JJ, 2011)		0.37
" Dose modification including dose reduction and dosing schedule modification may be utilized to manage toxicities, but this must be based on careful hematologic, neurologic, and liver function monitoring."( Optimizing ixabepilone treatment schedules in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Egerton, N, 2010)		0.36
" Peripheral neuropathy with ixabepilone was generally reversible and was effectively managed by dosage reduction in most patients."( Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for breast cancer patients with an early metastatic relapse after adjuvant chemotherapy: two clinical trials.
Fornier, M, 2010)		0.36
" Understanding the mechanism of this phenomena and its occurrence with other drugs is important for rational dosing of gemcitabine and design of gemcitabine combinations."( Modulation of gemcitabine accumulation by DNA-damaging agents: mechanisms and specificity in an in vitro model.
Galettis, P; Links, M; Manners, S; Metharom, E, 2010)		0.36
" However, the pharmacist who prepared the doses, personnel involved in pharmacokinetic sample analyses, statisticians who prepared data summaries, and the clinical pharmacologists who reviewed the data before deciding to initiate dosing in the next cohort were not masked to treatment allocation."( Oral combination therapy with a nucleoside polymerase inhibitor (RG7128) and danoprevir for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection (INFORM-1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial.
Angus, PW; Baher, L; Berrey, MM; Bradford, W; Chu, T; Elston, R; Gane, EJ; Ipe, D; Laughlin, M; Lopatin, U; Morcos, PN; Najera, I; Ritchie, B; Roberts, SK; Shulman, NS; Smith, PF; Stedman, CA, 2010)		0.36
" Intermittent dosing of pomalidomide allowed substantially higher doses than were previously reported with a continuous schedule."( A phase I, dose-escalation study of pomalidomide (CC-4047) in combination with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreas cancer.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Hainsworth, JD; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Messersmith, WA; Spigel, DR; Weekes, CD; Yardley, DA, 2011)		0.37
"Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990/GZ was obtained by treating parental cell line SW1990 in vitro with increasing dosage of gemcitabine in culture medium intermittently for 24 weeks."( [Establish a gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990/GZ and research the relationship between SW1990/GZ and pancreatic cancer stem cell].
An, Y; Cai, HH; Dai, CC; Lu, ZP; Miao, Y; Qian, ZY; Wei, JS; Xu, ZK; Yao, J, 2010)		0.36
"Patients received reovirus in various doses, initially we dosed for five consecutive days but this was poorly tolerated."( A phase I study of the combination of intravenous reovirus type 3 Dearing and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
Arkenau, HT; Coffey, M; de Bono, JS; Evans, TR; Gill, G; Harrington, K; Lolkema, MP; Mettinger, K; Morrison, R; Roulstone, V; Roxburgh, P; Twigger, K, 2011)		0.37
" This review identifies important cellular pharmacology considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine, which include drug penetration into relevant tissues and cell types, race/ethnicity/pharmacogenetics, gender, cellular activation state and appropriate episodic or alternative dosing strategies based on pharmacokinetic principles."( Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection.
Anderson, PL; Gardner, EM; Grant, RM; Kiser, JJ; Meditz, A; Rower, JE, 2011)		0.37
" In those patients who required a warfarin dosage reduction, the dose was reduced by 38% and 41% in the 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine groups, respectively."( Comparison of the 5-fluorouracil-warfarin and capecitabine-warfarin drug interactions.
Dowell, JE; Martin, R; Shah, SR; Ussery, SM, 2010)		0.36
" The review aims to provide an evidence-based update of clinical trials investigating the clinical efficacy, adverse-event profile, dosage and administration of this drug, alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and/or new target-oriented drugs, in the management of colorectal cancer patients."( Update on capecitabine alone and in combination regimens in colorectal cancer patients.
Azzariti, A; Cinieri, S; Colucci, G; De Vita, F; Lorusso, V; Maiello, E; Millaku, A; Numico, G; Petriella, D; Pisconti, S; Russo, A; Santini, D; Silvestris, N; Tommasi, S, 2010)		0.36
" First, we provide advances into administration schedules and dosing regimens for the combination treatment in in vivo pancreatic tumour."( Aurora B kinase inhibitor AZD1152: determinants of action and ability to enhance chemotherapeutics effectiveness in pancreatic and colon cancer.
Azzariti, A; Bocci, G; Chiarappa, P; Del Bufalo, D; Del Tacca, M; Fioravanti, A; Mangia, A; Paradiso, A; Porcelli, L; Quatrale, AE; Sebastian, S; Simone, GM; Sini, P, 2011)		0.37
"Controversy exists over the optimal dosing for the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine."( The pharmacological advantage of prolonged dose rate gemcitabine is restricted to patients with variant alleles of cytidine deaminase c.79A>C.
de Souza, PL; Galettis, P; Hoskins, JM; Jelinek, M; Liauw, W; Links, M; Manners, S; Metharom, E, 2011)		0.37
" This represents a classical interaction between genes and environment and provides support for the consideration of both CDA genotype and infusion duration in development of an individualized dosing strategy."( The pharmacological advantage of prolonged dose rate gemcitabine is restricted to patients with variant alleles of cytidine deaminase c.79A>C.
de Souza, PL; Galettis, P; Hoskins, JM; Jelinek, M; Liauw, W; Links, M; Manners, S; Metharom, E, 2011)		0.37
" Though grade 3 neutropenia appeared after 2 courses of the combined therapy, the patient well tolerated it after controlling the dosing schedule."( [A case of complete response of gemcitabine (GEM) monotherapy-refractive liver metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with GEM+S-1 combined chemotherapy].
Hatata, T; Ikeguchi, M; Kondo, A; Naka, T; Takaya, S; Taniguchi, K, 2011)		0.37
" MK-1775, when dosed with GEM, abrogated the checkpoint arrest to promote mitotic entry and facilitated tumor cell death as compared to control and GEM-treated tumors."( MK-1775, a potent Wee1 inhibitor, synergizes with gemcitabine to achieve tumor regressions, selectively in p53-deficient pancreatic cancer xenografts.
Brooks, D; De Oliveira, E; Demuth, T; Hidalgo, M; Hirai, H; Maitra, A; Mizuarai, S; Ottenhof, N; Rajeshkumar, NV; Shumway, SD; Watters, J, 2011)		0.37
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection.
Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)		0.37
"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumour tissue from genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer (KP ( FL/FL ) C and KP ( R172H/+) C) was collected after dosing the mice with gemcitabine."( A novel method for quantification of gemcitabine and its metabolites 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine and gemcitabine triphosphate in tumour tissue by LC-MS/MS: comparison with (19)F NMR spectroscopy.
Bapiro, TE; Cook, N; Frese, KK; Goldgraben, MA; Griffiths, JR; Jacobetz, MA; Jodrell, DI; Madhu, B; Olive, KP; Richards, FM; Smith, DM; Tuveson, DA, 2011)		0.37
"4 Gy in 28 fractions, followed by brachytherapy [BCT] 30 to 35 Gy in 96 hours, and then two adjuvant 21-day cycles of cisplatin, 50 mg/m(2) on day 1, plus gemcitabine, 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8) or to arm B (cisplatin and concurrent XRT followed by BCT only; dosing same as for arm A)."( Phase III, open-label, randomized study comparing concurrent gemcitabine plus cisplatin and radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent cisplatin and radiation in patients with stage IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix.
Alcedo, JC; Barraclough, H; Beslija, S; Blair, JM; Casanova, L; Dueñas-González, A; Hameed, S; Orlando, M; Patel, F; Pattaranutaporn, P; Zarbá, JJ, 2011)		0.37
"Patients received oral panobinostat administered 2 or 3 times weekly (continuous or intermittent dosing in combination with intravenous gemcitabine administered on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days or on days 1 and 8 every 21 days)."( A phase I study of panobinostat in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of solid tumors.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Murphy, PB; Spigel, DR; Thompson, DS; Yardley, DA, 2011)		0.37
" Together these data support the clinical investigation of AZD7762 with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer under a dosing schedule in which gemcitabine is administered concurrent with or before AZD7762 and in conjunction with skin biopsies to measure pS345 Chk1."( Assessment of chk1 phosphorylation as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of chk1 inhibition.
Arumugarajah, S; Brown, JL; Gross, M; Hassan, MC; Hylander-Gans, L; Lawrence, TS; Maybaum, J; Morgan, MA; Morosini, D; Parsels, JD; Parsels, LA; Qian, Y; Simeone, DM; Tanska, DM; Zabludoff, SD; Zhao, L, 2011)		0.37
"Among the 3 trials, 522 subjects were treated with FTC dosed once daily and 841 subjects were treated with 3TC dosed twice daily."( Reduced emergence of the M184V/I resistance mutation when antiretroviral-naïve subjects use emtricitabine versus lamivudine in regimens composed of two NRTIs plus the NNRTI efavirenz.
Borroto-Esoda, K; Chen, SS; Harris, J; Margot, N; McColl, DJ; Miller, MD, )		0.13
"0% of the planned theoretical dosage of carboplatin and 58% of patients received more than 85."( Toxicity profile and adherence to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of gemcitabine-carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer.
Albert Marí, A; Boquera Ferrer, ML; Gómez Herrero, D; Merino Sanjuán, M; Víctor Jiménez Torres, N, )		0.13
"This dosing schedule of FDR gemcitabine plus capecitabine is active in patients with advanced pancreatobiliary cancers."( Optimizing the administration of fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus capecitabine using an alternating-week schedule: a dose finding and early efficacy study in advanced pancreatic and biliary carcinomas.
Bergsland, EK; Coakley, FV; Dito, E; Espinoza, AM; Hanover, CS; Jones, KA; Kelley, RK; Ko, AH; Ong, A; Tempero, MA; Venook, AP, 2012)		0.38
" This case suggests that when capecitabine and PHT are coadministered, PHT levels should be monitored frequently, and that PHT dosage should be adjusted accordingly if it cannot be replaced by an alternative anticonvulsant."( [A case of toxicity caused by drug interaction between capecitabine and phenytoin in patient with colorectal cancer].
Fukui, E; Kawahara, K; Sakurai, M; Ueda, R; Yamada, R, 2011)		0.37
" The literature on chemotherapy in advanced cholangiocarcinoma is difficult to interpret because of the heterogeneity of cholangiocarcinoma, the use of various chemotherapeutic agents in different combinations and dosing regimens, and the small size of existing patient cohorts."( Emerging pharmacotherapeutic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma.
Dasanu, CA; Majumder, S; Trikudanathan, G, 2011)		0.37
" The main factors affecting the quality of EBEs were the values of parameters governing the dose-response relationship and the within-subject distribution of categories."( Empirical Bayes estimation of random effects of a mixed-effects proportional odds Markov model for ordinal data.
Girard, P; Paule, I; Tod, M, 2011)		0.37
" Taken together, this non-clinical study shows that lapatinib and capecitabine modulate each other's molecular determinants of response and that concomitant dosing seems to be the optimal way to combine these drugs."( Positive interaction between lapatinib and capecitabine in human breast cancer models: study of molecular determinants.
Chefrour, M; Ciccolini, J; Denden, A; Fischel, JL; Formento, P; Giacometti, S; Iliadis, A; Milano, G; Renée, N, 2012)		0.38
" Cohort C explored an alternate schedule of 7-day on/7-day off flat dose capecitabine 1,000 mg BID with continuous dosing of sorafenib 400 mg BID."( A drug interaction study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of sorafenib in combination with capecitabine.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Hainsworth, JD; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Lane, CM; Spigel, DR; Yardley, DA, 2012)		0.38
" The rate of grade 3 HFSR is concerning and limits the feasibility of prolonged dosing of sorafenib with capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on the 21-day schedule."( A drug interaction study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of sorafenib in combination with capecitabine.
Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Greco, FA; Hainsworth, JD; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Lane, CM; Spigel, DR; Yardley, DA, 2012)		0.38
" Dose-response curves obtained for each compound by applying the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay to MMe cells growing in vitro, allowed to obtain IC50 values for each compound used singularly."( In vitro screening of synergistic ascorbate-drug combinations for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
Burlando, B; Martinotti, S; Ranzato, E, 2011)		0.37
" Dosage of 200 mg might provide an option to patients showing suboptimal ATV exposure with standard unboosted dosing."( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients.
Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)		0.37
" The starting dosage of capecitabine was 2000 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-14, every 3 weeks)."( Adjuvant capecitabine chemotherapy using a tailored-dose strategy in elderly patients with colon cancer.
Bang, SM; Chang, HJ; Kang, SB; Kim, DW; Kim, JH; Kim, YJ; Lee, JS; Lee, KW, 2012)		0.38
" Dose escalation to 2500 mg/m(2)/day was possible in 56 patients, and this dosage was maintained in 24 patients until the completion of chemotherapy (eight cycles)."( Adjuvant capecitabine chemotherapy using a tailored-dose strategy in elderly patients with colon cancer.
Bang, SM; Chang, HJ; Kang, SB; Kim, DW; Kim, JH; Kim, YJ; Lee, JS; Lee, KW, 2012)		0.38
" The toxicity profile of this regimen is consistent with the standard every-3-week dosing schedule."( A phase II study of oxaliplatin, dose-intense capecitabine, and high-dose bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Bendell, JC; Blobe, GC; Fernando, NH; Honeycutt, W; Hurwitz, HI; Morse, MA; Pang, H; Wong, NS, 2011)		0.37
"Oral administration of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and capecitabine may have a greater potential for treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) due to anti-angiogenesis resulting from the metronomic dosage and upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase by CTX."( An all-oral combination of metronomic cyclophosphamide plus capecitabine in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study.
Hong, X; Hu, X; Leaw, S; Lu, J; Shao, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Z, 2012)		0.38
" Low concentrations at birth support infant dosing as soon after birth as possible."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)		0.37
"Our group applied mathematical modeling to capecitabine dosing and predicted 7 days of treatment followed by 7 days of rest (7-7) would improve efficacy and minimize toxicity."( Phase II trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with lapatinib for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Chen, C; D'Andrea, G; Drullinsky, P; Feigin, K; Gajria, D; Gonzalez, J; Hudis, CA; Lake, D; Norton, L; Patil, S; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2012)		0.38
"038) similar to the results obtained in the H5N1 infection model using a similar dosing regimen (50%, p<0."( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of fluorodeoxycytidine analogs against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, seasonal, and pandemic H1N1 virus infections.
Barnard, DL; Day, CW; Kumaki, Y; Morrey, JD; Smee, DF, 2011)		0.37
" Weekday capecitabine dosing with weekly paclitaxel may improve tolerability without a detrimental effect on efficacy, and merits further evaluation in patients suited to combination chemotherapy."( A GINECO randomized phase II trial of two capecitabine and weekly paclitaxel schedules in metastatic breast cancer.
Alexandre, J; Bachelot, T; Bourgeois, H; de Rauglaudre, G; Hardy-Bessard, AC; Jaubert, D; Largillier, R; Lortholary, A; Paraiso, D, 2012)		0.38
" This has potential utility in treatment selection and genotype-based dosing strategies."( Gemcitabine and platinum pathway pharmacogenetics in Asian breast cancer patients.
Cordero, MT; Goh, BC; Lee, SC; Ng, SS; Soong, R; Wang, LZ; Wong, AL; Yap, HL; Yeo, WL; Yong, WP, )		0.13
" The patient received adjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy at a cisplatin dosage reduced by 50%."( Synchronous bilateral urothelial cancer in a kidney recipient.
Chikaraishi, T; Kimura, K; Kudo, H; Miyano, S; Nakazawa, R; Sasaki, H, 2011)		0.37
" During radiotherapy, most patients received GEM at a dosage of 250 to 350 mg/m(2) intravenously weekly for approximately 6 weeks."( Concurrent radiotherapy and gemcitabine for unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival.
Hirokawa, N; Ito, Y; Karasawa, K; Kokubo, M; Nemoto, K; Nishimura, Y; Ogawa, K; Ogo, E; Onishi, H; Saito, T; Shibuya, H; Shibuya, K, 2012)		0.38
"To develop and internally validate a population pharmacokinetic model for gemcitabine and its metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU); and to evaluate its predictive perfomance for personalizing the dosage used in cancer patients."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
"The population pharmacokinetic model adequately characterised the gemcitabine and dFdU plasma concentrations in the study population over time, and can be used to accurately and precisely optimise gemcitabine dosing regimens in cancer patients."( [Population pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine applied to personalize the dosage used in cancer patients].
Duart-Duart, MJ; Escudero-Ortiz, V; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Ramón-López, A; Valenzuela, B, )		0.13
" ε(2) was high with bid dosing (mean 750 mg and 1500 mg: 98."( Hepatitis C viral kinetics with the nucleoside polymerase inhibitor mericitabine (RG7128).
Dahari, H; Guedj, J; Perelson, AS; Shudo, E; Smith, P, 2012)		0.38
"Atazanavir geometric mean (CV%) C(max), C(min) and AUC over the dosing interval were 2897 (46) ng/mL, 526 (57) ng/mL and 28 605 (46) ng · h/mL, respectively, and for lopinavir they were 10 655 (51) ng/mL, 5944 (68) ng/mL and 90 946 (59) ng · h/mL, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics and inhibitory quotient of atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients who participated in the CASTLE Study.
Bertz, R; Child, M; Eley, T; Farajallah, A; Krystal, M; Liao, S; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Persson, A; Sevinsky, H; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2012)		0.38
" Of 14 recruited subjects enrolled, nine completed the study (three in each dosage tier)."( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)		0.38
"Although the recommended dosage is restricted to a lower level compared to younger patients, combination therapy using CBDCA with GEM is tolerable and promising for elderly patients with advanced NSCLC."( A phase I/II study of carboplatin plus gemcitabine for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group Trial (WJTOG) 2905.
Aoki, T; Fukuoka, M; Hirashima, T; Ikeda, N; Ishiguro, T; Iwamoto, Y; Kawaguchi, T; Kotani, Y; Kurata, T; Nakagawa, K; Sawa, T; Tsuboi, M, 2012)		0.38
" The antitumor activity, different dosing sequences, and dosing regimens of TH-302 in combination with commonly used conventional chemotherapeutics were investigated in human tumor xenograft models."( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules.
Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Simultaneous administration of TH-302 and chemotherapeutics increased toxicity versus schedules with dosing separations."( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules.
Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)		0.38
"In the current study, gemcitabine-docetaxel combination therapy at this dosage and schedule was found to be well tolerated and marginally effective, which could be considered as salvage therapy for patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade osteosarcoma."( Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-docetaxel combination therapy for recurrent or refractory high-grade osteosarcoma in China: a retrospective study of 18 patients.
He, AN; Lin, F; Qi, WX; Shen, Z; Tang, LN; Yao, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, response rate, grade 3-4 toxicity, dosage modifications and CA 19-9 course."( Second-line therapy for gemcitabine-pretreated advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Altwegg, R; Assenat, E; Caillo, L; Faure, S; Flori, N; Guillaumon, V; Mazard, T; Samalin, E; Senesse, P; Thezenas, S; Ychou, M, 2012)		0.38
" Raltegravir must be dosed twice daily, as once daily raltegravir displays decreased virologic efficacy compared to twice daily dosing."( Role of raltegravir in HIV-1 management.
Bookstaver, PB; Bryant, JE; Millisor, VE; Rokas, KE; Shamroe, CL; Sutton, SS; Weissman, SB, 2012)		0.38
"Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings."( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers.
Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)		0.38
"Adherence to intermittent dosing regimens, fixed doses, and in particular coitally-dependent doses, may be more difficult than adherence to daily dosing."( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers.
Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)		0.38
" In MM, Phase I/II clinical trials have established the optimal dosing schedule for perifosine and bortezomib in combination, and demonstrated that perifosine can sensitize to, or overcome resistance to, bortezomib, associated with prolonged responses and a favorable side effect profile."( Perifosine , an oral, anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of the Akt pathway: mechanistic actions, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity.
Anderson, KC; Eng, C; Hideshima, T; Kolesar, J; Richardson, PG, 2012)		0.38
" As it is simple, cheap and less time consuming, it can be suitably applied for the estimation of GMCT in dosage forms."( Analytical detection and method development of anticancer drug Gemcitabine HCl using gold nanoparticles.
Joshi, KV; Menon, SK; Mistry, BR; Patel, RV; Sutariya, PG, 2012)		0.38
" Fractionated dosing of cycle 1 allowed almost twice the radiation dose compared with single-dose radioimmunotherapy."( Fractionated radioimmunotherapy with (90) Y-clivatuzumab tetraxetan and low-dose gemcitabine is active in advanced pancreatic cancer: A phase 1 trial.
Bekaii-Saab, T; Gold, DV; Goldenberg, DM; Goldsmith, SJ; Guarino, MJ; Gulec, SA; Hall, N; Holt, M; Horne, H; Kauh, J; Lee, D; Manzone, T; Montero, AJ; O'Neil, BH; Ocean, AJ; Pennington, KL; Serafini, AN; Sheikh, A; Sung, MW; Wegener, WA, 2012)		0.38
" Our findings suggest that it is necessary to manage drug dosage for Japanese patients while considering their renal function, and to actively monitor for any side effects."( [Side effect analyses in consideration of renal functions for capecitabine-administered patients].
Iwai, M; Kimura, M; Yasuda, T; Yoshimura, T, 2012)		0.38
" Adherence by type of ART and dosing frequency were compared by Brown-Mood median tests."( Impact of antiretroviral dosing frequency and pill burden on adherence among newly diagnosed, antiretroviral-naive HIV patients.
Buscher, A; Giordano, TP; Hartman, C; Kallen, MA, 2012)		0.38
" The optimal dosage and schedule of platinum-based doublet should be investigated in future prospective clinical trials."( Doublet versus single cytotoxic agent as first-line treatment for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
He, AN; Lin, F; Qi, WX; Shen, Z; Tang, LN; Yao, Y, 2012)		0.38
" This dosing regimen warrants further study in the first-line setting for patients with less aggressive MBC who are not candidates for combination therapy."( Capecitabine in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Basile, ML; Bianco, V; De Filippis, L; De Sanctis, R; Del Signore, E; Di Seri, M; Gori, B; Lapadula, V; Longo, F; Quadrini, S; Restuccia, R; Speranza, I; Stumbo, L, )		0.13
" Many HIV-1-infected patients who are treatment-naive or treatment-experienced with susceptible virus will potentially have more options to reduce pill burden and optimize dosage schedules with one pill once-daily regimens."( Once-daily single-tablet regimens: a long and winding road to excellence in antiretroviral treatment.
Clotet, B; Llibre, JM, )		0.13
" Another option is to use desensitization protocols that induce a temporary state of tolerance by gradually administering small quantities of the antineoplastic drug until the therapeutic dosage is reached."( Effectiveness of oxaliplatin desensitization protocols.
Aguilella-Vizcaíno, MJ; Calleja-Hernández, MÁ; Cortés-Funes Castro, H; Cortijo-Cascajares, S; García-Escobar, I; Herreros-de-Tejada, A; Nacle-López, I, 2013)		0.39
" Optimal PrEP agents and dosing regimens now need to be identified."( Considerations regarding antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis in MSM.
Grulich, AE; Poynten, IM; Zablotska, I, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing was discontinued on day 30 and blood was collected on days 35, 45, and 60 during the washout period."( Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure.
Anderson, PL; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Fernandez, C; Gardner, EM; Kiser, JJ; Langness, J; Meditz, A; Predhomme, J; Rower, JE; Zheng, JH, 2013)		0.39
"Five patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinoma or anal squamous cell carcinoma were started on a 2-weeks-on, 1-week-off capecitabine dosing regimen in addition to other chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation."( Capecitabine-induced chest pain relieved by diltiazem.
Ambrosy, AP; Fisher, GA; Kunz, PL; Witteles, RM, 2012)		0.38
" IL-2 and GM-CSF were administered from day 4 to day 8 at a dosage of 2 MIU/m ( 2) and 100 μg, respectively."( A pilot study of paclitaxel combined with gemcitabine followed by interleukin-2 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for patients with metastatic melanoma.
Ding, Y; Liao, Y; Peng, RQ; Zhang, X; Zhang, XS; Zheng, LM, 2012)		0.38
" Vaginal dosing achieves measurable tenofovir concentrations in the rectum and vice versa."( The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention.
Hendrix, CW, 2012)		0.38
" The lack of direct comparison PFS and treatment dosage modification data were the main limitations."( Budget impact analysis of the use of oral and intravenous anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Benjamin, L; Buthion, V; Farah, B; Iskedjian, M; Rioufol, C; Vidal-Trécan, G, 2013)		0.39
" Directly observed dosing in a separate study, the STRAND trial, yielded TFV-DP concentrations that, when analyzed according to the iPrEx model, corresponded to an HIV-1 risk reduction of 76% for two doses per week, 96% for four doses per week, and 99% for seven doses per week."( Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men.
Anderson, PL; Bekker, LG; Buchbinder, S; Bushman, LR; Casapía, M; Chariyalertsak, S; Glidden, DV; Grant, RM; Guanira, JV; Kallás, EG; Lama, JR; Liu, A; Mayer, KH; McMahan, V; Montoya-Herrera, O; Schechter, M; Veloso, VG, 2012)		0.38
"In this highly adherent population, the number of daily pills was related to self-reported health status but not to self-reported adherence, whereas the dosing interval did not influence self-reported adherence or health status."( Number of daily pills, dosing schedule, self-reported adherence and health status in 2010: a large cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy.
Bocchiola, B; Cahua, T; Castagna, A; Danise, A; Galli, L; Gianotti, N; Lazzarin, A; Maillard, M; Panzini, P; Pazzi, A; Salpietro, S; Zandonà, D, 2013)		0.39
" Similar dose-response lapatinib experiments were conducted with varying concentrations of 5-FU or GEM and isobolograms were constructed to evaluate therapeutic synergy."( Dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition exerts synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
Drebin, JA; Pippin, JA; Singla, S, 2012)		0.38
" However, optimal dosing schedule, including drug selection, number of cycles, and interval between chemotherapy and cystectomy, as well as acceptable regimens remain to be established."( Efficacies and safety of neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus carboplatin followed by immediate cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including those unfit for cisplatin: a prospective single-arm study.
Hashimoto, Y; Hatakeyama, S; Kamimura, N; Koie, T; Ohyama, C; Yamamoto, H; Yoneyama, T, 2013)		0.39
" Use of exact dosing data halved unexplained variability in ATV clearance."( Effect of adherence as measured by MEMS, ritonavir boosting, and CYP3A5 genotype on atazanavir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients.
Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Savic, RM; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C; Vrijens, B, 2012)		0.38
" However, rapid metabolism and shorter half-life of drug mandate higher dose and frequent dosing schedule which subsequently results into higher toxicity."( Site specific/targeted delivery of gemcitabine through anisamide anchored chitosan/poly ethylene glycol nanoparticles: an improved understanding of lung cancer therapeutic intervention.
Campbell, C; Dwivedi, P; Garg, NK; Tyagi, RK, 2012)		0.38
" Treatment was well tolerated in all dosage groups."( Phase I-II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine and temozolomide in advanced low-grade neuroendocrine tumors.
Claringbold, PG; Price, RA; Turner, JH, 2012)		0.38
" Fifty-one of 72 volunteers who took part in a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded trial that compared daily and intermittent dosage of PrEP underwent qualitative assessments after completing the trial."( High acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis but challenges in adherence and use: qualitative insights from a phase I trial of intermittent and daily PrEP in at-risk populations in Kenya.
Haberer, J; Kanungi, J; Kuo, C; Mbogua, J; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Operario, D; Priddy, F; Sanders, EJ; Singh, S; Van der Elst, EM, 2013)		0.39
"The combination of AZD6244 plus gemcitabine is highly schedule dependent, and predicted to be more effective in the clinic using sequential rather than simultaneous dosing protocols."( Sequence dependence of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of biliary cancer.
Cao, P; Chen, E; Green, DE; Hedley, DW; Ibrahimov, E; Knox, JJ; McNamara, MG; Metran-Nascente, C; Serra, S; Tsao, M; Vines, D; Xu, J, 2013)		0.39
" It exerted a stronger, quicker effect on the reduction of HEK293 cell growth in vitro in comparison with free GEM and had an in vivo antitumoral effect on the proliferation of xenograft tumors at a drug dosage tenfold less than its saline solution."( Gemcitabine-loaded biocompatible nanocapsules for the effective treatment of human cancer.
Celano, M; Cosco, D; Fresta, M; Moretti, S; Paolino, D; Puxeddu, E; Russo, D, 2013)		0.39
"Patients with advanced solid tumors received three weekly AVE1642 dosed at 6 mg/kg, chosen following previous study, with 75 (cohort A) or 100 mg/m(2) (B) docetaxel, 1250 mg/m(2) gemcitabine/100 mg erlotinib (C1), or 60 mg/m(2) doxorubicin (D1)."( Phase I study of humanized monoclonal antibody AVE1642 directed against the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), administered in combination with anticancer therapies to patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bahleda, R; Blay, JY; Dieras, V; LoRusso, P; Macaulay, VM; Mery-Mignard, D; Middleton, MR; Protheroe, AS; Sessa, C; Soria, JC; Tolcher, A, 2013)		0.39
" Cisplatin and gemcitabine dosing regimens and clinical data were further summarized using weighted averages."( Pooled analysis of clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Pal, SK; Ruel, N; Vogelzang, N; Wilson, TG; Yuh, BE, 2013)		0.39
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study.
Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)		0.39
" This highly reproducible dissolution behaviour can be applied in the development of a sustained release dosage form as substantially less sustained release excipient is required in order to attain the desired release profile."( Slow dissolution behaviour of amorphous capecitabine.
Beijnen, JH; Meulenaar, J; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2013)		0.39
" Here we examined FTC and tenofovir TFV exposure in vaginal tissues after oral dosing and assessed if peri-coital Truvada also protects macaques against vaginal SHIV infection."( Prevention of vaginal SHIV transmission in macaques by a coitally-dependent Truvada regimen.
Aung, W; Bachman, S; García-Lerma, JG; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Martin, A; Mitchell, J; Pau, CP; Radzio, J; Sweeney, E, 2012)		0.38
"XELOX is a promising regimen for anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer although careful patient selection is indicated and alternate dosing schedules should be explored to minimize neurologic morbidity."( Capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination as first- or second-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer: a Wisconsin Oncology Network trial.
Champeny, TL; Chang, JE; Hansen, RM; Kim, K; Meadows, S; Njiaju, UO; Powers, K; Stewart, JA; Tevaarwerk, AJ; Traynor, AM; Van Ummersen, L, 2013)		0.39
" Once developed, the symptoms significantly impair quality of life(QOL), leading to a reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of the treatment."( [Assessment of hand-foot syndrome in cancer outpatients undergoing chemotherapy].
Amamori, K; Shigematsu, T; Shirai, M; Sunda, K; Takeda, K; Yamagiwa, K; Yamanda, T, 2012)		0.38
" The cost of drug acquisition was calculated based on dosage data and the mean number of treatment cycles from the pivotal studies NO16966 and NO16967."( Pharmaco-economic analysis of direct medical costs of metastatic colorectal cancer therapy with XELOX or modified FOLFOX-6 regimens: implications for health-care utilization in Australia.
Gibbs, P; Hack, SP; Kerr, A; Price, T; Stokes, L; Todd, C; Tran, G, 2013)		0.39
" Treatment-naïve HCV genotype 1 or 4 patients were randomized to double-blind treatment with oral mericitabine at a dosage of 500 mg twice-daily (BID) for 12 weeks (A), 1,000 mg BID for 8 (B) or 12 weeks (C and D), or placebo BID for 12 weeks (E)."( PROPEL: a randomized trial of mericitabine plus peginterferon alpha-2a/ribavirin therapy in treatment-naïve HCV genotype 1/4 patients.
Bzowej, N; Chen, YC; Ferenci, P; Herring, R; Ipe, D; Jensen, D; Ma, MM; Munson, ML; Najera, I; Pockros, P; Rodriguez-Torres, M; Thommes, J; Vierling, J; Wedemeyer, H; Zeuzem, S, 2013)		0.39
" This regimen was based on our studies with carcinoid cell lines that showed synergistic cytotoxicity with sequence-specific dosing of 5-fluorouracil preceding temozolomide (TMZ)."( Capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) for metastatic, well-differentiated neuroendocrine cancers: The Pancreas Center at Columbia University experience.
Allendorf, J; Chabot, JA; Dinnen, RD; Fine, RL; Gulati, AP; Krantz, BA; Lee, JA; Mao, Y; Moss, RA; Mowatt, KB; Schreibman, S; Schrope, B; Sherman, WH; Stevens, PD; Tsushima, DA, 2013)		0.39
" Oral dosing of mice results in absorption of intact prodrug with slow systemic hydrolysis yielding higher plasma levels of LY2334737 than gemcitabine and prolonged gemcitabine exposure."( Efficacy of low-dose oral metronomic dosing of the prodrug of gemcitabine, LY2334737, in human tumor xenografts.
Dantzig, AH; Donoho, GP; Durland-Busbice, S; Perkins, EJ; Pratt, SE; Shepard, RL; Starling, JJ; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2013)		0.39
" Blood plasma (for TFV, FTC, EFV, ATV and RTV concentrations) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs; for tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) concentrations] were collected at 11 time-points over a 24-hour dosing interval."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
" The MEMS-defined adherence for correct dosing (-0."( Adherence profiles and therapeutic responses of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients starting boosted atazanavir-based therapy in the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 trial.
Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Parienti, JJ; Taburet, AM; Vigan, M; Vrijens, B, 2013)		0.39
" The C max of gemcitabine produced by intravenous SL-01 was higher than that of gemcitabine dosed intravenously."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SL-01, a prodrug of gemcitabine, in rats.
Li, G; Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, Y; Qu, X; Sun, C; Wang, R; Zhao, C, 2013)		0.39
" The optimum dosing combination of these two agents has yet to be determined however, and in many patients it is likely that greater overall survival will be achieved by using them in successive lines rather than in combination."( New oxaliplatin-based combinations in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Cassidy, J; Hochster, H, 2003)		0.32
"5mg) was escalated in a 3+3 design with standard gemcitabine dosing (1000 mg/m(2) IV Days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles)."( A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours.
Bellew, KM; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Cox, DS; Durante, M; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Le, NT; Papadopoulos, KP; Park, JJ; Patnaik, A; Rasco, D; Smith, L; Tolcher, AW, 2013)		0.39
"Administration of trametinib at its full monotherapy dose of 2mg daily in combination with standard gemcitabine dosing (1000 mg/m(2) IV Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days) was feasible."( A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours.
Bellew, KM; Bendell, JC; Burris, HA; Cox, DS; Durante, M; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Le, NT; Papadopoulos, KP; Park, JJ; Patnaik, A; Rasco, D; Smith, L; Tolcher, AW, 2013)		0.39
" We hypothesized that a fixed-dose schedule would simplify dosing and provide an effective and safe alternative to BSA-based dosing."( Fixed-dose capecitabine is feasible: results from a pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic study in metastatic breast cancer.
Armstrong, DK; Connolly, RM; Davidson, NE; Fetting, JH; Garrett-Mayer, E; Hoskins, JM; Jeter, SC; McLeod, HL; Rudek, MA; Stearns, V; Watkins, SP; Wolff, AC; Wright, LA; Zhao, M, 2013)		0.39
"Irinotecan dosing based on UGT1A1*28 and *6 is feasible, and higher doses of irinotecan can be safely administered in patients with 0 or 1 DA, compared to those with 2 DA."( A UGT1A1*28 and *6 genotype-directed phase I dose-escalation trial of irinotecan with fixed-dose capecitabine in Korean patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Bae, KS; Chang, HM; Hong, YS; Kang, YK; Kim, HS; Kim, KP; Kim, TW; Lee, JL; Lee, JS; Shin, JG; Sym, SJ, 2013)		0.39
" The toxicities observed at the 40 mg dose may require the development of alternative dosing schedules."( Phase I study of oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.
Benhadji, KA; Makiuchi, T; Nokihara, H; Sekiguchi, R; Slapak, CA; Tamura, T; Uenaka, K; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, N, 2013)		0.39
"Possible designs for a PrEP phase 3 efficacy trial are obtained by considering scenarios for potential experimental PrEP and control regimens, including consideration of placebo and active controls, longer acting PrEP and alternate dosing schedules."( Study design considerations for evaluating efficacy of systemic preexposure prophylaxis interventions.
Chen, YQ; Donnell, D; Fleming, TR; Hughes, JP; Wang, L, 2013)		0.39
" This dosing algorithm was designed to mitigate dermatologic and other toxicity, in addition to detailed guidelines for prophylactic and symptomatic treatment."( A phase 3 tRial comparing capecitabinE in combination with SorafenIb or pLacebo for treatment of locally advanced or metastatIc HER2-Negative breast CancEr (the RESILIENCE study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Baselga, J; Costa, F; Gomez, H; Gradishar, WJ; Hudis, CA; Petrenciuc, O; Rapoport, B; Roche, H; Schwartzberg, LS; Shan, M, 2013)		0.39
" For this concurrent treatment, a high dosage of gemcitabine and a short-term delay before HIFU are recommended to maximize the therapeutic effect."( Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances apoptosis of pancreatic cancer xenograft with gemcitabine.
Choi, BI; Choi, Y; Han, JK; Kim, H; Lee, ES; Lee, JY; Park, J, 2013)		0.39
" The dosage of S-1 was based on the body surface area (BSA) as follows: 40 mg bid (total 80 mg/day) for a BSA of <1."( Phase II trial of gemcitabine and S-1 for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Choi, DR; Han, B; Jang, G; Jeon, JY; Jung, JY; Kim, HJ; Kim, HS; Kim, HY; Kim, IG; Kim, JH; Kwon, JH; Park, CK; Song, H; Zang, DY, 2013)		0.39
" We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting this association and provide dosing recommendations for fluoropyrimidines based on DPYD genotype (updates at http://www."( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genotype and fluoropyrimidine dosing.
Caudle, KE; Diasio, RB; Klein, TE; McLeod, HL; Schwab, M; Swen, JJ; Thorn, CF, 2013)		0.39
" The results support the use of the same dosing regimens in Caucasian and Asian subjects."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of the HCV polymerase inhibitor mericitabine in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects.
Chen, YC; Goelzer, P; Haznedar, J; Moreira, S; Washington, C, 2014)		0.4
" As a fixed-dose combination tablet given once daily, EFV/FTC/TDF was the first available STR combining efficacy, tolerability and convenience, with the simplest dosing schedule and smallest numbers of pills of any ART combination therapy."( Single-tablet regimens in HIV: does it really make a difference?
Aldir, I; Horta, A; Serrado, M, 2014)		0.4
" Median MEMS adherence rates were 98% (IQR: 93-100) for daily PrEP regimen, 91% (IQR: 73-97) for fixed intermittent dosing and 45% (IQR: 20-63) for post-coital dosing."( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial.
Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)		0.39
"Both daily and intermittent oral PrEP dosing regimens were safe."( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial.
Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)		0.39
"UGT1A1 genotype affects the dose and pharmacokinetics of the CAPIRINOX regimen and UGT1A1 genotype-guided dosing of CAPIRINOX is ongoing in a phase II study of small bowel cancer (NCT00433550)."( UGT1A1 genotype-guided phase I study of irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine.
Ames, MM; Erlichman, C; Goetz, MP; Goldberg, RM; Grothey, AA; Kuffel, MA; Mandrekar, SJ; McGovern, RM; McKean, HA; McWilliams, R; Reid, JM; Safgren, SL; Tan, AD, 2013)		0.39
" The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio for rilpivirine, emtricitabine, tenofovir exposure was estimated for fed versus fasted dosing and light versus standard meal, with equivalence boundaries of 80 - 125%."( Effect of food on rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral single-tablet regimen for the treatment of HIV infection.
Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hepner, M; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Yin, X, 2014)		0.4
"At weeks 12 and 24, all 49 dosed subjects remained suppressed on RPV/FTC/TDF."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
"6%) while 5 patients had extended-interval dosage (17."( Two-week combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine, high-dose folinic acid and 5 fluorouracil (GEMFUFOL) as first-line treatment of metastatic biliary tract cancers.
Oztop, I; Unal, OU; Unek, IT; Yilmaz, AU, 2013)		0.39
" A total cisplatin dosage of 100 mg/cycle was administered on 2 days (50 mg/d on days 2 and 3) as an intravenous infusion."( Feasibility of pre- and postoperative gemcitabine-plus-cisplatin systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced urothelial carcinoma in kidney transplant patients.
Wang, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, P; Zhang, XD, 2013)		0.39
" However, bi-weekly dosing might offer a better dose intensity, with better tolerability and response rates."( Bi-weekly paclitaxel and capecitabine as a second- or third-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: a pilot study.
Kautio, AL; Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, PL; Lehtinen, I; Tanner, M; Tuunanen, T, 2013)		0.39
"Bi-weekly dosing of paclitaxel and capecitabine seems to yield promising responses in advanced breast cancer, with an acceptable adverse-event profile."( Bi-weekly paclitaxel and capecitabine as a second- or third-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: a pilot study.
Kautio, AL; Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, PL; Lehtinen, I; Tanner, M; Tuunanen, T, 2013)		0.39
"An oral extended-release (ER) formulation of capecitabine was developed for twice daily dosing, theoretically providing a continuous exposure to capecitabine, thus avoiding the undesirable in-between dosing gap inherent to the dosing schedule of the marketed capecitabine immediate-release formulation (Xeloda(®))."( Development of an extended-release formulation of capecitabine making use of in vitro-in vivo correlation modelling.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Keizer, RJ; Meulenaar, J; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2014)		0.4
"There is no optimal dosing schedule of gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (CDDP) combination for cancer patients with renal failure (RF) on hemodialysis (HD)."( Administration of gemcitabine and cisplatin in cancer patients with renal failure under hemodialysis.
Chang, PY; Dai, MS; Ho, CL; Yao, NS, )		0.13
" The transport and enzymatic profiles of 5'-D-valyl-gemcitabine and 5'-D-phenylalanyl-gemcitabine suggest their potential for increased oral uptake and delayed enzymatic bioconversion as well as enhanced uptake and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, would facilitate the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents and, hence, improve the quality of life for the cancer patients."( The development of orally administrable gemcitabine prodrugs with D-enantiomer amino acids: enhanced membrane permeability and enzymatic stability.
Amidon, GL; Hilfinger, JM; Incecayir, T; Song, X; Tsume, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-response curves were constructed, and the combination index (CI) for drug interaction was calculated."( Dasatinib (BMS-35482) interacts synergistically with docetaxel, gemcitabine, topotecan, and doxorubicin in ovarian cancer cells with high SRC pathway activation and protein expression.
Adams, DJ; Grace, L; Jia, J; Murphy, SK; Nixon, AB; Secord, AA; Teoh, D, 2014)		0.4
"The aims of this study were to describe emtricitabine concentration-time courses in a large population of HIV-1-infected adults, to evaluate the influence of renal function on emtricitabine disposition, and to assess current dosing adjustment recommendations."( Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected adult patients.
Benaboud, S; Bouazza, N; Fauchet, F; Foissac, F; Ghosn, J; Hirt, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S; Valade, E; Viard, JP, 2014)		0.4
"A primary challenge in identifying replicable pharmacogenomic markers from clinical genomewide association study (GWAS) trials in oncology is the difficulty in performing a second large clinical trial with the same drugs and dosage regimen."( Identification of genetic variants associated with capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome through integration of patient and cell line genomic analyses.
Alba, E; Alonso, R; de la Torre-Montero, JC; Dolan, ME; González-Neira, A; Lopez-Fernandez, LA; Martín, M; Pita, G; Wheeler, HE, 2014)		0.4
"Pill burden, dosing frequency, and concerns about safety and tolerability are important obstacles to maintaining adequate medication adherence."( Switching from twice-daily raltegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to once-daily elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects: 48 weeks data.
Brinson, C; Cao, H; Cheng, A; Crofoot, G; Ebrahimi, R; Garner, W; Kulkarni, R; Mills, A; Ortiz, R; Rashbaum, B; Szwarcberg, J; Towner, W; Ward, D, )		0.13
" Sorafenib was dosed orally 400 mg twice daily until progression, except during CRT when it was escalated from 200 mg to 400 mg daily, and 400 mg twice daily."( Phase 1 pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic study of sorafenib with concurrent radiation therapy and gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Akisik, FM; Anderson, S; Bu, G; Cardenes, HR; Chiorean, EG; Clark, R; Deluca, J; DeWitt, J; Helft, P; Johnson, CS; Johnston, EL; Loehrer, PJ; Perkins, SM; Sandrasegaran, K; Schneider, BP; Shahda, S; Spittler, AJ, 2014)		0.4
"Plasma concentrations of tenofovir consistent with daily dosing were highly predictive of protection from HIV acquisition."( HIV protective efficacy and correlates of tenofovir blood concentrations in a clinical trial of PrEP for HIV prevention.
Baeten, JM; Bangsberg, DR; Brantley, J; Bumpus, NN; Celum, C; Donnell, D; Haberer, JE; Hendrix, C; Mugo, N; Mujugira, A; Ndase, P, 2014)		0.4
"Capecitabine-based chemo-radiotherapy, using a twice daily dosing schedule of 825 mg/m² given 7 days per week concurrently with 50."( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine in combination with radiotherapy in patients with localised inoperable pancreatic cancer.
Crellin, A; Evans, TR; Harden, S; James, A; Lumsden, GR; McDonald, AC; Morrison, R; Paul, J; Roxburgh, P; Sweeting, L, 2014)		0.4
"2% of the patients developed side effects resulting in dosage reductions."( Chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma in elderly patients (≥70 years of age): a retrospective cohort study at the National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg.
Abel, U; Berger, AK; Harig, S; Jäger, D; Komander, C; Springfeld, C, )		0.13
"To determine if a low fixed dosing strategy of capecitabine would produce comparable clinical activity with less adverse toxicities compared to published data with higher doses in the setting of metastatic breast cancer (mBC)."( A retrospective study evaluating a fixed low dose capecitabine monotherapy in women with HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer.
Ahn, E; Ambros, T; Aruna, M; Kronish, L; Mahtani, RL; Montero, AJ; Vogel, CL; Zaravinos, J; Zeichner, SB, 2014)		0.4
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o
Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)		0.4
" The degree to which biweekly dosing may present a more rationale schedule for this triplet should be evaluated further."( A phase II study of gemcitabine, carboplatin and bevacizumab for the treatment of platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer.
Callahan, MJ; Cobb, B; Cohn, DE; Copeland, LJ; Eisenhauer, EL; Fowler, JM; O'Malley, DM; Salani, R; Sutton, G; Zanagnolo, V, 2014)		0.4
" At week 61, we initiated weekly rectal exposures with heterologous SHIV162p3 (10 TCID50) along with oral Truvada (TDF, 22 mg/kg; FTC 20 mg/kg) dosing 2 h before and 22 h after each exposure."( A polyvalent Clade B virus-like particle HIV vaccine combined with partially protective oral preexposure prophylaxis prevents simian-human immunodeficiency virus Infection in macaques and primes for virus-amplified immunity.
Eugene, HS; García-Lerma, JG; Hendry, RM; Heneine, W; Luckay, A; McNicholl, JM; Pereira, LE; Pierce-Paul, BR; Ross, TM; Smith, JM; Zhang, J, 2014)		0.4
"Patients with solid tumors for which gemcitabine was deemed an appropriate therapy were enrolled into one of two different dosing schedules (21-day dosing schedule: navitoclax administered orally on days 1-3 and 8-10,; and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8; 28-day dosing schedule: navitoclax administrated orally on days 1-3, 8-10, and 15-17; and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8 and 15)."( A phase I clinical trial of navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity Bcl-2 family inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.
Busman, T; Cleary, JM; Franklin, C; Graham, A; Holen, K; Hurwitz, HI; Lima, CM; Mabry, M; Montero, AJ; Shapiro, GI; Uronis, H; Yang, J, 2014)		0.4
"Vatalanib treatment consisted of a twice daily oral dosing using a "ramp-up schedule," beginning with 250 mg bid during week 1,500 mg bid during week 2, and 750 mg bid on week three and thereafter."( Phase II trial of vatalanib in patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma after first-line gemcitabine therapy (PCRT O4-001).
Baker, AF; Bolejack, V; Burris, H; Crowley, J; Dayyani, F; Dragovich, T; Hidalgo, M; Laheru, D; Raghunand, N; Ritch, P; Rosen, P; Seng, J; Smith, L; Von Hoff, DD, 2014)		0.4
" A stratified dosing strategy based on the relative CDA activity would increase efficiency."( Selection of the best blood compartment to measure cytidine deaminase activity to stratify for optimal gemcitabine or cytarabine treatment.
Ciccolini, J; Etienne-Grimaldi, MC; Giovannetti, E; Honeywell, RJ; Losekoot, N; Maulandi, M; Milano, G; Peters, GJ; Serdjebi, C, 2014)		0.4
" In particular, we focus on Abstract #4124, which investigated the potential predictive role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) in patients treated with adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer, on Abstract #4125, which examined the tolerability of a modified FOLFORINOX study based on UGT1A1*28 genotype guided dosing of IRI in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, and on Abstract #4130, which confirmed the predictive role of circulating tumor and invasive cells (CTICs) from patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer in second-line chemotherapy treatment setting."( Pharmacogenetics in pancreatic cancer.
Peponi, E; Saif, MW; Syrigos, KN; Tourkantonis, IS, 2014)		0.4
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations for ado-trastuzumab emtansine."( Ado-trastuzumab emtansine: a HER2-positive targeted antibody-drug conjugate.
Auten, JJ; Cicci, TA; Corrigan, PA; Lowe, DK, 2014)		0.4
" Because tasisulam is highly albumin-bound, patients in the tumor-specific confirmation arms were dosed targeting specific albumin-corrected exposure ranges (AUCalb) identified during dose-escalation (3,500 h*μg/mL [75th percentile] for docetaxel, temozolomide, and cisplatin; 4,000 h*μg/mL for gemcitabine and erlotinib)."( An innovative, multi-arm, complete phase 1b study of the novel anti-cancer agent tasisulam in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Becerra, CR; Braiteh, F; Chen, J; Chow, KH; Conkling, PR; Garbo, L; Ilaria, R; Jotte, RM; Richards, DA; Robert-Vizcarrondo, F; Smith, DA; Stephenson, J; Tai, DF; Turner, PK; Von Hoff, DD, 2015)		0.42
"01 dosed at 1250 mg/m(2) on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 4-week cycle."( A phase II, open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CO-1.01 as second-line therapy for gemcitabine-refractory patients with stage IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma and negative tumor hENT1 expression.
Allen, A; Bahary, N; Dragovich, T; Hosein, PJ; Laheru, D; LaValle, J; Li, D; Lowery, MA; O'Reilly, EM; Pant, S; Rolfe, L; Ryan, DP; Saif, MW; Yu, KH, )		0.13
" However, further sophisticated dosing and scheduling of combination chemotherapy are needed because of a significant proportion of dose reduction."( Phase II study of gemcitabine and vinorelbine as second- or third-line therapy in patients with primary refractory or platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer by the Korean Cancer Study Group (KCSG)_KCSG GY10-10.
Byun, JH; Hong, SH; Jung, KH; Kim, HG; Kim, HY; Kim, KH; Lee, HJ; Lee, NR; Lee, S; Lee, SC; Park, KH; Rha, SY; Woo, IS; Yun, J, 2015)		0.42
" Targeted therapies do not require any adjustment of the dosage in case of moderate or severe renal insufficiency but adapting the doses of biphosphonates to renal function is necessary."( [Impact of lung cancer treatments on renal function].
Belaiche, S; Couraud, S; Moro-Sibilot, D; Sakhri, L; Toffart, AC, 2014)		0.4
" But its short plasma half-life limits clinical utility and the usually prescribed dosing regimen results in significant periods of therapeutically irrelevant concentration."( Trichotomous gastric retention of amorphous capecitabine: an attempt to overcome pharmacokinetic gap.
Chourasia, MK; Meher, JG; Pawar, VK; Singh, M; Singh, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Continuous dosing of olaparib or combination with gemcitabine at doses >600 mg/m(2) was not considered to have an acceptable tolerability profile for further study."( Phase I study of olaparib plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours and comparison with gemcitabine alone in patients with locally advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Bendell, J; Burke, W; Burris, H; Chau, I; Fielding, A; Hochster, H; Middleton, MR; O'Reilly, EM, 2015)		0.42
" Antiretroviral drug formulations that require infrequent dosing may increase adherence and thus PrEP effectiveness."( The long-acting integrase inhibitor GSK744 protects macaques from repeated intravaginal SHIV challenge.
García-Lerma, JG; Heneine, W; Jenkins, L; Mitchell, J; Radzio, J; Spreen, W; Yueh, YL, 2015)		0.42
" Our own data as well as data from the literature was used to calculate those R levels revealing that the formation of 5'-DFUR - the immediate precursor of 5-fluorouracil - was not affected by concomitant medication within the dosing range investigated."( A simple method for comparing enzymatic capecitabine activation in various mono- and combination chemotherapies.
Baroian, N; Buchner, P; Czejka, M; Dittrich, C; Sahmanovic, A; Schreiber, V, 2015)		0.42
" It was designed to answer five research questions relating to safety, dosage and administration, and discontinuation from capecitabine-based adjuvant therapy."( Observational study of adjuvant therapy with capecitabine in colon cancer.
Guggenberger, D; Hansen, R; Jacobs, G; Kröning, H; Schardt, C; Schmidt, P; Steffens, CC; Tschechne, B; Valdix, AR; Wohlfarth, T, 2015)		0.42
" We created the Johns Hopkins Hospital Dose Index to characterize chemotherapeutic dosing regimens and accurately assess sufficient neoadjuvant dosing regarding patient tolerance."( Gemcitabine and cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: Predicting response and assessing outcomes.
Baras, A; Berman, D; Bivalacqua, TJ; Eisenberger, M; Faraj, S; Gandhi, NM; Hahn, NM; Hoque, MO; Kates, M; Liu, JJ; Munari, E; Netto, GJ; Reis, LO; Schoenberg, MP, 2015)		0.42
" The tolerability profile demonstrated in the dose escalation schedule of lenalidomide suggests the dosing of lenalidomide to be 25 mg daily on days 1-21 with standard dosing of gemcitabine and merits further evaluation in a phase II trial."( A phase I dose-escalation study of lenalidomide in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Liljefors, M; Rossmann, E; Ullenhag, GJ, 2015)		0.42
" Using genomic biomarkers, patients at high risk for developing side effects can be distinguished before initiating medical treatment, allowing the choice of an appropriate drug/initial dosage regimen."( [Utilization of Genomic Biomarkers for Post-marketing Safety of Drugs].
Kaniwa, N, 2015)		0.42
" No difference in other treatment toxicity was observed between the two groups, and patients exhibited high compliance in dosing administration."( Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase II study of TJ-14 (Hangeshashinto) for infusional fluorinated-pyrimidine-based colorectal cancer chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
Aoyama, T; Kataoka, M; Kono, T; Matsuda, C; Mishima, H; Morita, S; Munemoto, Y; Nagata, N; Oshiro, M; Sakamoto, J, 2015)		0.42
" Busulfan dosing targeted 4000 μM-minute/day (days -8 to -5)."( Vorinostat Combined with High-Dose Gemcitabine, Busulfan, and Melphalan with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Refractory Lymphomas.
Ahmed, S; Alousi, A; Anderlini, P; Andersson, BS; Bashir, Q; Champlin, R; Dabaja, B; Fanale, M; Gulbis, A; Hagemeister, F; Hosing, C; Jones, RB; Liu, Y; Nieto, Y; Oki, Y; Pinnix, C; Popat, U; Qazilbash, M; Shah, N; Shpall, EJ; Thall, PF; Valdez, BC, 2015)		0.42
" The first dose level (DL A) tested vorinostat as daily oral dosing from days 1 to 14."( Phase I study of combination of vorinostat, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in women with recurrent, platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer.
Berlin, S; Campos, S; Horowitz, N; Krasner, C; Lee, H; Liu, J; Matulonis, U; Obermayer, E; Penson, R; Whalen, C, 2015)		0.42
" Gemcitabine pharmacokinetics was determined with a two-compartment model after plasma dosing with an HPLC-UV method."( Influence of infusion method on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics: a controlled randomized multicenter trial.
Barthélémy, C; Décaudin, B; Hebbar, M; Lemahieu, N; Michel, P; Odou, P; Pinçon, C; Romano, O; Simon, N; Vasseur, M, 2015)		0.42
" We investigated if higher drug doses per kg LBM were associated with increased toxicity in stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving a first-line chemotherapy regimen dosed according to body surface area (BSA)."( Low muscle mass is associated with chemotherapy-induced haematological toxicity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Aass, N; Baracos, VE; Benth, JŠ; Fløtten, Ø; Grønberg, BH; Hjermstad, MJ; Jordhøy, M; Sjøblom, B, 2015)		0.42
"Animals were dosed intravenously (IV) or per os (PO)."( Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Beumer, JH; Covey, JM; Davis, M; Doroshow, JH; Eiseman, JL; Holleran, JL; Johnson, WD; Kummar, S; McCormick, DL; Newman, EM, 2015)		0.42
" Dosage regimens were optimized as predicted by modeling and simulations, which would provide reference for preclinical study and translational research as well."( Semi-Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model for the Combination Use of Dexamethasone and Gemcitabine in Breast Cancer.
Hua, M; Ji, S; Li, L; Lu, W; Ren, Y; Wang, L; Yuan, Y; Zhou, S; Zhou, T; Zhou, X, 2015)		0.42
" The release time and dosage of GEM were precisely controlled via external voltage."( Voltage/pH-Driven Mechanized Silica Nanoparticles for the Multimodal Controlled Release of Drugs.
Fu, J; Sun, G; Wang, M; Wang, T; Zhou, B, 2015)		0.42
" The most common dosing regimen was gemcitabine 1250 mg/m(2) given on days 1 and 8 plus cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 21 days, with some receiving gemcitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m(2)."( Tolerability of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin for Treatment of Urothelial Cancer in the Elderly Population.
Dolan, DE; Gupta, S; Jan, AS; Lombardi, K, 2016)		0.43
" It was dosed daily with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2 on day 2) every 28 days."( Results from a Phase I Study of Lapatinib with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced or Metastatic Bladder Cancer: EORTC Trial 30061.
Agerbaek, M; Cerbone, L; Collette, S; Daugaard, G; Marreaud, S; Sengeløv, L; Sternberg, CN; Van Herpen, C; Zhang, J, 2016)		0.43
" In addition, gemcitabine increased the elimination rate of the ABCG2 substrate, D-luciferin, and decreased D-luciferin accumulation in BxPC3 and Panc1 cells in a dose-response manner."( Gemcitabine upregulates ABCG2/BCRP and modulates the intracellular pharmacokinetic profiles of bioluminescence in pancreatic cancer cells.
Gu, M; Li, F; Liu, J; Sun, Y; Wei, Y; Xiong, Y; Zhu, L, 2016)		0.43
" A prospective study should be performed to examine whether dosage adjustment using neutropenia grade as an indicator would improve prognosis."( Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia as a prognostic factor in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Ishii, M; Kitamura, K; Kiuchi, Y; Kogo, M; Kurihara, T; Shimada, K; Shimizu, S; Yoneyama, K; Yoshida, H, 2015)		0.42
" RESULTS A total of 62 participants received placebo or one of three ALS-008176 dosing regimens: 1 loading dose of 750 mg followed by 9 maintenance doses of 500 mg (group 1), 1 loading dose of 750 mg followed by 9 maintenance doses of 150 mg (group 2), or 10 doses of 375 mg (group 3)."( Activity of Oral ALS-008176 in a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Challenge Study.
Beigelman, L; Blatt, LM; Chanda, S; DeVincenzo, JP; Fathi, H; Fry, J; Lambkin-Williams, R; McClure, MW; Smith, P; Symons, JA; Westland, C; Zhang, Q, 2015)		0.42
" The best combination efficacy occurred when LY2603618 was given 24 h following dosing with gemcitabine."( LY2603618, a selective CHK1 inhibitor, enhances the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in xenograft tumor models.
Barda, D; Barnard, D; Beckmann, R; Burke, T; Diaz, HB; Donoho, G; Jones, B; King, C; Marshall, M, 2016)		0.43
" However, hand-foot syndrome (HFS) has high incidence, and once developed, the symptoms significantly impair quality of life (QOL), leading to a reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of the treatment."( Self-identification and management of hand-foot syndrome (HFS): effect of a structured teaching program on patients receiving capecitabine-based chemotherapy for colon cancer.
Achrekar, MS; Carvalho, MD; D'souza, A; Govindarajan, S; Gupta, S; Murugan, K; Ostwal, V, 2016)		0.43
" Functional assays addressed pharmacological dose-response effects in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (including upon RNAi), gene expression analyses, and allele-specific transcription factor binding."( Relevance of Sp Binding Site Polymorphism in WWOX for Treatment Outcome in Pancreatic Cancer.
Bockhorn, M; Brockmöller, J; Gaedcke, J; Ghadimi, BM; Güngör, C; Hackert, T; Hank, T; Haubrock, M; Izbicki, JR; Johnsen, SA; Lüske, CM; Pflüger, R; Rapp, J; Roppel, S; Schaudinn, A; Schirmer, MA; Strobel, O; Werner, J; Zimmer, C, 2016)		0.43
"The addition of erlotinib to gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel is not tolerable at standard single-agent dosing of all drugs."( A phase 1b study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated advanced pancreatic cancer: an Academic Oncology GI Cancer Consortium study.
Ames, P; Berlin, J; Catalano, PM; Cohen, SJ; Davies, A; Horan, J; Leichman, L; McKinley, M; O'Neil, BH; Weekes, CD, 2016)		0.43
"Two primary human pancreatic cancer xenograft lines were dosed metronomically with gemcitabine or DC101 weekly."( The differential effects of metronomic gemcitabine and antiangiogenic treatment in patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer: treatment effects on metabolism, vascular function, cell proliferation, and tumor growth.
Buczkowski, AK; Chung, SW; Kozlowski, P; Kyle, AH; Minchinton, AI; Ng, SS; Owen, DA; Scudamore, CH; Tso, J; Valdez, SM; Wong, MQ; Yapp, DT; Yung, A, 2016)		0.43
" The median cumulative dosage capecitabine was lower for patients treated with CAPOX (163,744 mg/m(2), interquartile range [IQR] 83,397-202,858 mg/m(2)) than for patients treated with CapMono (189,195 mg/m(2), IQR 111,667-228,125 mg/m(2), P = 0."( Intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens and grade III-V toxicities among elderly stage III colon cancer patients.
Creemers, GJ; Janssen-Heijnen, ML; Lemmens, VE; Maas, HA; Pruijt, JF; Razenberg, LG; van Erning, FN, 2016)		0.43
"CAPOX is associated with significantly more grade III-V toxicities than CapMono, which had a pronounced impact on the cumulative dosage received and completion of all planned cycles."( Intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens and grade III-V toxicities among elderly stage III colon cancer patients.
Creemers, GJ; Janssen-Heijnen, ML; Lemmens, VE; Maas, HA; Pruijt, JF; Razenberg, LG; van Erning, FN, 2016)		0.43
" The reproducibility, repeatability, and applicability of the analysis to pharmaceutical dosage forms and human serum samples were also examined."( Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on poly(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of anticancer drug gemcitabine.
Pekyardımcı, Ş; Tığ, GA; Zeybek, B, 2016)		0.43
"The first-generation integrase inhibitors (INIs) raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) have shown efficacy against HIV infection, but they have the limitations of once-more daily dosing and extensive cross-resistance."( Dolutegravir(DTG, S/GSK1349572) combined with other ARTs is superior to RAL- or EFV-based regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, H; Guo, W; Huang, J; Jiang, J; Liang, B; Liang, H; Liao, Y; Su, J; Xu, X; Ye, L; Zang, N, 2016)		0.43
" Enoxaparin was started at a therapeutic, renally adjusted dosage of 60 mg subcutaneously once daily after the patient's hematomas resolved and hemoglobin level stabilized."( Evidence of a clinically significant interaction between warfarin and intravesical gemcitabine.
Feuz, L; Gee, ME; Krajewski, KC; Kurtzhalts, K, 2016)		0.43
" Additionally, MTX-GEM ASMP-NPs could achieve the same anticancer effect with the greatly reduced dosage compared with the free drugs according to the dose-reduction index (DRI) values of MTX and GEM in MTX-GEM ASMP-NPs, which may be beneficial for reducing the side effects."( Self-Delivery Nanoparticles of Amphiphilic Methotrexate-Gemcitabine Prodrug for Synergistic Combination Chemotherapy via Effect of Deoxyribonucleotide Pools.
Hu, M; Huang, P; Huang, W; Wang, Y; Yan, D; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.43
"In this study, we investigated the dosage effect of gemcitabine, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), on cellular levels of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method."( Profiling ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide pools perturbed by gemcitabine in human non-small cell lung cancer cells.
Chang, ZF; Chen, QQ; Guo, JR; Lam, CW; Wang, CY; Wong, VK; Zhang, W, 2016)		0.43
" In the S/P arm, patients were treated orally with sorafenib continuous dosing at two dose levels (DL1: 200 mg twice daily and DL2: 400 mg twice daily) combined with plitidepsin (1."( Phase I dose-escalation study of plitidepsin in combination with sorafenib or gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors or lymphomas.
Alfaro, V; Aspeslagh, S; Bahleda, R; Extremera, S; Fudio, S; Gyan, E; Hollebecque, A; Salles, G; Soria, JC; Soto-Matos, A; Stein, M, 2017)		0.46
" Electronic pharmacy records were used to abstract information on the type, length, and dosage of statin exposures starting in the year prior to diagnosis."( Influence of Statins and Cholesterol on Mortality Among Patients With Pancreatic Cancer.
Chang, JI; Huang, BZ; Li, E; Wu, BU; Xiang, AH, 2017)		0.46
" For GEM conjugates, triple doses with dosage 5 mg/kg were given on days 0, 7, and 14 (q7dx3), whereas a single dose regime with 20 mg/kg was applied on day 0 for PTX conjugates treatment."( Backbone Degradable N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer Conjugates with Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel: Impact of Molecular Weight on Activity toward Human Ovarian Carcinoma Xenografts.
Fang, Y; Kopeček, J; Li, Y; Pan, H; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, R, 2017)		0.46
" The GnRH-R agonistic potential of GSG was investigated by quantifying the testosterone levels in animals dosed daily with GSG, while an in vitro colony forming assay together with in vivo whole blood measurements were performed to elucidate the hematotoxicity profile of GSG."( Gemcitabine Based Peptide Conjugate with Improved Metabolic Properties and Dual Mode of Efficacy.
Argyros, O; Fokas, D; Karampelas, T; Skavatsou, E; Tamvakopoulos, C, 2017)		0.46
" Potential correlation between treatment modalities (regimen, dosage and route of administration of L-OHP, and injection timing for dexamethasone administration) and HSRs was assessed."( Comparison between hypersensitivity reactions to cycles of modified FOLFOX6 and XELOX therapies in patients with colorectal cancer.
Ando, Y; Hayashi, T; Ikeda, Y; Ito, K; Kawada, K; Kumazawa, S; Maeda, K; Matsuoka, H; Murai, S; Ohta, H; Shiouchi, H; Yamada, S; Yasuda, K, 2017)		0.46
" Twelve patients received weekly dosing at 60 to 100 mg/m²."( Universal tolerance of nab-paclitaxel for gynecologic malignancies in patients with prior taxane hypersensitivity reactions.
Mahdi, H; Maurer, K; Michener, C; Rose, PG, 2017)		0.46
" This study illustrates that co-encapsulation in a single carrier is not always desirable for the delivery of drug combinations, when the activity depends on the dosing sequence."( Mixed Liposome Approach for Ratiometric and Sequential Delivery of Paclitaxel and Gemcitabine.
Liu, Y; Tamam, H; Yeo, Y, 2018)		0.48
"Unintentional passive diffusion of conventional small molecular weight pharmaceuticals across intact membranes of normal healthy cells in tissues and organ systems induces sequelae that limit therapeutic dosage and duration of administration."( Selectively Targeted Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity of Three Immunopharmaceuticals with Covalently Bound Fludarabine, Gemcitabine and Dexamethasone Moieties Synthesized Utilizing Organic Chemistry Reactions in a Multi-Stage Regimen.
Coyne, CP; Narayanan, L, 2018)		0.48
"2 g/m2 and carboplatin AUC 5 dosing schedule."( Gemcitabine and carboplatin in metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer: Experience from a tertiary cancer center in South India.
Devika, T; Dubashi, B; Kayal, S; Kumar, R; Shewade, DG, )		0.13
" However, a clinically available therapeutic regimen for this compound needs to be established and its functional mechanisms in relation to the dosing schedule need to be clarified."( Analysis of the prolonged infusion of DFP-10917, a deoxycytidine analog, as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human tumor xenografts in vivo.
Eshima, K; Fukushima, M; Iizuka, K; Jin, C; Zhang, C, 2018)		0.48
" However, the full potential of this drug has not been realised, in part due to low oral bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements."( N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and CSKSSDYQC peptide: N-trimethyl chitosan conjugates enhance the oral bioavailability of gemcitabine to treat breast cancer.
Chen, G; Huang, Y; Lu, W; Svirskis, D; Wen, J; Ying, M, 2018)		0.48
" Alternatively, the concept of prior dosing allows for the application of dialyzable chemotherapeutic drugs using a normal dose, with an HD followed shortly after to mimic normal renal function."( Chemotherapeutic agents eligible for prior dosing in pancreatic cancer patients requiring hemodialysis: a systematic review
.
Egger, J; Hann, A; Hermann, PC; Keller, F; Nosalski, E; Seufferlein, T, 2018)		0.48
" We tapered off the opioid analgesia dosage because the cancer pain was relieved after 1 course."( [A Case of Successful Treatment with Gemcitabine plus Nab-Paclitaxel Therapy for Nonresected Pancreatic Body Cancer(Stage IVb)].
Endo, T; Hasegawa, K; Isogai, J; Kamiya, A; Kaneko, J; Kobayashi, K; Kondoh, I; Maejima, K; Maejima, S; Takatsuno, Y, 2018)		0.48
" The application of multidrug combination and adjuvant-drug carriers is a feasible strategy to overcome the limitations while minimizing the dosage of single drug and acquiring the synergistic effects in tumor therapy."( Co-delivery of paclitaxel and gemcitabine by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-coglycolide)-polypeptide nanoparticles for effective breast cancer therapy.
Dong, S; Duan, Y; Guo, Y; Li, Z; Ma, M; Niu, L; Shi, Y; Wang, C; Wang, N; Zhang, M, 2018)		0.48
"A retrospective analysis of gemcitabine dosage prepared over three months permitted to explain our consumption of this drug, and by modelling, to characterize the good prescription interval for each dosage."( [Comparative costs study between ready-to-administer bag of gemcitabine and production in reconstitution unit].
Lortal, B; Pouplin, M, )		0.13
" Simulated NTP exposures and time to EC50 attainment suggested that rapid therapeutic effects and reduced dosing frequency are achievable in adult and paediatric patients."( Respiratory syncytial virus-A dynamics and the effects of lumicitabine, a nucleoside viral replication inhibitor, in experimentally infected humans.
Beigelman, L; Blatt, LM; Chanda, S; DeVincenzo, JP; Fry, J; Huntjens, DR; Kirkpatrick, CM; McClure, M; Nieforth, KA; Patel, K; Smith, PF; Symons, JA; Zhang, Q, 2019)		0.51
" During the treatment, morphine dosage kept the same or decreased in 20 patients (47."( KML001, an arsenic compound, as salvage chemotherapy in refractory biliary tract cancers: A prospective study.
Bang, S; Chung, MJ; Jo, JH; Kang, H; Lee, HS; Park, JY; Park, SW; Song, SY, 2019)		0.51
" However, efforts to seize the normalization window have constrained the development of vascular normalization therapy in clinical applications owing to the lack of circulating biomarkers and the tedious dosage regimes."( Attempts to strengthen and simplify the tumor vascular normalization strategy using tumor vessel normalization promoting nanomedicines.
Du, S; Lu, Y; Xiong, H; Xu, C; Yao, J, 2019)		0.51
" The approach consisted of building a translational model combining pre-clinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models and parameters, with dosing paradigms used in the clinics along with clinical PK models to derive tumour profiles in humans driving overall survival."( Translational Framework Predicting Tumour Response in Gemcitabine-Treated Patients with Advanced Pancreatic and Ovarian Cancer from Xenograft Studies.
Garcia-Cremades, M; Iversen, PW; Pitou, C; Troconiz, IF, 2019)		0.51
"The dose escalation, confirmation, and expansion results support the dosing of merestinib at 120 mg once daily, based on acceptable exposure and safety at this dose."( First-in-Human Phase I Study of Merestinib, an Oral Multikinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Cancer.
Birnbaum, A; Cohen, RB; Denlinger, CS; Giles, J; He, AR; Hwang, J; Lewis, N; Moser, B; Mynderse, M; Niland, M; Plimack, ER; Sama, A; Sato, T; Walgren, R; Wallin, J; Zhang, W, 2019)		0.51
" The dosing used in this trial is described in the qualifying statements, while it should be noted that the dose of capecitabine may also be determined by institutional and regional practices."( Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Biliary Tract Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline.
Bachini, M; Bekaii-Saab, T; Crane, C; Edeline, J; El-Khoueiry, A; Feng, M; Katz, MHG; Kennedy, EB; Maithel, SK; Primrose, J; Shroff, RT; Soares, HP; Valle, J, 2019)		0.51
" Patients received vantictumab at escalating doses in combination with standard dosing of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine according to a 3 + 3 design."( A phase 1b dose escalation study of Wnt pathway inhibitor vantictumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Berlin, J; Cardin, DB; Cohen, SJ; Davis, SL; Dotan, E; Kapoun, AM; Lenz, HJ; Messersmith, WA; O'Neil, BH; Shahda, S; Stagg, RJ, 2020)		0.56
"Galunisertib 300 mg/day was given orally as intermittent dosing and gemcitabine as per label."( Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-overall survival analysis of the transforming growth factor-β inhibitor galunisertib in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Benhadji, KA; Cleverly, A; Gueorguieva, I; Lahn, MM; Macarulla, T; Melisi, D; Merz, V; Miles, C; Tabernero, J; Waterhouse, TH, 2019)		0.51
"This analysis suggests that 300 mg/day galunisertib administered as 150 mg twice daily for 14 days on/14 days off treatment is an appropriate dosing regimen for patients with pancreatic cancer."( Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-overall survival analysis of the transforming growth factor-β inhibitor galunisertib in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Benhadji, KA; Cleverly, A; Gueorguieva, I; Lahn, MM; Macarulla, T; Melisi, D; Merz, V; Miles, C; Tabernero, J; Waterhouse, TH, 2019)		0.51
" ExoGEM treatment, in tumor-bearing mice, significantly suppressed tumor growth, with prolonged survival in a dose-response manner, but caused minimal damage to normal tissues."( Gemcitabine loaded autologous exosomes for effective and safe chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
Cai, JX; Hu, XB; Li, YJ; Wang, JM; Wu, JY; Xiang, DX, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, we established two stable multidrug-resistant cell lines, BxPC-3-GR and CFPAC-1-GR, from their corresponding parental cells through exposure to GEM following a stepwise incremental dosing strategy."( Identification of chemoresistance-related mRNAs based on gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Ding, Y; Ge, W; Huang, Y; Kong, Y; Wang, W; Yan, Y; Zhang, L; Zheng, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, X; Zhu, W, 2020)		0.56
" A dose-response study indicates that GT DcNP provided a therapeutic index of ~15."( Novel drug combination nanoparticles exhibit enhanced plasma exposure and dose-responsive effects on eliminating breast cancer lung metastasis.
Griffin, JI; Ho, RJY; McConnachie, LA; Mu, Q; Wu, Y; Yu, J; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
"The gemcitabine (GEM)-carboplatin (CBDCA) combination is widely used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has some efficacy in elderly patients; however, a high incidence of thrombocytopenia is observed, and the optimal dosage and administration schedules are unknown."( Phase II Study on Biweekly Combination Therapy of Gemcitabine plus Carboplatin for the Treatment of Elderly Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
Akamine, S; Ebi, N; Ichiki, M; Matsumoto, T; Nakanishi, Y; Takayama, K; Tokunaga, S; Uchino, J; Yamada, T, 2020)		0.56
" Most remarkably, drug loaded coaxial fibers, particularly doxorubicin-containing fibers, had higher anticancer effect in vivo compared to systemic injection of equivalent dosage of the drugs."( Coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers: making of a robust and efficacious depot for cancer drug delivery.
Foroughi, J; Kim, SC; Shim, IK; Spinks, GM; Talebian, S; Vine, KL, 2020)		0.56
" On the basis of preclinical data, sequential dosing was evaluated in cohort 4 (ipafricept day 1 followed nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine day 3)."( Phase Ib Study of Wnt Inhibitor Ipafricept with Gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in Patients with Previously Untreated Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer.
Astsaturov, I; Brachmann, RK; Cardin, DB; Cohen, SJ; Denlinger, CS; Dotan, E; Kapoun, AM; Lenz, HJ; Messersmith, W; O'Neil, B; Shahda, S; Stagg, RJ; Uttamsingh, S; Weekes, C, 2020)		0.56
" Anti-PanC efficacy of single agents vs combination in the three tumor explants, both at the end of active dosing regimen and following a drug-washout phase were compared."( Bitter melon juice intake with gemcitabine intervention circumvents resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic patient-derived xenograft tumors.
Agarwal, C; Agarwal, R; Bagby, SM; Dhar, D; Kumar, D; Messersmith, WA; Orlicky, DJ; Pitts, TM; Raina, K; Wempe, MF, 2020)		0.56
" Whereas reductions of NTx dosage was more common in elderly patients in comparison 1 (p = 0."( Neoadjuvant therapy in elderly patients receiving FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel for borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic cancer is feasible and lead to a similar oncological outcome compared to non-aged patients - Results of the
Ceyhan, GO; Damm, M; Kordes, M; Maggino, L; Moir, J; Rosendahl, J; Schorn, S; Weniger, M, 2020)		0.56
" Attempts to improve the dosing regimen of gemcitabine were aimed at maximising the intracellular gemcitabine triphosphate concentrations."( Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Pyrimidine Analogues used in Oncology and the Correlation with Drug Action.
Beijnen, JH; Derissen, EJB, 2020)		0.56
"Results of this Phase Ib trial indicate that PG-11047 can be safely administered to patients in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU on the once weekly dosing schedule described and may provide therapeutic benefit."( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma.
Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)		0.62
" The primary objective was to determine the tolerability of the respective dosing schedules, defined according to frequency of dose reductions and treatment delays."( Safety and Efficacy of 7 Days on/7 Days off Versus 14 Days on/7 Days off Schedules of Capecitabine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Review.
Akce, M; Alese, O; Bryson, E; Davis, C; Draper, A; El-Rayes, B; Goyal, S; Hall, K; Patel, U; Sakach, E; Shaib, W; Szabo, S; Watson, M; Wu, C, 2021)		0.62
" Protocol variability and dosage differences limit statistical interpretation."( Nephron-sparing management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Farrow, JM; Gryzinski, GM; Kern, SQ; Sundaram, CP, 2021)		0.62
"Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies improve the design of dosing regimens in preclinical and clinical settings."( New In Vitro-In Silico Approach for the Prediction of In Vivo Performance of Drug Combinations.
Correia, C; Ferreira, A; Lapa, R; Santos, J; Urtti, A; Vale, N; Yliperttula, M, 2021)		0.62
" Accurate assessment of renal function is indispensable for determining cisplatin dosing to enhance the safety and effectiveness of cisplatin."( Evaluation of renal function using cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy.
Hamada, S; Kadowaki, D; Miyamura, S; Nishimura, F; Oniki, K; Saruwatari, J; Ushijima, T, 2021)		0.62
" All patients received a radiation dosage of 25 × 2 Gy during a period of five weeks with either concomitant capecitabine administered on radiation days or continuously during radiotherapy."( Relation between body composition and severe diarrhea in patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine for rectal cancer: a single-centre cohort study.
Hartman, W; Nuyttens, JJME; Oomen-de Hoop, E; Rothbarth, J; van Meerten, E; van Rees, JM; van Vugt, JLA; Verhoef, C, 2021)		0.62
" This approach has proven its efficacy, although drug dosing and scheduling are often chosen empirically."( Minimal PK/PD model for simultaneous description of the maximal tolerated dose and metronomic treatment outcomes in mouse tumor models.
Bogdanov, AA; Chubenko, VA; Klimenko, VV; Knyazev, NA; Moiseyenko, VM; Terterov, IN, 2021)		0.62
" Chemotherapy dosing based on body composition, rather than conventional anthropometric measures, may be effective in reducing treatment toxicity."( An exploratory study of body composition as a predictor of dose-limiting toxicity in metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel.
Chambers, C; Chen, A; Eurich, DT; Ha, V; McCall, M; Sawyer, MB; Youn, S, 2021)		0.62
" Berzosertib plus cisplatin with gemcitabine was associated with significantly higher hematologic toxicities despite attenuated dosing of cisplatin with gemcitabine."( Effect of Cisplatin and Gemcitabine With or Without Berzosertib in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Cui, Y; Dreicer, R; Emamekhoo, H; Frankel, PH; Hoimes, C; Kim, WY; Lara, PN; Lyou, Y; Michaelson, D; Milowsky, M; Mortazavi, A; Newman, E; Pal, SK; Parikh, M; Parikh, R; Srinivas, S; Teply, B; Vaishampayan, U; Weng, P; Zhang, T, 2021)		0.62
"A retrospective, multicenter study was conducted on 64 CTCL and BPDCN patients treated with gemcitabine in average absolute dosage of 1,800 mg/m2 per cycle, which is 50% lower compared to standard dosage of 3,600 mg/m2 per cycle (1,200 mg/m2 day 1, 8, 15)."( Clinical Outcomes of Advanced-Stage Cutaneous Lymphoma under Low-Dose Gemcitabine Treatment: Real-Life Data from the German Cutaneous Lymphoma Network.
Assaf, C; Blazejak, C; Gambichler, T; Gosman, J; Klemke, CD; Nicolay, JP; Olk, J; Stadler, R; Stendel, S; Stranzenbach, R; Wehkamp, U; Weyermann, M; Wobser, M, 2022)		0.72
" However, these agents have several off-target activities leading to significant toxicities that limit dosing and duration of treatment."( 5-Aza-4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine, a New Orally Bioavailable Nontoxic "Best-in-Class": DNA Methyltransferase 1-Depleting Agent in Clinical Development.
Parker, WB; Thottassery, JV, 2021)		0.62
" The traditional dosing schedule of GA is days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle."( Dosing Schedules of Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel for Older Adults With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.
Dotan, E; Handorf, E; Winer, A, 2021)		0.62
" Patients were grouped by dosing at treatment initiation (traditional vs modified dosing schedules)."( Dosing Schedules of Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel for Older Adults With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.
Dotan, E; Handorf, E; Winer, A, 2021)		0.62
"In this real-world cohort, treatment of older mPDAC patients with a modified dosing schedule of GA resulted in shorter TOT and worse OS vs a traditional dosing schedule."( Dosing Schedules of Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel for Older Adults With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.
Dotan, E; Handorf, E; Winer, A, 2021)		0.62
" We developed dosage guidelines to dose modify gem and nab without granulocyte colony-stimulating factors."( Use of
Chambers, CR; Chen, A; Ghosh, S; Ha, VH; Sawyer, MB, 2022)		0.72
" Besides these two strategies, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK models) are also the key for predicting drug distribution based on physiological data, which is very important for personalized medicine, so that the correct drug and dosage regimen can be administered according to each patient's physiology."( Two Possible Strategies for Drug Modification of Gemcitabine and Future Contributions to Personalized Medicine.
Pereira, M; Vale, N, 2022)		0.72
"The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of a continuous therapy with a lower dosage of gemcitabine compared to those usually administered in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL)."( Continuous low-dose gemcitabine in primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma: A retrospective study.
Bianchi, L; Cantonetti, M; Di Raimondo, C; Meconi, F; Monopoli, A; Narducci, MG; Nunzi, A; Rapisarda, V; Scala, E; Tesei, C; Vaccarini, S; Zizzari, A, 2022)		0.72
"Of 23 patients in the intention-to-treat population (11 in Arm 1, 12 in Arm 2), 20 completed both dosing cycles of TAR-200."( The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a neoadjuvant gemcitabine intravesical drug delivery system (TAR-200) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: a phase I trial.
Aron, M; Brummelhuis, ISG; Chau, A; Cutie, CJ; Daneshmand, S; Keegan, KA; Maffeo, JC; Pohar, KS; Raybold, B; Reynolds, DL; Steinberg, GD; Witjes, JA, 2022)		0.72
" Selumetinib was dosed at 75 mg BID but amended to 50 mg BID due to toxicity."( Randomised, Phase II study of selumetinib, an oral inhibitor of MEK, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer.
Chen, E; DeLuca, S; Dhani, N; Doherty, MK; Hedley, D; Jang, R; Knox, JJ; McNamara, MG; O'Kane, GM; Pedutem, T; Sim, HW; Tam, VC; Tang, P; Wang, L, 2022)		0.72
"During treatment, the dosage of sintilimab was halved in 2 patients due to adverse reactions."( Clinical Study of Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined with Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Multiline Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.
Du, S; Fan, L; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J, 2022)		0.72
" The dosing period was 23."( [GEM plus CDDP Combination Therapy for Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer-A Single Institution Experience].
Aoyama, S; Hata, T; Hiraki, M; Ikeshima, R; Katsura, Y; Katsuyama, S; Kihara, Y; Kinoshita, M; Masuzawa, T; Muneta, M; Murata, K; Ohmura, Y; Shinke, G; Sugimura, K; Takeda, Y, 2023)		0.91
" TAR-200 is a novel, intravesical drug delivery system that provides sustained, local release of gemcitabine into the bladder over a 21-day dosing cycle."( Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of TAR-200 in Patients With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Who Refused or Were Unfit for Curative-intent Therapy: A Phase 1 Study.
Chau, A; Cutie, CJ; Dickstein, RJ; Guerrero-Ramos, F; Hafron, JM; Keegan, KA; Maffeo, JC; Messing, EM; Mir, MC; Morris, D; Palou, J; Raybold, B; Rodriguez, O; Scarpato, KR; Stromberg, KA; Tyson, MD, 2023)		0.91
"PBPK model prediction suggests no dosage adaption of capecitabine or 5-FU is required for cancer patients with hepatic impairment but it would be reduced when the toxic reaction is observed."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Prediction of 5-FU Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Patients with Hepatic Impairment After 5-FU and Capecitabine Administration.
Hu, H; Wang, Y; Yu, L; Zeng, S, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (15)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Pyrimidine Metabolism2353
beta-Ureidopropionase Deficiency2353
UMP Synthase Deficiency (Orotic Aciduria)2353
Dihydropyrimidinase Deficiency2353
MNGIE (Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy)2353
Salvage Pathways of Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleotides514
Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides Degradation410
Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides Salvage815
superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside salvage619
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides salvage615
Pyrimidine Nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism ( Pyrimidine Nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )4549
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-20490
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation714
superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation738
superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside salvage2222
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides salvage1517
salvage pathways of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides432
superpathway of ribose and deoxyribose phosphate degradation024
(deoxy)ribose phosphate degradation018
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Pyrimidine metabolism038

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Beta-lactamaseEscherichia coli K-12Potency19.95260.044717.8581100.0000AID485294
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseGiardia intestinalisPotency10.00000.140911.194039.8107AID2451
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.006026.168889.1251AID540317
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH Human immunodeficiency virus 1Kd2.05000.00062.40599.8000AID618865; AID618875
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Deoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)Km1.43330.40003.57908.5000AID278932; AID56586; AID56587
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic processDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
CMP biosynthetic processDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
dAMP salvageDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic processDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine-containing compound salvageCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytidine deaminationCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosine metabolic processCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
UMP salvageCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic processCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to cycloheximideCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to external biotic stimulusCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
deoxyadenosine kinase activityDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxycytidine kinase activityDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyguanosine kinase activityDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytidine kinase activityDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoside bindingCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytidine deaminase activityCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleoplasmDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmDeoxycytidine kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
tertiary granule lumenCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCytidine deaminaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (69)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID32065Protection of ATH8 cells against the cytopathic effect of HIV.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID105767Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 5 uM concentration; Range is 10-401987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID56586Inhibitory affect against rabbit deoxycytidine kinase and represented as molt/4F kinase for [2-14C]-dCyd1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of some modified 4-thiopyrimidine nucleosides for prevention or reversal of AIDS-associated neurological disorders.
AID105756Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 5 uM concentration.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID20871Partition coefficient (P) in 1-octanol and 0.1 M Na3PO4 at pH 71990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of some modified 4-thiopyrimidine nucleosides for prevention or reversal of AIDS-associated neurological disorders.
AID1240603Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells after 2 to 4 days by ATPlite 1step luminescence assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Design and synthesis of new non nucleoside inhibitors of DNMT3A.
AID105747Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.008 uM concentration.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID210863Rate of phosphorylation relative to human CytodCydK was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID342517Antiviral activity against HIV at 100 uM2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-C-methyl nucleoside derivatives.
AID98851Compound was tested for percent increase in life span against L1210 lymphoid leukemia1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Synthesis and antitumor activity of fluorine-substituted 4-amino-2(1H)-pyridinones and their nucleosides. 3-Deazacytosines.
AID278937Ratio of Kcat to Km for UCK1 activity expressed in Huh7 cells2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID431226Activity of cloned cytidine deaminase in human HuH7 cells by spectrophotometric analysis2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
The mechanism of action of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine involves a second metabolic pathway leading to beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine 5'-triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
AID105764Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 125 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID210864Rate of phosphorylation relative to human CytodThdK was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID1124526Inhibition of thymidine kinase in BHK21 (C13) cells using thymidine as substrate assessed as formation of TMP at 0.37 mM1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Design of species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 1. Effect of thymidine substituents on affinity for the thymidine site of hamster cytoplasmic thymidine kinase.
AID32066Required dose to reduce viability of normal uninfected ATH8 cells.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID126601Ability to inhibit rat mitochondrial thymidine kinase1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID381857Activity of 10 U/mL Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase assessed as drug phosphorylation after 1 week2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7
Kinetic parameters and recognition of thymidine analogues with varying functional groups by thymidine phosphorylase.
AID342012Activity of Staphylococcus aureus CCM 885 recombinant deoxyadenosine kinase2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases activate nucleoside antibiotics in severely pathogenic bacteria.
AID278932Activity of human dCK expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as phosphorylation by coupled enzyme assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID97846The concentration required to inhibit the growth of L-1210 leukemic cells was evaluated; 1E-4 to 5E-41985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological activity of a novel adenosine analogue, 3-beta-D-ribofuranosylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.
AID278947Activity of human UCK1 expressed in Huh7 cells assessed as phosphorylation up to 1 mM by coupled enzyme assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID100244Rate of incorporation of [3H]-into DNA fraction of mouse LM(TK-) cells after 2 hr of pre-incubation, expressed as cpm 1/(10e6 cells) 1/h1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Bis(m-nitrophenyl) and bis(p-nitrophenyl) esters and the phosphorodiamidate of thymidine 5'-phosphate as potential sources of intracellular thymidine 5'-phosphate in mouse cells in culture.
AID1240602Antiproliferative activity against human KARPAS299 cells after 2 to 4 days by ATPlite 1step luminescence assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Design and synthesis of new non nucleoside inhibitors of DNMT3A.
AID126594Competitive inhibition against rat mitochondrial thymidine kinase1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID618875Binding affinity to HIV1 reverse transcriptase M184V mutant assessed as L-3'-azido-NTP incorporation in nascent DNA2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides.
AID56587Inhibitory affect against rabbit deoxycytidine kinase for [2-14C]-dCyd1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of some modified 4-thiopyrimidine nucleosides for prevention or reversal of AIDS-associated neurological disorders.
AID126600Affinity towards mitochondrial thymidine kinase relative to TdR.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID55976relative velocity was determined against deaminase purified from human acute myeloblastic leukemia cells1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID210866Rate of phosphorylation relative to human MitoThdK was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID210536Phosphorylating activity of viral HSV -2 (333) induced thymidine kinase relative to dThdK was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID105750Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.2 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID278949Ratio of Kcat to Km for UCK1 activity expressed in Huh7 cells up to 1 mM2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID369218Antiviral activity against woodchuck hepatitis virus infected woodchucks assessed as log reduction of serum viral DNA per ml of serum after 4 weeks2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Antiviral effect of orally administered (-)-beta-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane in woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection.
AID1135813Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus faecium after 15 to 17 hrs by turbidity assay1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 21, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of some uronic acids, uronates, uronamides, and urononitriles of pyrimidine nucleosides.
AID1136932Inhibition of Escherichia coli B thymidine kinase using [2-14C]-thymidine as substrate assessed as formation of [14C]-TMP at 0.5 mM after 10 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis relative to control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 22, Issue:12
Design of species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 2. Differences between a bacterial and a mammalian thymidine kinase in the effect of thymidine substituents on affinity for the thymidine site.
AID1136933Inhibition of Escherichia coli B thymidine kinase using [2-14C]-thymidine as substrate assessed as formation of [14C]-TMP at 2 mM after 10 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis relative to control1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 22, Issue:12
Design of species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 2. Differences between a bacterial and a mammalian thymidine kinase in the effect of thymidine substituents on affinity for the thymidine site.
AID55385Inhibition of cytidine deaminase partially purified from mouse kidney.1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 26, Issue:2
2'-O-nitro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. A new derivative of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine that resists enzymatic deamination and has antileukemic activity.
AID278933Ratio of Kcat to Km for human dCK expressed in HepG2 cells2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID1240601Antiproliferative activity against human KG1 cells after 2 to 4 days by ATPlite 1step luminescence assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Design and synthesis of new non nucleoside inhibitors of DNMT3A.
AID431228Ratio of Kcat to Km for cloned cytidine deaminase in human HuH7 cells by spectrophotometric analysis2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
The mechanism of action of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine involves a second metabolic pathway leading to beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine 5'-triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
AID381856Activity of 10 U/mL Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase assessed as drug phosphorylation after 24 hrs2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7
Kinetic parameters and recognition of thymidine analogues with varying functional groups by thymidine phosphorylase.
AID399372Deterrent activity against Perknaster fuscus assessed as induction of sustained retractions of tube-feet by sea-star deterrent assay1998Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 61, Issue:1
Purine and nucleoside metabolites from the Antarctic sponge Isodictya erinacea.
AID282609Growth inhibition in human CCRF-CEM cells assessed as cell growth relative to control2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-30, Volume: 47, Issue:27
Synthesis of classical, three-carbon-bridged 5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues as antifolates.
AID97848The concentration required (hypoxanthine+uridine) to inhibit the growth of L-1210 leukemic cells was evaluated1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological activity of a novel adenosine analogue, 3-beta-D-ribofuranosylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.
AID618865Binding affinity to HIV1 reverse transcriptase assessed as L-3'-azido-NTP incorporation in nascent DNA2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides.
AID342013Ratio of kcat to Km for Staphylococcus aureus CCM 885 recombinant deoxyadenosine kinase2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases activate nucleoside antibiotics in severely pathogenic bacteria.
AID1124527Inhibition of thymidine kinase in BHK21 (C13) cells using thymidine as substrate assessed as formation of TMP at 0.74 mM1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Design of species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 1. Effect of thymidine substituents on affinity for the thymidine site of hamster cytoplasmic thymidine kinase.
AID210890Ability to inhibit rat cytoplasmic Thymidine kinase1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID210535Phosphorylating activity of viral HSV -1 (KOS) induced thymidine kinase relative to dThdK was determined1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID618877Ratio Kpol to Kd for wild type HIV 1 reverse transcriptase M184V mutant2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides.
AID278936Activity of human UCK1 expressed in Huh7 cells assessed as phosphorylation by coupled enzyme assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Mechanism of activation of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-c-methylcytidine and inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase.
AID458192Activity at Drosophila melanogaster dNK by spectrophotometry2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 20, Issue:3
Synthesis of fluorescent nucleoside analogs as probes for 2'-deoxyribonucleoside kinases.
AID105762Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.2 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID55974Rate of deamination was determined against deaminase purified from human acute myeloblastic leukemia cells1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 30, Issue:11
Acetylenic nucleosides. 4. 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-ethynylcytosine. Improved synthesis and evaluation of biochemical and antiviral properties.
AID618876Ratio Kpol to Kd for wild type HIV 1 reverse transcriptase2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (17,328)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990735 (4.24)18.7374
1990's903 (5.21)18.2507
2000's5861 (33.82)29.6817
2010's8354 (48.21)24.3611
2020's1475 (8.51)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 59.43

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index59.43 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.36 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index91.47 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (59.43)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials4,652 (25.62%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews2,015 (11.10%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies1,861 (10.25%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational79 (0.44%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other9,553 (52.60%)84.16%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chloroacetaldehyde
[no description available]		2.4220organochlorine compound
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
n-carbamoyl-beta-alanine
N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine : A beta-alanine derivative that is propionic acid bearing a ureido group at position 3.		2.0310beta-alanine derivativemetabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		1.9910hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.18104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9610hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0310monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		3.0850aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
adenine
[no description available]		30.677472696-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0310guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		5.1831azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.6630acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
phycoerythrin
ara-ATP: structure		1.9710
beta-alanine
[no description available]		5.0752amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzene
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.3110amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		7.3820halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		1.9510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.0710fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		16.76924amino-acid anion
carbamic acid
carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.		2.0510carbon oxoacid;
one-carbon compound;
organonitrogen compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9610monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.4620amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		210catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		8.2172alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.9240cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		521tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.6830halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9610chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.4920coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.2550monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.4620benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0610trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.3110gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		3.4211(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
caprylic aldehyde
caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).		2.0810medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		7.53202-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		4.4570monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		1.9510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		8.1990aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.523032-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrouracil
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.		2.4620pyrimidoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.		2.0110glycerone phosphates;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.4851sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.6930aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		6.9910carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glycine
[no description available]		8.55142alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.0510aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		6.742alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.8321carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.7106
histamine
[no description available]		4.9421aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		6.6792elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		7.0810hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.6330diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.4211hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.0710dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.6102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4220alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.6530cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.0240acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		1.9510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		16.568641pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4620pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.921monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		5.2531monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.3720gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		8.3570pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.370acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		5.4751phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.1310benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		4.6111glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4120propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pteridines
[no description available]		2.7630azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		2.7730purine
putrescine
[no description available]		210alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.4711monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.110azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		1.9510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		7.6175hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.4320divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.0810selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		3.3770divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		210polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		9.5251polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		4.9721sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		2.4820amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		1.9510primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		4.49240pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		4.0731methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		17.214426pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		8.0750uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		9.85356isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		1.9710xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		210aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.1110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.2110glycerophosphocholine
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0310bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		2.420
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		3.2360benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.1110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		3.2710
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		1.96101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.2650imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
ag-1549
capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor		3.5220
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		210monoazo compound
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.7330acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.4211monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0110acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		1.9610
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.25101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.1210triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		1.9610adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		7.38104diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
theophylline
[no description available]		7.6630dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0210carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.5220dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0210acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		5.2260nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0110dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.4870benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0210ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		3.0610monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.5820aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.1710azobenzenes
baclofen
[no description available]		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		4.6111benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
berberine
[no description available]		3.2750alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		2.3620propan-3-olide
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0410diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0610secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
busulfan
[no description available]		11.743514methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.6730purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.1950aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.7132benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.9210dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		6.97152N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		14.234522organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		7.9540aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		6.44111aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.8840organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ci 994
tacedinaline: oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells & normal stem-cells. tacedinaline : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers.		4.8742acetamides;
benzamides;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.5220cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.1110quinolines
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.5351aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.03102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
cl 387785
CL 387785: structure in first source. N-{4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazolin-6-yl}but-2-ynamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 4,6-diaminoquinazoine in which the one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 4 has been replaced by a m-bromophenyl group while one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 6 has been replaced by a but-2-ynoyl group.		2.0610bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
ynamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
clobenpropit
clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.		2.110imidazoles;
imidothiocarbamic ester;
organochlorine compound		H3-receptor antagonist;
H4-receptor agonist
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.2110monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.02101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0110clonidine;
imidazoline
croconazole
croconazole: RN & structure given from first source for parent cpd		3.1710aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
monochlorobenzenes
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.3820indolesfluorochrome
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		1.9610acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4420alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.07101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.1110benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.1510diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.4920amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		1.9510alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		1.9910benzoic acids
3,3'-diindolylmethane
3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist		2.9640indolesantineoplastic agent;
P450 inhibitor
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		2.4420benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.8321ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		3.1210benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		5.51161piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
stallimycin
[no description available]		2.5120
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.7630organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		9.34182branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol
1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol: a sphingolipid analog; inhibits the enzyme activity in infected erythrocytes. N-[1-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexadecanamide : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol.		2.0510benzyl alcohols;
fatty amide;
morpholines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		2.3820
embelin
embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.		2.3110dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonesantimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.86110trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.4370
etanidazole
Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.		3.0710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		1.9810alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.83211,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
brl 42810
[no description available]		6.45512-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.2110diarylmethane
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.5520aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.1310resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		32.774,6051,729nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.7321(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.7630carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.0210chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.110benzoate ester
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.0710
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.7730
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.4111methoxybenzenes
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.8910carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
gw8510
GW8510: 3' substituted indolone as a scaffold for the development of neuroprotective drug; structure in first source		2.6320
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.1510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.1510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		1.9610acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		3.0750phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.6930azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		9.0174aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		11.17553one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hypericin
[no description available]		2.4110
ifosfamide
[no description available]		18.5116157ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0110indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.7630indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.3620aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iofetamine
Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.		1.9810
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.2510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.11103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.6111organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		5.3131carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9510catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.6111cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.1510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.610medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.4120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		6.24110nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomustine
[no description available]		4.2450N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.7621monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.7630biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		5.37130chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2460nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
memantine
[no description available]		4.6111adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		8.89223guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.6111benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.3820ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4120organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		1.9610aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.5920aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		4.6111benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.3820methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.7332C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0710dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.0710benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.6620diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		10.92510dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
entinostat
[no description available]		4.0740benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.6630maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		7.76115benzoic acids;
guanidines
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		2.1110
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		2.0810
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		13.864517cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.4110benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.3541nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.5120
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.7132carbazoles
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		22.314121141,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.1510acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		8.1501,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.4720phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.4220benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.3260aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.7730oxopurine
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		2.7330monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phloretin
[no description available]		1.9610dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
pifithrin
pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source		2.0310aromatic ketone
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.6163aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		2.1110azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.1710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9710inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.4320aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0410isoquinolines
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4320benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		8.07163benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.9440phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.0810phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9510naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.8921benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
rofecoxib
[no description available]		6.6254butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		2.0110benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
carbamylhydrazine
carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		210carbohydrazide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound;
ureas
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		3.1510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.4110inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		3.1850long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		9.73203dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.1310isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.7530
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.3560isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		4.8821naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.1110N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		23.35520140organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temozolomide
[no description available]		14.25447imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0410benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		14.385321phthalimides;
piperidones
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		7.65103aziridines
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		1.9610N-acyl-amino acid
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		1.9810pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.1710N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		7.6930aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		7.0361
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		1.9610psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.3110chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.4820aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane
[no description available]		7.420carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vesnarinone
[no description available]		3.7921organic molecular entity
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.0110inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		18.7516745mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		15.522811beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		210glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		15.083945pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		15.7917125nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		1.99101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		4.1550nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0710ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.02103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		6.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		14.04541111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.4202-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		3.9840N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
idoxuridine
[no description available]		13.54391organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.03102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.6730nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.1710dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		1.9610guanidines
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.1110cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		7.3863alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.9240L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.3620C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		4.6261aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		11.37131amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.99120aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		2.4110alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.6530pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.2941glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		7.54417-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.7330ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.7130adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		9.461022uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		8.86122pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.420pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		7.98900pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.1510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		16.957333monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n-nitrosomorpholine
N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.		1.9710nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4.0631ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.5380amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.940adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.2260amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.3520methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		1.9510nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		6.5130cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.		3.3770cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		10.48151pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0410lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.3670aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.7630
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.150amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.3770alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		9.541700cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		11.06312cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.5890antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		3.1910psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.3920diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0610chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.4320antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4220mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		16.8429815beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		7.05151nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
phenacyl bromide
phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.		2.0610acetophenones;
alpha-bromoketone		metabolite
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		1.9510non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide
4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.		3.4311sulfonamide
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		5.0421amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.984020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		4.7950L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1710amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.7303'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		340erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9510aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.9440arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		1.9510alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		4.6111alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.1310alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		8.2360chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.7730aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		210chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		2.3820gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		7.3720epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.1110tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane
trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.4110silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		1.9710fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.0310alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.1710fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.6830alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3820primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.0210alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.4920alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.2110pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.1110amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.4720organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		9.752156-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
lawsone
lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.		2.4720
diisobutyl phthalate
diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.		7.1510diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser;
PPAR modulator;
teratogenic agent
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.8521glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		210
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.3920pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		6.1351mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.420epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		3.4211enoate ester
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0610butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		1.98105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4820trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		2.2510aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		4.3941quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
phenyl isocyanate
[no description available]		1.9810benzenes;
isocyanates		allergen;
hapten
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.6111caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
2,5-dioxopiperazine
piperazine-2,5-dione : A cyclic peptide that is piperazine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by oxo groups.		5.09112,5-diketopiperazines;
cyclic peptide
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.3820epoxide;
organochlorine compound
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		7.0810butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		4.0140enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.3720aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal
[no description available]		4.3141dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
succinic anhydride
[no description available]		2.1110cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
tetrahydrofurandione
propylene carbonate
4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: structure in first source		2.1310
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.1510cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-dimethylaminopropylamine
3-dimethylaminopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.2110
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		16.249526pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		7.4420cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0210furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		14.03688mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		4.6111fatty acid ester
piperidine
[no description available]		2.4320azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310polyazaalkane;
triamine
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		2.1310dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.5720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.08101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.4820anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.48201,4-naphthoquinones
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		1.9810isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		3.7730pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0810naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
4-nitrosodimethylaniline
4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.		210dimethylaniline;
nitroso compound;
tertiary amino compound
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		210D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		440purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.0610hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
pentoxyl
Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.		2.110pyrimidone
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.2110dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.6890catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.4110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		24.81558227azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.3920acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		14.594318indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		5211,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.4320adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.6930cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		7.392isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.67301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		17.193291,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		13.6152diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		14.586922diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		3.8421calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.2510phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		9.39113azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0410organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-fluorouridine
[no description available]		3.4311organofluorine compound;
uridines		mutagen
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		11.12751N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		1.9510purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.		2.2510fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity		ultrasound contrast agent
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9610ergoline alkaloid
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		2.1710kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		4.11160thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.111011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		6.72712-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.2510dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0210imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		7.544monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9510guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
nuciferine
nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure		2.2110
berbamine
[no description available]		2.110phenylpropanoid
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.2510aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		3.18501,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.1310pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		8.12171
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.6920thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		1.9510
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.3110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		5.7961furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.21103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.031017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9710
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		8.2653C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.1510alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.4110methoxybenzenes;
phenols
maleimide
[no description available]		2.1510dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		9.4951dialdehydebiomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4110organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0810organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.4820
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.0610hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
glycidol
glycidol: structure given in first source		2.3720epoxide;
primary alcohol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.1310terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.5520flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		3.5311aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
butyl isothiocyanate
butyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.4110isothiocyanatehapten
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.442020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.110antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.570acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methyl isocyanate
methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.		1.9810isocyanatesallergen;
apoptosis inducer
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		1.9710
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.8221cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		2.02102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		1.9510
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.730delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.8840N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde
2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).		2.110naphthaldehydes;
naphthols
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.420N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.411117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source		4.8942organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
3,4-epoxy-1-butene
3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer		1.9910
n-nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.		210pyrrolidines
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		11.41446pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine
2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		4.23170purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.2510
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9810one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		10.482102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.9321ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-aminothiophenol
[no description available]		2.1110
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.0410
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.2510zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		5.4741
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.0210hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.4420glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		3.511enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		7.53160alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.1110
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
pseudouridine
[no description available]		2.940pseudouridinesfundamental metabolite
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.4110aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
1-aminopyrene
[no description available]		1.9910
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		2.0510etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
5-chlorouracil
5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.		2.0510organochlorine compound
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		3.4211aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		3.691002'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.830isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.55202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
5-fluorocytidine
5-fluorocytidine: isolated from DNA of Escherichia coli grown in presence of 5-fluorouracil; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6530cytidines;
organofluorine compound
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.9740corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.5420fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		11.32275dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
trichloroepoxypropane
Trichloroepoxypropane: A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens.		1.9610
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		13.336611organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.0740fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.1310D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.67301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.552017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.7130carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		2.520nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		3.5890adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
quinacrine mustard
Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.		1.9510hydrochlorideintercalator
cladribine
[no description available]		15.75402organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
2-cyanoethylene oxide
2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source		1.9710
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.3110aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.5520diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		11.34534beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		4.3611dioxolane
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.		1.96102-acetamidofluorenescarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		2.4820alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		1.9510cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		1.9710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.1510d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.4220elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		3.4211elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		3.1910chromium group element atommicronutrient
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		1.9810monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		7.0710iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.7430metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		15.229222elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		4.3441manganese group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		3.9821iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.0210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		6.46121copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.250manganese group element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		4.6111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		7.6193titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		3.8521cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.8720chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		6.9710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.1650f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		5.74240copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		4.9121actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		5.0931d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.1110titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		10.16543pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		3.8421magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.0310mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.1710N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		210inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.7430chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		26.03768282delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		8.3470diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.4820metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		1.9910inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.5920calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.8121metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
chloroethylene oxide
chloroethylene oxide: postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride; structure		1.9910organochlorine compound
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0410inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		3.0950dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		5.29170diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		7.8940diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6930nitrogen oxoacid
silicon tetrafluoride
silicon fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF unknown		2.1710
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.0410deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		4.6111
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		5.2131elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		1.9710inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.0110cadmium coordination entity
coformycin
[no description available]		2.8840coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ammonium bromide
ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		7.0410ammonium salt;
bromide salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.3720S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate
Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.		5.15180
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		3.8521
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.5220
myrmicacin
myrmicacin: found in secretions of South American leaf-cutting ant; inhibitor for mitotic progression after metaphase. 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is decanoic acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.08103-hydroxy fatty acid;
medium-chain fatty acid		antimitotic;
Escherichia coli metabolite
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		4.66306-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
2-bromoacrolein
[no description available]		3.4920
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.0610beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0310organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.8521glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.4880acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
showdomycin
Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9510
fluorides
[no description available]		2.9140halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
18-crown-6
18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.2110crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		phase-transfer catalyst
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		3.8720chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
taurolidine
[no description available]		2.0510thiadiazinane
iodine
[no description available]		1.9310halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		8.2560aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.4420N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		4.3130nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
2,6-diaminopurine
9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.		1.97102,6-diaminopurines;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
phenylglycidyl ether
phenylglycidyl ether: structure		6.9710aromatic ether
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.551benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.0610chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.2110azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		1.981011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.0210
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		2.0310delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		4.1640
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		2.0610morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7830glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
alovudine
[no description available]		5.85110pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		210adenosine 5'-phosphate
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.520inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		4.56240pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		1.9610ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.2510polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
hydroxyphenylazouracil
Hydroxyphenylazouracil: Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria.		1.9610
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		4.5240
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		19.768722azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		29.031,821652taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5
15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.		2.2110crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide
[no description available]		19.6223051beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		18.1933121-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan
[no description available]		3.6420
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		3.3560
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.17505-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		3.3811dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		3.0840pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vindesine
Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).		9.82196methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		21.58273153aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		2.9410
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		6.5281anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
eniluracil
eniluracil: structure in first source; inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase		11.27262pyrimidone
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.4520conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		2.4620ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.1110
fazarabine
fazarabine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-arabinofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. A synthetic analogue of cytosine arabinoside and 5-azacytidine that incorporates structural features of both compounds, it shows good activity against a variety of transplanted tumors.		4.1750N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.1110acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
dioxadet
[no description available]		2.4920
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		3.0650
fialuridine
[no description available]		1.9610
amonafide
xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor		4.330isoquinolines
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.520delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		6.4842
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		9.21127delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.15313-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
5-benzylacyclouridine
5-benzylacyclouridine: structure given in first source. 5-benzyl-1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)uracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl group at position 1 and a benzyl group at position 5.		1.9710hydroxyether;
primary alcohol;
pyrimidone
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.47203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.5120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		3.0710N-acyl-amino acid
3-deazaguanine
3-deazaguanine: structure		2.2110
flavone acetic acid
flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source		3.0710
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		3.0710biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
crisnatol
crisnatol: structure given in first source		3.0710
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.4110imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		11.281756-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		4.932117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulofenur
sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea		3.4820
zileuton
[no description available]		5.78221-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.4420methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		1.9710phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		18.7914536pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		35.5612,0633,420organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		8.2194aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		24.7620259monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
irinotecan
[no description available]		26.32830296carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.4711
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		12.882096-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		25.88765297monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		31.783,5551,435carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		5.94340adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		5.6460
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.1310aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.4110hydracid;
one-carbon compound
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.2110inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
carbogen
carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2		2.1110
3-carbethoxypsoralen
[no description available]		7.3720ethyl ester;
psoralens
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.3110quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.0510hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		1.9510hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		18.3712258acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		5.6132aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine
[no description available]		1.9810
2',3'-dideoxycytidinene
2',3'-dideoxycytidinene: 2',3'-unsaturated derivative of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine; potent inhibitor of HTLV-III in vitro; structure given in first source		7.8840
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.1310D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.1410aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		3.0340hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		4.1150organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate
thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.		6.43220pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.8230hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
dexelvucitabine
dexelvucitabine: inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro		5.5970
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine: structure given in first source		1.9710
2,6-diaminopurine 2',3'-dideoxyriboside
2,6-diaminopurine 2',3'-dideoxyriboside: selectively inhibits HIV virus replication in vitro; structure given in first source		1.9810
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		3.9121lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		4.6111dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine: inhibits reproduction of AIDS virus in cultured cells		1.9710
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.0540azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		4.6250methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.6830N-glycosyl compound
ibacitabine
ibacitabine: antiherpetic agent		6.98422pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
methylthymidine
methylthymidine: RN given refers to N-3-methylthymidine		2.6530
2'-deoxyuridylic acid
2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.4670flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
deoxyuridine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		3.1550xanthene dyefluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate
cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.		2.1510cholestane ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate		detergent
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		7.134502'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoramidic acid
phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds		2.8530phosphoric acid derivative
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4920
6-azacytidine
6-azacytidine: MH AZACITIDINE refers to 5-azacytidine		1.9810
2',3'-dideoxythymidine
[no description available]		3.4880
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		2.110phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin
[no description available]		2.0610
2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.3720
2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		7.0110pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.		2.0810beta-D-galactoside;
D-aldohexose derivative;
indolyl carbohydrate;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound		chromogenic compound
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.8940iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.7130
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		2.4420methylguaninemutagen
5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxythymidine
5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6630
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate: deprotecting cpd for peptides		2.1710
hypusine
hypusine: N-terminal amino alcohol deriv of Lys occurring in bovine brain & in the urine of children with familial hyperlysinemia; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search LYSINE/AA (75-82). hypusine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine bearing a (2R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl substituent at position N(6).		2.110
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		6.43161purine nucleoside
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		3.0850
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		5.0911cephalosporinfungal metabolite
5-methylnicotinamide
5-methylnicotinamide: potentiates cytotoxicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea		1.9610
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0310ifosfamides
methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin
methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin: structure in first source		1.9810anthracycline antibiotic;
morpholines;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
emitefur
Emitefur: structure given in first source		5.4950
tallimustine
tallimustine: structure given in first source		3.0910
ro 09-1390
Ro 09-1390: structure given in first source		4.1750
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		3.0810pyridoindole
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.2510nitride
edoxudin
[no description available]		2.3920pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		4.330
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.2110boronic acids
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		1.9510phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		10.012611,2,3-triazole
azauracil
azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.		2.25101,2,4-triazines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		12.5752132-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		5.971321,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0610organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.		2.0610quinolines
5-fluoropyrimidine
[no description available]		5.8690
5-iodouracil
5-iodouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-iodouracil : An organoiodine compound consisting of uracil having an iodo substituent at the 5-position.		1.9510organoiodine compoundantimetabolite
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine
[no description available]		2.0210
8-hydroxyoctanoic acid
8-hydroxyoctanoic acid: has been identified in the urine of children with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid : An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1310omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.		3.4970aminopyrimidine;
aromatic primary alcohol;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8330tocol
7-methyladenine
7-methyladenine: potential marker for monitoring exposure to methylatingcarcinogens. 7-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-7.		1.9910methyladeninemetabolite
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.6111conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
moroxydine
[no description available]		1.9610biguanides
enocitabine
[no description available]		2.4220organic molecular entity
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.1310
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		2.0610
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.9740
honokiol
[no description available]		2.7930biphenyls
4'-thiothymidine
[no description available]		2.0410
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		2.2510indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		420pyranoindolizinoquinoline
picropodophyllin
picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.		3.511furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
beta-thujaplicinol
beta-thujaplicinol: inhibits ribonuclease H activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; structure in first source		2.1510
alantolactone
alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.		2.2110naphthofuran;
olefinic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)ethane
[no description available]		2.0110
cyclopentenyl cytosine
cyclopentenyl cytosine: inhibits CTP synthetase; used in therapy of colonic neoplasms; structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (1R-(1alpha,4beta,5beta))-isomer		3.1150
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		1.9710
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.3110bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
3-deazaneplanocin
3-deazaneplanocin: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase antagonist		3.0140
fr 109615
cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus		310
o(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine
O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having O(6)-methylguanine as the nucleobase.		2.0510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
brusatol
brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure		2.1710triterpenoid
3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.3720
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.1110dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
carbohydrazide
carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.		210carbohydrazide;
one-carbon compound
5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide
5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. MTIC : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is dacarbazine in which one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydrogen. It is the active metabolite of dacarbazine, and is also produced by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body.		1.9610imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		8.2762
rivastigmine
[no description available]		2.0110carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.7730aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
5-hydroxymethyluracil
[no description available]		2.110primary alcohol;
pyrimidone		human metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		6.8762benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
hypobromous acid
[no description available]		2.830bromine oxoacid
adriamycinol
doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.		2.2110aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
aromatic ether;
deoxy hexoside;
p-quinones;
phenols;
polyol;
tetracenequinones		cardiotoxic agent;
drug metabolite
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.830bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.1110
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		6.47713-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.1330iditolfungal metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		10.4153amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluoromisonidazole
[no description available]		3.8521
matricin
matricin: RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,9alpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer		2.2110sesquiterpene lactone
lopinavir
[no description available]		15.85831amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
5-methylcytidine
[no description available]		3.1450methylcytidine
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.13101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
norcantharidin
norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation		2.5320furofuran
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0510
erythrose
D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.		2.3110erythroseplant metabolite
cytidylyl-(3'-5')-cytidine
[no description available]		1.9710nucleobase-containing molecular entity
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		4.0931
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.0810D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
isoluminol
isoluminol: chemiluminescent label		1.9710
8-bromoadenosine
[no description available]		2.4110purine nucleoside
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine		3.0950
3-deazacytidine
3-deazacytidine: structure		1.9710
5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine
5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure given in first source		1.9910
5-vinyluracil
5-vinyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0110
5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine
5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine: NSC-264880 refers to 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine hydrochloride		2.3720
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.		2.0210nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
phosphorodiamide		alkylating agent;
metabolite
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		3.6990pyrimidine ribonucleosides
nimbolide
nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1710
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9610
arctiin
arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		3.5611glycoside;
lignan
5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine
[no description available]		4.19170
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine
[no description available]		4.34190
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.7620methyladenosine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.		2.7830phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion;
phosphatidylethanolamine		human metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.4211cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		8.246217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mafosfamide
mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer		2.0110
uftoral
UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol		8.64171
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.4320sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		8.96133
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.4620imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		3.6580oligopeptide
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.5120
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.2510primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		4.6111imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.110diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.5220
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.3820
1,n(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine
[no description available]		5.87310purines
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.61111,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		2.1110oligopeptide
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.0710
3,n(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine
[no description available]		7.04430
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		2.2110
hc toxin
HC toxin: maize host-specific toxin isolated from culture filtrates of Helminthosporium carbonum (cochliobolus). HC toxin : A homodetic cyclic tetrapeptide made up from L-alanyl, D-alanyl, L-prolyl and 2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoyl residues.		2.1310homodetic cyclic peptide;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
phytotoxin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.0210phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
triptolide
[no description available]		2.8130diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
o(4)-ethylthymidine
O(4)-ethylthymidine: accumulates in hepatocyte DNA of rats exposed to diethylnitrosamine		2.0110
3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxythymidine
[no description available]		2.6630
tamibarotene
tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.		4.7211dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		11.01215acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.07102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.360
3-chloro-L-tyrosine
3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0810chloroamino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monochlorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
human metabolite
5-amino-2'-deoxyuridine
5-amino-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source		2.6530
1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol
RV 538: noninactivating inhibitor of ceramide-UDPG glucosyltransferase; RN given for unspecified HCl; structure given in first source		2.0610
liquiritigenin
liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.		2.11104',7-dihydroxyflavanonehormone agonist;
plant metabolite
selenomethylselenocysteine
selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
selenocysteines		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.2510alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
1,5(10)-estradiene-3,4,17-trione
1,5(10)-estradiene-3,4,17-trione: structure given in first source. estra-1,5(10)-diene-3,4,17-trione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of the dihydroxyphenyl moiety of 4-hydroxyestrone.		1.991017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid;
orthoquinones		human metabolite
fe(ii)-edta
Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd		210iron coordination entity
icrf 193
4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer.		2.0110
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		752hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis		1.9710
clofarabine
[no description available]		4.9380adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0810benzamidesaquaretic
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.1310fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n'-(2-chloroethyl)-n-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-n'-nitrosourea
N'-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-N'-nitrosourea: structure given in first source		3.0910
n,n,n'-trimethyl-n'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine
N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine: brain perfusion imaging agent; structure given in first source		1.9810
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		2.0510azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
rhenium-186 hedp
rhenium-186 HEDP: used as a complement to analgesic therapy in patients with painful disseminated bone metastases		2.0410
5-fluorodihydrouracil
5-fluorodihydrouracil: metabolite of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510pyrimidone
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.110
celastrol
[no description available]		2.5420monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
bruceine d
bruceine D: from fructus of Brucea javanica (Chinese name Yadanzi). bruceine D : A quassinoid that is 13,20-epoxypicras-3-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 16. Isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem of Brucea mollis, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.5520
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		5.2931nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		13.623211methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		4.4122bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		16.998730aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
hemoregulatory peptide 5b
hemoregulatory peptide 5b: synthetic analog of granulocyte chalone; initially identified in extracts of rodent bone marrow and human leukocytes; monomer inhibits both formation of GM-CFC colonies and cytotoxic drug induced recruitment of murine CRU-S cells into active cell cycle; dimer has stimulatory activity		1.9810
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		2.0610
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		4.1831amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
hydroxycitric acid
hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0710carbonyl compound
amidox
Amidox: ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor;structure given in first source		1.9910
amdoxovir
amdoxovir: structure in first source; RN given refers to (2R-cis)-isomer		4.5440
5'-amino-5-iodo-2',5'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9510
pseudoisocytidine
pseudoisocytidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3620
teloxantrone
teloxantrone: structure given in first source		3.0910
n-methylisoindigotin
N-methylisoindigotin: used in therapy of Lewis lung carcinoma; structure given in first source		2.1310
psorospermin
psorospermin: from Psorospermum febrifugum (Clusiaceae); some evidence it alkylates Gua N7 of DNA. psorospermin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,2-dihydro-6H-furo[2,3-c]xanthene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10, a methoxy group at position 5 nad a 2-methyloxiran-2-yl group at position 2.		2.0210epoxide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lestaurtinib
[no description available]		3.8921indolocarbazole
methotrexate
[no description available]		20.2321445dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
cyclopentenyluracil
cyclopentenyluracil: does not have antiviral acitivity in contrast to cyclopentenylcytosine; RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,4beta,5beta)-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 6/91		1.9710
2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		13.3992pyrimidone
2'-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine
2'-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure given in first source		3.5280
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		6.5381sulfonamideprodrug
bibw 22
BIBW 22: structure given in first source; a bifunctional modulator of P-glycoprotein and nucleoside transport; may be useful as a modulator of combination chemotherapy involving compounds affected by multidrug resistance		1.9810
c 1311
C 1311: an imidazoacridinone; arrests cell-cycle progression in the G2 phase of L1210 cells; structure given in first source		2.0310
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0810
4-hydroxy-equilenin
4-hydroxy-equilenin: structure given in first source; is the major catechol metabolite of the equine estrogens EQUILENIN and EQUILIN; induces DNA damage		2.0210
4-hydroxy-equilin
4-hydroxy-equilin: structure given in first source; metabolite of EQUILIN; induces DNA damage		2.0210
pixantrone
pixantrone: an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source		6.2531isoquinolines
carbapenems
[no description available]		5.0911
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		4.8421aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		210D-xylose
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		7.0610quinomethane
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		11.111611amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3'-deoxycytidine
[no description available]		7.4320
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)		7.544
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		7.582N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		26.961,058452secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a: a photodynamic sensitizer; structure given in first source		2.0710
perifosine
[no description available]		5.0731ammonium betaine;
phospholipid		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		5.9942cyclohexenones
lonafarnib
lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.		7.92534-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine
5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure		3.7721
2'fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9810
2'-deoxycytidine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.7302'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nepafenac
nepafenac: amide analog of amfenac; structure in first source. nepafenac : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is amfenac in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding carboxamide. It is a prodrug for amfenac, used in eye drops to treat pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.2510monocarboxylic acid amidecyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
dx 8951
[no description available]		7.5461pyranoindolizinoquinoline
vatalanib
[no description available]		6.2861monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
evodiamine
[no description available]		2.0710beta-carbolines
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.1510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
cyc 682
sapacitabine: structure in first source. sapacitabine : A nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).		3.1350nitrile;
nucleoside analogue;
secondary carboxamide		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
potassium diazoacetate
potassium diazoacetate: it is a stable nitrosated derivative of glycine, one of the most common dietary amino acids		2.0510
centchroman
Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.		2.1110
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		2.3620diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
canertinib
[no description available]		210monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		8.690oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
naphthalenediimide
naphthalenediimide: structure in first source		2.2510
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		16.356538organic sulfate salt
telbivudine
[no description available]		6.77140pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib
[no description available]		9.14138imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.8930chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
n(3)-ethylthymidine
N(3)-ethylthymidine: structure given in first source		2.3620
ukrain
ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid		3.3911
5-propyl-2'-deoxyuridine
5-propyl-2'-deoxyuridine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9510
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.730
combivir
lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet		5.8342
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.61202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.1510carbodiimide
dimethylsulfonioacetate
dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source		2.3110sulfonium betaine
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone
[no description available]		2.6830ribonolactonemetabolite
3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9710
5'-s-(2-aminoethyl)-n(6)-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5'-thioadenosine
5'-S-(2-aminoethyl)-N(6)-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5'-thioadenosine: structure given in first source		2.0510
5-(saenta-x8)fluorescein
5-(SAENTA-x8)fluorescein: structure given in first source; used for the flow cytometric quantitation of nucleoside transporter expression on leukemic cells		210
5,6-dihydrothymidine
5,6-dihydrothymidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5,6-dihydrothymidine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having dihydrothymine as the nucleobase.		2.420pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.4520iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine
N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure given in first source		1.9610purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
thymidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxycytidine
5'-d[TC]-3' : A single-strand DNA oligonucleotide consisting of a thymidine residue phospho-linked 3'->5' to a deoxycytidine residue (PDB entry: 2OK0).		2.3620single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide
5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine monophosphate
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure in first source		4.56220
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		9.03182dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source		2.1710aromatic ketone
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		8.0950biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.4520imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
enzastaurin
[no description available]		6.9174indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		23342157hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
cilengitide
Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells		6.0252oligopeptide
s 16020-2
S 16020-2: structure given in first source		210
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		25.55707264divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
ly 293111
LY 293111: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		4.1231aromatic ether
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4420aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
fluoroquinacrine
[no description available]		3.1410
etravirine
[no description available]		7.5351aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
n(4)-hydroxycytidine
N(4)-hydroxycytidine : A nucleoside analogue that is cytidine which carries a hydroxy group at the N(4)-positon. It has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza, SARS-CoV , SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.		2.0710ketoxime;
nucleoside analogue		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
drug metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		210iron coordination entity
lapatinib
[no description available]		19.1814053furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		13.182413carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.0810
tolvaptan
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		16.047840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		9.97144aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide
N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source. indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development.		3.8321chloroindole;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
phenoxodiol
phenoxodiol: a synthetic derivative of DAIDZEIN		2.4620
1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide
1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide: a thioredoxin inhibitor with antineoplastic activity		4.3711imidazoles
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.3520alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
equilin
Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.4920
colchicoside
colchicoside: from colchcium seeds; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure		2.5320
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.08102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2,3-dihydro-1h-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole
2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole: inhibitor of DNA synthesis		1.9610
nogalamycin
Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.		3.0710
pheophorbide a
pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin		2.5920
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		8.3365
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.211017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
calendula
Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.		2.0310
fusicoccin
fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure		2.1110
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
glaucarubinone
glaucarubinone: structure. glaucarubinone : A quassinoid with formula C25H34O10. It is a natural product isolated from several plant species and exhibits anti-cancer and anti-malarial properties.		2.5220
acivicin
[no description available]		2.3620isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.5480acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
menogaril
Menogaril: A semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.		420
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one: structure in first source		2.110cyclic ketone;
quinuclidines
2'-fluorothymidine
[no description available]		8.25141
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.8321
acylfulvene
acylfulvene: an antineoplastic agent; structure given in first source; an analog of illudin		3.110
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.7130carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.1110bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		13.646019amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		17.87105591,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
acetogenins
Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.		5.0911
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		1.9510
permanganate
[no description available]		4.6111manganese oxoacid
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.4120
carboplatin
[no description available]		26.4941408
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.420inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		8.3770adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.110
5'-deoxyadenosine
5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.		1.99105'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9510L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.4820peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		210oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
elastin
[no description available]		2.110oligopeptide
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.02103,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.1110raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.0710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.5920
puromycin
[no description available]		3.4520puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.110tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		5.39110coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
5-methyldeoxycytidine
[no description available]		1114412'-deoxycytidine
5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylic acid
5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylic acid : A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate compound having the phosphate group at the 5'-position and a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.08102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		210
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.0310dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.1110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.1710cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.1131L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
hyperforin
hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.		2.0810
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		12.9434132,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.0110homodetic cyclic peptide
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		2.1110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
genipin
[no description available]		2.5320iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
cyclopamine
[no description available]		3.5780piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		4.5951
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0410cyclic peptide
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.830arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.2110cyclodextrin
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		9.37190antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		7.95132retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
equilenin
Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		antioxidant;
mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.4320icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		6.3641farnesolplant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		4.4113-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		6.53131resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.9640octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.8221macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.5420D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0810benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		7.1155icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0210butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.02402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0310alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		4.88110
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.1510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-butenal
crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.		2.0110enal
2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9710
desoxyepothilone b
desoxyepothilone B: microtubule-targeted antitumor agent; lacking the epoxide of epothilone B; may be equiv to epothilone D. epothilone D : An epithilone that is epithilone C in which the hydrogen at position 13 of the oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione macrocycle has been replaced by a methyl group.		4.0520epothilonemicrotubule-stabilising agent
gw 3965
GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand		2.110diarylmethane
hts 466284
HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810pyrazoles;
pyridines;
quinolines		TGFbeta receptor antagonist
epothilone b
[no description available]		6.7671epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-stabilising agent
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea
N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source		2.0710
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.1110aromatic amide
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.0310olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		15.674919epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		210retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.0310phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.0310azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9710
TTP
[no description available]		2.0610pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
raluridine
raluridine: inhibitor of HIV; structure given in first source		1.9710
decitabine
[no description available]		6.994002'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.5320
lamivudine triphosphate
[no description available]		3.3520
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		6.08120carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		3.1810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
apricitabine
apricitabine: BCH-10619 is the (+)-isomer; structure in first source		10.18248
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		5.01130actinomycinmutagen
4'-azidocytidine
4'-azidocytidine: antiviral; structure in first source		340N-glycosyl compound
bevirimat
bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		HIV-1 maturation inhibitor;
metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		9.5401,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		3.85120tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
carbodine
carbodine: RN given refers to (R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer		2.3720
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		10.04356L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.4120amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		25.14632254nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source		2.5820
bromodeoxycytidine
Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.		7.37632
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		7.1763C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine		4.36200
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
licoricidin
licoricidin: a lysoPAF acetyltransferase inhibitor isolated from licorice root; structure in first source. licoricidin : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3'. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.		2.1710aromatic ether;
hydroxyisoflavans;
methoxyisoflavan		antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		2.5920hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
5-cyano-2'-deoxyuridine
5-cyano-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source		2.3620
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.9840
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
2-hydroxy-4h-isoquinoline-1,3-dione
2-hydroxy-4H-isoquinoline-1,3-dione: structure in first source		2.1510
5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine
5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine: structure		8.53424
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		1.9810
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.0210fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		4.37602-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		2.9410aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nemorosone
[no description available]		2.0810
geraniol
[no description available]		2.08103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.1710diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		3.5780
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		7.96651isomethyleugenol
piplartine
piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source		2.5920cinnamamides;
dicarboximide
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		6.45310triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		5.33160stilbene
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		3.411penicillinate anion
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		4.740diphosphate ion
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		210tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
haplamine
haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source		2.0410organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		3.8630oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		15.87423purine nucleoside
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		8.58144
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.7150aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methisazone
Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.		1.9610
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.110catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
alpha-methyltryptophan, (l)-isomer
[no description available]		2.2510
1-methyltryptophan
1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.		2.3110indolyl carboxylic acid
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		6.43161
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		9.68353aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		1.9510nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		6.1543monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.830capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1510cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.61902-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.110one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.1110cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.0210organic molecular entity
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.5820cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		8.19210stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.6620
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source		2.1510
stattic
[no description available]		2.63201-benzothiophenes;
C-nitro compound;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
STAT3 inhibitor
sirtinol
[no description available]		2.0810aldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
hlm006474
HLM006474: an inhibitor of E2F transcription factor; structure in first source		2.110
maraviroc
[no description available]		4.1631tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.4420aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
2'-deoxy-2'-methylenecytidine
[no description available]		9.01282
2-thiothymidine
2-thiothymidine: structure given in first source		2.0410
2'-deoxytubercidin
2'-deoxytubercidin: structure given in first source. 2'-deoxytubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the ribose moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.1310deoxyribonucleoside;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.8840aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine: a highly active anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.110
telaprevir
[no description available]		8.4172cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8330beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
5-hydroxycytosine
[no description available]		210
lomeguatrib
[no description available]		2.2510
bms 387032
N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.13101,3-oxazoles;
1,3-thiazoles;
organic sulfide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.3920alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		3.4211cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		4.6111nitrogen oxide
thiouridine
Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.		2.420nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine		affinity label;
antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		1.9510amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.0710beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		2.1110cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
deoxy-4-thiothymidine
4-thiothymidine: structure in first source		1.9710
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.3920
2-chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine
2-chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine: do not confuse with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine which is CLADRIBINE		3.520
methyl radical
[no description available]		3.1810organic radical
amrubicin
amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.		3.5320anthracycline antibiotic;
methyl ketone;
primary amino compound;
quinone;
tetracenes		antineoplastic agent;
prodrug;
topoisomerase II inhibitor
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.7630
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source; RN given is for mono HCl		4.6280
e 7010
E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source		3.5111sulfonamide
cystine
[no description available]		4.7521
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		7.61441,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate
2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.4110
laromustine
laromustine: has antineoplastic activity		2.0410
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		10.99168aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		2.0710
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.0810
gma-edma
GMA-EDMA: copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate & ethylene dimethacrylate; used for enzyme immobilization		2.0310
5-chlorocytosine
5-chlorocytosine: structure in first source		7.4720
verticillins
verticillins: 3 antibiotics isolated from imperfect fungus Verticillium: verticillin A, verticillin B (mono-3-hydroxymethyl analog of verticillin A), & verticillin C (differs from verticillin B in that 1 of dioxopiperazine rings has a trisulfide rather than a disulfide bridge; active against gram-positive bacteria & mycobacteria but not against gram-negative bacteria & fungi; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure (verticillins A & B))		2.1710
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0440polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		6.0961
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.7730
sb 218078
[no description available]		2.0510indolocarbazole
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.110organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.4220
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		3.0140
7-deazapurine
7-deazapurine: structure in first source		7.1310
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		9.1155
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		210inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
pd 407824
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.0610benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.4520organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.1110carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		3.1910
fraxetin
fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.3110aromatic ether;
hydroxycoumarin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
apoptosis inhibitor;
Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen		14.444120
jtk-303
[no description available]		14.844220aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.0510sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		3.891107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		9.43136biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.4620prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.7530trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.5203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.2960octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.9840D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ubiquinone 9
ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		3.4211ubiquinonesantioxidant;
human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9710
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		3.5320carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		3.4811dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.2510all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0310hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.5720fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.3720prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.5611hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		4.9721D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.41107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		2.0110linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.43707-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.7421antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.411011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
pyrvinium
pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.		2.1710quinolinium ionanthelminthic drug;
antineoplastic agent
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		210aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.5611hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
cucurbitacin b
[no description available]		2.7530cucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cucurbitacin d
cucurbitacin D: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin D : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23.		2.2110cucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
garcinol
garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi		2.5220
baicalein
[no description available]		5.3231trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.31107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fisetin
[no description available]		2.55203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
hispidulin
hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.		2.1110monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.2510aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.11107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.0310coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		2.2510diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.3110rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
shogaol
shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source		2.110enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
maytansine
Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.		11.4159alpha-amino acid ester;
carbamate ester;
epoxide;
maytansinoid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organochlorine compound		antimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
arborinine
arborinine: structure		2.1710acridines
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
tocotrienol, delta
delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.		3.6930tocotrienol;
vitamin E		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		5.6854retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.42204-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.05101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		4.6111
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.0510sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.110acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0110sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		3.8830aromatic amide;
indazoles
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.1710pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.320morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.4920organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.4620phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		14.065416antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.1110cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		4.6111menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0110macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		6.4572dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0110monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
ic 261
IC 261: a caseine kinase-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0410
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.		2.15101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		16.41916morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		2.4320organic molecular entity
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4420carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.21101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		2.1310indolecarboxamide
bisdemethoxycurcumin
curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.		3.8721beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
metabolite
andrographolide
[no description available]		2.0810carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
icariin
[no description available]		2.0810flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
malealdehyde
malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer		2.7330but-2-enedial
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.0510
ag-490
[no description available]		2.1310catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib
4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.821aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
N-methylpiperazine;
nitrile;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		5.0652olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0210
su 11248
[no description available]		14.925321monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib
[no description available]		2.9330aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
sclareolide
sclareolide: has antineoplastic activity; synthesized by oxidation of sclareol; a minor constituent of Arnica angustifolia and Sideritis nutans; structure in first source		2.1510
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		5.441guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.110
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		5.4341carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		210
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		2.4620cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.3820alkali metal atom
flavokawain b
flavokawain B: from Piper methysticum Forst (Kava Kava) roots; structure in first source. flavokawain B : A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.		2.0710chalcones;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antileishmanial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		3.411alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.110metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.7252metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
7-deazaadenine
[no description available]		2.1310
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		5.6460boron group element atom
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		2.4420hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.5220chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.5220
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.97401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		3.0850deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.1510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.9340cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		210carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.1113monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		3.0140boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.0810morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		6.3641sesquiterpenoid
demethoxycurcumin
demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.		3.4411beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		5.9333monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		2.6620
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		2.1710
pachymic acid
pachymic acid: inhibits phospholipase A2; isolated from Poria cocos; structure in first source		2.1110triterpenoid
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.0610aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		3.411
talaporfin
Talaporfin: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source		2.5220
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.4520gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tnp 351
TNP 351: a novel antifolate being evaluated for chemotherapy of lung cancer		3.0810
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		2.0310carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		3.3660cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside
quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source		2.1310
apaziquone
apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		5.0550indoles
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.0310
tyrphostin ag825
tyrphostin AG825: a tyrphostin of the benzylidene malononitrile family; an erbB2 antagonist. tyrphostin AG 825 : An organic sulfide that consists of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur atom is replaced by a 5-[(1E)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl group. It acts as an epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
enamide;
nitrile;
organic sulfide;
phenols;
primary carboxamide		epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9710ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
ma-1
tipiracil: inhibits thymidine phosphorylase. tipiracil : A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.		4.421carboxamidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidone;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.4 (thymidine phosphorylase) inhibitor
mastoparan
[no description available]		2.1310mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
deoxyelephantopin
deoxyelephantopin: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Elephantopus carolinianus; structure in first source		2.2510sesquiterpenoid
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		4.1331chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.4110
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		1.9710chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		2.0710alkaline earth metal atom
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		3.3811
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		4.2131azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.7330(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0310fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source		3.1810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
tezacitabine
tezacitabine: structure given in first source		8.74254
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.110
rhizoxin
rhizoxin: from Rhizopus chinensis; causal agent of rice seedling blight; structure given in first source. rhizoxin : An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.		1.98101,3-oxazoles;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		2.0710
plastochromanol 8
plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol		2.7830
5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
5'-oleoyl cytarabine
elaidic acid-cytarabine: a 5'-elaidic acid (C18:1, unsaturated fatty acid) ester of cytarabine		3.3160pyrimidine nucleoside
1-(3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2,4-(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione
1-(3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (E)-isomer		1.9610
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor		3.87303-hydroxy steroidandrogen
5-(1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
5-(1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: has anti-herpes activity; structure in first source		1.9610
everolimus
[no description available]		12.133011cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
laq824
LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor		2.7230
4-oxo-2-nonenal
4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.		7.7230enal;
enone		human metabolite
ixabepilone
[no description available]		15.3843181,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569
EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor		3.4311aminoquinoline;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		protein kinase inhibitor
axitinib
[no description available]		11.651912aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
netupitant
netupitant: orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. netupitant : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid with the secondary amino group of N-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine; an antiemetic used in combination with palonosetron hydrochloride (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		2.3110aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
toluenes		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
rilpivirine
[no description available]		12.11306aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
belotecan
belotecan: structure in first source		2.2510pyranoindolizinoquinoline
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		2.0710triterpenoid saponin
psi 6130
2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine: PSI-6130 is the (beta-D)-isomer; has antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus; structure in first source		3.91120
epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate
2'-deoxy-4'-C-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine: has anti-HIV activity; structure in first source		2.4920
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		5.47531,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.6251
peplomycin
Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.		2.0710glycopeptide
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		4.9142gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		2.1310carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
fk 866
N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source		2.5220benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
edatrexate
edatrexate: structure given in first source		5.4850glutamic acid derivative
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0710furonaphthodioxole
perfosfamide
[no description available]		1.9710
larotaxel
larotaxel: has antineoplastic activity		5.7932
rmp 7
RMP 7: a synthetic bradykinin analog; selectively increases uptake of molecular tracers in RG2 glial tumors		210
soblidotin
soblidotin: a dolastatin 10 derivative; RN refers to (2S-(1(1R*(R*),2S*),2R*(1S*,2S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. soblidotin : A tetrapeptide derivative of dolastatin 10. It is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization which exhibits potent antitumor activity.		2.6930tetrapeptideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-destabilising agent
bay 12-9566
Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity		5.731biphenyls;
organochlorine compound
pki 166
[no description available]		4.1860
pd 184352
2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source		2.9410aminobenzoic acid
abt-510
NAc-Sar-Gly-Val-(d-allo-Ile)-Thr-Nva-Ile-Arg-ProNEt: has antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		3.4111
tesetaxel
tesetaxel: structure in first source		4.3711
belinostat
[no description available]		2.0710hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
valopicitabine
valopicitabine: prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine; an anti-hepatitis C virus agent; structure in first source		2.0210
on 01910
ON 01910: a Plk1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a 2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl group.. rigosertib : An N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine in which the double bond has E-configuration. It is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		8.1992N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycineantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
microtubule-destabilising agent
xct790
XCT790: structure in first source		2.4110cinnamamides
panobinostat
Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.		5.5382cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
bromopyruvate
[no description available]		2.1102-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		10.0291ammonium ion derivative
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		2.131014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
shu 508
SHU 508: intravenous saccharide echo contrast agent with transpulmonary capacity for left heart contrast; appears in Japanese literature as SH/TA-508		2.0210
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		1.9610phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		17.7410844diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		1.9710
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.4220
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source		7.6797
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		7.21536-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
doxorubicin(6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone
doxorubicin(6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone: derivative for the preparation of immunoconjugates of doxorubicin; structure in first source		2.0510
iniparib
[no description available]		10.69108carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
telatinib
[no description available]		3.4411
edotecarin
[no description available]		3.1210
plitidepsin
plitidepsin: a cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Aplidium albicans; has a pyruvoyl-proline residue instead of the lactyl-proline residue found in the linear peptide moiety of didemnin B. plitidepsin : A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.		3.8521didemninanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
r 121919
[no description available]		2.1510
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		5.5350aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
bms 310705
BMS 310705: a water-soluble analog of epothilone B		4.0520
cp 4126
CP 4126: the elaidic acid ester of gemcitabine		7.1694pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		3.411benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.		12.82446
racivir
[no description available]		4.0320
pr-104a
PR-104A: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; PR-104A is the corresponding alcohol of PR104		4.3711
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.1110bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
ki23057
Ki23057: K-samII/FGF-R2 phosphorylation inhibitor for treatment of scirrhous gastric cancer; structure in first source		2.0610
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		2.5920pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
upamostat
[no description available]		4.4322
ppi-0903
ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.		5.09111,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
iminium betaine;
organic phosphoramidate;
oxime O-ether;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
prodrug
conophylline
conophylline: isolated from the leaves of Ervatamia microphylla; a ras function inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.2110
cabazitaxel
cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.		6.4753tetracyclic diterpenoidantineoplastic agent;
microtubule-stabilising agent
elisidepsin
elisidepsin: antineoplastic; structure in first source. elisidepsin : A synthetic cyclodepsipeptide derived from a marine metabolite that exhibits antineoplastic properties.		3.8721cyclodepsipeptideantineoplastic agent
knk 437
KNK 437: inhibits thermotolerance acquisition and heat shock protein induction in colon carcinoma cells; structure in first source		2.0610
nu 7026
2-(morpholin-4-yl)benzo(h)chromen-4-one: a radiosensitizing agent that inhibits DNA-dependent protein kinase; structure in first source		2.1510organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound
agn 194204
AGN 194204: a retinoid X receptor ligand; structure in first source		2.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.9581aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		2.48201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
avanafil
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
prolinols;
pyrimidines		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
z-360
Z-360: an orally-active CCK-2R antagonist for treatment of gastrointestinal cancer models; structure in first source		5.2762
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin: an NF-kappaB inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		9.832010methanesulfonate ester
3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one
3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.1310
hmn-214
(E)-4-(2-(2-(N-acetyl-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)amino)stilbazole)) 1-oxide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		3.1310
zd 6126
[no description available]		2.0210
hki 272
[no description available]		6.7933nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		6.0961ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
motexafin gadolinium
[no description available]		2.0710
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		4.6111fatty acid ester
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0710N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		2.6120diterpenoid
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4920azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-valine
[no description available]		2.6320
cediranib
[no description available]		10.42118aromatic ether
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.1510organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
pasireotide
pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.		4.8221homodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		antineoplastic agent
zeolites
[no description available]		2.3110
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
npi 2358
NPI 2358: antineoplastic; structure in first source. plinabulin : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines that is piperazine-2,5-dione substituted by benzylidene and (5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene groups at positions 3 and 6, respectively. It is a vascular disrupting agent and a microtubule destabalising agent which was in clinical trials (now discontinued) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.		2.25102,5-diketopiperazines;
benzenes;
imidazoles;
olefinic compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cp 31398
CP 31398: structure in first source		2.5320
rs 504393
RS 504393: structure in first source		2.21101,3-oxazoles
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac glycerol
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac glycerol: occurs naturally in various seed oils, in bovine udder and in milk fat, and has been isolated from the antlers of sika deer (Cervus nippon TEMMENICK); these antlers have been used as a tonics in oriental medicine		2.1310
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		3.8721alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
sb 525334
6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
osu 03012
OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
aromatic amide;
glycine derivative;
organofluorine compound;
phenanthrenes;
pyrazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
2'-deoxy-4'-thiocytidine
2'-deoxy-4'-thiocytidine: RN & structure given in first source		5.2480
5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine
5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine: structure in first source		8.18274N-glycosyl compound
masitinib
[no description available]		7.3621,3-thiazoles;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
halichondrin b
halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin		3.4611furopyran
phosphoramidite
phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.		4.76110
ly-2157299
LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.		7.4243aromatic amide;
methylpyridines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolopyrazole;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
TGFbeta receptor antagonist
oblongifolin c
oblongifolin C: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Garcinia yunnanensis; structure in first source		2.1710
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		12.35257aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium
sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.		2.7830organic cation
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		7.6675benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
bibw 2992
[no description available]		14.082715aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bl1521
BL1521: structure in first source. CG-1521 : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E,4E,6E)-7-phenylhepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) which exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310enamide;
hydroxamic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		3.1950
gly-phe-leu-gly
Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly: structure in first source		2.1510
pik 75
PIK 75: structure in first source		2.110
binimetinib
binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.		3.9721benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
aee 788
AEE 788: structure in first source		3.82306-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amineangiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
trypanocidal drug
saracatinib
[no description available]		5.1131aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
osi-420
[no description available]		2.1510
demethylzeylasteral
demethylzeylasteral: a phenolic nortriterpene; isolated from the root cortex of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f.. demethylzeylasteral : A carbopolycyclic compound with formula C29H36O6, originally isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii.		2.1710arenecarbaldehyde;
benzenediols;
carbopolycyclic compound;
cyclic ketone;
enone;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 2.4.1.17 (glucuronosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
7-aminoactinomycin d
7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry		2.0510
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		8.2255
salvicine
salvicine: structure in first source		2.0210
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		10.99175acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
homocamptothecin
homocamptothecin: a DNA topoisomerase I antagonists, is a semisynthetic analogue of camptothecin (CPT) with a seven-membered beta-hydroxylactone resulting from the insertion of a mehthylene spacer between the alcohol moiety and the carboxyl function of the naturally occurring six-membered alpha-hydroxylactone of CPT; structure in first source		2.0210epsilon-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
4'-thiothymidine
4'-thiothymidine: RN & structure given in first source		2.420
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		3.2460D-ribose;
ribopyranose
5-formylcytosine
5-formylcytosine: structure in first source. 5-formylcytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a formyl group.		2.1710aminopyrimidine;
heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.4320
regorafenib
[no description available]		8.0171(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0610triterpenoid
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.1710
abt-737
[no description available]		2.7930aromatic amine;
aryl sulfide;
biphenyls;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
px 478
2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide: inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha		2.1110
rx-3117
fluorocyclopentenylcytosine: has antineoplastic activity. roducitabine : A triol that is (1S,2R)-4-fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol which is substituted by a 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl group at position 5. It is a cytidine analog which exhibits anticancer activity in several cancers, including gemcitabine-resistant tumours.		3.9330organofluorine compound;
primary allylic alcohol;
triol		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
amd 070
mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker		2.1310aminoquinoline
saliphenylhalamide
saliphenylhalamide: a V-ATPase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.830
pirarubicin
[no description available]		3.0240anthracycline
np 031112
tideglusib: an NSAID and neuroprotective agent. tideglusib : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a naphthalen-1-yl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and has neuroprotective effects. Currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.		2.3110benzenes;
naphthalenes;
thiadiazolidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
marizomib
marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source		2.0410beta-lactone;
gamma-lactam;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organochlorine compound;
salinosporamide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
er-086526
eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage		12.112514cyclic ketal;
cyclic ketone;
macrocycle;
polycyclic ether;
polyether;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
bi 2536
[no description available]		2.7630
nutlin-3a
nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source		3.3360stilbenoid
pr-104
PR-104: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; structure in first source		4.3711
nvp-aew541
[no description available]		2.4620
arq 197
[no description available]		5.732indoles
pf 00299804
dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.		2.4820enamide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
alisporivir
alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source		3.1610homodetic cyclic peptideanticoronaviral agent
ridaforolimus
[no description available]		5.2431macrolide lactam
artemisone
artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity		2.0610
monomethyl auristatin e
[no description available]		2.4920
resminostat
resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.711
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		5.21003-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ly2334737
LY2334737: an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine for treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors		6.0474
zstk474
ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.		2.0710benzimidazoles;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
ly2109761
[no description available]		2.0410
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		2.0810benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
balapiravir
balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source		2.1310
trametinib
[no description available]		9.19116acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.0710benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		5.4353
amrubicinol
amrubicinol: a diastereoisomeric mixture; a synthetic antracycline drug. amrubicinol : A diastereoisomeric mixture resulting from the formal reduction of the acetyl group at position 9 of amrubicin to the corresponding 1-hydroxyethyl group. The active metabolite of amrubicin in lung cancer patients.		2.0310diastereoisomeric mixture;
quinone;
secondary alcohol;
tetracenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
topoisomerase II inhibitor
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc
Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.		3.1110amino tetrasaccharide;
glucosamine oligosaccharide		epitope
n-acetylmannosamine
N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent		2.0810
technetium tc 99m exametazime
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.		5.0911
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.		14.191024
ly2603618
[no description available]		4.9842ureas
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0310benzoxazole
veliparib
[no description available]		9.44105benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.3820
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.57201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
cinobufagin
cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom		3.4311steroid lactone
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.4820imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
th 302
TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent		7.2353
resorcinarene
resorcinarene: structure in first source		2.0810
arabinofuranosyluracil
Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.		8.47181
rifamycins
[no description available]		1.9510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.3820
tetrahydrouridine
Tetrahydrouridine: An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism.		10.08545
1-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-stearylphosphate
1-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-stearylphosphate: structure given in first source		3.0910
o-methylthymidine
O-methylthymidine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer		1.9710
4-amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one
4-amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one: has antiviral activity		2.9840
2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine: structure given in first source; metabolic deamination product of gemcitabine. 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is uridine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' has been replaced by two fluoro substituents. It is a metabolite of the drug gemcitabine.		8.08436
pedunculoside
pedunculoside: from leaves of Ilex chinensis; structure given in first source		2.2110
5-Hydroxymethylcytidine
5-hydroxymethylcytidine: an epigenetic modification marker of DNA and RNA		7.1710pyrimidine nucleoside
5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine
5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure in first source		5.19140
adriamycin aglycone
adriamycin aglycone: RN given refers to (8S-cis)-isomer		3.1810
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.4211aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
s-adenosylethionine
[no description available]		1.9610
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.9240organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100
[no description available]		3.9721(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
n-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide
N-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide: a MEK inhibitor; structure in first source		3.5311
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		5.17170
subamolide a
subamolide A: cytotoxic constituent of the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium; structure in first source		2.0610
rg 7128
2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source		14.33420
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.1510
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.2510oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		8.2581
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		2.3110polypeptide
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.1110
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus
glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus		3.4211
abarelix
abarelix: RN & structure in first source. abarelix : A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.		3.1210polypeptideantineoplastic agent;
hormone antagonist
pexiganan
[no description available]		2.2510
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		6.2961
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		4.6111peptide hormone
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		2.0210
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.0310
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		10.62694
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.2510lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		2.4820gastrinantineoplastic agent
eriocalyxin b
eriocalyxin B: isolated from Isodon Eriocalyx; structure in first source		2.1710
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		521glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.77301,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
gdc-0973
cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.		2.5320aromatic amine;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylazetidine;
organoiodine compound;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
mk-8776
MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source		6.83131pyrazolopyrimidine
azd 1480
[no description available]		2.1110
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		5.5841chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		2.1510cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		4.4322aromatic ether
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		8.3570
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.0510
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		3.4211
sm 164
SM 164: a bivalent Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.5420benzenes;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
radiosensitizing agent
idarubicinol
idarubicinol: RN given refers to (7S-(7alpha,9alpha,9(R*))-isomer		2.0110anthracycline
cathestatin b
cathestatin B: isolated from Penicillium citrinum; structure in first source. cathestatin B : A carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxylic group of oxirane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(4-aminobutyl)-L-tyrosinamide (the 2S,3S stereoisomer). An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum, it acts as a potent inhibitor of cysteine protease.		3.1910dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
primary amino compound		antimicrobial agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Penicillium metabolite
chitosan
[no description available]		7.44331
icotinib
[no description available]		3.9440
2-fluoro-araatp
[no description available]		1.9710
p276-00
P276-00: antineoplastic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.9260organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.0210inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.6730inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
raltegravir potassium
Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.		14.824222
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		2.0710
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0110
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9510
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.110
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		5.350
echinomycin
Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.		3.0710cyclodepsipeptide
olaparib
[no description available]		8.49122cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
srt1460
SRT1460: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source		2.1310
srt1720
[no description available]		2.1310
lcl161
[no description available]		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
aromatic ketone;
L-alanine derivative;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpyrrolidine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
cx 4945
[no description available]		3.9911
cudc 101
7-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.3110
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.77110organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cpi 613
devimistat: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		3.9911
mln 8237
MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor		3.9521benzazepine
lde225
sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.		2.1510aminopyridine;
aromatic ether;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		8.94103benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
cep-9722
CEP-9722: a prodrug of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor CEP-8983		2.1310
bms 754807
BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710pyrazoles;
pyridines;
pyrrolidines;
pyrrolotriazine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
sgi 1776
SGI 1776: a Pim kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810imidazoles
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.2510C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.6920acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mk-1775
adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		7.84143piperazines
sgi-1027
SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source		2.1110
sch772984
[no description available]		2.1710biaryl;
indazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
mk 2206
MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent		2.6620organic heterotricyclic compoundEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
cc-122
3-(5-amino-2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione: a pleiotropic pathway modifier with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610
navitoclax
[no description available]		4.7921aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ipi-926
IPI-926: a semisynthetic derivative of cyclopamine that is a smoothened inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		3.3720piperidines
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide
N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.		3.5911aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
morpholines;
nitrile;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-anaemic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		4.4920
pnd 1186
PND 1186: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.1310
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.1110peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		5.0831aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
defactinib
[no description available]		3.811
incb-018424
[no description available]		4.8821nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
poziotinib
HM781-36B: antitumor irreversible Pan-HER inhibitor for treatment of gastric cancer		2.0710acrylamides;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
diether;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperidine;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
cobicistat
[no description available]		14.6438211,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		4.3830biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
pf 3758309
PF 3758309: a PAK4 p21-activated kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1710organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cx 5461
CX 5461: structure in first source		2.2110diazepine;
naphthyridine derivative;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor
plx4032
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids
[no description available]		7.0351
v158411
V158411: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.110
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.5220
sar 020106
SAR 020106: a CHK1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
idx 899
IDX 899: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor		7.544
quad pill
Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.		9.76132
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		14.475118
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		6.6661
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		3.110
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside composed of 2'-deoxyuridine having a 5-hydroxymethyl substituent.		3.4670
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		10.5247
cblc137
CBLC137: a FACT histone chaperone inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. CBL0137 : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 9H-carbazole which is substituted by acetyl groups at positions 3 and 6, and by a 2-isopropylethyl group on the nitrogen atom (position 9). It is a modulator of histone chaperone FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) - interaction of CBL0137 with the FACT complex results in simultaneous NF-kappa beta suppression, Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1) suppression and p53 activation - and shows antitumour effects in animal models of various cancers.		2.110aromatic ketone;
carbazoles;
methyl ketone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
p53 activator
n-(3-fluoro-4-((1-methyl-6-(1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1h-indazol-5 yl)oxy)phenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
merestinib: in phase I clinical trials (2013); structure in first source		4.5111
ribociclib
ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6		2.4110
apatinib
apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source		6.7351
gx 15-070
obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma		3.2150
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		8.5482isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		521benzoxazole
2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate
[no description available]		2.0110phospho sugar
abemaciclib
[no description available]		5.6560
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.0810
srt3025
SRT3025: a sirtuin 1 inhibitor		2.1310
bms-986094
BMS-986094: a prodrug of 2'-C-methylguanosine and antiviral agent		2.1310
lrrk2-in1
LRRK2-IN1: inhibits leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; structure in first source		2.1510aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyrimidobenzodiazepine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
dinaciclib
[no description available]		5.3141pyrazolopyrimidine
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.5420benzodiazepine
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		3.4260dipeptide
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		2.930aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ly2940680
[no description available]		2.1110
ve 821
3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		3.420aromatic amide
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0810
apr-246
eprenetapopt: works in tandem with cisplatin to cause apoptosis of tumor cells; structure in first source		2.1110
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea
infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.		5.0221aminopyrimidine;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phenylureas		antineoplastic agent;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		5.121
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		4.9931
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		13.363114ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.0710carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.0410
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0710
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.1110
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		6.9681monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.4511benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0710C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		9.2311benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
metastat
tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source		2.0210
gimeracil
gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU		8.73122organic molecular entity
2,4-dihydroxyquinoline
4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source. 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone : A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.		2.0410heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
quinolone
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		6.1251sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
3-deazauridine
3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.		8.2260N-glycosyl compound
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.17102-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
gsk1265744
[no description available]		3.5320difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		22.2396112
dolutegravir
[no description available]		4.6440difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ew-7197
vactosertib: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor with antifibrotic and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source		2.610
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		12.02160
pf 3512676
ProMune: an anticancer adjuvant and immunostimulant		3.4611
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		2.110peptide
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		2.7730
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		7.22271
pm 01183
PM 01183: a covalent DNA minor groove binder and antineoplastic; structure in first source		5.3521
ceritinib
ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.		4.0721aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pg 545
PG 545: an anti-angiogenesis agent with heparanase inhibitory activity; structure in first source		2.1110
vx-970
berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor		6.8842sulfonamide
frax597
FRAX597: structure in first source		2.1310
etirinotecan pegol
[no description available]		4.4511
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		3.920
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		2.2110acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.3820
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits sphingosine kinase-2; structure in first source		2.1310
imetelstat
[no description available]		6.7232
glutaminase
[no description available]		3.1340
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		6.77211
nuc-1031
NUC-1031: structure in first source		5.1140
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		5.0911
ckd732
CKD732: angiogenesis inhibitor		3.4611
praliciguat
praliciguat: soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator. praliciguat : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 5-fluoro-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine which is substituted by a 2-fluorobenzyl group at position 1, 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group at position 5, and by a [3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]nitrilo group at position 4. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator under clinical development for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.		3.4211aminopyrimidine;
isoxazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.7530
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.9440
als-8176
4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl-2'-fluorocytidine: an antiviral with RSV polymerase inhibitory activity; structure in first source		7.572
glaucarubin
Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.		2.5220
lewis x antigen
Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.		3.1110
ggti 297
GGTI 297: inhibitor of farnesyltransferase; structure in first source		210
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		4.1831angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		7.96124
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		3.8221
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.0810
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.2110
oridonin
[no description available]		2.4920
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		7.1692
oblimersen
oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions		5.4341
s 8932
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprinocarsen
ISIS 3521: 20-nucleotide phosphorothioate antisense molecule that targets protein kinase C-alpha isoenzyme		3.411
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		7.1252
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		2.5320
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		5.4980
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		3.6120
triciribine
triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.		2.520
apicidin
apicidin: structure in first source		2.110
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		2.0710
danoprevir
[no description available]		9.07109
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.1710
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.0610
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.0210
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.3110
nedaplatin
nedaplatin: structure given in first source		12.543710
lutetium lu 177 dotatate
177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist		2.0410
trabedersen
Trabedersen: TGF-beta2 inhibitor antisense therapeutic for tumor treatment		2.0710
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.7130
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.4620
mrk 003
MRK 003: structure in first source		2.4820
akt-i-1,2 compound
Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		11.792622-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		6.351512-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
stf 083010
STF 083010: inhibits Ire1 endonuclease; structure in first source		2.110
osi 027
OSI 027: inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2; structure in first source		2.5220
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		26.48493135-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.39203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		9.671560purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine
[no description available]		2.9140purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate
[no description available]		3.77110deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		4.2450guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.68100guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		21.65275832-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		4.93380guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		3.92130nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4120inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		3.5990inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		12.17467folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		3.3460
2'-deoxycytosine
[no description available]		1.9910
7-methylguanine
7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.		2.08107-methylguanine
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		5.0911
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.1652cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		15.737411dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		12.442210purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.951402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.0310triazolopyrimidines
chir-124
[no description available]		2.0710
raltitrexed
[no description available]		12.97395N-acyl-amino acid
ro 3306
RO 3306: structure in first source		2.0710
2-aminopurine dioxolane
(4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source		2.4220
inosine dialdehyde
inosine dialdehyde: do not confuse synonym ''diglycolaldehyde'' with synonym of same name for oxydiacetaldehyde (C4H603); RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer; structure		1.9610
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.8940nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		3.7530nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
8-hydroxyguanosine
8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source		2.0210purine nucleoside
adenine-n-oxide
[no description available]		2.4520
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.3920benzenetriol
forodesine
forodesine: structure in first source		2.0410dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		22.4307113N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0110
7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine
7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure given in first source		7.0310pyrrolopyrimidine
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		6.6951aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
lobucavir
lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis		2.9210
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		4.7421citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.921(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.511(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.6630C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
ci 972
CI 972: structure given in first source		1.9710
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.9240oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.1110
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		2.1110
zd 9331
ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source		3.821
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		4.3160nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system.		2.2110guanosines;
organobromine compound
cb 3717
[no description available]		2.0210N-acyl-L-glutamic acid
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		8.92120guanosinesbiomarker
3-deoxyguanosine
3'-deoxyguanosine : A 3'-deoxyribonucleoside having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.01103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
guanosines		EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		7.420formycin
amg531
[no description available]		8.3153
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
[no description available]		1.9810
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		2.420
trifazid
[no description available]		3.4711
9-arabinofuranosylguanine
9-arabinofuranosylguanine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine : A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death.		3.7830beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG		2.940(3'->5')-dinucleotide
deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine
deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dCpdG : A (3'->5')-dinucleotide consisting of 2'-deoxyguanosine having a 2'-deoxycytidylyl-3-phospho moiety attached at the 5-position.		2.3920(3'->5')-dinucleotide
apogossypolone
apogossypolone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
8-aminoguanosine
[no description available]		2.6630
2'-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate
2'-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate: has been proposed as a replacement for dGTP		2.1310
9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9510
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene
N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene: major DNA adduct in female rats treated with 1-nitropyrene		1.9910
sta 9090
[no description available]		2.110ring assembly;
triazoles
bmn 673
talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source		4.0421
pf-477736
PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).		3.1850
idx184
IDX184: prodrug to enhance formation in the liver of the active triphosphate of 2'-methylguanosine, a potent and specific polymerase inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus; structure in first source		3.1610
bay 80-6946
copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.		6.1633
2'-deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxycytidine
2'-deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxycytidine: structure given in first source; a dinucleoside phosphate		1.9710nucleoside analogue;
purines
2'-carbodeoxyguanosine
[no description available]		1.9810
7-n-(2-oxoethyl)guanine
[no description available]		1.9610
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine p-oxide
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine P-oxide: has anti-DNA-viral activity; acyclonucleotide analog of cGMP; structure given in first source; RN given refers to monosodium salt		1.9610
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.2110
4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one
[no description available]		6.4952
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		4.6111
frondoside a
frondoside A: from the North Atlantic commercially harvested sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa		2.8330
chaetocin
chaetocin: inhibits G9a histone methyltransferase		2.3110
pseudolaric acid b
[no description available]		2.1710
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.4780
lucinactant
lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid		2.0810
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0110
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4.05150
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.6620
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		15.636518
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.8130
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		03.4680
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		01.9710
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		023.43426374
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		01.9710
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		06.93710
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		08.04152
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		08.04152
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.2741
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.2741
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0310
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		018.8810061
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		018.8810061
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		032.654,5623,237
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		035.028,5393,666
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		025.54984234
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		032.654,5623,237
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		035.028,5393,666
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		025.54984234
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		020.8836177
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		020.8836177
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		030.852,4491,527
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		031.453,1101,689
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		030.852,4491,527
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		031.453,1101,689
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		021.6394121
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		021.6394121
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		028.591,555739
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		014.58814
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		09.32205
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		028.591,555739
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		09.99194
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		014.58814
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		09.32205
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		023.98435381
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		020.55185102
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		020.55185102
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		07.54161
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		011.73388
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		016.9411433
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		019.0521661
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
[description not available]		09.64264
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		027.161,123499
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		014.45428
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		019.0521661
Klatskin Tumor
Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.		09.64264
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		024.31806232
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		024.31806232
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral
[description not available]		011.783012
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral
A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.		011.783012
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		025.17779225
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		022.54445132
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		025.17779225
Metastase
[description not available]		031.442,8052,174
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		031.442,8052,174
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		022.32447153
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		022.32447153
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		025.37748284
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		127.37748284
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		019.6519673
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		012.98596
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		019.6519673
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		012.98596
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		027.24965765
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		027.24965765
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		09.992810
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		09.992810
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		016.297940
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		016.297940
Recrudescence
[description not available]		019.0721378
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		017.0910938
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		017.0910938
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		018.2510068
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		018.2510068
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		023.18418189
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		027.941,152722
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		023.14527244
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		023.14527244
Neoplasms, Vascular
[description not available]		05.6563
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		021.85440137
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		028.441,6881,568
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		022.12363162
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		027.12363162
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		09.45266
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		09.45266
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		07.8774
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		022.9416543
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		017.9416543
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		020.8934588
Colitis-Associated Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		027.61,095526
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		027.61,095526
Ache
[description not available]		021.45304281
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		021.45304281
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		09.63315
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		09.63315
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		04.6461
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		04.6461
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		017.3411338
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		022.3411338
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		03.9440
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		03.7130
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		028.821,421886
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		028.821,421886
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		07.65161
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		09.01190
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		03.1950
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		09.01190
Genome Instability
[description not available]		010.03144
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.88101
Emesis
[description not available]		019.68166139
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		024.23603566
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		019.68166139
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		018.618465
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		018.618465
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		07.6783
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		015.996219
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		013.734225
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		07.6783
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		015.996219
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		013.734225
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		011.66455
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		011.883114
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		011.883114
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		024.49562345
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		024.49562345
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		010.551610
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		017.8312455
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		010.551610
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		017.8312455
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		015.641389
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		010.95417
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		010.35186
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		010.35186
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.		06.37240
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		05.9451
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		09.86377
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		17.9451
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		09.86377
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		013.495717
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		013.495717
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		010.371510
Erythroderma, Sezary
[description not available]		06.4991
Sezary Syndrome
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).		06.4991
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		019.4414199
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		019.4414199
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.9130
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		05.0721
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		05.0721
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.3560
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		09.67294
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		022.76334212
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		022.76334212
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		019.7915992
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		019.7915992
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		016.32389
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		017.478456
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		017.478456
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		016.758132
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		08.16112
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		016.758132
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		08.16112
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		02.6320
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity.		06.55200
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.9240
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.9240
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema
[description not available]		015.877638
Hand-Foot Syndrome
Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.		015.877638
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.5280
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		03.6480
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		03.6480
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		012.834435
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		011.492710
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		011.492710
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		015.966234
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		06.553
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		05.65170
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		05.65170
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		08.33183
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		08.33183
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		05.43130
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.43130
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		09.81292
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		010.67471
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		010.67471
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		018.6114862
Anoxemia
[description not available]		010.35273
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		015.35273
Lassitude
[description not available]		019.38146132
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		019.38146132
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		010.18268
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.4570
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.4570
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		03.0340
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		021.6737083
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		021.6737083
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		015.028124
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.14121
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.86131
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.86131
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		013.444226
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		06.6581
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		06.1862
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		017.915436
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		015.987330
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		020.58254182
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		017.4411383
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		020.58254182
DDPAC
[description not available]		03.9911
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		03.9911
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.6191
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.6191
Blood Clot
[description not available]		08.25131
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		08.25131
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.4220
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.4220
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.5920
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		05.9722
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		08.5785
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.82212
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.9111
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		06.1632
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		04.9111
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		04.9111
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.9722
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		04.9111
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		014.655722
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		09.56152
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.4782
As If Personality
[description not available]		04.9111
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		06.322
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		027.241,011776
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		05.1231
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.03695
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.9111
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		08.83265
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		06.1632
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		04.9111
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		04.9111
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.9722
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		04.9111
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		019.655722
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		09.56152
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		012.661913
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.4782
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		015.9612917
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		06.322
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		027.241,011776
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		05.1231
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		04.7821
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		05.9722
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		08.5785
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.82212
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		09.14378
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		09.14378
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		06.3131
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		013.29558
Phlegmon
[description not available]		05.92120
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		05.92120
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		06.02250
Synovioma
[description not available]		05.5582
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		05.5582
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		08.69242
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.321490
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.7430
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		011.07285
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		011.07285
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.03290
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		018.2916359
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		018.2916359
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		07.4282
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		07.4282
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		04.0240
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		05.91160
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		04.0240
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		017.3914838
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		07.01181
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		017.3914838
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.4620
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		04.2660
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		06.65102
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.2660
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		06.65102
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.2510
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		07.39251
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		08.17215
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)		09.59267
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		014.598348
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia
FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.		06.4851
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		012.963410
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		012.963410
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		09.12273
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		09.12273
Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Ductal Union
[description not available]		02.2510
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.2110
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		03.7130
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.2110
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.		09.25226
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		011.57239
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		011.57239
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		06.4582
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		06.4582
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		02.2110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		013.525511
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		02.2110
EBV Infections
[description not available]		05.97140
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		05.97140
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		020.6412379
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		020.6412379
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		09.12265
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		111.12265
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		03.6230
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		03.6230
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		07.0291
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		04.2131
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		09.89441
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		04.2131
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		015.274724
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		015.274724
Exanthem
[description not available]		011.482514
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		011.482514
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube
[description not available]		011.32515
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms
Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.		011.32515
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		04.6390
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		09.01237
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		09.01237
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		03.1710
Adenopathy
[description not available]		03.7830
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		03.0640
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		03.0640
Cancer of Jejunum
[description not available]		03.3560
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		03.1710
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		06.4142
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		06.4142
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		03.1710
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.9751
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		05.9751
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		012.595114
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.76110
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		03.0140
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.76110
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		08.69100
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.4311
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.4311
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		010.01129
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		04.4311
Apoplexy
[description not available]		05.2941
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		010.29218
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		05.2841
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		011.19188
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.7541
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.8831
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		07.0332
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		07.9974
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		07.643
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		08.3384
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.4311
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		04.8321
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		04.4311
Atheroma
[description not available]		04.4311
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.4311
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.4311
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.4311
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.4311
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		04.8821
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		06.6954
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		07.9674
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.8521
Amaurosis
[description not available]		05.2941
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		017.0510752
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.4311
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		05.7521
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		06.6841
Anasarca
[description not available]		08.19152
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.4311
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		08.21235
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		012.132918
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		06.4782
Bleeding
[description not available]		09.82204
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		016.696233
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		05.1331
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		011.51412
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.4311
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.35193
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		06.05101
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		08101
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		06.8355
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		09.1175
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.4311
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.05131
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		06.271
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		06.9741
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.4311
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		06.0131
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.4311
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.4311
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		05.5331
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		07.7254
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		06.3442
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		06.45101
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		05.721
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.4311
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		09.7242
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.632
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		07.9674
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.8521
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.2941
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		017.0510752
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		011.721612
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.4311
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		06.161
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.4311
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		07.23112
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		06.6841
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		08.19152
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		04.4311
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		013.21235
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.132918
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.4782
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		09.82204
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		021.696233
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		05.1331
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		011.51412
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		08.35193
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		08101
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		06.8355
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		09.1175
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		09.94119
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4311
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		021.04181130
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		07.05131
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.271
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		06.9741
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4311
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		06.0131
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.4311
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		04.4311
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		05.5331
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		06.3442
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		07.7254
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		010.01129
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		04.4311
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		05.2941
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		010.29218
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		05.2841
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		011.19188
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		05.7541
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.9974
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		07.643
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		08.3384
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		04.8321
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		04.4311
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		011.16542
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		011.16542
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		05.4931
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.8521
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.8721
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		05.6432
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		010.462712
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		012.845013
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		013.457523
Leanness
[description not available]		03.4211
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.0531
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		03.4211
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		04.3741
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		05.6432
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		012.845013
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		013.457523
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.0531
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.8521
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.8721
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.2510
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.4870
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		02.2510
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.4870
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.		02.5820
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		05.6992
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		09.16146
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		09.16146
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		05.67102
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		05.67102
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.5720
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		04.5180
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		04.5180
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.2510
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.2562
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		011.522910
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		012.782413
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		07.7202
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		07.7202
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		04.87120
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		04.87120
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.7332
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.7332
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.5350
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		04.5350
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		05.08160
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		05.08160
Caliciviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.		02.2510
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		011.57449
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		011.57449
Icterus
[description not available]		03.6890
Itching
[description not available]		03.4420
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		03.0340
IgG4 Related Systemic Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease
A spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 plays a pathophysiologic role. It can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of IgG4-positive PLASMA CELLS, further infiltrated by T helper cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) when linked to progressive FIBROSIS and eventual organ damage.		02.2510
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.6890
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.4420
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		03.0340
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		02.3110
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		010.61364
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		010.61364
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.3110
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.3110
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.7430
Desmoplastic Small Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.2510
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
A rare, aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. It is most commonly found in the abdomen.		02.2510
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.3110
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		02.3110
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		010.82302
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		02.5220
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.3110
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.6930
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.6930
Thrombocythemia, Essential
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.		02.3110
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.3110
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		02.2510
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		08.0973
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		08.393
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		08.393
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		011.724714
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		04.6761
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		016.724714
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		07127
Luft Disease
[description not available]		05.1850
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		05.1850
Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.2510
Sarcoma, Clear Cell
A sarcoma of young adults occurring in the lower extremities and acral regions. It is found intimately bound to tendons as a circumscribed but unencapsulated melanin-bearing tumor of neuroectodermal origin. Clear cell sarcoma is associated with a specific t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation.		02.2510
Acinar Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.94130
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)		04.94130
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5720
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.5720
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.3110
Papilloma, Inverted
A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3110
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		05.0631
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		05.0631
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.39163
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.5220
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		07.39163
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.5220
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.5120
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.5120
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		011.88236
Hyperthermia
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.		02.3110
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		04.9480
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		04.9480
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		04.3190
Debility
[description not available]		04.630
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		04.79110
Basal Cell Cancer
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Granulosa Cells
[description not available]		02.4620
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		05.78140
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		05.78140
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		019.16143102
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		019.16143102
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		03.4320
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		03.4320
Rhabdoid Tumor
A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)		02.3110
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		010.54249
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		010.54249
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.3110
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.3110
Carcinomatous Meningitis
[description not available]		02.6120
Meningeal Carcinomatosis
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.		02.6120
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.8921
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.8921
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		03.0340
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		03.0340
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		022.22285244
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		017.37768
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		018.959571
Dry Eye
[description not available]		04.6211
Central Serous Retinopathy
[description not available]		04.6211
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		017.37768
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		018.959571
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.6211
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		04.6211
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.		04.6211
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.9740
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.9740
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		04.0650
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		04.0650
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.5220
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.5220
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		04.8621
Breathlessness
[description not available]		011.37267
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		04.8621
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		011.37267
Endolymphatic Stromal Myosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		08.09201
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		08.09201
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		04.4241
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		04.4241
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		05.32200
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		05.32200
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		013.034715
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		013.034715
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.520
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		03.0340
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.520
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.96103
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		022588585
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		06.96103
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		022588585
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath
[description not available]		03.0610
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.		03.0610
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		07.0332
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.0332
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.5820
Ph 1 Chromosome
[description not available]		02.4820
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		012.88197
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.1510
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.7130
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)		02.7530
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.1510
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.1510
Infections, Picornaviridae
[description not available]		02.1510
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
[description not available]		09154
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.		09154
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.773613
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		06.8953
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		06.8953
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		05.9731
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.		013.62311
Infarct
[description not available]		03.1450
Capillary Leak Syndrome
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.		06.05101
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		04.3541
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		04.3541
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		07.0384
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.11170
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		03.921
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		03.8821
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		03.8821
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.2860
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		04.2860
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.4670
Congo Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Infusion Site Adverse Event
[description not available]		02.1710
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		06.4431
Aura
[description not available]		02.9840
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.4431
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.9840
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		07.21133
Complex and Mixed Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.7430
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.		03.7430
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		011.481813
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		08.35124
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		08.35124
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		05.0190
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		05.0190
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		05.4751
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		05.4751
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.1710
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.1710
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		06.5192
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular
Sarcoma of FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS most often found in the lymph nodes. This rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults.		02.1710
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		05.9491
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.1710
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.1710
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		04.3120
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.1710
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.1710
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.1710
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.1710
Orbital Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		03.1550
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		03.360
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		03.360
Infection
[description not available]		09.49139
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		09.49139
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.5220
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.5220
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		010.94307
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.5220
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.4520
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.5220
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		04.0850
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		04.0850
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		010.96184
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.9740
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		04.2360
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		014.515115
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		04.2360
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		014.515115
Diseases of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.1710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.830
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		09.69133
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.0910
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.0910
Mirizzi Syndrome
Complication of CHOLELITHIASIS characterized by OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; abdominal pain, and fever.		02.2110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		010.76218
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		010.76218
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		03.0910
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		03.0910
Benign Fibrous Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.4920
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.2110
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.2110
Bunyaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		015.817432
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		015.817432
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.82200
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		017.877647
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.4580
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		09.82192
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4580
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		09.82192
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		02.9540
ATLL
[description not available]		05.4251
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		05.4251
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		010.81139
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		010.81139
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.2110
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		011.693322
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.5320
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.5320
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.5820
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.5551
Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		04.5551
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		011.83688
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		113.83688
Adenoma, alpha-Cell
[description not available]		03.1210
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		05.36230
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		04.08140
Mixed Tumor, Malignant
A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2110
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.3670
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.3670
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		03.8821
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		05.0560
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		05.0560
CCMMT
[description not available]		02.5420
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.0810
Bednar Tumor
[description not available]		03.4320
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0310
Dermatofibrosarcoma
A sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. The tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. It can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: Pigmented variant from MELANIN-containing DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS; Myxoid variant, myxoid STROMAL CELLS; Giant cell variant characterized by GIANT CELLS in the tumors; and Fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from FIBROSARCOMA.		03.4320
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		05.8964
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		014.663622
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		014.663622
Pyrexia
[description not available]		011.73827
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		09.531312
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		011.73827
Co-infection
[description not available]		06.4141
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		08.03172
Dermatoses
[description not available]		010.17145
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		010.17145
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0810
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.0810
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.0810
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.0810
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		04.0750
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		04.0750
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
HTLV-I Infections
Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.		02.0810
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.0810
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.7730
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		02.7530
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		02.7530
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		06.94142
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		09.11202
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		06.94142
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		09.11202
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		05.0631
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		04.3870
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.7730
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.7730
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		013.35479
Asystole
[description not available]		04.3541
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		04.3541
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		04.5830
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		017.47155
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		017.47155
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		03.4711
Brain Stem Neoplasms
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.		03.4711
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		07.54115
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.7730
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.7730
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.93116
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		012.943127
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		012.943127
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		010.22206
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		010.22206
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.2960
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		03.2960
Fibroadenoma
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0310
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
[description not available]		03.420
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		021.98592578
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		04.8240
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		012.07385
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		05.1152
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		05.1152
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.0810
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.0810
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.3520
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.3520
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.78110
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		03.78110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.4920
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.0810
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		04.9242
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		04.9242
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4720
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.0810
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.9151
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4720
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		011.262717
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		07.16112
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		05.4751
Fibroid
[description not available]		04.5550
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.520
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		04.5550
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.520
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.0810
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		02.4720
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.0810
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		02.0810
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		08.25110
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		08.25110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.8521
MODS
[description not available]		02.9640
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		03.8521
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.9640
Anastomotic Leak
Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.		03.0240
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.3820
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		0310
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.420
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.3820
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		03.3320
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		0310
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.110
Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal
A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).		02.110
Articulation Disorders
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid
[description not available]		05.5992
Carcinoma, Endometrioid
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.		05.5992
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0810
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.0810
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.8321
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.0810
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		06.49163
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		06.49163
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.110
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.110
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		04.821
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		03.360
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		03.360
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.520
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.520
Injuries, Needlestick
[description not available]		02.4820
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.520
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3940
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.3820
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.2843
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.8721
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		06.4952
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.3541
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		04.3541
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0810
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		02.0810
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		03.4470
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		02.830
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.830
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.5320
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		06.86132
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		04.5990
Cancer of Endocrine Gland
[description not available]		06.3242
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.		06.3242
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.5120
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.95128
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.110
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4720
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.9740
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.9240
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		02.4720
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.9740
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.9240
Angiitis
[description not available]		03.5380
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.5380
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4720
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.4720
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.0950
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		03.0950
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		04.7921
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		03.420
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.420
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.3820
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.3820
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.92130
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.92130
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.1110
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		03.8721
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		08.5194
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		08.5194
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4420
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.4420
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.9140
Urinary Bladder Fistula
An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.		02.4820
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.1650
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.1650
Dysphagia
[description not available]		010.461610
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		010.461610
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		03.420
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.110
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.110
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.110
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal
An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.		02.110
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		07.1254
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.		07.1254
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		03.3520
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		03.3520
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.1110
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		05.7671
Micrometastases, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.5220
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		08.1285
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		08.1285
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.53101
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		0340
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.1431
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.1431
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		0340
Great Pox
[description not available]		07.5244
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		07.5244
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		06.67112
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		06.67112
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		05.0531
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.3820
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.3820
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.420
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.420
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.110
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		03.1850
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		03.1850
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		04.411
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		04.411
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms
Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.		02.110
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		03.8621
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		03.8621
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1350
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		03.8940
Langerhans Cell Sarcoma
Rare malignant neoplasm of dendritic LANGERHANS CELLS exhibiting atypical cytology, frequent mitoses, and aggressive clinical behavior. They can be distinguished from other histiocytic and dendritic proliferations by immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. Cytologically benign proliferations of Langerhans cells are called LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS.		02.4920
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.6730
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.6730
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		03.8721
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.6630
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		03.4320
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.110
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		02.4720
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.110
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		09.04114
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		012.66296
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		09.04114
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		02.830
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.9342
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		04.9342
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		04.760
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		09.06116
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.25200
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.7621
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.7621
Mesothelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Giant Cell
An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.0310
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		03.0310
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		08.6138
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.6138
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		03.1650
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		03.1650
Acneiform Eruptions
Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)		02.1110
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		07.7122
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		07.7122
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		03.3460
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		08.66143
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.110
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		02.110
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.5220
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.5220
Skin Syphilis
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.68112
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		03.1550
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		03.1550
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		02.4920
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.1110
Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant
[description not available]		06.53110
Carcinoma, Islet Cell
A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.		06.53110
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		09.7399
Joint Pain
[description not available]		010.911110
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		010.061210
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		010.061210
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		010.911110
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		03.360
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		010.23126
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.1110
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.1310
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.1310
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.1450
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1110
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.1110
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.1110
Adenoma, Villous
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4820
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.4820
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.4820
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.7530
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.7530
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.86110
Type 2 von Willebrand Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.1310
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		06.5163
Carditis
[description not available]		03.6630
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.470
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		06.5163
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		03.6630
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		03.470
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.1310
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.2940
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.1310
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		03.8820
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.0310
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.9221
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.9221
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		0550
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		05.8883
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		05.8883
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.7430
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.7430
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		02.520
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.520
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.520
Grippe
[description not available]		04.1231
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		04.1231
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		07.07101
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		07.07101
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		05.0490
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		05.0490
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		03.5111
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.821
Chloroma
[description not available]		02.1310
Sarcoma, Myeloid
An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.1310
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.6630
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.6630
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.1331
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		02.1310
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		02.420
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		02.420
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		08.28183
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		08.28183
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.1310
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.1310
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		02.7330
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.1310
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Interdigitating
A rare sarcoma of INTERDIGITATING CELLS found in the lymph nodes and non-lymphoid organs. They exhibit a variable immunophenotype and lack Birbeck granules.		03.0410
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.1310
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		03.4520
Rubeola
[description not available]		03.0410
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		03.0410
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		03.4520
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		03.420
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.4720
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.1310
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4520
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.1310
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.4520
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.4720
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.1310
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.1310
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.7530
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.7530
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.5232
Lassa Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Lassa Fever
An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.		02.1310
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.1510
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1510
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.6730
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.6730
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.3370
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.1310
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		02.7730
Esophageal Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.		02.520
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.1310
Cyst
[description not available]		02.1310
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.4820
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.4820
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		03.8521
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		03.8521
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0410
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0410
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.0410
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		04.2920
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		02.0410
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.0410
Duodenal Reflux
[description not available]		07.0410
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.0410
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		05.4190
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.0510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.9610
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.4320
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		013.965520
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		013.965520
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.2441
Opisthorchis felineus Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Opisthorchiasis
Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.		02.0410
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.0410
Ascites, Gelatinous
[description not available]		05.5961
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).		05.5961
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.9540
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)		02.0410
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.9540
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		06.68211
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		06.68211
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.5480
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.5480
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.7330
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.7330
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.0410
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0410
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.0410
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0410
Adult-Onset Still Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset
Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.		02.0510
Cystadenoma, Mucinous
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.		03.3720
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		013.895120
Flatus
[description not available]		03.4311
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.4311
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.0510
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.0510
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		02.0510
Shingles
[description not available]		03.3720
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3720
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		07.81117
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.0510
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.0510
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.0510
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.75100
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.75100
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		04.5250
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		04.5250
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.0510
Onycholysis
Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.		03.3720
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.4620
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.4620
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.0510
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.9610
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.9610
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.4520
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.7330
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.9540
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.0510
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.0510
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.0510
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.0510
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		04.3441
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.0510
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.4620
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.0510
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.4620
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.0510
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.0510
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0510
Solitary Fibrous Tumors
Rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the PLEURA (see SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR, PLEURAL). They also are found in extrapleural sites.		02.0510
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7530
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.2860
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0510
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.2860
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0510
Bleb
[description not available]		02.7330
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial
[description not available]		02.0510
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.		02.0510
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		05.5832
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.4420
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.4420
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous
An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.0650
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.1450
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.0510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.0510
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		04.3341
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.0510
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		03.4311
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.8521
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		03.4311
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.8521
Cystadenoma, Papillary
A benign neoplasm of the ovary.		02.0510
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9640
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.9640
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		02.0510
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.0510
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.4620
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.0510
Xeroderma
[description not available]		02.0510
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		02.0510
Chronic Delta Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cramp
[description not available]		02.0510
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		02.0510
Chromosome Instability Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0510
Cockayne Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.		07.0510
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		02.9710
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.1550
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.1550
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		04.3241
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		04.3241
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.0510
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		02.0510
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0510
Situs Inversus
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.		02.0610
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		02.0510
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0510
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.4620
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0510
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0510
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.4320
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.0510
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0510
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.0510
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.0510
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		02.9710
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		02.9710
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.0510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		04.320
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.0510
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		04.320
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		02.0510
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.0510
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.4420
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		03.8521
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.4411
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.4411
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.0510
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.0510
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		02.0610
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.0510
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.4420
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.4420
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0610
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.0610
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.0610
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.4420
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.4420
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.4411
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.4411
BOOP
[description not available]		02.9540
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component
[description not available]		02.0610
Gliosarcoma
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)		02.0610
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.0510
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.0510
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.0510
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.9710
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0510
Immunoblastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.4220
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.4220
Sister Joseph's Nodule
[description not available]		02.0510
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		05.2370
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.420
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.0510
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.3711
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.0610
Sycosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.0610
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.0610
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		02.0610
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		02.0610
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		02.0610
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.7230
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.7230
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0510
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.4620
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.0510
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.4620
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.0610
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.0510
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.0610
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.0610
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.4320
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		02.0610
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		02.4720
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.0610
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.8840
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.0610
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.8840
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.9810
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.6530
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		02.0610
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.8221
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		02.0610
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.8221
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		02.0610
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.0610
Fifth Phacomatosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.		02.0610
Lentigines
[description not available]		03.4511
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		03.4511
Lymphangitis
A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.0610
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		03.8221
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.4720
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.4720
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0710
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.0710
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0710
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0710
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.0610
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.0610
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Mesothelioma, Cystic
A peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. The disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. Malignant potential is exceptional. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1345)		02.0610
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
[description not available]		02.9810
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.		02.9810
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		03.4511
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.7530
Krukenberg Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4220
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		03.6530
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		03.6530
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.4620
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		03.4611
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3620
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.3620
Male Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1330
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.		04.1330
Haim-Monk Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4511
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland
[description not available]		02.4520
Acrospiroma
A rare cutaneous tumor of apocrine or eccrine SWEAT GLAND origin. It is most commonly found on the extremities and is usually benign. It appears as a solitary nodule or cyst and may be solid or produce a watery discharge. It is related to POROMA except in acrospiroma it does not involve the epidermis. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors.		02.0610
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4511
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4511
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.4820
Livedo Reticularis
A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.		02.0710
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.0610
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.0610
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.0610
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.0610
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.0610
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.0710
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.0710
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0610
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		02.0610
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.0610
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0710
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.0710
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		02.4420
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.6932
Abnormal Karyotype
A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species.		02.0710
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.4620
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.4320
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.7840
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.9910
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.9910
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.4420
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		02.0710
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		02.0710
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		03.3220
Feline Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.3620
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.4420
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		03.3220
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		05.61300
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		05.61300
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		03.3720
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		03.3720
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		06.577
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.0710
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture
[description not available]		02.0710
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.9340
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.9340
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.9910
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.4420
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		02.0710
Esophageal Perforation
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.		02.0710
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.0710
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.9910
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.0710
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.7230
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.7230
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0710
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		03.8740
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		03.8740
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		04.7521
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0710
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		02.0710
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		0310
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		0310
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.0710
Angiomyxoma
[description not available]		02.9910
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.4520
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.0810
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.0710
Asialia
[description not available]		0310
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		0310
Duodenal Obstruction
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.		03.3620
Bile Duct Cysts
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		02.4420
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		02.4420
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.0710
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0710
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.0710
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.0710
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.0810
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.420
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0810
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.0810
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.4120
Nasal Septal Perforation
An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.		02.0710
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.0710
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.0710
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		0310
MEA 2a
[description not available]		0310
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.0810
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Recurrent cutaneous manifestation of GLUCAGONOMA characterized by necrolytic polycyclic migratory lesions with scaling borders. It is associated with elevated secretion of GLUCAGON by the tumor. Other conditions with elevated serum glucagon levels such as HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS may also result in similar skin lesions, which are referred to as pseudoglucagonoma syndrome.		02.0810
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		04.8742
Infarct of the Spleen
[description not available]		02.0810
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		04.3911
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		04.3911
Erysipeloid
An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis.		02.730
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		02.0110
Freckle, Melanotic
[description not available]		02.0110
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		02.0110
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.4220
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.9210
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.9210
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.9210
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.9210
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		09.05116
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic
[description not available]		05.4831
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Paget Disease, Extramammary
A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)		02.0110
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		03.411
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.		03.411
Carcinoma, Verrucous
A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0110
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.9310
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9310
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.6530
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4220
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.4220
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.6830
Infections, Hepadnaviridae
[description not available]		02.4120
Hepadnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.		02.4120
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		03.3320
Anticipatory Vomiting
[description not available]		06.0465
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.0110
Ataxia of Gait
[description not available]		02.0110
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.4220
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.0110
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		02.0110
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		03.3320
Egyptian Ophthalmia
[description not available]		01.9310
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.0110
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.0110
Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.		04.0931
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian
A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)		04.3722
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		02.4220
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		02.4220
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.0110
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.4320
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		02.0210
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.0210
Gonadal Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.411
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		03.1250
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		03.1250
Borna Disease
An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.		07.0210
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		02.4320
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		02.4320
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3822
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0210
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.0210
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.3820
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		04.3211
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.0210
Fibrous Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		09.821010
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		09.821010
Eyelid Neoplasms
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.		02.0210
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.0210
Embolus
[description not available]		02.0210
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.0210
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.0210
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		03.4111
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.4111
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		03.4111
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		03.4111
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that are malignant. It does not include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. However, there is a minority of authors that consider the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia synonymous with gestational trophoblastic disease.		02.0210
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.		02.0210
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.9410
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		02.9410
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.0210
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.0210
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		04140
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.0210
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.0210
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.0310
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		02.9410
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.0310
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.0310
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		04.3311
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.4420
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.4420
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.0310
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow
[description not available]		02.4420
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.		02.4420
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.0310
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.0310
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.0310
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0410
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0410
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.0410
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		03.8221
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		03.8221
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		03.8610
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		03.8610
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Adenoma, Sweat Gland
A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.0310
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.0310
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.0310
Neuropathy, Paraneoplastic
[description not available]		02.9510
Umbilical Cyst
[description not available]		02.9410
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		03.8221
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0310
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		02.0310
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0310
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.0310
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.0310
Clubbed Fingers
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		02.0310
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.4220
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.4220
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		02.0310
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.0310
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.0310
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.0310
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0310
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		02.0310
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.0410
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.0410
Iris Neoplasms
Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.		02.0310
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.4120
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.6930
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		02.0410
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		02.0410
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.0310
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.0310
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.9610
Dysarthosis
[description not available]		02.9610
Sarcoma, Small Cell
A sarcoma characterized by the presence of small cells, cells measuring 9-14 micrometers with a faint or indistinct rim of cytoplasm and an oval-to-elongated nucleus with relatively dense chromatin. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.9610
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.4220
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0310
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.0310
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.0310
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.6930
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		03.4311
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		03.4311
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.0410
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.0410
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0410
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0410
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0410
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		02.0410
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.0410
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		02.0410
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.0410
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		07.0410
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.0410
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.0410
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.150
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		03.150
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.		02.0410
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6630
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		02.6530
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		02.6630
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Bloom Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.		02.8840
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		01.9610
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		01.9610
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		0552
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		03.9750
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.13110
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		05.13110
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		03.3511
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.0750
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.0750
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		02.6530
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		03.2720
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		01.9610
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		06.9610
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		07.3620
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9610
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9610
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.6730
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.0550
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		01.9810
Blast Phase
[description not available]		03.3711
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		03.3711
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9810
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.8940
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.8940
Digitate Dermatosis
[description not available]		03.3711
Parapsoriasis
The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).		03.3711
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		01.9910
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		01.9910
Pruritus Ani
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.		0210
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		0210
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		0210
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		0210
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		0210
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		03.3911
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		03.3811
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		03.3811
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		03.3911
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		03.3911
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		0210
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		0210
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		0210
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		0210
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		0210
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		09.6232
Pulmonary Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		04.7121
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. Veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the VASCULAR INTIMA and VASCULAR MEDIA; THROMBOSIS; or a combination of both.		04.7121
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		0210
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		0210
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		0210
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		0210
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		02.9210
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.3911
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic
A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.		03.3911
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Yolk Sac Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)		0210
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.3911
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		0210
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		0210
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		03.7721
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		0210
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		0210
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		0210
Acrania
[description not available]		03.3911
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		03.3911
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		04.3111
Acquired Neuromyotonia
[description not available]		02.9210
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.9210
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		01.9510
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		01.9510
Ectromelia, Infectious
A viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss.		01.9510
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9510
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9510
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		01.9510
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		01.9510
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		01.9510
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		01.9510
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.3520
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		03.3611
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Chromosomal Fragility
[description not available]		02.3820
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		03.3611
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		03.3611
ARC
[description not available]		03.7621
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		03.7621
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		01.9510
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		01.9510
Amelia
[description not available]		01.9510
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		01.9510
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		01.9510