Compounds > substance p
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substance p

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FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
GlycinegenusA non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.[MeSH]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID78302563
MeSH IDM0020674
PubMed CID36511
CHEMBL ID235363
CHEBI ID80308
SCHEMBL ID1116347
SCHEMBL ID20844802
MeSH IDM0020674
PubMed CID3084967
CHEBI ID191176
MeSH IDM0020674
PubMed CID10418437
MeSH IDM0020674
PubMed CID10440769
CHEMBL ID589979
SCHEMBL ID17887920
MeSH IDM0020674

Synonyms (84)

Synonym
substance p (3-11)
gtpl2098
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
33507-63-0
SUBSTANCE P ,
NCGC00167123-01
einecs 251-545-8
ccris 7229
sh-oligopeptide-73
substance p (1-11)
neurokinin p
neuropeptide sp-1
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2.(substance p)
bdbm50001450
argprolysproglnglnphepheglyleumet
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-amine
(sp)arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2(substance p)
h-arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2(substance p)
substance p (arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-metnh2)
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met nh2
h-arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-d-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
CHEMBL235363 ,
tachykinin substance p (sp)
unii-675vgv5j1d
675vgv5j1d ,
gtpl3805
gtpl3835
[3h]-substance p
[125i]-substance p
[3h]sp (human, mouse, rat)
[3h]-sp
[125i]sp (human, mouse, rat)
[125i]-sp
SCHEMBL1116347
AKOS024456424
mfcd00076780
substanz-p
11035-08-8
arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2 3acoh 5h2o
ADNPLDHMAVUMIW-CUZNLEPHSA-N
h-arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
SCHEMBL20844802
Q411041
substance-p
neurokinin pneurokinin p
neurokinin-1
AS-77493
CHEBI:80308
rpkpqqffglm (modifications: c-terminal amide)

c63h98n18o13s

HB2915
neurokinin p tfa
sp(7-11)
l-methioninamide, l-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-leucyl-
ffglm-nh2
phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
l-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-leucyl-l-methioninamide
substance p(7-11)
substance p (7-11)
CHEBI:191176
h-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2
(2s)-n-[(2s)-1-amino-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-2-[[2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanamide
phe1-phe2-gly3-leu4-met5-nh2
(s)-2-(2-((s)-2-((s)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)acetamido)-n-((s)-1-amino-4-(methylthio)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-4-methylpentanamide
CS-0044448
HY-P1492
14-amino-11-benzyl-4,7,10,13-tetrahydroxy-5-(2-methylpropyl)-2-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-15-phenyl-3,6,9,12-tetraazapentadeca-3,6,9,12-tetraen-1-imidic acid
DTXSID70965435
substance p(4-11)
substance p (4-11)
CS-0626906
HY-P3891
NCGC00167124-01
substance p (1-7)
CHEMBL589979 ,
h-arg-pro-lys-pro-gln-gln-phe-oh
bdbm50308381
substance p(1-7)
1-7-substancep
mfcd00076789
SCHEMBL17887920
HY-P1485
CS-0044424

Research Excerpts

Overview

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that involves in a wide variety of physiological and pathological events. It mainly exerts its roles by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), also modulates immune function. Substance P is increasingly used as a biomarker for ocular and systemic neuropathic conditions.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide of the tachykinin family, which has roles related to a large number of physiological mechanisms in humans."( Substance P and Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer of the Head and Neck: A Review of the Literature.
Esteban, F; González-Moles, MÁ; Muñoz, M; Ramos-García, P, 2021)		2.79
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that involves in a wide variety of physiological and pathological events, mainly exerts its roles by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), also modulates immune function. "( SP protects Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against acute Streptococcus agalatiae infection.
Chen, X; Huang, Y; Jian, J; Jiang, B; Li, Q; Xu, Z; Zhang, Z, 2022)		2.16
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that has been linked to a number of immune-inflammatory and neurological conditions."( Elevated Substance P Is a Risk Factor for Postoperative Delirium in Patients with Hip Fracture.
Hu, N; Wang, A; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.86
"Substance P is a sensory neuropeptide increasingly used as a biomarker for ocular and systemic neuropathic conditions. "( The Impact of Post-Tear Collection Storage on Tear Film Substance P Concentration.
Chiang, JCB; Goldstein, D; Krishnan, AV; Markoulli, M, 2022)		2.41
"Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin expressed by various cells in the nervous and immune systems. "( Modulating the tachykinin: Role of substance P and neurokinin receptor expression in ocular surface disorders.
Chen, Y; Cho, W; Dana, R; Dohlman, TH; Ferrari, G; Musayeva, A; Naderi, A; Ortiz, G; Singh, RB, 2022)		2.44
"Substance P is a neuropeptide expressed by sensory nerves including those in the densely innervated cornea."( Tear film substance P in patients treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy.
Au, K; Chiang, JCB; Goldstein, D; Krishnan, AV; Markoulli, M; Park, SB; Trinh, T, 2022)		1.85
"Substance P serves as a balanced agonist for MRGPRX2 whereby it activates both G protein-mediated degranulation and β-arrestin-mediated receptor internalization."( Inhibition of MRGPRX2 but not FcεRI or MrgprB2-mediated mast cell degranulation by a small molecule inverse receptor agonist.
Ali, H; Amponnawarat, A; Bawazir, M; Hui, Y; Oskeritzian, CA, 2022)		1.44
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide released from the nervous fibers in response to injury. "( Temporospatial Expression of Neuropeptide Substance P in Dental Pulp Stem Cells During Odontoblastic Differentiation in Vitro and Reparative Dentinogenesis in Vivo.
Chen, MZ; Chen, WX; Lan, BY; Luo, L; Ma, XM; Wei, XL; Zhou, J, 2023)		2.62
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide that belongs to the family of tachykinin (TK) peptides."( The neuropeptide substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system and diabetes: From mechanism to therapy.
Ebrahimi, S; Ghiasi Nooghabi, N; Hashemi, SF; Hashemy, SI; Kokabi, F; Mirzavi, F, )		1.19
"Substance P is a peptide from the tachykinin family, which is found in peripheral and central nervous systems, causing vasodilation and increased secretion in the nasal mucosa. "( The Role of Substance P Receptor Antagonists in Allergic Rhinitis: Ovalbumin-Induced Rat Model.
Becerik, Ç; Karaca, ÇT; Kul, S; Özcan, Z; Toros, SZ, 2023)		2.73
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide with a robust effect on inflammation."( Inflammation and Organ Injury the Role of Substance P and Its Receptors.
Bhatia, M; Zhu, Z, 2023)		1.9
"Substance P (SP) is an endogenous neuropeptide that controls inflammation and prevents cell death under pathological conditions."( Substance P-Mediated Vascular Protection Ameliorates Bone Loss.
Hong, HS; Hwang, DY; Kim, D; Lee, D; Park, JS; Piao, J, 2023)		3.07
"Substance P is a key molecule in neuroimmune crosstalk; immune cells near the peripheral nerve endings can send signals to the brain with cytokines, which highlights the important role of tachykinins in neuroimmune communication."( Tachykinins and the potential causal factors for post-COVID-19 condition.
Baird, AE; Conte, HA; Diamandis, EP; Fraser, DD; Janket, SJ; Prassas, I; Sohaei, D; Tamimi, F, 2023)		1.63
"Substance P is a widely used neuropeptide in the field of tissue repair, while the regenerative potential of the substance P has not been proven in the secondary lymphedema."( Substance P promote macrophage M2 polarization to attenuate secondary lymphedema by regulating NF-kB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
Cao, Z; Li, X; Qing, L; Sui, X; Tang, J; Zhou, Z, 2023)		3.07
"Substance P (SP), which is a neurotransmitter, is used to objectively evaluate nociception in cattle."( Evaluation of Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma of jugular and tail vein of healthy German Simmental cows.
Knubben-Schweizer, G; Landinger, A; Tschoner, T; Zablotski, Y, 2023)		1.99
"Substance P is a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family and is involved in neuroinflammation. "( Persistently High Serum Substance P Levels and Early Mortality in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
Argueso, M; Cáceres, JJ; García-Marín, V; González-Rivero, AF; Jiménez, A; Lorente, L; Martín, MM; Pérez-Cejas, A; Ramos, L; Solé-Violán, J, 2019)		2.26
"Substance P is an undecapeptide affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems. "( Presence of substance P positive terminals on hypothalamic somatostatinergic neurons in humans: the possible morphological substrate of the substance P-modulated growth hormone secretion.
Dudas, B; Grignol, G; Luu, A; Merchenthaler, I; Oberdoerster, Z, 2020)		2.38
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerve endings and is widely present in nerve fibers. "( The Role of Substance P in the Regulation of Bone and Cartilage Metabolic Activity.
Guo, B; Li, FX; Lin, X; Shan, SK; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Xu, F; Yuan, LQ; Zheng, MH; Zhong, JY, 2020)		2.38
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino acid tachykinin-related peptide that has anorexigenic effects in birds and mammals although the central mechanism is not well understood. "( Anorexigenic effects of substance P in Coturnix japonica.
Buenaventura, C; Cline, MA; Gilbert, ER; Pauliukonis, AC, 2020)		2.31
"Substance P (SP) is a neurotransmitter emitted from neurons that plays a role in the pathogenesis of itching conditions including chronic urticarial (CU). "( Evaluation of Serum Substance P Level in Chronic Urticaria and Correlation with Disease Severity.
Ahanchian, H; Emadzadeh, M; Fadaee, J; Farid Hosseini, R; Hashemy, SI; Jabbari Azad, F; Khoshkhui, M; Lavi Arab, F, 2020)		2.32
"Substance P (SP) is a nociceptive tachykinin which regulates the immune inflammatory reactions including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) production. "( Substance P induces sympathetic immune response in the contralateral eye after the first eye cataract surgery in type 2 diabetic patients.
Cai, J; Fang, X; Gong, X; Ren, Y; Song, E, 2020)		3.44
"Substance P (SP) is a sensory neuropeptide that is expressed by the neurons innervating bone. "( Mice lacking substance P have normal bone modeling but diminished bone formation, increased resorption, and accelerated osteopenia with aging.
Guo, TZ; Hou, S; Kingery, WS; Sabsovich, I; Wang, L; Wei, T, 2021)		2.43
"Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin that regulates airway mucous secretion in both health and disease. "( Overexpression of Substance P in pig airways increases MUC5AC through an NF-kβ pathway.
Atanasova, KR; Bravo, L; Collins, EN; Liao, YS; Reznikov, LR; Schurmann, V; Sponchiado, M, 2021)		2.4
"Substance P (SP) is a pain- and inflammation-related neuropeptide which preferentially binds to the neurokinin receptor 1 (NK"( Pain in knee osteoarthritis is associated with variation in the neurokinin 1/substance P receptor (TACR1) gene.
Arden, NK; Cicuttini, FM; Cooper, C; Dennison, EM; Doherty, M; Hart, DJ; Jones, G; Laslett, LL; Leaverton, P; Maciewicz, RA; Muir, KR; Rampersaud, E; Soni, A; Spector, TD; Valdes, AM; Walsh, DA; Warner, SC; Zhang, W, 2017)		2.13
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide belonging to the thachykinin peptide family. "( Immunolocalization of Substance P and NK-1 Receptor in ADIPOSE Stem Cells.
Ayala, A; Muñoz, M; Muñoz, MF, 2017)		2.21
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide present in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. "( Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis.
Suvas, S, 2017)		2.33
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide, likely acting as a neurotransmitter in the pharyngeal mucosa enhancing the swallow and cough reflex. "( Increase of Substance P Concentration in Saliva after Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation in Severely Dysphagic Stroke Patients - an Indicator of Decannulation Success?
Bittner, S; Claus, I; Dziewas, R; Marian, T; Meuth, SG; Minnerup, J; Muhle, P; Ruck, T; Schröder, JB; Suntrup-Krueger, S; Warnecke, T, 2017)		2.28
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide of the tachykinin family that preferentially activates the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). "( Substance P and the Neurokinin-1 Receptor: The New CRF.
Heilig, M; Schank, JR, 2017)		3.34
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide that belongs to the tachykinin family and several reports recently have supported the anti-inflammatory and tissue repairing roles of SP."( Substance P restores normal skin architecture and reduces epidermal infiltration of sensory nerve fiber in TNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice.
Choi, H; Chung, E; Hong, HS; Hwang, JS; Kim, DJ; Lim, S; Nam, S; Park, KS; Shin, MK; Son, Y; Won, Y, 2018)		2.64
"Substance P is a neurotransmitter or modulator in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. "( Investigation of the effect of homocysteinylation of substance P on its binding to the NK1 receptor using molecular dynamics simulation.
Davoudmanesh, S; Mosaabadi, JM, 2018)		2.17
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that contributes to a proinflammatory state by binding to the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R). "( Neurokinin-1 Receptor Deficiency Improves Survival in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis Through Multiple Mechanisms in Aged Mice.
Duffy, ER; Mella, JR; Remick, DG; Stucchi, AF, 2019)		1.96
"Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved member of the tachykinin peptide family that is widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. "( Substance P and pain chronicity.
Zieglgänsberger, W, 2019)		3.4
"Substance P is an eleven-amino acid neuropeptide (undecapeptide) with multiple effects on the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems as well as complex central nervous system functions such as pain, learning, memory, and sexual homeostasis. "( Substance P appears to affect growth via growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the human hypothalamus.
Dudas, B; Grignol, G; Merchenthaler, I; Nguyen, T; Uhlman, D, 2019)		3.4
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide encoding the tachykinin 1 (TAC1) gene and belongs to the tachykinin family. "( Substance P and fibrotic diseases.
Agogo, GO; Guo, J; Peng, L; Yan, M, 2019)		3.4
"Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin released from both the central and the peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons and functions as a neurotransmitter. "( Changes of substance P in the crevicular fluid in relation to orthodontic movement preliminary investigation.
Caprioglio, A; Levrini, L; Moretti, S; Panzi, S; Sacerdote, P, 2013)		2.22
"Substance P (SP) is a prototypical neuropeptide with roles in pain and inflammation. "( Proteolysis controls endogenous substance P levels.
Lone, AM; Mitchell, AJ; Saghatelian, A; Tinoco, AD, 2013)		2.12
"Substance P is a sensory nerve neuropeptide located near coronary vessels in the heart. "( Substance P acting via the neurokinin-1 receptor regulates adverse myocardial remodeling in a rat model of hypertension.
Dehlin, HM; Levick, SP; Manteufel, EJ; Monroe, AL; Reimer, MH, 2013)		3.28
"Substance P is an injury-inducible endogenous factor for the mobilization of CD29+ stromal-like cells into circulation and that are major effectors of accelerated healing. "( Wound contraction decreases with intravenously injected substance P in rabbits.
Bae, TH; Kim, HK; Kim, W; Kim, WS; Lee, JY; Park, JA, 2014)		2.09
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that is directly related with pain."( Relationship between levels of neuropeptide Substance P in periodontal disease and chronic pain: a literature review.
Camparis, CM; de Avila, ED; de Godoi Gonçalves, DA; de Molon, RS, 2014)		1.38
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that mediates numerous physiological responses, including transmission of pain and inflammation through the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor. "( Mapping substance P binding sites on the neurokinin-1 receptor using genetic incorporation of a photoreactive amino acid.
Grunbeck, A; Huber, T; Naganathan, S; Park, M; Sakmar, TP; Schwartz, TW; Valentin-Hansen, L, 2014)		2.28
"Substance P is an important neuropeptide released from nociceptors to mediate pain signals. "( Acid mediates a prolonged antinociception via substance P signaling in acid-induced chronic widespread pain.
Chen, CC; Chen, WN, 2014)		2.1
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide, predominantly released from sensory nerve fibers, with a potentially protective role in diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing. "( Substance P promotes diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing through molecular mechanisms mediated via the neurokinin-1 receptor.
Danielson, P; Di, G; Duan, H; Qi, X; Qu, M; Wang, Y; Xie, L; Yang, L; Zhou, Q, 2014)		3.29
"Substance P (SP) is a widely distributed neurotransmitter in living tissues and is involved in various repair processes. "( Effects of substance P during the recovery of hearing function after noise-induced hearing loss.
Hirose, Y; Kanagawa, E; Mikuriya, T; Shimogori, H; Sugahara, K; Yamashita, H, 2014)		2.23
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that is distributed in those sensory nerve fibres that innervate the medullary tissues of bone. "( Local injection of substance P increases bony formation during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rats.
Du, ZJ; Jia, S; Lei, DL; Liu, YP; Wang, L; Zhang, YB; Zhao, YH, 2014)		2.17
"Substance P (SP) is a well-known neuropeptide implicated in the wound-healing process. "( Substance P stimulates endothelin 1 secretion via endothelin-converting enzyme 1 and promotes melanogenesis in human melanocytes.
Cho, EG; Lee, TR; Park, PJ, 2015)		3.3
"Pro-substance P (ProSP) is a stable surrogate marker for labile substance P, which has pro-inflammatory effects, increases platelet aggregation and clot strength, and reduces fibrinolysis."( Pro-substance p for evaluation of risk in acute myocardial infarction.
Bergmann, A; Davies, JE; Jones, DJ; Maisel, A; Narayan, H; Ng, LL; Quinn, PA; Sandhu, JK; Squire, IB; Struck, J, 2014)		1.52
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that functions to activate the cellular physiological responses of MSCs, including proliferation, migration, and secretion of specific cytokines."( Substance P enhances mesenchymal stem cells-mediated immune modulation.
Hong, HS; Jin, Y; Son, Y, 2015)		2.58
"Substance P (SP) is an important mediator of pro-inflammatory mechanisms in the skin. "( NK-1 Antagonists and Itch.
Luger, TA; Ständer, S, 2015)		1.86
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that can influence neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and neurogenesis in the brain. "( Substance P stimulates proliferation of spinal neural stem cells in spinal cord injury via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
Bae, JS; Cho, DC; Kim, HJ; Kim, KT; Park, SW, 2015)		3.3
"Substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptides, which are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and actively involved in inflammatory processes. "( Serum substance P levels are associated with severity and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Almeida, T; Argueso, M; Cáceres, JJ; Hernández, M; Jiménez, A; Lorente, L; Martín, MM; Ramos, L; Solé-Violán, J, 2015)		2.34
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide of the tachykinins family involved in the inflammatory response. "( Association between serum substance P levels and mortality in patients with severe sepsis.
Almeida, T; Díaz, C; Ferreres, J; Hernández, M; Jiménez, A; Labarta, L; Lorente, L; Martín, MM; Solé-Violán, J, 2015)		2.16
"Substance P (SP) is a pleiotropic cytokine/neuropeptide that enhances breast cancer (BC) aggressiveness by transactivating tyrosine kinase receptors like EGFR and HER2. "( The Transmodulation of HER2 and EGFR by Substance P in Breast Cancer Cells Requires c-Src and Metalloproteinase Activation.
Almendro, V; Garcia-Recio, S; Gascón, P; Marín-Aguilera, M; Pastor-Arroyo, EM, 2015)		2.13
"Substance P (SP) is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide with high concentrations in the SN."( Substance P enhances microglial density in the substantia nigra through neurokinin-1 receptor/NADPH oxidase-mediated chemotaxis in mice.
Hong, JS; Oyarzabal, E; Qian, L; Wang, Q; Wilson, B, 2015)		2.58
"Substance P is an undecapeptide originating from TAC1 gen and belonging to the tachykinin family."( Role of substance P in the cardiovascular system.
Chottova Dvorakova, M; Kruzliak, P; Mistrova, E, 2016)		1.59
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide widely expressed throughout the fear-processing pathways of the brain. "( Evidence for involvement of NK₃ receptors in the anxiogenic-like effect of SP6-11(C-terminal), a metabolite of substance P, in rats evaluated in the elevated plus-maze.
De Lima, TC; Duarte, FS; Duzzioni, M; Leme, LR; Smith, Sde P, 2016)		2.09
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide known to enhance the swallow response. "( Electrical pharyngeal stimulation increases substance P level in saliva.
Bittner, S; Dziewas, R; Marian, T; Meuth, SG; Recker, S; Suntrup-Krueger, S; Suttrup, I; Warnecke, T, 2016)		2.14
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-aa neuropeptide, member of the tachykinin family, broadly distributed in the Central Nervous System where it acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurotrophic factor."( Substance P and Alzheimer's Disease: Emerging Novel Roles.
Calissano, P; Petrella, C; Severini, C, 2016)		2.6
"Substance P is a peptide mainly secreted by neurons and is involved in many biological processes, including nociception and inflammation. "( Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response.
Dana, R; Grace, PM; Marmalidou, A; Mashaghi, A; Pothoulakis, C; Tehrani, M, 2016)		2.25
"Substance P is a neuropeptide released in the skin from the peripheral nerve and is related to stress and inflammation."( Endocrinology of the skin: intradermal neuroimmune network, a new frontier.
Antinolfi, P; Caraffa, Al; Conti, P; Kritas, SK; Lessiani, G; Pizzicannella, J; Ronconi, G; Saggini, A; Spinas, E; Theoharides, TC; Toniato, E, )		0.85
"Substance P (SP) is an important neuropeptide regulating the functions of the pancreas and might play a vital role in the onset of diabetes. "( Substance P expresses in intrapancreatic ganglia of the rats.
Gao, D; Liu, Y; Sha, L; Shen, Q; Wang, Y; Zhang, N, 2016)		3.32
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide associated with bone loss and formation that may mediate the effects of the nervous system."( Effects of Treatment of Treadmill Combined with Electro-Acupuncture on Tibia Bone Mass and Substance PExpression of Rabbits with Sciatic Nerve Injury.
Huang, L; Huang, R; Koleini, M; Tang, Q; Wang, Y; Zhu, L; Zou, D, 2016)		1.38
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that mediates many physiological as well as inflammatory responses. "( Substance P Induces HO-1 Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells Promoting Switch towards M2-Like Macrophages.
Lampiasi, N; Montana, G, 2016)		3.32
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide associated with sensory innervation of lymphoid tissue and a suspected modulator of lymphatic function in inflammation. "( Modulation of lymphatic muscle contractility by the neuropeptide substance P.
Davis, AM; Davis, MJ; Durtschi, D; Gashev, AA; Lane, MM; Muthuchamy, M; Zawieja, DC, 2008)		2.03
"Substance P (SP) is a potent modulator of monocyte/macrophage function. "( Substance P (SP) enhances CCL5-induced chemotaxis and intracellular signaling in human monocytes, which express the truncated neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R).
Chernova, I; Douglas, SD; Kilpatrick, LE; Korchak, HM; Lai, JP; Li, H; Schwartz, L; Tuluc, F, 2009)		3.24
"Substance P (SP) is a vasodilator that may contribute to systemic and splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhosis. "( Hemodynamic effects of substance P and its receptor antagonist RP67580 in anesthetized rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis.
Afdhal, NH; Bodkin, S; Cardenas, A; Kenney, T; Lamorte, WW; Lowe, R; Oh, S, 2008)		2.1
"Substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family and has an important role in immune responses. "( Novel method for determination of substance P levels in unextracted human plasma by using acidification.
Bruckner, P; Campbell, DE; Douglas, SD; Tustin, NB; Tustin, R, 2009)		2.07
"Substance P (SP) is an important neuropeptide involved in neurogenic inflammation and most of its pathophysiological functions are mediated through binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor. "( Substance P upregulates LTB4 in rat adherent macrophages from granuloma induced by KMnO4.
Boscolo, P; Castellani, ML; Cerulli, G; Ciampoli, C; Conti, P; Felaco, M; Theoharides, TC; Vecchiet, J, 2009)		3.24
"Substance P is an 11 amino acid neuropeptide that is released from nerve endings in many tissues."( Hydrogen sulfide and substance P in inflammation.
Bhatia, M, 2010)		1.4
"Substance P (SP) is a proinflammatory mediator implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory states. "( TGF-beta regulates T-cell neurokinin-1 receptor internalization and function.
Beinborn, M; Blum, A; Hang, L; Leung, J; Schroeder, JC; Setiawan, T; Stoyanoff, K; Weinstock, JV, 2010)		1.8
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide with neuroimmunoregulatory activity that may play a role in susceptibility to infection. "( Substance P primes lipoteichoic acid- and Pam3CysSerLys4-mediated activation of human mast cells by up-regulating Toll-like receptor 2.
Karpov, V; Kulka, M; Schleimer, RP; Tancowny, BP, 2010)		3.25
"Substance P (SP) is an excitatory neuropeptide that acts via the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1) in the nervous system. "( Serum concentrations of substance P in cholestasis.
Bergasa, NV; Trivedi, M, )		1.88
"Substance P (SP) is an important neurotransmitter and is an important pathogenic factor in obesity. "( Substance P is associated with the development of obesity, chronic inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Fu, J; Li, G; Liu, B; Liu, L; Liu, P; Liu, X; Wu, B, 2011)		3.25
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that is released from nerve endings in many tissues and plays an important role in immunological and inflammatory states, and it is also a mediator of tissue injury, asthma, arthritis, allergy and autoimmune diseases."( VEGF, substance P and stress, new aspects: a revisited study.
Antinolfi, P; Caraffa, A; Castellani, ML; Conti, C; Conti, F; De Lutiis, MA; Felaco, M; Felaco, P; Fulcheri, M; Galzio, RJ; Pandolfi, F; Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb, YB; Tete, S; Theoharides, TC; Toniato, E; Tripodi, D, )		1.33
"Substance P (SP) is a multipotent neuropeptide that affects the proliferation, activation and motility of keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Fbs). "( CD10-bearing fibroblasts may inhibit skin inflammation by down-modulating substance P.
Furue, M; Moroi, Y; Nakahara, T; Oba, J; Takahara, M; Takeuchi, S; Uchi, H; Xie, L, 2011)		2.04
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that plays an important role in inflammation, respiration, pain, aggression, anxiety, and learning and memory mainly through its high affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). "( The role of substance P in the marginal division of the neostriatum in learning and memory is mediated through the neurokinin 1 receptor in rats.
Cai, YF; Fang, J; Liu, XM; Shu, SY; Wang, CX; Zeng, CC; Zhang, KH, 2011)		2.19
"Substance P is a mast cell secretagogue and mast cells are known to play a role in adverse myocardial remodelling."( Substance P induces adverse myocardial remodelling via a mechanism involving cardiac mast cells.
Janicki, JS; Law, BA; Levick, SP; Li, J; Meléndez, GC; Supowit, SC, 2011)		2.53
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide produced by neurons, endothelial cells and immunocytes."( Substance P causes seizures in neurocysticercosis.
Eckols, KT; Firozgary, B; Garza, A; Goodman, JC; Robinson, P; Serpa, JA; Tweardy, DJ; Weinstock, J, 2012)		2.54
"Substance P (SubP) is a member of the family of mammalian tachykinin peptides that are predominantly released by enteric neurons."( Involvement of Na(+)-leak channel in substance P-induced depolarization of pacemaking activity in interstitial cells of Cajal.
Chang, IY; Choi, S; Jeon, JH; Jun, JY; Kim, BJ; Kwon, YK; Ren, D; So, I; Xu, WX, 2012)		1.37
"Substance P is a neuropeptide involved in the integration of pain, stress, and anxiety."( Electroejaculation increased vocalization and plasma concentrations of cortisol and progesterone, but not substance P, in beef bulls.
Coetzee, JF; Coffman, EA; Daniel, JA; Whitlock, BK, 2012)		1.31
"Substance P (SP) is a prominent neuromodulator, which is produced and released by peripheral damage-sensing (nociceptive) neurons; these neurons also express SP receptors. "( Reactive oxygen species are second messengers of neurokinin signaling in peripheral sensory neurons.
Boyle, JP; Gamper, N; Kirton, H; Linley, JE; Ooi, L; Peers, C; Pettinger, L, 2012)		1.82
"Substance P (SP) release is a key component of neurogenic inflammation which has been recently shown to increase the permeability of the BBB following CNS insults, making it a possible candidate as a mediator of tumour cell extravasation into the brain."( Walker 256 tumour cells increase substance P immunoreactivity locally and modify the properties of the blood-brain barrier during extravasation and brain invasion.
Ghabriel, MN; Harford-Wright, E; Lewis, KM; Nimmo, AJ; Vink, R, 2013)		1.39
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is known to act as a neurokinin receptor when the immune response is initiated."( A comparison of neuropeptide expression in skin with allergic contact dermatitis in human and mouse.
Kim, BJ; Kim, CW; Kim, HM; Kim, MN; Lee, HI; Lim, YY; Mun, SK, 2012)		1.1
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide closely associated with basal ganglia dopaminergic neurons. "( Distinct responses of basal ganglia substance P systems to low and high doses of methamphetamine.
Alburges, ME; Bush, L; Hanson, GR; Keefe, KA, 2002)		2.03
"Substance P is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptides that plays an important role in pain transmission, neurogenic inflammatory diseases and the adaptive response to stress. "( Substance P induced biosynthesis of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 in human glioma cells requires activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase.
Al-Sarraj, A; Thiel, G, 2002)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is an ll-amino acid neuropeptide of the tachykinin family. "( Preparation of 99mTc labeled substance P (SP).
Hellman, RS; Krasnow, AZ; Ozker, SK, 2002)		2.05
"Substance P (SP) is an important modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. "( Substance P up-regulates macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression in human T lymphocytes.
Douglas, SD; Guo, CJ; Ho, WZ; Lai, JP; Luo, HM, 2002)		3.2
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that possesses pleiotropic properties, e.g."( Substance p-fibronectin-cytokine interactions in myeloproliferative disorders with bone marrow fibrosis.
Chang, VT; Gascon, P; Oh, HS; Rameshwar, P; Yook, C, 2003)		2.48
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide that is co-localized with conventional transmitters in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). "( Substance P depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens through dopaminergic and purinergic mechanisms.
Ananthalakshmi, KV; Kombian, SB; Matowe, WC; Parvathy, SS, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which is widely distributed in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS), where it is co-localised with other neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine and where it acts as a neuromodulator. "( Substance P and Substance P receptor antagonists in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders.
Herpfer, I; Lieb, K, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) acts as a transmitter of nociception in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. "( Functional role of exogenous administration of substance P in chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in gerbils.
Geenen, F; Kontinen, VK; Meert, TF; Vissers, K, 2003)		2.02
"Substance P (SP) is a proinflammatory molecule that interacts with a neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R), which is on T cells and helps control IFN-gamma production. "( Substance P regulates Th1-type colitis in IL-10 knockout mice.
Arsenescu, R; Blum, A; Bunnett, N; Elliott, D; Metwali, A; Weinstock, JV, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide transmitter found in sensory neurons of the central nervous system and related to pain sensation and respiratory regulation. "( Substance P in the midbrains of SIDS victims and its correlation with sleep apnea.
Groswasser, J; Kadhim, H; Kahn, A; Nishida, H; Ozawa, Y; Patricia, F; Sawaguchi, T; Sottiaux, M; Takashima, S, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P is a normal component of human tears. "( Substance P in human tears.
Kawai, M; Mashima, Y; Nishida, T; Ogata, M; Yamada, M, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P is a stronger inducer of IL-8 production in dental pulp than CGRP. "( Role of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regulation of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in human dental pulp.
Hsiao, GY; Huang, GT; Park, SH, 2004)		2.2
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide with a known involvement in anxiety and nociception processes, which acts through the activation of neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptors. "( Antidepressant properties of substance P antagonists: relationship to monoaminergic mechanisms?
Adell, A, 2004)		2.06
"Substance P is a ubiquitous CNS neuropeptide and has recently been demonstrated to augment immune cell function during inflammatory events. "( Substance P augments Borrelia burgdorferi-induced prostaglandin E2 production by murine microglia.
Anguita, J; Bost, KL; Halberstadt, CR; Marriott, I; Rasley, A, 2004)		3.21
"Substance P is a neuropeptide believed to be a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation. "( Substance P expression is elevated in inflamed human periradicular tissue.
Alaçam, T; Oral, B; Tuncer, LI, 2004)		3.21
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerves and which has a number of pro-inflammatory effects. "( A role for substance P in arthritis?
Brain, SD; Keeble, JE, 2004)		2.16
"Substance P is speculated to be a key mediator of itching in atopic dermatitis, possibly acting via the tachykinin NK1 receptor. "( Involvement of substance P in scratching behaviour in an atopic dermatitis model.
Hayashi, T; Jung, B; Konomi, A; Ohmura, T; Satoh, H; Satoh, Y, 2004)		2.12
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that significantly interacts with the mesocorticolimbic system, therefore suggesting a possible role for the SP system in the mediation of relapse."( Infusion of the substance P analogue, DiMe-C7, into the ventral tegmental area induces reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour in rats.
Fletcher, PJ; Placenza, FM; Rotzinger, S; Vaccarino, FJ, 2004)		1.39
"Substance P (SP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that transmits pain signals, regulates the immune system, and may modulate emotional stress. "( Substance P enhances the inhibition of osteoblastic cell differentiation induced by lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Azuma, H; Ikedo, D; Kataoka, M; Kido, J; Nagata, T, 2004)		3.21
"Substance P is a peptide that exerts its activity through the interaction with specific receptors that are distributed in different brain areas. "( Absence of NK1 receptors in human blood lymphocytes and granulocytes.
Baroni, S; Betti, L; Cassano, GB; Giannaccini, G; Giusti, L; Lucacchini, A; Marazziti, D, 2004)		1.77
"Substance P is an undecapeptide that belongs to the mammalian tachykinin family. "( Effect of substance P on venous tone in conscious rats.
Abdelrahman, AM; Pang, CC, 2005)		2.17
"Substance P (SP) is an important neuropeptide involved in pain transmission and induction of inflammation. "( Solution conformation of Substance P antagonists-[D-Arg1, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-SP, [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-SP and [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-SP by CD, NMR and MD simulations.
Coutinho, E; Malde, A; Prabhu, A; Srivastava, S, 2005)		2.07
"Substance P (SP) is a substance known to have pro-inflammatory, endocrine, neuromodulatory and trophic effects, and its preferred receptor, the neurokinin receptor 1 (NK-1 R), is reported to be involved in extravasation of granulocytes and in inflammation and tissue derangement."( Expression of the NK-1 receptor on islet cells and invading immune cells in the non-obese diabetic mouse.
Forsgren, S; Holmberg, D; Lejon, K; Persson-Sjögren, S, 2005)		1.05
"Substance P is a neuropeptide involved in inflammation, immune regulation and stress response. "( Inhibition of substance P activity prevents stress-induced bladder damage.
Akici, A; Ercan, F; Erin, N; Ersoy, Y; Hürdag, C, 2006)		2.14
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide well known for its contribution to pain transmission in the spinal cord, however, less is known about the possible modulatory effects of SP. "( Feed-forward inhibition: a novel cellular mechanism for the analgesic effect of substance P.
Ko, SW; Wu, LJ; Xu, H; Yoshimura, M; Zhuo, M, 2005)		2
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide involved in neurogenic inflammation and an agonist for NK(1), NK(2), and NK(3) receptors. "( Substance P-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Benetti, E; Collino, M; Dianzani, C; Fantozzi, R; Gallicchio, M; Rosa, AC, 2006)		3.22
"Substance P (SP) is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that mediates its effects in the brain predominantly via the neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs). "( Gender and age affect NK1 receptors in the human brain - a positron emission tomography study with [18F]SPA-RQ.
Burns, D; Eskola, O; Hargreaves, R; Hietala, J; Kajander, J; Nyman, MJ; Sanabria, S; Solin, O; Vahlberg, T, 2007)		1.78
"Substance P (SP) is a critical neurotransmitter of sensory C-fiber and a well-known effector of inflammatory response."( Upregulation of substance P receptor expression by calcitonin gene-related peptide, a possible cooperative action of two neuropeptides involved in airway inflammation.
Guan, C; Luo, Z; Qi, M; Qin, X; Wu, H; Xiang, Y; Zhang, C, 2007)		1.41
"Substance P (SP) is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. "( Suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist--a putative role for substance P in CNS inflammation.
Bittner, A; Brueck, W; Gronen, F; Hemmer, B; Nessler, S; Schlegel, K; Sommer, N; Stadelmann, C, 2006)		1.99
"Substance P (SP) is a modulatory, pro-inflammatory neuropeptide. "( Substance P receptor mediated maintenance of chronic inflammation in EAE.
Fabry, Z; Johnson, MJ; Karman, J; Lee, J; Ling, C; Reinke, EK; Sandor, M; Weinstock, JV, 2006)		3.22
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. "( Determination of substance P in rat spinal cord by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.
Beaudry, F; Vachon, P, 2006)		2.12
"Substance P (SP) is known to be a peptide that facilitates epileptic activity of principal cells in the hippocampus. "( Morphology and synaptic input of substance P receptor-immunoreactive interneurons in control and epileptic human hippocampus.
Buzsáki, G; Doyle, WK; Freund, TF; Maglóczky, Z; Shigemoto, R; Tóth, K; Urbán, Z; Wittner, L, 2007)		2.06
"Substance P (SP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide that works as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. "( Substance P stimulates late-stage rat osteoblastic bone formation through neurokinin-1 receptors.
Goto, T; Gunjigake, KK; Kido, MA; Kobayashi, S; Nakao, K; Tanaka, T, 2007)		3.23
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide neurotransmitter identified in many central and peripheral neural pathways. "( Endogenous substance P modulates human cardiovascular regulation at rest and during orthostatic load.
Black, B; Byrne, DW; Diedrich, A; Dzurik, MV; Paranjape, SY; Raj, SR; Robertson, D, 2007)		2.17
"Substance P (SP) is a neurotransmitter richly distributed in sensory nerve fibers, bone, and bone-related tissue."( Polyethylene particle-induced bone resorption in substance P-deficient mice.
Brankamp, J; Heckelei, A; Henschke, F; Hilken, G; Löer, F; Neuerburg, C; Pfeiffer, A; Saxler, G; von Knoch, F; von Knoch, M; Wedemeyer, C, 2007)		1.32
"Substance P (SP) is a prominent neuropeptide involved in neurogenic inflammation and has been reported to exert various proinflammatory actions on inflammatory leukocytes including neutrophils."( Neuropeptide substance P upregulates chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in primary mouse neutrophils.
Bhatia, M; Ramnath, RD; Sun, J, 2007)		1.43
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide released from axons of sensory neurons, belongs to the tachykinin family and plays important roles in many physiological and pathological processes by acting as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or trophic factor."( Substance P and its receptors in bone metabolism.
Dai, LY; Jiang, LS; Liu, D, 2007)		2.5
"Substance P is a member of the neurokinin family. "( Substance P excites globus pallidus neurons in vivo.
Chen, L; Cui, QL; Xue, Y; Yung, WH, 2007)		3.23
"Substance P is an important neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in central nervous system. "( Effects of substance P on neuronal firing of pallidal neurons in parkinsonian rats.
Chen, L; Cui, QL; Yung, WH, 2008)		2.18
"Substance P (SP) is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases."( Substance P is associated with heart enlargement and apoptosis in murine dilated cardiomyopathy induced by Taenia crassiceps infection.
D'Souza, M; Garza, MA; Robinson, P; Weinstock, J; Xiang, Q; Xie, M, 2007)		2.5
"Substance P is a neuropeptide and has the capacity to provoke histamine release from skin mast cells."( Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with angio-oedema accompanying chronic urticaria but not chronic urticaria without angio-oedema or the autologous serum skin test response.
Akcali, C; Aynacioglu, AS; Benlier, N; Erbagci, Z; Ozkur, M, 2008)		1.07
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide contained in axon terminals. "( An immunohistochemical study on a unique colocalization relationship between substance P and GABA in the central nucleus of amygdala.
Fukuda, T; Higuchi, S; Shigematsu, N; Yamamoto, K, 2008)		2.02
"Substance P (SP) is a pro-inflammatory neuropeptide in colitis, whereas sympathetic neurotransmitters are anti-inflammatory at high concentrations."( Anti-inflammatory role of sympathetic nerves in chronic intestinal inflammation.
Bataille, F; Bleich, A; Capellino, S; Falk, W; Grum, F; Obermeier, F; Schölmerich, J; Straub, RH; Strauch, U, 2008)		1.79
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino acid peptide that belongs to the tachykinin family of peptides. "( Substance P as a novel anti-obesity target.
Bowe, C; Carvalho, E; Espinoza, D; Karagiannides, I; Kokkotou, E; Pothoulakis, C; Torres, D; Tseng, YH, 2008)		3.23
"Substance P is a tachykinin that enhances pathways of inflammation. "( Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 induction of substance p synthesis in murine T cells and macrophages is subject to IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta regulation.
Blum, A; Hang, L; Setiawan, T; Stoyanoff, K; Weinstock, JV, 2008)		2.05
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide originally isolated from the gut and since shown to occur within neurones in several parts of the peripheral and central nervous systems. "( Evidence that substance P is a neurotransmitter in the myenteric plexus.
Katayama, Y; Morita, K; North, RA, 1980)		2.06
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide which is thought to be involved in transmission of nociceptive information."( Reduced substance P in hereditary sensory neuropathy in the mf rat.
Scaravilli, F, 1983)		1.42
"Substance P is a peptide which is found in small diameter primary afferent fibres and may have a function in nociceptive afferent transmission. "( Distribution of substance P-responsive and nociceptive neurones in relation to substance P-immunoreactivity within the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.
Hill, RG; Morris, R; Salt, TE, 1983)		2.05
"Substance P is likely to be a neurotransmitter involved in the coordination of the peristaltic reflex."( Intestinal peristalsis associated with release of immunoreactive substance P.
Barthó, L; Donnerer, J; Holzer, P; Lembeck, F, 1984)		1.23
"Substance P (SP) is a polypeptide formed by 11 amino acids of the tachykinin family. "( [Substance P].
Cesaro, P, 1984)		2.62
"Substance P acts as a "synaptic modulator"; it may facilitate or inhibit nociceptive responses."( Pain-depressing agents and the spinal nociceptive system.
Jurna, I, 1984)		0.99
"Substance P is a neuropeptide released by afferent neurons in the respiratory tract during inflammatory reactions. "( Signal transduction mechanisms in substance P-mediated ciliostimulation.
Czaja, JM; McCaffrey, TV; Schlosser, RJ; Yang, B, 1995)		2.01
"Substance P was found to be a potent chemoattractant for human fibroblasts in vitro, eliciting a concentration-dependent migratory response."( Stimulation of the chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts by substance P.
Kähler, CM; Reinisch, N; Sitte, BA; Wiedermann, CJ, 1993)		1.25
"Substance P (SP) is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and in porcine coronary arterioles the vasodilatory action of SP appears to be mediated entirely by nitric oxide. "( Mechanism of substance P-induced hyperpolarization of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells.
Davis, MJ; Sharma, NR, 1994)		2.1
"Substance P is a neuropeptide which is present in peripheral C nerve endings and released from them. "( Substance P induces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and intracellular free calcium increase in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes.
Fukaya, T; Koizumi, H; Ohkawara, A; Ueda, T; Yasui, C, 1994)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide endowed with several important biological activities both in the central and peripheral nervous system. "( Gln5 selectively monodansylated substance P as a sensitive tool for interaction studies with membranes.
Abad, C; Braco, L; Ferrándiz, C; Pérez-Payá, E, 1994)		2.01
"Substance P is a potent dilator of coronary resistance vessels and has positive inotropic effects in the rabbit."( Coronary vascular and myocardial effects of substance P in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Arden, WA; Chein, S; Gross, DR; Maley, RH; Salley, RK; Vrettos, AM, 1994)		1.27
"Substance P is a potent vasodilatory peptide produced by the enteric nervous system and partly cleared by the liver."( Plasma levels of substance P in liver cirrhosis: relationship to the activation of vasopressor systems and urinary sodium excretion.
Andrade, A; Fernández-Rodriguez, CM; Núñez, M; Penas, J; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Sangro, B; Zozoya, JM, 1995)		1.35
"Substance P is an undecapeptide that plays a variety of roles as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous system of mammals."( In vitro selection of RNA ligands to substance P.
Gold, L; Nieuwlandt, D; Wecker, M, 1995)		1.29
"Substance P is known to be a potent stimulator of airway mucus secretion."( Galanin and somatostatin inhibition of substance P-induced airway mucus secretion in the rat.
Barth, PJ; Bredenbröker, D; Fehmann, HC; von Wichert, P; Wagner, U; Yu, F, 1995)		1.28
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system. "( Substance P (SP) mediates production of stem cell factor and interleukin-1 in bone marrow stroma: potential autoregulatory role for these cytokines in SP receptor expression and induction.
Gascón, P; Rameshwar, P, 1995)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator in the retina. "( Substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the human retina.
Cuenca, N; De Juan, J; Kolb, H, 1995)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) is a central and peripheral neurotransmitter which has been found in multiple sclerosis plaques. "( Production of interleukin-1 by microglia in response to substance P: role for a non-classical NK-1 receptor.
Anton, PA; Gornbein, JA; Martin, FC; Merrill, JE; Shanahan, F, 1993)		1.97
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide belonging to a family of chemically related neurotransmitters and neuromodulators known as neurokinins. "( Anthrotainin, an inhibitor of substance P binding produced by Gliocladium catenulatum.
Appell, KC; Cooper, R; Dedinas, J; Gillum, AM; Kullnig, R; Kydd, GC; Moore, R; Wong, SM, 1993)		2.02
"Substance P is a neuropeptide localized to selected neurons some of which may be involved in respiratory regulation. "( Correlation of astrogliosis and substance P immunoreactivity in the brainstem of victims of sudden infant death syndrome.
Becker, LE; Takashima, S; Yamanouchi, H, 1993)		2.01
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that mediates multiple physiological responses including transmission of painful stimuli and inflammation via an interaction with a receptor of known primary sequence. "( The peptide binding site of the substance P (NK-1) receptor localized by a photoreactive analogue of substance P: presence of a disulfide bond.
Boyd, ND; Dumas, JJ; Kage, R; Krause, JE; Leeman, SE, 1996)		2.02
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide that has the amino sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gin-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and that belongs to a family of structurally related peptides known as tachykinins, the latter are widely distributed in the central nervous system. "( Substance P augments tumor necrosis factor release in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
Douglas, SD; Ho, WZ; Lee, HR, 1994)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide neurotransmitter that is involved in multiple responses in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems through a G-protein-coupled contains a number of conserved cysteine residues. "( Identification of the site in the substance P (NK-1) receptor for modulation of peptide binding by sulfhydryl reagents.
Boyd, ND; Hsu, P; Krause, JE; Leeman, SE; Li, H; Sachais, BS, 1996)		2.02
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which has been reported to have immunomodulatory activity. "( Substance P mediated stimulation of cytokine levels in cultured murine bone marrow stromal cells.
Andersen, SM; Manske, JM; Sullivan, EL, 1995)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) is a candidate neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for conveying light information from the retina to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) where a circadian oscillator(s) is located in mammals. "( Substance P receptor regulates the photic induction of Fos-like protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters.
Abe, H; Honma, K; Honma, S; Shinohara, K, 1996)		3.18
"Substance P is a pluripotent neuropeptide capable of inducing neurogenic inflammation, immunoregulation, and vasodilatation. "( Sera from patients with falciparum malaria induce substance P gene expression in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Chiwakata, CB; Dietrich, M; Hemmer, CJ; Hort, G, 1996)		1.99
"Substance P (SP) is an important neurotransmitter in the control of intestinal motility and is found in both the enteric and sympathetic nervous systems. "( Effect of celiac ganglionectomy on tachykinin innervation, receptor distribution and intestinal responses in the rat.
Ouyang, A; Reynolds, JC; Sharp, D; Wong, KL; Zimmerman, K, 1996)		1.74
"Substance P (SP) acts as a chemical mediator as well as a neurotransmitter."( Elevated levels of substance P in tears of patients with allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Fujishima, H; Saito, I; Takeuchi, T; Takeyama, M; Tsubota, K, 1997)		1.35
"Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. "( Immunoregulatory effect of substance P in human eosinophil migratory function.
El-Shazly, AE; Eura, M; Ishikawa, T; Masuyama, K, 1996)		2.03
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous system. "( [Substance P and human skin].
Misery, L; Staniek, V, 1996)		2.65
"Substance P is a neuropeptide found principally in the central nervous system and peripheral afferent nerve fibers. "( Substance P decreases fluid absorption in the renal proximal tubule.
Atkins, JL; Fildes, RD, 1997)		3.18
"Substance P is an important neuropeptide neurotransmitter in the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. "( Molecular characterization and functional expression of a substance P receptor from the sympathetic ganglion of Rana catesbeiana.
Brodbeck, RM; Karpitskiy, VV; Krause, JE; Neff, DP; Schneider, CR; Simmons, MA, 1997)		1.98
"Substance P (SP) is an important tachykinin in vascular wall biology. "( Substance P stimulates vascular endothelial cellular reducing capacity in the presence of insulin and human plasma factors.
Reid, TW; Villablanca, AC, 1997)		3.18
"Substance P is a neuropeptide partly cleared by the liver and causes vasodilatation through the activation of the endothelial NO pathway."( Hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats: role of substance P and its relationship to nitric oxide.
Chang, FY; Chu, CJ; Hou, MC; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lin, HC; Tai, CC; Tsai, YT; Wang, SS; Wu, SL, 1997)		1.27
"Substance P (SP) is a key neurotransmitter involved in the brain stem integration of carotid body chemoreceptor reflexes. "( Substance P receptors in brain stem respiratory centers of the rat: regulation of NK1 receptors by hypoxia.
Geraghty, DP; Hinrichsen, CF; Mazzone, SB, 1997)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which influences the interaction between the nervous and immune systems. "( Substance P selectively activates TNF-alpha mRNA in rat uterine immune cells: a neuroimmune link.
Albeggiani, G; Azzolina, A; Bongiovanni, A; Cocchiara, R; Geraci, D, 1997)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide found in the sensory nervous system which has multiple biologic effects including stimulation of muscle contraction, pain nociception, immune cell functions, plasma extravasation and a constellation of inflammatory effects. "( Role of substance P in several models of bladder inflammation.
Austin-Ritchie, T; Baker, S; Carraway, RE; Hollins, C; Luber-Narod, J; Malhotra, RK; Menon, M, 1997)		2.17
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide found in both the central and peripheral nervous system. "( The neuropeptide/mast cell secretagogue substance P is expressed in cutaneous melanocytic lesions.
Albino, AP; Khare, VK; Reed, JA, 1998)		2.01
"Substance P is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal motility."( Substance P in the gastrointestinal tract of non-obese diabetic mice.
El-Salhy, M; Spångéus, A, 1998)		2.46
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from axons of sensory neurons and causes signal transduction through the activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R). "( Light- and electron-microscopic study of the distribution of axons containing substance P and the localization of neurokinin-1 receptor in bone.
Goto, T; Kido, MA; Tanaka, T; Yamaza, T, 1998)		1.97
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system. "( Stimulatory effects of substance P on CD34 positive cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro are mediated by the modulation of stromal cell function.
Aizawa, S; Handa, H; Hiramoto, M; Hoque, M; Hoshi, H; Imai, T; Iwase, O; Kaidow, A; Nabeshima, R; Nakano, M; Toyama, K, 1998)		2.05
"Substance P is a tachykinin and a biologically active neuropeptide. "( Inhalation of substance P and thiorphan: acute toxicity and effects on respiration in conscious guinea pigs.
Edvinsson, AA; Koch, BL; Koskinen, LO, )		1.93
"Substance P is an important neuromediator in spinal synaptic transmission, particularly in processing nociceptive afferent information. "( Intrathecal substance P-induced thermal hyperalgesia and spinal release of prostaglandin E2 and amino acids.
Chen, P; Hua, XY; Marsala, M; Yaksh, TL, 1999)		2.13
"Substance P (SP) acts as a neurotransmitter in the neostriatum through the axon collaterals of spiny projection neurons. "( Action of substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor activation on rat neostriatal projection neurons.
Bargas, J; Galarraga, E; Hernández-López, S; Reyes, A; Tapia, D, 1999)		2.15
"Substance P (SP) is an immunoregulatory tachykinin which augments antigen- and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation via signaling through the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R). "( Endogenously produced substance P contributes to lymphocyte proliferation induced by dendritic cells and direct TCR ligation.
Carro-Muino, I; de Felipe, C; De Veerman, M; Everaert, EG; Germonpré, PR; Hunt, SP; Joos, GF; Lambrecht, BN; Pauwels, RA; Thielemans, K, 1999)		2.06
"Substance P is an important mediator of this inflammatory response, as substance P antagonists largely reverse the process."( Substance P dependence of endosomal fusion during bladder inflammation.
Bjorling, DE; Bost, KL; Campbell, WC; Goda, FO; Hammond, TG; Harris, HW; Kaysen, JH; Lewis, FC; Navar, GL; Saban, M; Saban, R; Wang, XC; Zeidel, ML, 2000)		2.47
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide present in the OPN."( Immunohistochemical localization of substance P and substance P receptor (NK1) in the olivary pretectal nucleus of the rat.
Kamphuis, W; Klooster, J; Vrensen, GF, 2000)		1.3
"Substance P (SP) is a peptide that is present in unmyelinated primary afferents to the dorsal horn and is released in response to painful or noxious stimuli. "( mu-Opioid receptors often colocalize with the substance P receptor (NK1) in the trigeminal dorsal horn.
Aicher, SA; Goldberg, A; Punnoose, A, 2000)		2.01
"Substance P is an important determinant of lethality in this model of necrotizing pancreatitis. "( Substance P is a determinant of lethality in diet-induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis in mice.
Bunnett, NW; Drasin, TE; Grady, EF; Hutter, MM; Kim, EH; Kirkwood, KS; Maa, J; Yoshimi, SK, 2000)		3.19
"Substance P is considered to be an important neuropeptide in nociceptive processes. "( Substance P.
Crul, BJ; Dirksen, R; Slappendel, R; Snijdelaar, DG, 2000)		3.19
"Substance P (SP) is an important neuromediator in the spinal processing of nociceptive afferent information. "( Inhibition of spinal protein kinase C blocks substance P-mediated hyperalgesia.
Hua, XY; Wajima, Z; Yaksh, TL, 2000)		2.01
"Substance P (SP) is a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. "( Substance P antagonist (CP-96,345) inhibits HIV-1 replication in human mononuclear phagocytes.
Collman, RG; Douglas, SD; Ho, WZ; Lai, JP; Yi, Y; Zhan, GX, 2001)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is an important neurotransmitter that mediates various gut functions; however, its precise pathophysiological role remains unclear. "( Effects of TAK-637, a novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, on colonic function in vivo.
Ikeura, Y; Inatomi, N; Nagaya, H; Natsugari, H; Okano, S, 2001)		1.75
"Substance P (SP) is an important member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptides, which work as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. "( Substance P and substance P receptors in bone and gingival tissues.
Goto, T; Kido, MA; Tanaka, T; Yamaza, T, 2001)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. "( Substance P enhances HIV-1 replication in latently infected human immune cells.
Douglas, SD; Ho, WZ; Li, Y; Song, L; Sun, S, 2001)		3.2
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which is abundant in the periphery and the central nervous system, where it is colocalized with other neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine. "( Substance P and affective disorders: new treatment opportunities by neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists?
Berger, M; Fiebich, BL; Lieb, K; Treffurth, Y, 2002)		3.2
"Substance P is an undecapeptide that is distributed in many areas of the central nervous system. "( Electron microscope immunohistochemical localization of substance P in the central nervous system of the rat.
Dupont, A; Leclerc, R; Pelletier, G, 1977)		1.95
"Substance P is a neuropeptide present in, and released from, peripheral C nerve endings. "( Substance P induces intracellular calcium increase and translocation of protein kinase C in epidermis.
Fukaya, T; Koizumi, H; Ohkawara, A; Tanaka, H, 1992)		3.17
"Substance P is a neuropeptide that has been identified in the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, and vagina and in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in both an animal model and human ovaries. "( Substance P in peritoneal fluid.
Bissonnette, F; Cook, CL; Sanfilippo, JS; Williams, RS; Yussman, MA, 1992)		3.17
"Substance P is a neuropeptide (contained in/and released from the A delta and C nerve fibers of the skin), which provokes erythema, edema, and pruritus after intradermal injection. "( Substance P provokes cutaneous erythema and edema through a histamine-independent pathway.
Cappugi, P; Lotti, T; Tsampau, D, 1992)		3.17
"Substance P is an undecapeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as a regulator of immune responses."( Substance P and multiple sclerosis.
Barker, R; Larner, A, 1992)		2.45
"Substance P is a nociceptive neurotransmitter and its presence can explain the pain which often accompanies even tiny intramuscular hemangiomas."( Neuropeptidergic innervation of intramuscular hemangiomas.
Halperin, N; Nevo, Z; Robinson, D; Segal, M, 1992)		1
"Substance P is a decapeptide which forms part of the group known as neuropeptides, that is, peptides released by some neurones such as the slow-conducting C fibres and the rapid-conducting A-delta fibres. "( [Substance P: immuno-allergic implications].
Randazzo, L; Valencia, M, )		2.48
"Substance P (SP) is a naturally-occurring tachykinin peptide isolated from brain tissues and gastrointestinal tract. "( Substance P and neuropsychiatric disorders: an overview.
Malek-Ahmadi, P, 1992)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino-acid neuropeptide found in sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. "( Immunomodulation by tachykinin neuropeptides.
McGillis, JP; Mitsuhashi, M; Payan, DG, 1990)		1.72
"Substance P (SP) is a non-opioid peptide that generates a potent analgesia when injected into the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). "( Ultrastructure of substance P immunoreactive elements in the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat.
Bianchi, R; Gioia, M, 1990)		2.06
"Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide with neurotransmitter and immunoregulatory properties. "( Substance P does not alter interleukin-1 expression by splenic or granuloma macrophages in murine schistosomiasis.
Ballas, Z; Blum, AM; Cook, GA; Weinstock, JV, 1991)		3.17
"Substance P is a 11 amino-acids peptide which belongs to the tachykinins, a family of peptide which induces a rapid contraction of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract. "( [Role of substance P in the nervous system control of digestive motility].
Niel, JP, 1991)		2.14
"Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurogenic inflammation. "( Substance P: a neurogenic mediator of acute cellular inflammation in the dog?
Thomsen, MK, 1991)		3.17
"Substance P is a putative mediator of neurogenic inflammation, where it is postulated to be released from nerve terminals in the skin in response to noxious and electrical stimulation. "( Release of substance P from peripheral nerve terminals following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve.
Helme, RD; White, DM, 1985)		2.1
"Substance P (SP) is a powerful vasodilator and this peptide is today considered to be a chemical messenger. "( Arterial blood-pressure change and endogenous circulating substance P in man.
Henriksen, JH; Kastrup, J; Schaffalitzky De Muckadell, OB, 1985)		1.96
"Substance P is a peptide implicated in the control of a variety of physiological processes. "( Opposing hemodynamic effects of substance P on pulmonary vasculature in rabbits.
Grunstein, MM; Gumbay, RS; Tanaka, DT; Worthen, GS, 1985)		2
"Substance P is a vasoactive peptide. "( The effects of substance P on the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature of the anesthetized dog.
Archer, SL; Chesler, E; Kulik, TJ; Weir, EK, 1986)		2.07
"Substance P is an undecapeptide found in multiple sites throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems including small unmyelinated (type C) cutaneous nerve fibers. "( Substance P-induced histamine release in human cutaneous mast cells.
Ebertz, JM; Hanifin, JM; Hirshman, CA; Kettelkamp, NS; Uno, H, 1987)		3.16
"Substance P is an undecapeptide which has been found in human cortical neurons. "( Substance P-like immunoreactivity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex.
Beal, MF; Mazurek, MF, 1987)		3.16
"Substance P is a representative of a group of amphiphilic neuropeptides which act as mast cell secretagogues. "( Mast cell activation--a receptor-independent mode of substance P action?
Bienert, M; Repke, H, 1987)		1.97
"Substance P is known to be a potent histamine liberator for mast cells. "( Effect of antianaphylactic agents on substance-P induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Hachisuka, H; Mori, O; Nomura, H; Okubo, K; Sakamoto, F; Sasai, Y, 1988)		1.72
"Substance P was found to be an effective acyl donor substrate of transglutaminase in vitro, the reaction products having been examined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. "( Substance P as a transglutaminase substrate: identification of the reaction products by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
Esposito, C; Malorni, A; Marino, G; Metafora, S; Porta, R; Pucci, P, 1988)		3.16
"Substance P (SP) is an important neuropeptide that has been implicated in several physiological processes, and it is necessary to devise an analytical procedure to measure endogenous SP with a combination of high sensitivity and maximum molecular specificity. "( Chemical degradation of 3H-labeled substance P in tris buffer solution.
Desiderio, DM; Higa, T, 1988)		1.99
"Substance P (SP) is a neurotransmitter peptide that is widely distributed in the body. "( Contractile response of canine gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi to substance P and related peptides in vitro.
Gomez, G; Guo, YS; Rajaraman, S; Singh, P; Thompson, JC, 1989)		1.96
"Substance P is a neuropeptide released in vivo from the substantia nigra, the principal substance P nerve terminal region in the rat brain. "( Metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) but not angiotensin converting enzyme is involved in the inactivation of substance P by synaptic membranes of the rat substantia nigra.
Danse, MJ; Oblin, A; Zivkovic, B, 1989)		1.93

Effects

Substance P (SP) has a crucial role in cancer initiation and progression via binding to its specific receptor (NK1R) Substance P has a widespread distribution in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has a stimulating effect on fibroblast proliferation, collagen organization, and angiogenesis in ruptured rat Achilles tendon.

Substance P (SP) has been indicated as a main mediator of neurogenic inflammation, leading to vasodilation, increase in vascular permeability and modulation of immune cell function. Substance P analogues have been synthesized by solid-phase methodology.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Substance P (SP) has a high affinity for the NK-1R, to which it binds preferentially."( Immunolocalization of neurokinin 1 receptor in WHO grade 4 astrocytomas, oral squamous cell and urothelial carcinoma.
Aldardeir, N; Baeesa, S; Bahakeem, B; Bamaga, A; Faizo, E; Fawzy Halawa, T; Hakamy, S; Hassan, A; Katib, Y; Kurdi, M; Maghrabi, Y; Mehboob, R; Moshref, R; Nasief, H; Rasool, S; Saeedi, R; Tanvir, I; Waseem, H, 2022)		1.44
"Substance P (SP) has a crucial role in cancer initiation and progression via binding to its specific receptor (NK1R). "( The effect of substance P and its specific antagonist (aprepitant) on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and VEGFR in ovarian cancer cells.
Afshari, AR; AlAlikhan, A; Ghahremanloo, A; Hashemy, SI; Javid, H; Momen Razmgah, M, 2022)		2.52
"Substance P (SP) has a widespread distribution in both the central and peripheral nervous systems."( A new frontier in the treatment of cancer: NK-1 receptor antagonists.
Coveñas, R; Muñoz, M; Rosso, M, 2010)		1.08
"Substance P has a stimulating effect on fibroblast proliferation, collagen organization, and angiogenesis in ruptured and subsequently sutured rat Achilles tendon. "( Qualitative analysis of substance P, NK1-receptor and nerve ingrowth in substance P-treated ruptured rat Achilles tendon.
Burssens, P; Forsyth, R; Steyaert, A; Vanderstraeten, G, 2010)		2.11
"Substance P (SP) has a widespread distribution in the whole body. "( Neurokinin-1 receptor: a new promising target in the treatment of cancer.
Coveñas, R; Muñoz, M, 2010)		1.8
"Substance P thus has a distributed excitatory effect in the spinal cord."( Synaptically evoked membrane potential oscillations induced by substance P in lamprey motor neurons.
Grillner, S; Parker, D; Svensson, E, 2002)		1.28
"Substance P has a powerful excitant action on spinal motoneurons of the newborn rat, and the action is specifically antagonized by Lioresal, which also readily blocks spinal reflexes involving primary afferent transmission. "( Substance P and primary afferent transmission.
Konishi, S; Otsuka, M; Saito, K; Takahashi, T, 1976)		3.14
"Substance P also has a weak inhibitory motor effect by its action on presynaptic neurons that synapse on postganglionic intrinsic inhibitory neurons."( Local effect of substance P on colonic motor activity in different experimental states.
Hou, JY; Otterson, MF; Sarna, SK, 1989)		1.34
"Substance P (SP) has been studied and reported to be involved in tissue repair by promoting the growth of endothelial cells and the migration of BMSCs."( Substance P modulates BMSCs migration for tissue repair through NK-1R/CXCR4/p-Akt signal activation.
Chen, J; Deng, Y; Qu, Z; Tao, R; Wang, X; Zhang, K, 2022)		2.89
"Substance P (SP) has a high affinity for the NK-1R, to which it binds preferentially."( Immunolocalization of neurokinin 1 receptor in WHO grade 4 astrocytomas, oral squamous cell and urothelial carcinoma.
Aldardeir, N; Baeesa, S; Bahakeem, B; Bamaga, A; Faizo, E; Fawzy Halawa, T; Hakamy, S; Hassan, A; Katib, Y; Kurdi, M; Maghrabi, Y; Mehboob, R; Moshref, R; Nasief, H; Rasool, S; Saeedi, R; Tanvir, I; Waseem, H, 2022)		1.44
"Substance P (SP) has a crucial role in cancer initiation and progression via binding to its specific receptor (NK1R). "( The effect of substance P and its specific antagonist (aprepitant) on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and VEGFR in ovarian cancer cells.
Afshari, AR; AlAlikhan, A; Ghahremanloo, A; Hashemy, SI; Javid, H; Momen Razmgah, M, 2022)		2.52
"Substance P (SP) has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD), with SP antagonists being studied as potential antidepressants. "( The association between substance P and white matter integrity in medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder.
Cho, SH; Choi, S; Ham, BJ; Han, KM; Joe, SH; Kang, J; Kim, A; Kim, YK; Lee, MS; Tae, WS; Won, E; Yoon, HK, 2017)		2.2
"Substance P (SP) has been reported to promote production of LTB4 in itch-associated response in vivo and in some immune cells in vitro."( Substance P-regulated leukotriene B4 production promotes acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury through neutrophil reverse migration.
Chen, C; Dai, J; Han, X; Hu, G; Li, B; Ni, J; Wan, R; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Ye, X, 2018)		2.64
"Substance P has recently received much attention as a mediator of adverse heart remodelling and cardiac inflammation by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteases from immune and cardiac mast cells. "( Substance P in cardiovascular diseases - A bioanalytical review.
Burckhardt, BB; Feickert, M, 2019)		3.4
"Substance P (SP) has been well known by its immunoregulatory properties on the functions of NK cells. "( Proteomic analysis of NK92-MI cells activated by neuropeptide substance P.
Diandong, H; Kefeng, S; Weixin, F; Zaifu, L, 2013)		2.07
"Substance P (SP) has multiple biological activities."( Effect of Substance P on type II alveolar epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxia and its regulation of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.
Dang, H; Fang, F; Liu, C; Xu, F; Yang, L, 2014)		1.53
"Substance P (SP) has been implicated in learning and memory processes. "( Effects of substance P microinjections into the globus pallidus and central nucleus of amygdala on passive avoidance learning in rats.
Berta, B; Kertes, E; László, K; Lénárd, L, 2009)		2.19
"Substance P (SP) has been reported to produce effects on excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that are similar to those induced by cocaine. "( Substance P and cocaine employ convergent mechanisms to depress excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat nucleus accumbens in vitro.
Ananthalakshmi, KV; Kombian, SB; Saleh, TM; Zidichouski, JA, 2009)		3.24
"Substance P (SP) has been implicated in vagal control of heart rate and cardiac functions, but the mechanisms of SP actions on cardiac vagal activity remain obscure. "( Presynaptic modulation of tonic and respiratory inputs to cardiovagal motoneurons by substance P.
Chen, Y; Hou, L; Rong, W; Tang, H; Wang, J; Wang, L; Zhou, X, 2009)		2.02
"Substance P has been shown to increase microvascular permeability and promote plasma extravasation."( Hydrogen sulfide and substance P in inflammation.
Bhatia, M, 2010)		1.4
"Substance P (SP) has a widespread distribution in both the central and peripheral nervous systems."( A new frontier in the treatment of cancer: NK-1 receptor antagonists.
Coveñas, R; Muñoz, M; Rosso, M, 2010)		1.08
"Substance P (SP) has been shown in vitro to stimulate both formation and resorption of bone. "( Occurrence of substance P in bone repair under different load comparison of straight and angulated fracture in rat tibia.
Ackermann, P; Ahmed, M; Bergstrom, J; Kreicbergs, A; Li, J; Stark, A, 2010)		2.16
"The substance P (SP) has also been associated with LTP in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord following high frequency stimulation."( Expression of the immediate-early gene egr-1 and substance P in the spinal cord following locomotor training in adult rats.
Costa, MS; dos Santos, JR; Duarte, RB; Freire, MA; Nunes, AC; Sousa, TB, 2010)		1.1
"Substance P has a stimulating effect on fibroblast proliferation, collagen organization, and angiogenesis in ruptured and subsequently sutured rat Achilles tendon. "( Qualitative analysis of substance P, NK1-receptor and nerve ingrowth in substance P-treated ruptured rat Achilles tendon.
Burssens, P; Forsyth, R; Steyaert, A; Vanderstraeten, G, 2010)		2.11
"Substance P (SP) has a widespread distribution in the whole body. "( Neurokinin-1 receptor: a new promising target in the treatment of cancer.
Coveñas, R; Muñoz, M, 2010)		1.8
"Substance P has been proposed to be an important neurotransmitter in the carotid body with the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, mediating excitation between the glomus cells and afferent nerve endings. "( Chemoreceptor activity is normal in mice lacking the NK1 receptor.
de Felipe, C; Donnelly, DF; González, C; Prieto-Lloret, J; Rico, AJ; Rigual, R, 2002)		1.76
"Substance P (SP) levels have been reported to be elevated in animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and chronic administration of SP has been shown to induce PH. "( Substance P-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling in precision cut lung slices.
Fischer, A; Springer, J, 2003)		3.2
"Substance P has been previously shown to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and synergistically enhance gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-evoked LH release from cultured pig pituitary cells. "( Role of Ca2+ in the secretory and biosynthetic response of porcine gonadotropes to substance P and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Castaño, JP; García-Navarro, S; González de Aguilar, JL; Gracia-Navarro, F; Hidalgo-Díaz, C; Luque, RM; Malagón, MM, 2003)		1.99
"Substance P has been shown to function as a mediator for cell proliferation, cytokine production, and as an upregulator of various cell surface receptors."( Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 2, and interleukin 6 by rat leukocyte subpopulations after exposure to substance P.
Chambers, JP; Delgado, AV; McManus, AT, 2003)		1.24
"Substance P thus has long-term effects on synaptic organization and function."( Metaplastic facilitation and ultrastructural changes in synaptic properties are associated with long-term modulation of the lamprey locomotor network.
Bevan, S; Parker, D, 2004)		1.04
"Substance P (SP) has been characterized as an excitatory neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator in the peripheral and central nervous systems. "( Substance P promotes sleep in the ventrolateral preoptic area of rats.
Liu, H; Wang, L; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2004)		3.21
"Substance P (SP) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and it has been suggested that blocking of its effect would be advantageous in this disease. "( Substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in relation to eosinophilia in ulcerative colitis.
Forsgren, S; Jönsson, M; Norrgård, O, 2005)		3.21
"Substance P (SP) has been reported to have immunoregulatory properties including effects on many of the mediators involved in anti-tumor immunity. "( Substance-P-mediated immunomodulation of tumor growth in a murine model.
Hanson, SE; Manske, JM, 2005)		1.77
"Substance P (SP) has been associated with pain and depression as well as neurodegenerative diseases. "( Investigation of the metabolism of substance P at the blood-brain barrier using LC-MS/MS.
Audus, KL; Chappa, AK; Cooper, JD; Lunte, SM, 2007)		2.06
"Substance P has multiple effects on airway parasympathetic neurons but the role of CGRP is unknown."( Calcitonin gene-related peptide affects synaptic and membrane properties of bronchial parasympathetic neurons.
Kajekar, R; Myers, AC, 2008)		1.07
"Substance P has been suggested to function as a neurotransmitter, cotransmitter, or neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous system."( Upregulating substance P levels to treat obstructive sleep apnea.
Ursavas, A, 2008)		1.44
"Substance P has been localized to the neuropil of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in light and electron microscopic studies. "( Effects of spinal lesions on substance P levels in the rat sympathetic preganglionic cell column: evidence for local spinal regulation.
Cabot, JB; Davis, BM; Krause, JE; McKelvy, JF, 1984)		2
"Substance P (SP) and VIP have been found in the anterior chamber of the eye."( Ocular neuropeptides.
Eränkö, L; Tervo, K; Tervo, T, 1982)		0.99
"Substance P has been prepared 3H labeled at Phe8 by catalytic deiodination of a protected precursor. "( Tritiated peptides. 12. Synthesis and biological activity of [4-3H-Phe8]substance P.
Allen, MC; Brundish, DE; Hanley, MR; Iversen, LL; Sandberg, BE; Wade, R, 1982)		1.94
"Substance P has been identified by combined immunohistochemical and radioimmunological techniques to be present in preganglionic cholinergic and sensory nerve fibers of amphibian, mammalian, and avian autonomic ganglia. "( Substance P modulation of acetylcholine-induced currents in embryonic chicken sympathetic and ciliary ganglion neurons.
Role, LW, 1984)		3.15
"Substance P has previously been suggested to be involved in the mediation of the sensation of pain."( Innervation of human bone periosteum by peptidergic nerves.
Grönblad, M; Karaharju, E; Korkala, O; Liesi, P; Polak, J, 1984)		0.99
"Substance P has been detected in the superior cervical ganglion and submaxillary gland of the rat by radioimmunoassay. "( Substance P in the superior cervical ganglion and the submaxillary gland of the rat.
Costa, E; Robinson, SE; Schwartz, JP, 1980)		3.15
"Substance P has thus been shown to induce calcium release from membranous bone in vitro, whereas capsaicin, a substance P-specific sensory neurolytic chemical, eliminates the in vivo osteoclast-inductive effects of 6-hydroxydopamine when given 12 hours before treatment."( A mechanism for sympathectomy-induced bone resorption in the middle ear.
Chole, RA; Sherman, BE, 1995)		1.01
"Substance P (SP) has been shown to stimulate the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids in peripheral tissues and in the brain. "( Effects of tachykinins on phosphoinositide metabolism in the hypothalamus: is the NK1 receptor involved?
Itoi, K; Lebrun, CJ; Steckelings, U; Unger, T; Wende, P, 1993)		1.73
"Substance P (SP) has been suggested as a neuromediator of nociception in the dorsal horn. "( Examination of tonic nociceptive behavior using a method of substance P-receptor desensitization in the dorsal horn.
Goldstein, BD; Holland, LN, 1994)		1.97
"Substance P has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation. "( Modulation of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema by substance P.
Erion, MD; Gilligan, JP; Jeng, AY; Lovato, SJ, 1994)		1.98
"Substance P (SP) has been used as a model peptide to study the interaction of BiP with protein substrates."( Similarity of nucleotide interactions of BiP and GTP-binding proteins.
Brot, N; Carlino, A; Chen, GJ; Qiu, NH; Redfield, B; Vidal, V; Weissbach, H, 1994)		1.01
"Substance P has been studied in relation to its distribution within gingival tissues as well as its effect on cultured human gingival fibroblasts. "( Substance P: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study in human gingival tissues. A role for neurogenic inflammation?
Bartold, PM; Kylstra, A; Lawson, R, 1994)		3.17
"Substance P has been implicated in peripheral inflammatory responses and recent evidence from animal models indicates that substance P (NK-1 receptor) antagonists are effective in blocking peripheral inflammatory responses as well as nociception (pain) associated with inflammation. "( Substance P and inflammatory pain: potential of substance P antagonists as analgesics.
Henry, JL, 1993)		3.17
"Substance P has been detected in human skin and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory cutaneous disorders. "( Autoradiographic detection of substance P receptors in normal and psoriatic skin.
Calzá, L; Fantini, F; Giannetti, A; Giardino, L; Pincelli, C; Sevignani, C; Zanni, M, 1993)		2.02
"Substance P has been previously shown to inhibit the intensity of the morphine abstinence syndrome in mice. "( Substance P-(1-7), a substance P metabolite, inhibits withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice.
Kreeger, JS; Larson, AA, 1993)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) has been proposed as an excitatory neuromodulator of the carotid body (CB) response to hypoxia based on data from the cat and rat. "( Intracarotid substance P infusion inhibits ventilation in the goat.
Bisgard, GE; Hedrick, MS; Keith, IM; Pizarro, J; Ryan, ML; Xue, DH, 1995)		2.1
"Substance P (SP) has been implicated in the induction of cardiac focal inflammatory lesions that occur during Mg-deficiency."( Distribution of specific substance P binding sites in the heart and adjacent great vessels of the Wistar white rat.
Correa-de-Araujo, R; Walsh, RJ; Weglicki, WB, 1996)		1.32
"Substance P has small mitogenic effects on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro. "( The effect of substance P on proliferation and proteoglycan deposition of cells derived from rabbit intervertebral disc.
Ashton, IK; Eisenstein, SM, 1996)		2.1
"Substance P (SP) has previously been shown to be involved in the transmission of nociceptive information in the spinal dorsal horn. "( Spinal antinociceptive effect of substance P on the responses induced by intrathecally injected NMDA in mice.
Fukuda, T; Iwashita, T; Masuyama, T; Shimizu, T; Yoshimura, N, 1996)		2.02
"Substance P (SP) has been reported to induce inflammatory cytokine production in human neuroglial cells and peripheral lymphoid cells as well. "( Effect of substance P on cytokine production by human astrocytic cells and blood mononuclear cells: characterization of novel tachykinin receptor antagonists.
Blazy, C; Brelire, JC; Casellas, P; Derocq, JM; Emonds-Alt, X; Le Fur, G; Ségui, M, 1996)		2.14
"Substance P (SP) has been shown to mediate granulocyte infiltration into the mouse skin by inducing mast cell degranulation. "( Involvement of leukotrienes, TNF-alpha, and the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction in substance P-induced granulocyte infiltration.
Bjorling, D; Haak-Frendscho, M; Saban, MR; Saban, R, 1997)		1.97
"Substance P has various immunomodulatory effects, including in vitro modification of lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release. "( Substance P binding to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in atopic dermatitis.
Ayliffe, MJ; Gordon, DJ; Holden, CA; Ostlere, LS; Pereira, RS; Rustin, MH, 1997)		3.18
"Substance P (SP) has been suggested to regulate gonadotroph function both directly and indirectly in different species. "( A modulatory role for substance P on the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion by cultured porcine gonadotrophs.
Castaño, JP; García-Navarro, S; Gracia-Navarro, F; Hidalgo-Díaz, C; López-Pedrera, R; Malagón, MM, 1998)		2.06
"Substance P (SP) has been proposed as a mediator of pain, and its vasoactive properties are well documented."( Substance P-associated increase of intra-articular temperature and pain threshold in the arthritic TMJ.
Appelgren, A; Appelgren, B; Kopp, S; Lundeberg, T; Theodorsson, E, 1998)		2.46
"Substance P has numerous functions in the brain; therefore, SP deficiency due to the CPE mutation may contribute to the obese phenotype or even to other phenotypes not yet described in Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice."( Reduced levels of substance P in the brains of Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice.
Beinfeld, MC; Kream, RM; Perloff, MD, 1998)		1.36
"Substance P (SP) has been shown to induce phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis and Ca2+ mobilization in AR42J cells. "( Signaling pathways via NK1 receptors and their desensitization in an AR42J cell line.
Fukuhara, S; Matsushima, H; Mukai, H; Munekata, E; Shimizu, M, 1998)		1.74
"Substance P has been proposed as a mediator of neuropathic pain and edema."( Methylprednisolone prevents the development of autotomy and neuropathic edema in rats, but has no effect on nociceptive thresholds.
Castellote, JM; Kingery, WS; Maze, M, 1999)		1.02
"A substance P antagonist has recently been reported to have clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression. "( Serotonin and substance P co-exist in dorsal raphe neurons of the human brain.
Hökfelt, T; Hurd, Y; Sergeyev, V, 1999)		1.39
"Substance P has been extensively studied and is considered the prototypic neuropeptide of the more than 50 known neuroactive molecules. "( Substance P: a new era, a new role.
DeVane, CL, 2001)		3.2
"Substance P thus has a distributed excitatory effect in the spinal cord."( Synaptically evoked membrane potential oscillations induced by substance P in lamprey motor neurons.
Grillner, S; Parker, D; Svensson, E, 2002)		1.28
"Substance P has a powerful excitant action on spinal motoneurons of the newborn rat, and the action is specifically antagonized by Lioresal, which also readily blocks spinal reflexes involving primary afferent transmission. "( Substance P and primary afferent transmission.
Konishi, S; Otsuka, M; Saito, K; Takahashi, T, 1976)		3.14
"Substance P has recently been localized in sensory nerves and has been suggested to be the mediator of antidromic vasodilatation. "( Interactions of substance P with putative mediators of inflammation and ATP.
Chahl, LA, 1977)		2.05
"Substance P (SP) has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses, lymphocyte proliferation, and other immunologic reactivity."( Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of secondary lymphoid organs: role in experimental rheumatoid arthritis.
Bellinger, DL; Felten, DL; Felten, SY; Lorton, D, 1992)		1
"Substance P has been implicated in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. "( Spinal neurons exhibiting a specific nociceptive response receive abundant substance P-containing synaptic contacts.
Cuello, AC; De Koninck, Y; Henry, JL; Ribeiro-da-Silva, A, 1992)		1.96
"Substance P (SP) has recently been reported to induce interleukin 1 (IL-1) production by human monocytes. "( The neuropeptide substance P stimulates production of interleukin 1 in human blood monocytes: activated cells are preferentially influenced by the neuropeptide.
Dalsgaard, CJ; Haegerstrand, A; Laurenzi, MA; Persson, MA, 1990)		2.06
"Substance P (SP) has been shown to be present in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. "( Stimulatory role of substance P on gonadotropin release in ovariectomized rats.
Arisawa, M; De Palatis, L; Ho, R; McCann, SM; Pan, G; Snyder, GD; Yu, WH, 1990)		2.05
"Substance P (SP) has been indicated as a main mediator of neurogenic inflammation, leading to vasodilation, increase in vascular permeability and modulation of immune cell function. "( Substance P induces migration of capillary endothelial cells: a novel NK-1 selective receptor mediated activity.
Dolara, P; Geppetti, P; Maggi, CA; Morbidelli, L; Ziche, M, 1991)		3.17
"Substance P has been implicated in the modulation of lordosis behavior at the level of the dorsal midbrain central gray (dMCG). "( A substance P projection from the VMH to the dorsal midbrain central gray: implication for lordosis.
Akesson, TR; Dornan, WA; Micevych, PE, 1990)		2.44
"Substance P (SP) has been proposed as a nociceptive transmitter/modulator in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. "( Changes of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn are associated with the 'phasic' behavioral response to a formalin stimulus.
Goldstein, BD; Holland, LN, 1990)		2.11
"Substance P has been localized to nerves supplying smooth muscle, blood vessels and glands in the human lung and may play a major role in the pathophysiology of asthma. "( Substance P immunoreactive nerves in airways from asthmatics and nonasthmatics.
Jarvis, D; Ollerenshaw, SL; Sullivan, CE; Woolcock, AJ, 1991)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) has been widely proposed as being involved in the transmission of nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. "( Release of substance P into the superficial dorsal horn following nociceptive activation of the hindpaw of the rat.
Goldstein, BD; McCarson, KE, 1991)		2.11
"Substance P has been implicated as a neuronal mediator of inflammation in various inflammatory conditions. "( Acute effect of substance P in immunologic vasculitis in the rat colon.
DePace, DM; Murthy, SN; Podell, R; Shah, RS, )		1.92
"Substance P has been implicated as a neuromediator of nociception in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. "( Increase in substance P in the dorsal horn during a chemogenic nociceptive stimulus.
Goldstein, BD; Kantner, RM; Kirby, ML, 1985)		2.09
"Substance P analogues have been synthesized, by solid-phase methodology, in order to get a better knowledge of the structural requirements for the 125I-BHSP binding on rat brain synaptosomes. "( Influence of the amino acids of substance P in the recognition of its receptor: affinities of synthesized SP analogues for the specific 125I-BHSP binding site on rat brain synaptosomes.
Besseyre, J; Chassaing, G; Julien, S; Lavielle, S; Marquet, A, )		1.86
"Substance P has no inhibitory effect on histamine-induced contractions of the guinea-pig bladder."( The presence of mucosa reduces the contractile response of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to substance P.
Astolfi, M; Maggi, CA; Meli, A; Parlani, M; Patacchini, R; Santicioli, P, 1987)		1.21
"Substance P has been proposed as a candidate neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the nociceptive system. "( High substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in the olfactory and electrosensory cells of gymnotid fish.
Blähser, S; Denizot, JP; Szabo, T; Véron-Ravaille, M, 1987)		2.23
"Substance P has been immunohistochemically localized in the human optic nerves and lateral geniculate nuclei during the prenatal period from 13-14 to 37 weeks of gestation. "( Substance P-immunoreactivity in the developing human retinogeniculate pathway.
Bijlani, V; Rizvi, TA; Wadhwa, S, 1988)		3.16
"Substance P also has a weak inhibitory motor effect by its action on presynaptic neurons that synapse on postganglionic intrinsic inhibitory neurons."( Local effect of substance P on colonic motor activity in different experimental states.
Hou, JY; Otterson, MF; Sarna, SK, 1989)		1.34
"Substance P has been proved an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, serving not only as an excitatory transmitter of the first afferent synapse of pain pathways but as a valuable neuromodulator in the primary cortical areas of sensosensorial integration. "( Substance P in the acoustic area of the cortex during neuronal development and maturation.
Baloyannis, S; Manolidis, L; Manolidis, S, )		3.02
"Substance P (SP) has been proposed as a mediator of nociception in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. "( Naloxone blocks the formalin-induced increase of substance P in the dorsal horn.
Goldstein, BD; McCarson, KE, 1989)		1.97
"Substance P (SP) has been determined by radioimmunoassay in the sciatic nerve and its fibular, tibial and sural branches; and in a red, slow-twitch and a white, fast-twitch muscle supplied by the sciatic nerve. "( Substance P in subdivisions of the sciatic nerve, and in red and white skeletal muscles.
Fonnum, F; Gundersen, K; Oktedalen, O, 1985)		3.15
"Substance P has been studied extensively; it is distributed widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous system, including primary sensory neurones, and can be released in the periphery from axon collaterals of stimulated pain fibres and contribute to the inflammatory response."( Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K.
Dalsgaard, CJ; Nilsson, J; von Euler, AM, )		1.11
"Substance P (SP) has two distinct actions on catecholamine (CA) release from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: SP inhibits acetylcholine (ACh)- or nicotine-induced [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) release; and SP protects against desensitization of ACh- or nicotine-induced [3H]NE release. "( The substance P receptor subtype modulating catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells.
Boksa, P; Livett, BG, 1985)		2.27

Actions

Substance P (SP) plays a role in vasodilatation and tissue integrity through its receptor, neurokinin 1 (NK1R). Substance P was found to increase ciliary beat frequency in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum increase of 12.1%. Substance P did not cause any age-related differences in dye extravasation at any airway level. Substance P levels were lower in chronic pain patients, with either neurogenic or idiopathic pain (n = 37) syndromes than in the healthy volunteers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Substance P (SP) plays a role in vasodilatation and tissue integrity through its receptor, neurokinin 1 (NK1R). "( Substance P reversibly compromises the integrity and function of blood-brain barrier.
Bayraktutan, U; Gao, X, 2023)		3.8
"Substance P (SP) plays an important role by activating neurokinin (NK)-I receptors in this cross talk."( Activation of the RAS/B-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in satellite glial cells contributes to substance p-mediated orofacial pain.
Huang, CL; Liao, DQ; Lin, J; Liu, F; Liu, MK; Shen, JF; Song, N; Wang, H; Zhang, YY; Zhou, C, 2020)		1.5
"The substance P-NK-1R axis promotes corneal epithelial wound healing in a neurotrophic keratopathy model in association with upregulation of Akt signaling and attenuation of changes in the cytokine-chemokine network."( Role of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor in the Promotion of Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing by the Peptides FGLM-NH2 and SSSR in Neurotrophic Keratopathy.
Hatano, M; Kimura, K; Nishida, T; Uchi, SH; Yamada, N; Yanai, R, 2020)		1.12
"Substance P (SP) plays an important role in several types of cancer promotion and progression by binding to its preferential neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). "( SP promotes cell proliferation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the NK1R/Hes1 axis.
Cai, L; Feng, F; Guo, M; Guo, Y; Lian, X; Liu, J; Liu, S; Wang, F; Wang, Q; Xu, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, W; Zheng, G, 2019)		1.96
"Substance P (SP) promotes cholangiocyte growth during cholestasis by activating its receptor, NK1R. "( Overexpression of membrane metalloendopeptidase inhibits substance P stimulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth.
Afroze, S; Alpini, G; Avila, S; DeMorrow, S; Frampton, G; Francis, H; Glaser, S; Guerrier, M; Han, Y; Hargrove, L; Kennedy, L; McDaniel, K; McMillin, M; Meng, F; Quezada, M; Ray, D; Standeford, H; Venter, J, 2014)		2.09
"Substance P plays an important role in ischemia and reperfusion and cardiovascular response to stress."( Role of substance P in the cardiovascular system.
Chottova Dvorakova, M; Kruzliak, P; Mistrova, E, 2016)		1.59
"Substance P plays an important role in the development of endometrial carcinoma by inducing the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF-C and promoting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, which can be blocked by NK-1R antagonist."( Substance P Promotes the Progression of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma.
Cheng, J; Kang, S; Ma, J; Yuan, S; Zhang, J; Zhao, W, 2016)		3.32
"Substance P is able to activate several immune cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, mast cells, NK cells and macrophages."( Impact of substance P on cellular immunity.
Anogeianaki, A; Antinolfi, PL; Katsanos, GS; Orso, C; Sabatino, G; Salini, V; Tete, S, )		1.26
"CSF substance P seems to increase very rapidly with surgical intervention, whereas the CSF norepinephrine concentration tends to decrease."( Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter changes during the perioperative period in patients undergoing total knee replacement: a randomized trial.
Buvanendran, A; Della Valle, CJ; Kroin, JS; Moric, M; Tuman, KJ, 2012)		0.86
"Substance P levels were lower in OSAHS patients with higher degree of daytime sleepiness. "( [Relationship between serum substance P levels and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome].
Chen, WW; Guo, WF; Huang, H; Huang, HB; Zhuang, XB, 2012)		2.12
"Substance P continued to produce tonic inward currents in external Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor."( Substance P induces inward current and regulates pacemaker currents through tachykinin NK1 receptor in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal of murine small intestine.
Chang, IY; Choi, S; Jun, JY; Kim, KW; Kim, MJ; Kim, MY; Kong, ID; Lee, KP; Park, CK; So, I; Yeum, CH; You, HJ, 2004)		2.49
"Substance P did however cause a selective reduction in the paired pulse depression of population spikes evoked by paired stimulation at interpulse intervals of 20-80 msec."( Substance P selectively decreases paired pulse depression in the rat hippocampal slice.
Davies, SN; Wease, KN, 2005)		2.49
"Substance P (SP) plays an important role during neurogenic inflammation of dental pulp. "( The effect of cavity preparation on substance P expression in human dental pulp.
Caviedes-Bucheli, J; Correa-Ortíz, JA; García, LV; Lombana, N; López-Torres, R; Muñoz, HR, 2005)		2.05
"Substance P (SP) plays a critical role in the cutaneous neuroimmune network and influences immune cell functions through the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)."( Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata).
Botchkarev, VA; Freyschmidt-Paul, P; Mardaryev, AN; Maurer, M; Peters, EM; Sharov, AA; Sharova, TY; Siebenhaar, F; Sundberg, JP; Syska, W, 2007)		2.5
"Substance P was shown to increase the utilization of noradrenaline in the neonatal stage."( Substance P modifies the 6-hydroxydopamine induced alteration of postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons.
Hallman, H; Jonsson, G, 1982)		2.43
"Substance P was shown to produce rapid, small contractions of trhe lung strip at doses from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, and there was no apparent dose-response relationship."( The effect of substance P and related peptides on the guinea-pig lung strip.
Foreman, JC; Webber, SE, 1984)		1.35
"Substance P did not inhibit the stimulatory effects of bethanechol or vasoactive intestinal peptide on this enzyme activity."( Substance P inhibits the acute stimulation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase activity by a nicotinic agonist.
Ip, NY; Zigmond, RE, 1984)		2.43
"Substance P antagonists inhibit neurogenic inflammation in animal experiments and may, applied topically, gain therapeutic value."( [Physiology and physiopathology of substance P].
Gamse, R, 1984)		1.27
"Substance P is known to inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from neuronal tissue, skeletal muscle, and electroplaque. "( The beta subunit of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is a determinant of the affinity for substance P inhibition.
Oswald, RE; Stafford, GA; Weiland, GA, 1994)		1.95
"Substance P does not cause muscular or cardiac pain, but it provokes muscular and cardiac hyperalgesia."( Substance P potentiates the algogenic effects of intraarterial infusion of adenosine.
Chiariello, L; Crea, F; Crossman, DC; Gaspardone, A; Gioffrè, PA; Iamele, M; Pappagallo, M; Tomai, F; Versaci, F, 1994)		3.17
"Substance P (SP) can cause plasma leakage at sites of inflammation by binding to neurokinin type 1 (NK1) receptors on the surface of endothelial cells. "( Direct observation of substance P-induced internalization of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors at sites of inflammation.
Baluk, P; Bowden, JJ; Bunnett, NW; Garland, AM; Grady, EF; Lefevre, P; McDonald, DM; Vigna, SR, 1994)		2.05
"Substance P plays an important role in nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. "( Spinal projections to the parabrachial nucleus are substance P-immunoreactive.
Blomqvist, A; Mackerlova, L, 1995)		1.99
"Substance P appeared to increase the rate of carbamylcholine-induced desensitization; however, the data are also consistent with an allosteric mechanism that does not involve the desensitized state."( Effects of substance P on the binding of agonists to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo electroplaque.
Min, CK; Weiland, GA, 1993)		1.4
"Substance P (SP) can produce cytokine-like responses by astrocytes and mononuclear cells. "( Recognition of neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-R): an antibody to a peptide sequence from the third extracellular region binds to brain NK1-R.
Pascual, DW; van Ginkel, FW, 1996)		1.74
"Substance P did not increase during exercise."( Different levels of sensory neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P) during and after exercise in man.
Brudin, L; Edvinsson, L; Lind, H; Lindholm, L, 1996)		1.24
"Substance P could also increase frequency but this usually succeeded or preceded a decrease in frequency."( Tachykinins may modify spontaneous epileptiform activity in the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro by activating GABAergic inhibition.
Cody, C; Jones, RS; Maubach, KA, 1998)		1.02
"Substance P plays an important role in the transmission of pain-related information in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. "( Preferential synaptic relationships between substance P-immunoreactive boutons and neurokinin 1 receptor sites in the rat spinal cord.
Cuello, AC; Krause, JE; McLeod, AL; Ribeiro-da-Silva, A, 1998)		2
"Substance P (SP) plays a central role in the transduction of second messenger signals from primary afferent nociceptive terminals to second-order neurons in the spinal cord. "( Actions of intrathecal diphtheria toxin-substance P fusion protein on models of persistent pain.
Benoliel, R; Caudle, RM; Eliav, E; Iadarola, MJ; Leeman, S; Mannes, AJ, 1999)		2.01
"Substance P (SP) plays a major role in the regulation of the interaction between immune and nervous systems. "( Neurokinin type-1 receptor antagonist inhibits enhancement of T cell functions by substance P in normal and neuromanipulated capsaicin-treated rats.
Perfumi, MC; Piccoli, M; Romagnoli, S; Santoni, G; Spreghini, E, 1999)		1.97
"The substance P-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was 30 % smaller than that induced by bradykinin, although the two peptides triggered a membrane hyperpolarization of the same amplitude."( Substance P and bradykinin activate different types of KCa currents to hyperpolarize cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells.
Beny, J; Frieden, M; Sollini, M, 1999)		2.23
"Substance P (SP) plays an important role in sensitization of spinal cord neurons. "( Neomycin blocks substance P-induced calcium entry in cultured rat spinal cord neurons.
Shu, YS; Zhao, ZQ; Zhou, ZS, 2000)		2.1
"Substance P plays an important role in neurogenic inflammation with granulocyte infiltration. "( Substance P induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human skin via mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Hide, M; Koro, O; Okabe, T; Yamamoto, S, 2000)		3.19
"Substance P was found to increase ciliary beat frequency in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum increase of 12.1%."( Effect of substance P on ciliary beat frequency in human adenoid explants.
McCaffrey, TV; Staskowski, PA, 1992)		1.41
"Substance P did not cause any age-related differences in dye extravasation at any airway level."( Effect of maturation on histamine-induced airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea pig airways.
Arakawa, H; Barnes, PJ; Kuroume, T; Mochizuki, H; Morikawa, A; Tokuyama, K; Yokoyama, T, 1992)		1
"Substance P caused an increase in jejunal motility, water secretion, and transmural potential difference."( Effects of substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on contractile activity and epithelial transport in the ferret jejunum.
Davison, JS; Dodds, WJ; Doolittle, T; Greenwood, B; Koch, TR; See, NA, 1990)		1.39
"substance P (SP), inhibit the initial rate of uptake (influx) of 22Na into isolated chicken villus enterocytes."( Calcium mediated neurohumoral inhibition of chicken enterocyte Na influx: role of phosphatidylinositol metabolites.
Chang, EB; Musch, MW, 1990)		1
"This substance P-induced increase in adrenal nerve activity was significantly antagonized by pretreatment with spantide."( Effect of the substance P antagonist spantide on adrenal sympathetic nerve activity in rats.
Fujino, M; Kitada, C; Minami, M; Saito, H; Shimamura, K; Togashi, H; Yoshioka, M, 1987)		1.09
"Substance P was shown to cause normal rat neutrophils to chemotact at an optimum concentration of 5 X 10(-5)M."( Substance P induces chemotaxis of neutrophils in normal and capsaicin-treated rats.
Eglezos, A; Helme, RD; Hosking, CS, 1987)		2.44
"Substance P levels were lower in chronic pain patients, with either neurogenic (n = 23) or idiopathic pain (n = 37) syndromes, than in the healthy volunteers."( Substance P in CSF of patients with chronic pain syndromes.
Almay, BGL; Johansson, F; Le Grevés, P; Terenius, L; Von Knorring, L, 1988)		2.44
"Substance P (SP) plays an important role in central nervous and peripheral blood pressure regulation. "( Substance P in human essential hypertension.
Baumann, R; Enderlein, J; Faulhaber, HD; Naumann, E; Oehme, P; Rathsack, R; Rostock, G, 1987)		3.16
"The substance P-induced increase in reaction time was absent in rats which had been medullectomized and in rats pretreated with naloxone (10 mg/kg)."( An adrenal-mediated, naloxone-reversible increase in reaction time in the tail-flick test following intrathecal administration of substance P at the lower thoracic spinal level in the rat.
Cridland, RA; Henry, JL, 1988)		0.96
"Substance P could increase guanylate cyclase activity with either calcium or manganese in the incubation medium but more augmentation was observed with manganese."( Cation-dependent substance P activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase.
Vesely, DL, 1985)		1.33

Treatment

substance P treatment significantly enhanced the number and activation status of adventitial mast cells compared to controls. Treatment with substance P resulted in the concentration-dependent internalisation of NK1R from the cell surface into endosome-like structures.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"All substance P-treated groups showed a 2.6-5.4-fold higher CD29 expression and resulted in greatly decreased wound contraction and early maturation of the stroma."( Wound contraction decreases with intravenously injected substance P in rabbits.
Bae, TH; Kim, HK; Kim, W; Kim, WS; Lee, JY; Park, JA, 2014)		1.13
"Substance P treatment was associated with increased cell number."( Elevated glucose and fatty acid levels impair substance P-induced dermal microvascular endothelial cell migration and proliferation in an agarose gel model system.
Chase, M; Gibran, NS; Hall, K; Muffley, LA; Wang, Q, 2009)		1.33
"Substance P treatment significantly enhanced the number and activation status of adventitial mast cells compared to controls and promoted intraplaque hemorrhages. "( The neuropeptide substance P mediates adventitial mast cell activation and induces intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced atherosclerosis.
Biessen, EA; Bot, I; Bot, M; de Groot, P; de Jager, SC; van Berkel, TJ; van Heiningen, SH; Veldhuizen, RW; von der Thüsen, JH, 2010)		2.14
"Substance P treatment alone of new-born rats had no effect on the postnatal development of the regional monoamine levels."( Substance P modifies the 6-hydroxydopamine induced alteration of postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons.
Hallman, H; Jonsson, G, 1982)		2.43
"Substance P pretreatment induced tachyphylaxis, as assessed by standard methods with adequate controls, to both histamine and to substance P and vice versa."( Vascular responses of human skin to injection of substance P and mechanism of action.
Coutts, AA; Eady, RA; Greaves, MW; Jorizzo, JL, 1983)		1.24
"Substance P or senktide treatment (10-(-7) mol/kg) also enhanced intestinal transit."( Rat gastrointestinal motor responses mediated via activation of neurokinin receptors.
Chang, FY; Lee, SD; Wang, PS; Yeh, GH, 1999)		1.02
"The substance P treated animals also showed an increase in the percentage of T-cells present, but failed to show the decrease in the B-cell population seen with the angiotensin II infused group."( Chronic ICV infusion of neuropeptides alters lymphocyte populations in experimental rodents.
Fannon, LD; Phillips, MI, 1991)		0.76
"Treatment with substance P resulted in the concentration-dependent internalisation of NK1R from the cell surface into endosome-like structures."( Localisation and activation of the neurokinin 1 receptor in the enteric nervous system of the mouse distal colon.
Bunnett, NW; Eriksson, EM; Pelayo, JC; Poole, DP; Veldhuis, NA, 2014)		0.74
"Treatment with substance P and other neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1) agonists does not affect the response of cerebellar granule neurons to glutamate toxicity."( A tachykinin-like factor increases glutamate toxicity in rat cerebellar granule cells.
Barbato, C; Calissano, P; Ciotti, MT; Mercanti, D; Severini, C, 2003)		0.66
"Pretreatment with substance P increased CVC to 48 +/- 2% CVC(max), which was significantly greater than for sites pretreated with substance P combined with L-NAME (27 +/- 2% CVC(max); P < 0.001)."( Neurokinin-1 receptor desensitization attenuates cutaneous active vasodilatation in humans.
Minson, CT; Wong, BJ, 2006)		0.66
"Pretreatment with substance P (1-7) (400 pmol) produced a significant reduction on the elevated concentrations of glutamate and NO metabolites evoked by i.t."( Intrathecal substance P (1-7) prevents morphine-evoked spontaneous pain behavior via spinal NMDA-NO cascade.
Komatsu, T; Kuwahata, H; Orito, T; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Tsuzuki, M; Watanabe, C, 2007)		1.04
"Pretreatment with substance P antiserum resulted in the reduction of the response to pilocarpine."( Possible involvement of the spinal substance P system in pilocarpine-induced scratching in mice.
Kisara, K; Manome, Y; Matsunaga, Y; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Tan-No, K, 1993)		0.89
"pretreatment with substance P (SP) (6.5 nmol) and enhanced following pretreatment with the non-peptide SP antagonist CP-96,345 (10 nmol)."( Cardiovascular effects of intrathecal administration of agents active at 5-hydroxytryptamine1-receptors in the rat: modulation by substance P and a substance P antagonist.
Gradin, K; Persson, B, 1993)		0.81
"Pretreatment with substance P antagonist did not alter the LCR's duration of apnea (p > .10), laryngeal adductor response, or early change in mean arterial pressure (p > .10), although the early maximal heart rate response was significantly altered (p < .01)."( Role of substance P in the laryngeal chemoreflex.
Bauman, NM; Jaffe, DM; McCulloch, TM; Porter, MP; Sandler, AD; Smith, RJ; Wang, D, 1998)		1.06
"Treatment with substance P (SP) at zeitgeber time 13-14 produced phase delays of circadian rhythm in spontaneous neural activity in SCN neurons in vitro."( Involvement of glutamate release in substance P-induced phase delays of suprachiasmatic neuron activity rhythm in vitro.
Hamada, T; Shibata, S; Watanabe, A; Watanabe, S; Yamanouchi, S, 1999)		0.92
"Treatment with substance P markedly suppressed self-injection of morphine, particularly in low doses."( Effect of substance P on intravenous self-administration of morphine in different rat strains.
Figurina, IB; Medvedeva, OF; Rusakova, IV; Sudakov, SK, 2001)		1.05
"Pretreatment with substance P (0.5 ml/kg of 10(-5) M) administered intravenously also potentiated the airway responsiveness to histamine."( Pretreatment with aerosolized capsaicin potentiates histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.
Hirose, T; Nishima, S; Umeno, E, 1992)		0.61
"Treatment with substance P (SP)/g bw (n = 10/dose) induced chafing movements in the fish slightly."( Effects of MET-ENK, substance P and SRIF on the behavior of Hemichromis bimaculatus.
Christ, H, )		0.79

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It has been shown that a vasoactive role may be partially responsible for the toxic effects of CN."( The effects of EDRF/NO releasers or calcium ionophore A23187 on cyanide toxicity in mice.
Baskin, SI; Lempka, JC; Nealley, EW, 1996)		0.29
" Apart from the acute toxic effect of the peptide, the distribution in different organs was also investigated."( Inhalation of substance P and thiorphan: acute toxicity and effects on respiration in conscious guinea pigs.
Edvinsson, AA; Koch, BL; Koskinen, LO, )		0.49
" These data indicate no adverse toxicity at doses up to 10 times those necessary for producing loss of superficial NK1r-bearing neurons in a large animal model."( Safety evaluation of intrathecal substance P-saporin, a targeted neurotoxin, in dogs.
Allen, JW; Cizkova, D; Ghilardi, JR; Grafe, MR; Horais, K; Lappi, DA; Mantyh, PW; Richter, P; Rogers, SD; Tozier, N; Yaksh, TL, 2006)		0.62
" In the absence of inhibitors, JP-8 and to a lesser extent un and S-8, had the greatest toxic effect on cell viability and inflammation suggesting, as least in vitro, that synthetic S-8 fuel is less irritating than the currently used JP-8."( Inhibition of jet fuel aliphatic hydrocarbon induced toxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes.
Inman, AO; Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Riviere, JE, 2008)		0.35
" Instead, the toxic effect of gentamicin on the cochlear nucleus may occur simultaneously or even earlier than that on the cochlea."( Ototoxicity on cochlear nucleus neurons following systemic application of gentamicin.
Anniko, M; Chen, G; Duan, M; Fan, YL; Hu, HT; Jin, Z; Wang, WX; Xu, M, 2009)		0.35
"The analgesic and side effect potential of morphine was compared between wild-type and tac1 null mutant mice."( Increased morphine analgesia and reduced side effects in mice lacking the tac1 gene.
Berner, J; Bilkei-Gorzo, A; Racz, I; Wickström, R; Zimmer, A; Zimmermann, J, 2010)		0.36
" Interestingly, the most serious side effect of acute morphine, that is respiratory depression, was reduced in tac1(-/-) animals."( Increased morphine analgesia and reduced side effects in mice lacking the tac1 gene.
Berner, J; Bilkei-Gorzo, A; Racz, I; Wickström, R; Zimmer, A; Zimmermann, J, 2010)		0.36

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nonanoyl vanillylamide (nonivamide NVA) was compared with trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-nonenamide (capsaicin, CAP) with regard to their pharmacokinetic properties, their potency in stimulating primary afferent neurons and depleting them of substance P and somatostatin in rats."( Comparison of nonivamide and capsaicin with regard to their pharmacokinetics and effects on sensory neurons.
Donnerer, J; Lembeck, F; Skofitsch, G, 1984)		0.45
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of SB 223412 in rat and dog indicated low plasma clearance, oral bioavailability and high and sustained plasma concentrations after 4 to 8 mg/kg oral dosages."( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist.
Brawner, ME; Elshourbagy, NA; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF, 1997)		0.3
"The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of SB-222200 [(S)-(-)-N-(alpha-ethylbenzyl)-3-methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-car boxami de], a human NK-3 receptor (hNK-3R) antagonist, was determined."( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists. II. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of SB-222200, a central nervous system penetrant, potent and selective NK-3 receptor antagonist.
Barone, FC; Bush, B; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Legos, JJ; Lundberg, D; Luttmann, MA; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sandhu, P; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF; Whitmore, RG, 2000)		0.31
" Because neuropeptides are part of complex neurohumoral pathways, we have sought to develop novel pharmacodynamic approaches as part of the early clinical development of this potential anticancer drug."( Forearm blood flow and local responses to peptide vasodilators: a novel pharmacodynamic measure in the phase I trial of antagonist G, a neuropeptide growth factor antagonist.
Byrne, B; Clive, S; Jodrell, DI; MacLellan, A; Robson, L; Smyth, JF; Webb, DJ; Young, A, 2001)		0.31
" This shorter peptide fragment may have clinical utility potential and it is important to characterize its pharmacokinetic property."( LC-MS/MS quantification of a neuropeptide fragment kisspeptin-10 (NSC 741805) and characterization of its decomposition product and pharmacokinetics in rats.
Chan, KK; Chan, YM; Chen, P; Covey, JM; Jones, W; Liu, Z; Ren, C; Seminara, SB; Smith, NF; Wang, J, 2013)		0.39
" However, compound 2 is predicted, based on data in preclinical species, to have a human half-life longer than 40 h and likely to have drug-drug-interactions (DDI), as 2 is a victim of CYP3A4 inhibition caused by its exclusive clearance pathway via CYP3A4 oxidation in humans."( 2-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1S)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxyethoxy}-4-(2-methylphenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one: a potent human NK1 receptor antagonist with multiple clearance pathways.
Ball, RG; Bao, J; Bunda, J; Chicchi, G; Cook, J; DeVita, RJ; Doss, GA; Eng, W; Gantert, L; Hargreaves, R; Hora, DF; Jiang, J; Karanam, B; Kassick, AJ; Kumar, S; Lin, P; Lu, H; Madeira, M; Mills, SG; Purcell, M; Samuel, K; Tong, X; Tsao, KL; Tschirret-Guth, R; Wang, H; Wilson, D, 2013)		0.39
"To discuss the feasibility of the pharmacodynamic evaluation method for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula particles, with traditional decoction for reference and the intervention of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC)."( [Preliminary study on pharmacodynamic evaluation method of Houpo formula particles].
Ma, L; Shao, LJ; Tang, F, 2014)		0.4
" This study aimed to develop a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of M15-2, the active metabolite of vicagrel and clopidogrel, and to evaluate the influence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and other covariates in healthy subjects and patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after oral administration."( Semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetics analysis reveals distinct CYP2C19 dependency in the bioactivation of vicagrel and clopidogrel to active metabolite M15-2.
Gong, Y; He, Y; Lai, X; Li, YG; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Yan, X; Zhang, EY; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Substance P alone or in combination with CGRP is able to induce a rapid lowering of Pif. This peptide is a potent agent in increasing the hydrostatic driving pressure initially transporting fluid into the tissue.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" For this purpose Diamidino yellow (DY) injection into the oculomotor nerve was combined with Fast blue (FB) injection either into the extraocular muscles (EOMs), or the cornea, or the superior eyelid."( Peripheral territory and neuropeptides of the trigeminal ganglion neurons centrally projecting through the oculomotor nerve demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double-labeling combined with immunocytochemistry.
Barazzoni, AM; Bortolami, R; Callegari, E; Calzà, L; Giardino, L; Lalatta Costerbosa, G; Lucchi, ML; Manni, E; Pettorossi, VE, 1991)		0.28
"Microdialysis in combination with radioimmunoassay was used to study in vivo release of neuropeptides in the rat brain."( Microdialysis combined with a sensitive radioimmunoassay. A technique for studying in vivo release of neuropeptides.
Brodin, E; Lindefors, N; Ungerstedt, U, 1987)		0.27
"To assess the roles of substance P in neurologic or psychiatric illnesses, effects of acute or chronic (40- or 80-day dietary) treatment with trihexyphenidyl and carbamazepine alone or in combination with haloperidol on substance P content were investigated in the rat brain."( Effects of chronic treatment with trihexyphenidyl and carbamazepine alone or in combination with haloperidol on substance P content in rat brain: a possible implication of substance P in affective disorders.
Mataga, N; Mitsushio, H; Takashima, M; Toru, M, 1988)		0.8
"Allantoic endoderm of 3-day chick embryos was combined with pancreatic mesenchyme of 5-day embryos and cultured as chorio-allantoic grafts for a total of 14 days."( Differentiation of endocrine cells in chick allantoic epithelium combined with pancreatic mesenchyme.
Andrew, A; Stein, B, 1989)		0.28
"The morphological features of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) structures in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) were examined by immunoelectron microscopy combined with an anterograde degeneration study."( Vagal afferents interact with substance P-immunoreactive structures in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius: immunoelectron microscopy combined with an anterograde degeneration study.
Kawai, Y; Mori, S; Takagi, H, 1989)		0.85
" They are combined with FITC (Propidium Iodide) or TRITC (Fast Blue, True Blue, Diamidino Yellow, Primuline) as immunofluorescence markers."( A method for specific transmitter identification of retrogradely labeled neurons: immunofluorescence combined with fluorescence tracing.
Bentivoglio, M; Catsman-Berrevoets, CE; Hökfelt, T; Kuypers, HG; Norell, G; Phillipson, O; Skirboll, L; Steinbusch, H; Verhofstad, A; Visser, TJ, 1984)		0.27
"The distribution of substance P (SP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rabbit carotid body was studied in combination with catecholamine autofluorescence images of sections where SP immunoreactivity was confirmed."( Distribution of substance P-containing and catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the rabbit carotid body: an immunohistochemical study in combination with catecholamine fluorescent histochemistry.
Fujii, S; Kawakami, T; Kusakabe, T; Takenaka, T; Tanabe, Y, 1994)		0.96
" When combined with a substance P (SP) analogue, which inhibits the action of multiple neuropeptides and SCLC cell growth, both in semisolid media and liquid culture, tyrphostin additively inhibited the growth of the H-345 and H-69 SCLC cell lines in liquid culture."( Effect of tyrphostin combined with a substance P related antagonist on small cell lung cancer cell growth in vitro.
Rozengurt, E; Seckl, MJ, 1996)		0.88
"The application of reversed-phase HPLC in combination with micro-electrospray mass spectrometry to study a substance P (SP)-hydrolysing endoprotease in human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) is reported."( Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry in studies of a substance P-converting enzyme from human cerebrospinal fluid.
Andrén, PE; Caprioli, RM; Eriksson, U; Nyberg, F, 1996)		0.72
"Substance P alone or in combination with CGRP is able to induce a rapid lowering of Pif showing that this peptide is a potent agent in increasing the hydrostatic driving pressure initially transporting fluid into the tissue during an acute inflammatory reaction."( Lowering of interstitial fluid pressure in rat trachea after substance P alone and in combination with calcitonin gene-related peptide.
Gjerde, EA; Karlsen, TV; Reed, RK, 2003)		2
"To observe the effect of sensory neuropeptide substance P combined with epidermal stem cells (ESC) on wound healing and nerve regeneration in diabetic rats."( [Effect of substance P combined with epidermal stem cells on wound healing and nerve regeneration in rats with diabetes mellitus].
Li, YT; Liu, DW; Peng, Y; Xu, JC; Zhang, HY; Zhong, QL; Zhu, FB, 2012)		1.03
" The purpose of this study is to determine if treadmill running combined with electro-acupuncture at Jiaji acupoints (Jiaji-EA) affects tibial bone mass and SP expression in rabbits with sciatic nerve injury."( Effects of Treatment of Treadmill Combined with Electro-Acupuncture on Tibia Bone Mass and Substance PExpression of Rabbits with Sciatic Nerve Injury.
Huang, L; Huang, R; Koleini, M; Tang, Q; Wang, Y; Zhu, L; Zou, D, 2016)		0.65

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These results indicate that the compounds have sufficient potency and intracellular bioavailability to aid future studies focused on neuropeptide function and the contributions of neuropeptides to various disease processes."( Inhibition of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase by N-substituted homocysteine analogs.
Erion, MD; Jeng, AY; Tan, J; Wong, M, 1994)		0.29
" L-NMMA did not affect the response to sodium nitroprusside, but it suppressed dilation in response to both substance P and acetylcholine, suggesting that the latter promote bioavailability of NO from the coronary vascular endothelium."( Coronary vascular nitric oxide activity in hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Comparison of acetylcholine and substance P.
Andrews, NP; Cannon, RO; Husain, S; Mulcahy, D; Panza, JA; Quyyumi, AA, 1997)		0.72
" (2) Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are associated with depression of both basal and pharmacologically stimulated bioavailability of NO."( Coronary vascular nitric oxide activity in hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Comparison of acetylcholine and substance P.
Andrews, NP; Cannon, RO; Husain, S; Mulcahy, D; Panza, JA; Quyyumi, AA, 1997)		0.51
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of SB 223412 in rat and dog indicated low plasma clearance, oral bioavailability and high and sustained plasma concentrations after 4 to 8 mg/kg oral dosages."( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist.
Brawner, ME; Elshourbagy, NA; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF, 1997)		0.3
" These data suggest that an orally bioavailable capsaicin analogue, civamide, possessed analgesic activity with respect to several noxious stimuli, including inflammation-induced hyperalgesia, noxious thermal stimulation and nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia."( Antinociception induced by civamide, an orally active capsaicin analogue.
Chen, P; Hua, XY; Hwang, J; Yaksh, TL, 1997)		0.3
" This mechanism of vasodilatation may have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of vascular disorders characterized by the diminished bioavailability of NO, such as cerebral vasospasm."( Adventitia-dependent relaxations of canine basilar arteries transduced with recombinant eNOS gene.
Iida, Y; Katusic, ZS; O'Brien, T; Onoue, H; Smith, L; Tsutsui, M, 1999)		0.3
"5-fold higher than in wild-type mice, suggesting increased bioavailability of SP."( Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) terminates colitis by degrading substance P.
Barbara, G; Bunnett, NW; Collins, SM; Figini, M; Geppetti, P; Gerard, C; Gerard, N; Grady, EF; Qiu, B; Sturiale, S, 1999)		0.54
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of SB-222200 in rat after oral administration (8 mg/kg) indicated sustained plasma concentrations (C(max) = about 400 ng/ml) and bioavailability of 46%."( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists. II. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of SB-222200, a central nervous system penetrant, potent and selective NK-3 receptor antagonist.
Barone, FC; Bush, B; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Legos, JJ; Lundberg, D; Luttmann, MA; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sandhu, P; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF; Whitmore, RG, 2000)		0.31
"Coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure (CHF) have been associated with a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) release or bioavailability from the vascular endothelium."( Different contribution of endothelial nitric oxide in the relaxation of human coronary arteries of ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathic hearts.
Thorin, E, 2001)		0.31
" The cardioprotective effect of clevidipine is suggested to be dependent on maintained local bioavailability of NO."( Short-acting calcium antagonist clevidipine protects against reperfusion injury via local nitric oxide-related mechanisms in the jeopardised myocardium.
Gonon, A; Gourine, A; Pernow, J; Sjöquist, PO, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation in the mouse and rat revealed that oral SB 235375 was well absorbed systemically but did not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier."( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists. III. SB 235375, a low central nervous system-penetrant, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist, inhibits citric acid-induced cough and airways hyper-reactivity in guinea pigs.
Barone, FC; Bush, B; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Grugni, M; Hay, DW; Kilian, D; Kotzer, CJ; Legos, JJ; Lundberg, D; Luttmann, MA; Martin, LD; Potts, W; Raveglia, LF; Sandhu, P; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Underwood, DC, 2002)		0.31
" Preliminary oral bioavailability was found to be about 1%."( Electrospray LC-MS/MS quantitation, stability, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of bradykinin antagonist polypeptide B201 (NSC 710295) in the mouse.
Chan, KK; Covey, JM; Feng, WY, 2002)		0.31
" This metabolic inhibition is manifested by an increase in the serum levels, oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity of drugs metabolized by CYP 3A4, a characteristic that may indeed be interesting for some of them, but which should be avoided for others."( [Metabolic effects and drug interactions provoked by certain vegetables: grapefruit, St. John's wort and garlic].
Neuman, M, 2002)		0.31
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the pulmonary route on the systemic absorption of FK224 in comparison with other administration routes, and to determine the bioavailability (BA) of FK224 following pulmonary administration in rats using various dosage forms."( Improvement of pulmonary absorption of cyclopeptide FK224 in rats by co-formulating with beta-cyclodextrin.
Ibuki, R; Kawashima, Y; Nakate, T; Ohike, A; Tokunaga, Y; Yoshida, H, 2003)		0.32
"These findings demonstrate that NEP downregulates the early onset of nematode intestinal inflammation and that increased bioavailability of SP and overexpression of ICAM-1 in NEP-/- mice likely play a role in the earlier onset of intestinal inflammation."( Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) downregulates the onset of intestinal inflammation in the nematode infected mouse.
Barbara, G; Blennerhassett, PA; Bunnett, NW; Collins, SM; Corinaldesi, R; Cremon, C; De Giorgio, R; Gerard, C; Gerard, N; Grady, EF; Stanghellini, V, 2003)		0.32
" The ability of IT as well as oral acetaminophen to reverse this spinally initiated hyperalgesia emphasizes the likely central action and bioavailability of the systemically delivered drug."( Acetaminophen prevents hyperalgesia in central pain cascade.
Crawley, B; Fitzsimmons, B; Hua, XY; Malkmus, S; Saito, O; Yaksh, TL, 2008)		0.35
" Side effects of the current generation of antiemetics could potentially be reduced by improving bioavailability of the drugs in the more potent central nervous system compartment while reducing bioavailability in the less potent peripheral compartment."( Ablation of least shrew central neurokinin NK1 receptors reduces GR73632-induced vomiting.
Chebolu, S; Darmani, NA; Ramirez, J; Ray, AP, 2009)		0.35
" Zinc metalloproteases, such as neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), effectively control the bioavailability of these neuropeptide mediators, which are released from sensory nerves, immune and skin cells during cutaneous responses to endogenous or exogenous noxious stimuli."( Expression of neuropeptides and their degrading enzymes in ACD.
Bak, H; Chang, SE; Choi, JH; Choi, YS; Kim, BJ; Kim, MN; Lee, WJ; Lee, YW; Suh, HS, 2010)		0.36
" With the overall aim to develop stable and orally bioavailable SP(1-7) mimetics, the dipeptide was chosen as a lead compound."( Constrained H-Phe-Phe-NH2 analogues with high affinity to the substance P 1-7 binding site and with improved metabolic stability and cell permeability.
Artursson, P; Fransson, R; Hallberg, M; Kratz, JM; Nyberg, F; Sandström, A; Sköld, C; Svensson, R, 2013)		0.63
" Moreover, SP bioavailability in diabetic skin was reduced as SP gene expression was decreased, whereas the gene expression and protein levels of the enzyme that degrades SP, neutral endopeptidase, were increased."( Substance P promotes wound healing in diabetes by modulating inflammation and macrophage phenotype.
Auster, ME; Carvalho, E; Kafanas, A; Kearney, C; Kokkotou, E; Kuchibhotla, S; Leal, EC; LoGerfo, FW; Mooney, DJ; Pradhan-Nabzdyk, L; Tecilazich, F; Tellechea, A; Veves, A, 2015)		1.86
" Although, additional structural modifications are needed to achieve compounds exhibiting high/fair bioavailability after oral administration, the examples presented herein demonstrate that the bioactive peptides SP(1-7) and endomorphin-2 can be converted into low molecular weight compounds that are able to mimic the in vivo actions of the heptapeptide SP(1-7)."( From the Anti-Nociceptive Substance P Metabolite Substance P (1-7) to Small Peptidomimetics.
Hallberg, M; Sandstrom, A, 2018)		0.78
" With the overall aim to develop stable and orally bioavailable SP(1-7) mimetics, the dipeptide was chosen as a lead compound."( Constrained H-Phe-Phe-NH2 analogues with high affinity to the substance P 1-7 binding site and with improved metabolic stability and cell permeability.
Artursson, P; Fransson, R; Hallberg, M; Kratz, JM; Nyberg, F; Sandström, A; Sköld, C; Svensson, R, 2013)		0.39
" Although, additional structural modifications are needed to achieve compounds exhibiting high/fair bioavailability after oral administration, the examples presented herein demonstrate that the bioactive peptides SP(1-7) and endomorphin-2 can be converted into low molecular weight compounds that are able to mimic the in vivo actions of the heptapeptide SP(1-7)."( From the Anti-Nociceptive Substance P Metabolite Substance P (1-7) to Small Peptidomimetics.
Hallberg, M; Sandstrom, A, 2018)		0.48

Dosage Studied

The effective dose of substance P (in micrograms) that produced a doubling of baseline specific airway resistance (ED200SP) was determined by interpolation of cumulative substance P dose-response curves. Administration of 1 microg of substanceP gave a peak dopamine level at 50 min; the neurotransmitter level remained significantly elevated 75 min after dosage with substance P. The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SP) also increased dopamine levels.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" A dose-response relationship was not observed."( Centrally administered neurotensin: activity in the Julou-Courvoisier muscle relaxation test in mice.
Manberg, PJ; Nemeroff, CB; Osbahr, AJ; Prange, AJ, 1979)		0.26
" Eledoisin did not alter the dose-response curve to noradrenaline and its inhibitory action is likely, therefore, to be presynaptic."( The actions of some vasoactive polypeptides and their antagonists on the anococcygeus muscle.
Gillespie, JS; McKnight, AT, 1978)		0.26
" Dose-response curves obtained with substance P are close to the theoretical curves predicted by the mass action law."( The rabbit mesenteric vein: a specific bioassay for substance P.
Bérubé, A; Drouin, JN; Marceau, F; Regoli, D; Rioux, F, 1978)		0.78
" [Tyr8]-substance P released, in vitro, the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones at a very high dosage but did not release growth hormone, prolactin, or thyrotropin."( Synthesis and some biological activities of the tyrosine-8 analog of substance P.
Bowers, CY; Fisher, GH; Folkers, K; Pernow, B, 1976)		0.92
" Dose-response relaxation curves induced by substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) have been studied in porcine ophthalmic arteries in vitro."( Substance P augments the rate of vasodilation induced by calcitonin gene-related peptide in porcine ophthalmic artery in vitro.
Elsås, T; Qvigstad, G; Sjaastad, O; Vincent, MB; White, LR, 1992)		1.99
" The dye leakage response to nasal capsaicin challenge was abolished by pretreatment with topical lidocaine, general substance P analogue, topical or general high dosage capsaicin."( Study on the dye leakage response of nasal mucosa following topical, capsaicin challenge in guinea pigs.
Asakura, K; Kataura, A; Kojima, T; Narita, S; Shirasaki, H, 1992)		0.49
" The dose-response curves for NKA and SP were shifted to the left (three orders and one order of magnitude, respectively) in AMs isolated from sensitized animals, with no variation in maximal effects."( Enhanced responsiveness of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pig alveolar macrophages to tachykinins.
Brunelleschi, S; Ceni, E; Fantozzi, R; Giotti, A; Parenti, A, 1992)		0.28
"74 pmol SP or equimolar dosed SP(1-7), DIME-C7, or SP(7-11)."( Enhanced learning produced by injection of neurokinin substance P into the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis: mediation by the N-terminal sequence.
Gerhardt, P; Hasenöhrl, RU; Huston, JP, 1992)		0.53
" The presence of forskolin in the incubation medium resulted in significant upward shifts of the dose-response curves for both peptides."( Effects of brain-gut related peptides on cAMP levels in myenteric ganglia of guinea-pig small intestine.
Baidan, LV; Fertel, RH; Wood, JD, 1992)		0.28
" The effective dose of substance P (in micrograms) that produced a doubling of baseline specific airway resistance (ED200SP) was determined by interpolation of cumulative substance P dose-response curves."( Aerosolized neutral endopeptidase reverses ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity to substance P.
Chodimella, V; Lang, Z; Murlas, CG; Williams, GJ, 1992)		0.82
" By using Northern blot analysis and dosage of the IL-2 release in cell supernatants, we show that SP can act as cosignal with PHA + PMA to enhance the expression of specific IL-2 mRNA and IL-2 secretion in T cells."( Substance P enhances IL-2 expression in activated human T cells.
Calvo, CF; Chavanel, G; Senik, A, 1992)		1.73
" The dose-response curves for NKA and SP were shifted to small degrees (less than 3-fold) to the right by atropine and to the left by indomethacin."( Tachykinin-induced dyspnea in conscious guinea pigs.
Buckner, CK; DeHaas, CJ; Krell, RD; Kusner, EJ; Lengel, DJ; Marks, RL, 1992)		0.28
" The opioid antagonist naloxone and the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan were given as intrathecal pretreatments at doses chosen to shift the dose-response curves of their corresponding agonist (given alone) 4- to 10-fold to the right; this always resulted in a smaller, but significant (2- to 4-fold) shift in the dose-response curve of the other agonist given alone."( Spinal interactions between opioid and noradrenergic agonists in mice: multiplicativity involves delta and alpha-2 receptors.
Hylden, JK; Kitto, K; Lei, S; Roerig, SC; Wilcox, GL, 1992)		0.28
" In the presence of FK 224, SP dose-response curves and NKA dose-response curves were shifted to the right in parallel with no depression of the maximal contraction."( FK 224, a novel cyclopeptide substance P antagonist with NK1 and NK2 receptor selectivity.
Fujii, T; Kiyotoh, S; Maeda, Y; Morimoto, H; Murai, M; Nishikawa, M; Yamaoka, M, 1992)		0.57
" Pretreatment with aerosolized capsaicin (3 micrograms/ml for 15 to 60 s) 30 min before obtaining the dose-response to histamine significantly potentiated percent increase in RL caused by each dose of intravenously administered histamine."( Pretreatment with aerosolized capsaicin potentiates histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.
Hirose, T; Nishima, S; Umeno, E, 1992)		0.28
" This potentiation was critically dependent on the dosage of CGRP and was not observed when relatively high dosages were used."( Calcitonin gene-related peptide potentiates substance P-induced plasma extravasation in the rat trachea.
Brokaw, JJ; White, GW, 1992)		0.54
" In the absence of other secretagogues, VIP produced a modest, sustained saliva flow with a biphasic dose-response curve in which saliva volume was greatest at 1 nM VIP (28."( Regulation of secretion by vasoactive intestinal peptide in isolated perfused rat submandibular glands.
Camden, JM; Turner, JT, 1992)		0.28
" On the first day the dose of SP producing a 20% change in FEV1 was calculated from the individual semilogarithmic dose-response curve."( Influence of antihistamine (astemizole) and anticholinergic drugs (ipratropium bromide) on bronchoconstriction induced by substance P.
Crimi, N; Mistretta, A; Oliveri, R; Palermo, B; Palermo, F; Polosa, R; Vancheri, C, 1990)		0.49
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT, 50 microM) produced approximately 50 fold shifts of the dose-response curves to adenosine, AMP and AMPPCP, whereas those to ATP, MeSATP and substance P (SP) were unaffected."( A study of the purinoceptors mediating contraction in the rat colon.
Bailey, SJ; Hourani, SM, 1990)		0.47
" Similar dose-response relationships have been observed for SP and other peptides in different bioassays."( The substance P(1-7) fragment is a potent modulator of substance P actions in the brain.
Herrera-Marschitz, M; Reid, MS; Sakurada, T; Terenius, L; Ungerstedt, U, 1990)		0.84
" The dose-response relationship for substance P on dopamine was biphasic, with maximal effects occurring after the middle dose (0."( Effects of intranigral substance P and neurokinin A on striatal dopamine release--I. Interactions with substance P antagonists.
Herrera-Marschitz, M; Hökfelt, T; Ohlin, M; Reid, MS; Ungerstedt, U; Valentino, KL, 1990)		0.86
" Extracellular single unit recordings from both wide dynamic range and nociceptive specific neurons during controlled repetitive electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral hind paw indicated that SP enhanced C-evoked firing in an apparent dose-related manner (100 greater than 20 = 4 nmol), whereas DPDT inhibited C-evoked discharges with an apparent bell-shaped dose-response (20 greater than 100 = 4 nmol)."( Evidence that substance P selectively modulates C-fiber-evoked discharges of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons.
Hayes, RL; Kellstein, DE; Mayer, DJ; Price, DD, 1990)		0.64
"7]hCGRP dose-response curve to the right in a parallel fashion."( Pharmacological characterization of CGRP1 receptor subtype in the vascular system of the rat: studies with hCGRP fragments and analogs.
Donoso, MV; Fournier, A; Huidobro-Toro, JP; St-Pierre, S, )		0.13
" In order to gain insight into the mechanisms of impaired hyperaemia, dose-response curves to intradermal substance P (25, 50, 100 pmol) and capsaicin (1."( The skin hyperaemic response to local injection of substance P and capsaicin in diabetes mellitus.
Boolell, M; Tooke, JE, 1990)		0.74
" The BN receptor antagonist [Leu13-psi-CH2NH-Leu14]-BN (LLBN) at 1 microM was devoid of agonist activity and displaced the BN dose-response to the right, resulting in a tenfold increase in the ED50 for BN."( Modulation of inositol lipid hydrolysis in human breast cancer cells by two classes of bombesin antagonist.
Patel, KV; Schrey, MP, 1991)		0.28
" Phosphoramidon (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) potentiated the substance P-induced contraction in a dose-dependent fashion, and phosphoramidon shifted the dose-response curve to lower concentrations."( Enkephalinase inhibitor potentiates substance P- and capsaicin-induced bronchial smooth muscle contractions in humans.
Ando, M; Araki, S; Honda, I; Kohrogi, H; Yamaguchi, T, 1991)		0.81
" Naloxone antagonized this action of NP and shifted the SPF dose-response curve 4-fold to the left."( Opioid and neurokinin activities of substance P fragments and their analogs.
Lei, SZ; Lipkowski, AW; Wilcox, GL, 1991)		0.56
"Full methacholine dose-response curves were performed on anesthetized tracheostomized Fischer 344 adult rats treated neonatally with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) or with vehicle alone."( Neonatal capsaicin treatment alters basal pulmonary mechanics and response to methacholine in F344 rats.
App, EM; De Sanctis, GT; Green, FH; Hulbert, WC; King, M; Remmers, JE; Rubin, BK, 1991)		0.28
" SP-methylester was markedly less effective than SP and its effects did not fit sigmoid dose-response curves (DRCs)."( Modulation of gastric contractions in response to tachykinins and bethanechol by extrinsic nerves.
Holzer-Petsche, U, 1991)		0.28
" injection of either 37 nmol/kg SP, equimolar dosed SPC or corresponding diluent vehicle."( Naloxone blocks conditioned place preference induced by substance P and [pGlu6]-SP(6-11).
Gerhardt, P; Hasenöhrl, RU; Huston, JP, 1991)		0.53
"Recent in vitro studies have shown that the dose-response curve of substance P on [3H]protein secretion from rat parotid glands is biphasic."( Involvement of NK1 receptors and importance of the N-terminal sequence of substance P in the stimulation of protein secretion in rat parotid glands.
Drapeau, G; Guillemain, I; Imhoff, V; Regoli, D; Rollandy, I; Rossignol, B, 1991)		0.75
" Extracellular calcium, 1 mM produced a slight shift of the histone dose-response curve to the right."( Histamine release induced by histone and phorbol ester from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Foreman, JC; Sagi-Eisenberg, R; Shelly, R, 1985)		0.27
" A dose of 6 pmol CGRP shifted the dose-response curve of SP to the left by a factor of about 100."( Potentiation of tachykinin-induced plasma protein extravasation by calcitonin gene-related peptide.
Gamse, R; Saria, A, 1985)		0.27
" The inhibitory dissociation constant (Ki) of [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]substance P estimated from the displacement of dose-response curves (muscle cells) or from Schild plots (muscle strips) differed minimally or not at all, when either SP or SK was used as agonist, consistent with interaction of the two peptides with the same receptor subtype."( Receptors for mammalian tachykinins on isolated intestinal smooth muscle cells.
Bitar, KN; Grider, JR; Makhlouf, GM; Souquet, JC, 1985)		0.51
" Single injections of neurotensin (1, 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg), somatostatin (5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg) and substance P (1, 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg) induced relaxation followed by contraction, but their dose-response relations were obscure."( Effects of gastrointestinal hormones and their related compounds on gastric motility in the rat.
Muto, N; Tani, S, 1985)		0.48
" A cutaneous vasodilator response was also observed in substance P treated and contralateral ears, but a bell-shaped dose-response relationship was apparent."( Histamine involvement in the local and systemic microvascular effects produced by intradermal substance P.
Ledgard, SE; Owen, DA; Pipkin, MA; Woodward, DF, 1985)		0.74
" Parallel shifts in the log dose-response curves of all the tachykinins tested were observed in all tissues, except in the case of the guinea-pig bladder where [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]-SP(4-11) was without effect at concentrations up to 32 microM."( An examination of the pharmacology of two substance P antagonists and the evidence for tachykinin receptor subtypes.
Bailey, SJ; Featherstone, RL; Jordan, CC; Morton, IK, 1986)		0.54
" At the maximal depletion dosage (173 micrograms of capsaicin/kg), SP concentration decreased 72."( Innervation of guinea pig heart by neurons sensitive to capsaicin.
Durkee, KH; Hougland, AE; Hougland, MW, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response curves to increasing doses of "Substance P" showed in hyperthyroid animals increased salivary secretion while in hypothyroid animals the dose-response curve to the drug was decreased."( Influence of thyroid function upon "Substance P" induced secretion of saliva by submaxillary glands.
Houssay, AB; Paz, Cdel V; Sosto, NE; Tumilasci, OR; Varela, V, 1986)		0.8
" The dose of SP was chosen after an open dose-response study."( Substance P and human nasal mucociliary activity.
Andreasson, L; Karlsson, G; Pipkorn, U, 1986)		1.71
" Both peptides elicited a strong burst of CL with different time course and dose-response curves."( Sensory neuropeptides (substance P) and 4-11 SP enhance human neutrophils chemiluminescence; the role of L-arginine.
Cornaglia-Ferraris, P; Cornara, L; Melodia, A, 1986)		0.58
" The tachykinin antagonist (20 microM) produced a shift to the right of the dose-response curves for inositol phosphate accumulation caused by SP and kassinin."( Effect of the tachykinin antagonist, [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10] substance P-(4-11), on tachykinin- and histamine-induced inositol phosphate generation in intestinal smooth muscle.
Bailey, SJ; Holzer, P; Lippe, IT, 1987)		0.52
" Cumulative dose-response studies with capsaicin revealed an enhanced contractile response after P-3 infection."( Enhancement by parainfluenza 3 infection of contractile responses to substance P and capsaicin in airway smooth muscle from the guinea pig.
Buckner, CK; Dick, EC; Fishleder, RI; Saban, R, 1987)		0.51
" Ketamine, 3 X 10(-4) M, produced a shift to the right of the dose-response curve without altering the maximum contractile responses to carbachol, but had no effect on dose-response curves to substance P, the putative noncholinergic transmitter in these bronchial segments."( Differential effect of ketamine on cholinergic- and noncholinergic-induced contractions of isolated guinea-pig bronchi.
Brunson, DB; Buckner, CK; Laravuso, RB; Leblanc, PH; Will, JA, 1987)		0.46
" 3 The dose-response curves to isoprenaline (an endothelium-independent vasodilator) were also markedly altered by the presence of atherosclerotic lesions, while aging and the presence of cardiac failure did not alter the maximal relaxation."( The influence of atherosclerosis on the mechanical responses of human isolated coronary arteries to substance P, isoprenaline and noradrenaline.
Berkenboom, G; Depierreux, M; Fontaine, J, 1987)		0.49
" In most of these forebrain regions, the dose-response curves for the experimental groups could not incorporate the peptide levels in the sham-operated control group."( Substance P and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone levels in the brain of the male golden hamster are both altered by castration and testosterone replacement.
Clancy, AN; Kream, RM; Kumar, MS; Macrides, F; Schoenfeld, TA, 1987)		1.72
" Leu-thiorphan shifted the dose-response curve to SP to lower concentrations."( Enkephalinase inhibitor potentiates substance P- and electrically induced contraction in ferret trachea.
Borson, DB; Nadel, JA; Sekizawa, K; Tamaoki, J, 1987)		0.55
" Leucine-thiorphan shifted, in concentration-dependent fashions, the dose-response curves to all tachykinins to lower concentrations."( Enkephalinase inhibitor potentiates mammalian tachykinin-induced contraction in ferret trachea.
Basbaum, CB; Borson, DB; Graf, PD; Nadel, JA; Sekizawa, K; Tamaoki, J, 1987)		0.27
" Addition of 10(-8) M SP caused a shift to the left in the secretion dose-response curve caused by ISO, but did not enhance ISO-induced maximal response."( [3H]protein secretion in rat parotid gland: substance P-beta-adrenergic synergism.
Dreux, C; Imhoff, V; Rossignol, B, 1987)		0.53
" Synergistic responses were observed with combinations of any two of the three secretagogues such that subthreshold doses of one caused a pronounced shift in the dose-response curve to the second."( Synergistic interactions between forskolin, isoprenaline and substance P as secretagogues in rat parotid glands.
Cowburn, R; Cripps, HE; Iversen, LL; Poat, JA, 1987)		0.51
" However, phosphoramidon caused a significantly greater leftward shift of the substance P dose-response curve in air-exposed animals than it did in TDI-exposed animals, so that after phosphoramidon, mean values of PD200 in animals exposed to air or TDI did not differ."( Toluene diisocyanate increases airway responsiveness to substance P and decreases airway neutral endopeptidase.
Borson, DB; Dusser, D; Nadel, JA; Scypinski, L; Sheppard, D; Thompson, JE, 1988)		0.75
" In contrast, SP caused dilatation of veins preconstricted with norepinephrine, although the effect was only transient and dose-response curves could not be constructed."( Vasodilatation by calcitonin gene-related peptide and by substance P: a comparison of their effects on resistance and capacitance vessels of human forearms.
Benjamin, N; Dollery, CT; Fuller, RW; Larkin, S; MacIntyre, I; McEwan, JR, 1988)		0.52
" However, the dose-response curve for the substance P effect had a biphasic shape."( Differential modulation of striatal dopamine release by intranigral injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dynorphin A and substance P.
Herrera-Marschitz, M; Hökfelt, T; Reid, M; Terenius, L; Ungerstedt, U, 1988)		0.74
" Airway response was measured as FEV1 and the dose of substance P (using a dose range of 23-736 nmol) producing a 20% decrease in FEV1 (PD20) was calculated from the individual semilogarithmic dose-response curves."( Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects.
Crimi, N; Mistretta, A; Oliveri, R; Palermo, B; Palermo, F; Polosa, R; Vancheri, C, 1988)		0.76
" Evaluation of time courses and dose-response curves indicated that carbachol, CCK-OP, bombesin, and substance P cause extracellular Ca2+-independent transient increases in [Ca2+]i and transient bursts in amylase release (initial secretion)."( Free cytosolic calcium and secretagogue-stimulated initial pancreatic exocrine secretion.
Krims, PE; Pandol, SJ, 1988)		0.49
" With substance P, bombesin and cholecystokinin, [DPro4,DTrp7,9,10]substance P-4-11 caused a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve for stimulation of amylase secretion with no change in the maximal response."( An analogue of substance P with broad receptor antagonist activity.
Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Mantey, S; Zhang, L, 1988)		1.11
" The dose of SP producing a 20% change in FEV1 was calculated from the individual semi-logarithmic dose-response curve (PD20)."( Bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P: effect of sodium cromoglycate.
Crimi, N; Mistretta, A; Oliveri, R; Palermo, B; Palermo, F; Polosa, R; Vancheri, C, 1988)		0.55
" At 6 h post DE, there were no differences between the dose-response curves obtained from aortic rings with or without endothelium."( Effect of endothelium removal on stimulatory and inhibitory modulation of rat aortic prostacyclin synthesis.
Dandona, P; Jeremy, JY, 1989)		0.28
", dose-response curves for induction of behaviors by SP (i."( Baclofen, gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptors and substance P in the mouse spinal cord.
Hwang, AS; Wilcox, GL, 1989)		0.53
" Whereas isoprenaline exerted equipotent effects on amylase secretion and [Ca2+]i, the dose-response relationship for stimulation of secretion by substance P was dissociated by three orders of magnitude to the right of that for elevation of [Ca2+]i by this peptide."( The relationship of intracellular free calcium activity to amylase secretion in substance P- and isoprenaline-stimulated rat parotid acini.
Arkle, S; Michalek, R; Templeton, D, 1989)		0.7
"We performed three consecutive dose-response curves to rapid intravenous infusions of substance P (SP) in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs."( Enhanced airway responses to substance P after repeated challenge in guinea pigs.
Drazen, JM; Shore, SA, 1989)		0.79
" Calcitonin gene-related peptide relaxed gastric smooth muscle, however, a dose-response relationship could not be established."( Effect of capsaicin on gastric corpus smooth muscle of the rat in vitro.
Holzer-Petsche, U; Lembeck, F; Seitz, H, 1989)		0.28
" Dose-response curves revealed that both ACh and sP responses were significantly decreased in longitudinal and circular muscle preparations of diabetic duodenum, jejunum, and ileum but not in colon."( Acetylcholine and substance P responsiveness of intestinal smooth muscles in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
Homma, S; Karakida, T; Liu, HS, 1988)		0.61
" The peak of the dose-response curves appeared in a concentration range of 10(-11) to 10(-10) mol/l."( Influence of substance P and substance P--sequences on immunocompetent cells.
Bienert, M; Oehme, P; Paegelow, I; Werner, H, 1989)		0.65
" At considerably smaller dosages, a dose-dependent increase in the left anterior descending artery diameter was seen with substance P; maximal dilation occurred at a dosage of 11."( Substance P dilates epicardial coronary arteries and increases coronary blood flow in humans.
Crossman, DC; Davies, GJ; Fuller, RW; Larkin, SW; Maseri, A, 1989)		1.93
" Spantide, [D-Arg1, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]SP, a SP antagonist, used at a concentration of 10(-5) M, competitively shifted the dose-response curve of SP."( [Reduction induced by substance P of the initial accumulation of myo(3H)inositol in acinar cells of the parotid gland in rats].
Beaujouan, JC; Dietl, M; Glowinski, J; Torrens, Y, 1989)		0.59
"9, Leu11]SP), a SP antagonist, used at a concentration of 10(-5) M, gave a competitive shift of the dose-response curve to SP."( Substance P-induced reduction in the initial accumulation of cytosolic myo-[3H]inositol in rat parotid acinar cells mediated by the NK1 tachykinin receptor.
Beaujouan, JC; Dietl, MM; Glowinski, J; Torrens, Y, 1989)		1.72
" Dose-response curves of R1 to inhaled MCh were shifted to the left 1 to 4 weeks after NKA treatment, compared with that obtained before treatment."( Neurokinin A-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in Japanese monkeys.
Aizawa, T; Honma, M; Iijima, H; Katsumata, U; Maruyama, N; Sakai, K; Takishima, T; Tamura, G; Taniguchi, Y, 1989)		0.28
"Secretory dose-response curves were obtained with both acetylcholine and phenylephrine treatment in rat parotid and submandibular glands."( Vasoactive intestinal peptide interacts with alpha-adrenergic-, cholinergic-, and substance-P-mediated responses in rat parotid and submandibular glands.
Bobyock, E; Chernick, WS, 1989)		0.28
" The dose-response curve to methacholine was significantly shifted to the right by atropine."( Lateral nasal gland secretion in the anesthetized ferret.
Mizoguchi, H; Widdicombe, JG, 1989)		0.28
" The order of potency, the maximal effect and the slope of the dose-response curve were examined with six tachykinins - substance P (SP), physalaemin, phyllomedusin, uperolein, eledoisin, kassinin - and several substance P fragments - SP-(2-11), SP-(3-11), SP-(4-11) and SP-(6-11)."( Interaction of tachykinins with an adrenergic receptor in the rat urinary bladder.
Mathison, R; Solomos, D, 1985)		0.48
" Apnoea occurred with K and E throughout the effective dosage range."( Effect of substance P and other tachykinins on arterial pressure in guinea-pigs.
Hancock, JC; Hoover, DB, 1985)		0.67
" Cumulative dose-response relations of integrated mechanical activity (mean tension) were obtained with maximal concentrations of the various peptides of 1-10 microgram/ml."( Effects of nine different gastrointestinal polypeptides on vascular smooth muscle in vitro.
Hellstrand, P; Järhult, J, 1980)		0.26
" Similar intracerebral dose-response curves were obtained by the structurally related undecapeptides, physalaemin and eledoisin, but not by several unrelated peptides (TRH, neurotensin, bradykinin, somatostatin), prostaglandins E2 and F2a, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dibutyrylcyclic GMP."( Intracerebral substance P in mice: behavioral effects and narcotic agents.
Rackham, A; Share, NN, 1981)		0.62
" capsaicin pretreatment on nociception, mean systemic arterial blood pressure, and dose-response curves for depressor effects of substance P (SP) and pressor effects of angiotension II (AII) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)."( Capsaicin treatment in adult Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on nociceptive behavior and cardiovascular regulation.
Brody, MJ; Gebhart, GF; Knuepfer, MM; McManus, DQ; Virus, RM, 1981)		0.47
" The dose-response curve was bell-shaped, the analgesic effect being smaller after the largest doses."( Blockade by met-enkephalin antiserum of analgesia induced by substance P in mice.
Del Rio, J; Naranjo, JR; Sanchez-Franco, F, 1982)		0.51
" The counteracting effect of substance P disclosed a clear dose-response relationship and was most effective when injected on postnatal days one and two, while practically no effects were observed after injection on postnatal days three and four."( Substance P modifies the 6-hydroxydopamine induced alteration of postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons.
Hallman, H; Jonsson, G, 1982)		2
" Both substance P and histamine produced sigmoid dose-response curves for the following parameters: 1 min and 5 min planimetrically measured areas of erythema, and mean diameter of weal."( Vascular responses of human skin to injection of substance P and mechanism of action.
Coutts, AA; Eady, RA; Greaves, MW; Jorizzo, JL, 1983)		1
" In contrast to 48/80, the dose-response curves for histamine and serotonin release were parallel."( Compound 48/80 and substance P induced release of histamine and serotonin from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Erjavec, F; Irman-Florjanc, T, 1983)		0.59
" Morphine in the dosage used did not influence the intradental sensory nerve conductivity."( Morphine inhibits substance P release from peripheral sensory nerve endings.
Brodin, E; Gazelius, B; Olgart, L; Panopoulos, P, 1983)		0.6
"2 microM) shifted the S-shaped dose-response curve of the ACh current downward."( Substance P modulates the sensitivity of the nicotinic receptor in amphibian cholinergic transmission.
Akasu, T; Kojima, M; Koketsu, K, 1983)		1.71
"The substance P antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-substance P produced parallel log dose-response curve shifts to both substance P and eledoisin on five in vitro smooth muscle preparations."( Pharmacological characterization of a substance P antagonist, [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-substance P.
Watson, SP, 1983)		1.1
" Dose-response curves to AVP and to oCRF were obtained, and the response to a low dose of oCRF was potentiated by a low dose of AVP."( Effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides on corticotrophin release from quarters of rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro.
Adrian, TE; Bloom, SR; Gillham, B; Jones, MT; Nicholson, SA, 1984)		0.27
" For each analog of substance P, the inhibition was competitive in nature in that there was a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for physalaemin-stimulated amylase secretion with no change in efficacy."( Interaction of substance P antagonists with substance P receptors on dispersed pancreatic acini.
Folkers, K; Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Jones, SW; Lu, YA; Xu, JC, 1984)		0.94
"The sensitivity of neurones in the cingulate cortex of the rat to iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) was tested one hour after a single dose of various antidepressant drugs and also 1 day following the termination of a chronic dosing schedule (14 once daily injections) of the same agents."( An increase in sensitivity of rat cingulate cortical neurones to substance P occurs following withdrawal of chronic administration of antidepressant drugs.
Jones, RS; Olpe, HR, 1984)		0.73
"The substance P antagonist, [D-Pro4-D- Trp7 ,9,10]substance P4-11, caused a pig parallel shift to the right of the cholecystokinin (CCK-8) dose-response curve in guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle without changing the maximal contraction."( Further evidence that substance P partly mediates the action of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on the guinea pig ileum but not gall bladder: studies with a substance P antagonist.
Chang, RS; Chen, TB; Lotti, VJ, 1984)		1.14
" Substance P was shown to produce rapid, small contractions of trhe lung strip at doses from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, and there was no apparent dose-response relationship."( The effect of substance P and related peptides on the guinea-pig lung strip.
Foreman, JC; Webber, SE, 1984)		1.54
" Phenoxybenzamine did not affect the dose-response curves to SP, eledoisin-related peptide (ERP), kassinin, eledoisin or physalaemin, nor did it affect the responses to individual doses of DPDPDT or DT79."( A study of [D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9]-substance P and [D-Trp7,9]-substance P as tachykinin partial agonists in the rat colon.
Bailey, SJ; Jordan, CC, 1984)		0.54
" The slopes of substance P RIA dose-response curves for tissue extracts from nearly all regions of the turtle nervous system examined were parallel to a standard dose-response curve for synthetic substance P (SP)."( The distribution of substance P in turtle nervous system: a radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical study.
Eldred, WD; Keyser, KT; Krause, JE; McKelvy, JF; Reiner, A, 1984)		0.94
" SR 48968 (10(-6) M shifted the [Pro9]SP dose-response curve but did not modify the septide dose-response curve."( Involvement of septide-sensitive tachykinin receptors in inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in the rat urinary bladder.
Beaujouan, JC; Glowinski, J; Saffroy, M; Torrens, Y, 1995)		0.29
" The dose-response curves (0."( Substance P-(1-7) and substance P-(5-11) locally modulate dopamine release in rat striatum.
Brooks, N; Khan, S; Michael-Titus, AT; Whelpton, R, 1995)		1.73
" Pre-treatment with the unselective tachykinin receptor antagonist spantide or the NK1 receptor selective antagonist GR82334 caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curves for both fragments, while the CCK receptor antagonist loxiglumide had no inhibitory effect."( CGRP(8-37) and CGRP(32-37) contract the iris sphincter in the rabbit eye: antagonism by spantide and GR82334.
Almegård, B; Andersson, SE, 1993)		0.29
" Dose-response curves to aerosolized methacholine were performed on anesthetized and mechanically ventilated Wistar rats."( Neonatal capsaicin treatment decreases airway and pulmonary tissue responsiveness to methacholine.
do Patrocínio, M; Dolhnikoff, M; Leme, AS; Martins, MA; Pereira, PM; Sakae, RS; Saldiva, PH; Warth, TN; Zin, WA, 1994)		0.29
"As atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is intimately involved in water and electrolyte homeostasis, dose-response studies were performed in the parotid as well as submaxillary glands of the rat with increasing doses of the atrial peptide to investigate its possible role as a sialogogic agent."( Atrial natriuretic factor enhances induced salivary secretion in the rat.
Bianciotti, LG; Colatrella, C; Elverdin, JC; Fernández, BE; Vatta, MS, 1994)		0.29
" In the ventral tegmental area, senktide induced locomotion and wet dog shakes with bell-shaped dose-response curves which were unaffected by age."( Effects of ageing on tachykinin function in the basal ganglia.
Frydryszak, H; Polanski, E; Stoessl, AJ, 1993)		0.29
" Guinea pigs, dosed orally once a day for 4 days with dexamethasone (3."( Effect of dexamethasone on A23187-induced airway responses in the guinea pig.
Bendele, AM; Cockerham, SL; Silbaugh, SA; Stengel, PW, 1994)		0.29
" For each antagonist, we determined the dose-response effects, specificity of peptide antagonism, and biological stability in serum using Indo-1AM-based flow cytometric assays."( Effects of neuropeptide analogues on calcium flux and proliferation in lung cancer cell lines.
Alford, C; Bunn, PA; Chan, D; Gera, L; Jewett, P; Mochzuki, T; Stewart, J; Tagawa, M; Tolley, R; Yanaihara, N, 1994)		0.29
" A rapid, transient relaxation was observed during the cumulative dose-response and a new plateau of equilibrium was seen following an increase in developed force after the last dose of SP."( Substance P induces biphasic endothelium-dependent relaxations in pig and rabbit carotid arteries.
Arden, WA; Fiscus, RR; Gross, DR; Lanzo, S; Maley, RH; Salley, RK, 1994)		1.73
" Dose-response curves to methacholine were constructed before and 1 h after intratracheal instillation of poly-L-lysine in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing rats, and the concentration of methacholine required to induce a doubling in total lung resistance was calculated."( Cationic protein-induced sensory nerve activation: role of substance P in airway hyperresponsiveness and plasma protein extravasation.
Coyle, AJ; Irvin, CG; Manzini, S; Perretti, F, 1994)		0.53
" Atropine (10(-6) M) and tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-7) M) did not affect NKA-induced contractions, but inhibited SP- and NKB-induced contractions; the dose-response curves for SP and NKB were rightwardly shifted by atropine."( Tachykinin-induced contractions in the circular muscle of guinea pig ileum.
Gomi, Y; Mizuno, K; Suzuki, N, 1994)		0.29
" Dose-response curves to SP (0."( Effects of inhaled substance P on airway responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatic subjects in vivo.
Cheung, D; den Hartigh, J; Dijkman, JH; Sterk, PJ; van der Veen, H, 1994)		0.62
" Dose-response curves of neuropeptide-induced inositol phosphate generation were dramatically displaced to the right by either 10 microM AntD or 20 microM AntG."( Substance P-related antagonists inhibit vasopressin and bombesin but not 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate-stimulated inositol phosphate production in Swiss 3T3 cells.
Freemont, PS; Newman, RH; Rozengurt, E; Seckl, MJ, 1995)		1.73
" Desensitization of the somatostatin response involved a shift in its dose-response curve toward higher somatostatin concentrations as well as a decrease in the maximal response."( Substance P potentiates calcium channel modulation by somatostatin in chick sympathetic ganglia.
Golard, A; Role, L; Siegelbaum, SA, 1994)		1.73
" The slope of the dose-response curve of VIP was much greater than those of SP and NKA, suggesting the presence of one receptor subtype for VIP and multiple receptor subtypes for the neurokinins on rabbit coronary vessels."( Presence and actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the isolated rabbit heart.
Accili, EA; Brown, JC; Buchan, AM; Kwok, YN; Ledsome, JR, 1995)		0.29
" Adenosine preferentially dilated small arterioles, and the dose-response curves shifted to the right for larger vessels."( Longitudinal gradients for endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular responses in the coronary microcirculation.
Chilian, WM; Davis, MJ; Kuo, L, 1995)		0.29
" No differences in ELGV dose-response curves to LTD4 were seen in A23187- and vehicle-exposed animals."( Inhaled A23187 produces a preferential sensitization to substance P.
Bendele, AM; Cockerham, SL; Silbaugh, SA; Stengel, PW, 1993)		0.53
" The amount of IV SP, IV ACh, or inhaled capsaicin necessary to increase baseline specific airway resistance by 100% (ED200ACh or ED200SP) or 35% (ED135CAP) was determined by interpolation from dose-response curves."( Dexamethasone reduces tachykinin but not ACh airway hyperreactivity after O3.
Chodimella, V; Lang, Z; Murlas, CG, 1993)		0.29
" VIP was mitogenic to keratinocytes at concentrations as low as 10(-12)M and exhibited a different dose-response curve depending on whether adult or newborn keratinocytes were used."( Neuropeptides modulate leukotriene B4 mitogenicity toward cultured human keratinocytes.
Farber, EM; Rabier, MJ; Wilkinson, DI, 1993)		0.29
" The dose-response curve for CCK-8 alone to induce gallbladder contraction was not significantly different from those caused by CCK-8 plus 1 mumol/L tetrodotoxin or 1 mumol/L atropine."( Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors on the human gallbladder.
Coleman, R; Concepcion, W; Cox, KL; Esquivel, CO; Nakazato, P; Tokunaga, Y, 1993)		0.29
" SP shifted the dose-response curve for ACh-induced desensitization, reducing the concentration of ACh required to produce half-maximal desensitization by approximately twofold."( Peptide modulation of ACh receptor desensitization controls neurotransmitter release from chicken sympathetic neurons.
Downing, JE; Role, LW; Valenta, DC, 1993)		0.29
" pretreatment (25 min) with morphine sulfate, 8-OH-DPAT, buspirone and 5-CT shifted the morphine sulfate dose-response curve 3- to 5-fold to the right."( Differential roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptor subtypes in modulating spinal nociceptive transmission in mice.
Alhaider, AA; Wilcox, GL, 1993)		0.29
" This effect was noncompetitive as the slopes for the antinociceptive dose-response curves diminished after SP pretreatment."( N-acetyl beta-endorphin-(1-31) and substance P regulate the supraspinal antinociception mediated by mu opioid and alpha-2 adrenoceptors but not by delta opioid receptors in the mouse.
Garzón, J; Sánchez-Blázquez, P, 1993)		0.56
" In the radio-ligand receptor binding assay using [125I]-Bolton-Hunter substance P to membranes from guinea pig ileum, the fragment exhibited a distinct dose-response curve (IC50 = 11 microM)."( Receptor-mediated specific biological activity of a beta-amyloid protein fragment for NK-1 substance P receptors.
Iwata, T; Kamiya, H; Matsumoto, H; Ohno, M; Saito, R; Shimohigashi, Y; Takano, Y, 1993)		0.74
" All the selective NK1 receptor antagonists, tested at the concentration of 10(-5)M, induced a significant displacement to the right of the dose-response curves induced by SP and by the selective NK1 receptor agonist."( Effect of selective tachykinin receptor antagonists on the growth of human skin fibroblasts.
Maggi, CA; Morbidelli, L; Ziche, M, 1993)		0.29
" A bell-shaped dose-response curve with maximal stimulation at picomolar concentrations was found."( Substance P: a competence factor for human fibroblast proliferation that induces the release of growth-regulatory arachidonic acid metabolites.
Herold, M; Kähler, CM; Wiedermann, CJ, 1993)		1.73
" Exogenous galanin elicited only small contractions of the smooth muscle which were dose-related but did not show a clear sigmoid dose-response relationship."( Pharmacological evidence for the release of galanin from rat stomach.
Holzer-Petsche, U; Moser, RL, 1993)		0.29
" Thus, we have compared the actions of the selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) (CP-99,994) and neurokinin 2 (NK2) (SR-48,968) receptor antagonists against dose-response curves (DRC) induced by intravenously administered substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), beta Ala8-NKA (4-10),Sar9-Met(O2)11SP, and single dose (intravenous) challenge with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a capsaicin-like sensory neurotoxin, leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and antigen."( NK1 and NK2 receptors mediate tachykinin and resiniferatoxin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs.
Champion, E; Foulon, DM; Jones, TR; Masson, P; Rodger, IW, 1993)		0.47
" The length of treatment time was shown to be important since longer times shifted the dose-response curve to the left."( Stimulation of epithelial cell growth by the neuropeptide substance P.
Foster, BA; Iwahashi, CK; Mannis, MJ; Murphy, CJ; Reid, TW, 1993)		0.53
" Dose-response curves either based on the initial rise in ACh release, or the total duration of increased release, showed a bell shape with 100 fmol/l and 5 nmol/l doses failing to significantly alter release and a 500 pM dose being less effective than 50 pmol/l."( Effect of substance P on acetylcholine and dopamine release in the rat striatum: a microdialysis study.
Emson, PC; Guzman, RG; Kendrick, KM, 1993)		0.69
" The aim of this study was to investigate the wheal and flare dose-response to intradermal injection of alpha-human ANP in normal humans."( Effects of intradermal injection of atrial natriuretic peptide.
Higham, MA; Ind, PW; Sharara, AM; Spanevello, A, 1995)		0.29
" C or D alone shifted dose-response curves to capsaicin (from 10(-7) M to 10(-3) M) to lower concentrations compared with the control, and C+D further shifted them."( Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and danazol increase sensitivity of cough reflex in female guinea pigs.
Ebihara, T; Nakazawa, H; Ohrui, T; Sasaki, H; Sekizawa, K, 1996)		0.29
" Both, galanin and neurotensin (10(-9)-10(-5)) stimulated basal LH secretion in a dose-response manner."( Comparison of the effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides upon luteinizing hormone secretion by cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.
Croxatto, HB; Leiva, LA, 1994)		0.29
" The relative potencies of SP-related peptides to stimulate pepsinogen secretion and [Ca2+]i demonstrated a close agreement with their abilities to inhibit the binding of 125I-BH-SP, and comparison of the dose-response curves suggests occupation of the low affinity sites mediate changes in biologic activity."( Gastric chief cells possess NK1 receptors which mediate pepsinogen secretion and are regulated by agents that increase cAMP and phospholipase C.
Jensen, RT; Kitsukawa, Y; Pradhan, TK; Turner, RJ, 1996)		0.29
" The dose-response curve for ATP was biphasic with a first increase in the 1-30 microM concentration range and a further increase at concentrations higher than 100 microM."( Low affinity purinergic receptor modulates the response of rat submandibular glands to carbachol and substance P.
Alzola, E; Amsallem, H; Chaib, N; Dehaye, JP; Elyamani, A; Marino, A; Métioui, M; Moran, A, 1996)		0.51
"), caused a rightward displacement of the dose-response curves to both alpha- and beta CGRP; mean dose-ratios, 5 min after antagonist administration, were 14 and 24 respectively."( NK1 and CGRP receptor-mediated dilatation of the carotid arterial bed of the anaesthetized rabbit.
Beattie, DT; Connor, HE; Perren, MJ, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response relationships were analyzed by probit dose-response methods and protective ratios for each compound were computed."( The effects of EDRF/NO releasers or calcium ionophore A23187 on cyanide toxicity in mice.
Baskin, SI; Lempka, JC; Nealley, EW, 1996)		0.29
" Intermediate losses were found in the heterozygous mutant mice consistent with a gene dosage effect."( Most classes of dorsal root ganglion neurons are severely depleted but not absent in mice lacking neurotrophin-3.
Airaksinen, MS; Meyer, M, 1996)		0.29
" While fMLP exerted similar effects in both populations, dose-response curves for SP1 NKA and the NK2 receptor agonist were shifted leftwards (1, 4 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively) in sensitized AMs."( Modulation by protein kinase C of the enhanced responsiveness to tachykinins in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pig alveolar macrophages.
Brunelleschi, S; Fantozzi, R; Guidotto, S; Tonso, E; Viano, I, 1996)		0.29
" Bradykinin elicited a biphasic dose-response curve in the formation of the vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregating thromboxane A2 (TxA2)."( The effect of bradykinin and substance P on the arachidonate cascade of platelets.
Gecse, A; Kis, B; Mezei, Z; Telegdy, G, 1996)		0.59
" The dose-response curves (0."( Evidence for modulatory effects of substance P fragments (1-4) and (8-11) on endogenous dopamine outflow in rat striatal slices.
Khan, S; Michael-Titus, AT; Whelpton, R, 1996)		0.57
" There was a bell-shaped dose-response curve to the enhancing effects of HNE, depending on the incubation time being recorded after only short periods (< or = 5 min) of the exposure of the cells to HNE; this was not shown by structurally-related aldehydes, such as 2-nonenal and nonanal."( Effect of 4-hydroxynonenal on superoxide anion production from primed human neutrophils.
Dianzani, C; Fantozzi, R; Ferrara, C; Parrini, M, 1996)		0.29
" The dose-response curves for bombesin-induced Ca2+ mobilization and MAP kinase activation were similarly displaced (51- and 40-fold, respectively) by [D-Arg1, D-Trp5,7,9,Leu11]SP."( [D-Arg1,D-Trp5,7,9,Leu11]Substance P coordinately and reversibly inhibits bombesin- and vasopressin-induced signal transduction pathways in Swiss 3T3 cells.
Higgins, T; Rozengurt, E; Seckl, MJ, 1996)		0.6
" Dose-response curves were performed with acetylcholine, substance P, and sodium nitroprusside before and after NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA)."( Coronary vascular nitric oxide activity in hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Comparison of acetylcholine and substance P.
Andrews, NP; Cannon, RO; Husain, S; Mulcahy, D; Panza, JA; Quyyumi, AA, 1997)		0.75
" At a concentration of 50 nM, L-756,867 shifted the dose-response curve of L-692,429-induced GH release to the right by about tenfold."( Inhibition of L-692,429-stimulated rat growth hormone release by a weak substance P antagonist: L-756,867.
Butler, B; Chan, WW; Chaung, LY; Cheng, K; Smith, RG; Wei, L, 1997)		0.53
" In order to examine the dose-response relations of this effect, hamsters were also microinjected with 50 and 2500 pmol of SP at CT12-16."( Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms.
Piggins, HD; Rusak, B, 1997)		0.59
" L-NMMA at the same dosage decreased the increase in forearm blood flow induced by substance P, but the magnitude of the inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on blood-flow responses to substance P was significantly smaller in the forearm than in coronary vessels."( Role of nitric oxide in substance P-induced vasodilation differs between the coronary and forearm circulation in humans.
Egashira, K; Hirooka, Y; Kuga, T; Mohri, M; Shimokawa, H; Tagawa, H; Tagawa, T; Takeshita, A, 1997)		0.83
" FK224 (10(-6) M and 10(-5) M, respectively) significantly inhibited NKA-induced contraction and 10(-5) M FK224 shifted the dose-response curve to more than one log unit higher concentration."( Tachykinin antagonist FK224 inhibits neurokinin A-, substance P- and capsaicin-induced human bronchial contraction.
Ando, M; Fujii, K; Goto, E; Hamamoto, J; Hirata, N; Honda, I; Iwagoe, H; Kohrogi, H; Yamaguchi, T, 1997)		0.55
" Marked sedation occurred in three of the first 10 subjects treated with topical doxepin, necessitating a reduction in dosage for the remaining six subjects."( The effects of topical doxepin on responses to histamine, substance P and prostaglandin E2 in human skin.
Archer, CB; Kennedy, CT; Sabroe, RA, 1997)		0.54
" Capsaicin (10(-6) M) caused relaxation and desensitization that was overcome by long recovery periods and substance P dosing (10(-8) M)."( Activation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory pathways by endogenous and exogenous tachykinins in the ferret lower oesophageal sphincter.
Blackshaw, LA; Lynn, PA; Smid, SD; Templeman, R, 1998)		0.51
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), and histamine were constructed in lungs isolated from rabbits immediately or 48 h after air or O3 exposure O3 induced a significant increase in the baseline value of deltaPt, more markedly 48 h after the exposure."( Comparison of ozone-induced effects on lung mechanics and hemodynamics in the rabbit.
Ansay, M; Delaunois, A; Gustin, P; Montaño, LM; Segura, P; Vargas, MH, 1998)		0.56
" There was no basal flow of saliva and dose-response curves were obtained by sequential intravenous injection of increasing doses of the drugs."( Role of nitric oxide in salivary secretion.
Diaz, S; Elverdin, JC; Lomniczi, A; Mastronardi, CA; McCann, SM; Rettori, V; Suburo, AM, )		0.13
", substance P had a biphasic dose-response effect on behavior in the plus-maze with an anxiolytic-like action at 50 microg/kg and an anxiogenic-like one at 500 microg/kg."( Anxiolytic-like action of neurokinin substance P administered systemically or into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis region.
De Souza Silva, MA; Hasenöhrl, RU; Huston, JP; Jentjens, O; Tomaz, C, 1998)		1.29
"The aim of this study was to develop a stable parenteral dosage form for the investigational cytotoxic drug [Arg6, D-Trp79,MePhe8]-Substance P [6-11] (Substance P Antagonist G; Antagonist G)."( Pharmaceutical development of a parenteral lyophilized formulation of the investigational antitumor neuropeptide antagonist [Arg6, D-Trp7,9, MePhe8]-Substance P [6-11].
Beijnen, JH; Bult, A; Henrar, RE; Jonkman-de Vries, JD; Kettenes-van den Bosch, JJ; Rosing, H; Talsma, H, 1998)		0.7
" The dose-response curve of TxA2 to SP exhibited a similar pattern to that detected for the cyclooxygenase pathway."( Effects of inflammatory neuropeptides on the arachidonate cascade of platelets.
Gecse, A; Kis, B; Mezei, Z; Telegdy, G, )		0.13
" There was no dose-response to intraperitoneal MP (up to 12 mg/kg) for nociceptive thresholds to heat (Peltier) or mechanical (analgesy-meter and von Frey fibers) stimuli in normal rats."( Methylprednisolone prevents the development of autotomy and neuropathic edema in rats, but has no effect on nociceptive thresholds.
Castellote, JM; Kingery, WS; Maze, M, 1999)		0.3
" When a drug appears to be less effective than preclinical models suggest, can failures in effectiveness from delivery or dosing be differentiated? The disappointing results of clinical trials with IL-10--so at odds with the prediction of benefit from animal models--bring into question the validity of those models as well as the soundness of design of the clinical trials on which efficacy of IL-10 is judged."( Novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.
Sands, BE, 1999)		0.3
" When wide ranges of N/OFQ doses were used, a typical bell-shaped dose-response relationship was observed in both peripheral and central nociception tests."( Dose-related opposite modulation by nociceptin/orphanin FQ of substance P nociception in the nociceptors and spinal cord.
Inoue, M; Sakurada, T; Shimohira, I; Takeshima, H; Ueda, H; Yoshida, A; Zimmer, A, 1999)		0.54
" The combinations of moxonidine-morphine and moxonidine-deltorphin II resulted in significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared to those of each agonist administered separately."( Moxonidine, a selective imidazoline/alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist, synergizes with morphine and deltorphin II to inhibit substance P-induced behavior in mice.
Fairbanks, CA; Kitto, KF; Posthumus, IJ; Stone, LS; Wilcox, GL, 2000)		0.51
" Dose-response curves showed that septide was a more potent bronchoconstrictor than [Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]SP to cause bronchoconstriction."( Role of nitric oxide and septide-insensitive NK(1) receptors in bronchoconstriction induced by aerosolised neurokinin A in guinea-pigs.
Amadesi, S; Bertrand, C; Geppetti, P; Nadel, JA; Ricciardolo, FL; Trevisani, M, 2000)		0.31
"45 ng) were equimolar to the dosage of the whole SP molecule (1 ng), which was effective to reduce anxiety."( Anxiolytic-like effects in rats produced by ventral pallidal injection of both N- and C-terminal fragments of substance P.
Hasenöhrl, RU; Huston, JP; Nikolaus, S, 2000)		0.52
" In the presence of 10 microM SP, the dose-response relationship of the peak levels shifted downward."( Effects of substance P on nicotine-induced intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Habara, Y; Kanno, T; Suzuki, S, 1999)		0.69
" Addition of [d-Arg(1),d-Trp(5,7,9), Leu(11)]SP, at 10 micrometer, caused a striking rightward shift in the dose-response curves of DNA synthesis induced by bombesin, bradykinin, or vasopressin and markedly inhibited the activation of p42(mapk) (ERK-2) and p44(mapk) (ERK-1) induced by these GPCR agonists."( [D-Arg(1),D-Trp(5,7,9),Leu(11)]Substance P inhibits bombesin-induced mitogenic signal transduction mediated by both G(q) and G(12) in Swiss 3T3cells.
Duque, J; Rozengurt, E; Santiskulvong, C; Sinnett-Smith, J, 2000)		0.59
" Dose-response curves were investigated in response to the endothelium-dependent agonists histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine (for pigs, substance P) and to the endothelium-independent agonist sodium nitroprusside (SNP) under control conditions and before and after incubation of the vessels with sepiapterin (substrate for BH4 synthesis)."( Endothelial dysfunction of coronary resistance arteries is improved by tetrahydrobiopterin in atherosclerosis.
Amann, K; Bleeke, T; Kübler, W; Tiefenbacher, CP; Vahl, C; Vogt, A, 2000)		0.51
" A comparable bell-shaped dose-response relation was seen in the social exploration test in rats."( NKP608: a selective NK-1 receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like effects in the social interaction and social exploration test in rats.
Brugger, F; Gentsch, C; Hauser, K; Ofner, S; Schilling, W; Vassout, A; Veenstra, S, 2000)		0.31
" Both shifted the dose-response curve of morphine to the right and these actions were eliminated by intrathecal PGD(2."( Antianalgesic action of nociceptin originating in the brain is mediated by spinal prostaglandin E(2) in mice.
Campbell, WB; Fujimoto, JM; Rady, JJ, 2001)		0.31
"5 microliter CSF) into the bilateral rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) prior to intraventricular injection of SP could block the SP-induced pressor responses in pulmonary and carotid arteries, while microinjection of SP receptor antagonist or phentolamine into bilateral caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM) at the same dosage had no effect."( [Role of rostral ventrolateral medulla in the pressor response to intraventricular (4th) injection of substance P].
Ni, H; Zhang, XH, 1998)		0.52
" In contrast, the dose-response curve for substance P recorded 1 h after antigen challenge was not modified by pretreatment with silymarin."( Protective effect of silymarin in antigen challenge- and histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in in vivo guinea-pigs.
Apostoliti, F; Breschi, MC; Martinotti, E; Nieri, P, 2002)		0.58
") bolus dosing in rats with adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain of the right hindpaw and to (ii) quantify the inhibitory effects of AM336 relative to MVIIA on K+-evoked SP release from slices of rat spinal cord."( The novel N-type calcium channel blocker, AM336, produces potent dose-dependent antinociception after intrathecal dosing in rats and inhibits substance P release in rat spinal cord slices.
Cabot, PJ; Lewis, RJ; Robertson, AD; Ross, FB; Smith, MT, 2002)		0.52
" After the treatment with azelastine, capsaicin-induced cough decreased significantly, and the dose-response curve to capsaicin was shifted to a higher concentration in comparison with the the controls."( Mechanism of the antitussive effect of azelastine in guinea pigs.
Ito, N; Miura, M; Sano, M; Sasaki, M; Shioya, T; Watanabe, A, 2002)		0.31
" The SP dose-response study showed an EC50 of 18."( Substance P mobilizes intracellular calcium and activates a nonselective cation conductance in rat spiral ganglion neurons.
Bouleau, Y; Dulon, D; Ito, K; Rome, C, 2002)		1.76
" An important objective of all neuroscience drug discovery and development programs is to establish the correlation between dose, receptor occupancy, and the observed clinical effect (the dose-response relationship)."( Imaging substance P receptors (NK1) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography.
Hargreaves, R, 2002)		0.75
"The observation of an interference peak in plasma samples from dogs dosed with compound I led to the discovery of an unidentified metabolite."( The importance of chromatographic separation in LC/MS/MS quantitation of drugs in biological fluids: detection, characterization, and synthesis of a previously unknown low-level nitrone metabolite of a substance P antagonist.
Euler, D; Farrell, JT; Hwang, TL; Kwei, G; Lynn, K; Qin, XZ; Wu, Y, 2003)		0.51
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the pulmonary route on the systemic absorption of FK224 in comparison with other administration routes, and to determine the bioavailability (BA) of FK224 following pulmonary administration in rats using various dosage forms."( Improvement of pulmonary absorption of cyclopeptide FK224 in rats by co-formulating with beta-cyclodextrin.
Ibuki, R; Kawashima, Y; Nakate, T; Ohike, A; Tokunaga, Y; Yoshida, H, 2003)		0.32
" The Q10 dB values of the tuning curves were compared between the CN-AEP and IC-AEP after injection of SP antibody or rabbit serum with the same dosage (used as control) into the nucleus."( [The effects of substance P antibody on tuning curve of auditory evoked potential of cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus in guinea pigs].
Guo, M; Wang, J, 1999)		0.65
" The proadhesive effects of SP (range 10(-18)-10(-6) M) were illustrated in a biphasic dose-response curve, with a maximum at 10(-15) M (276+/-16% adhesion vs control; P<0."( Substance P increases neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Collino, M; Dianzani, C; Fantozzi, R; Garbarino, G; Lombardi, G, 2003)		1.76
" After the perivascular preinjection of 1 nmol/l L-668,169 or 1 nmol/l L-733,060 (NK1 receptor antagonists), the SP dose-response curve was shifted to the right."( Effects of neuropeptides on the sumatriptan-disturbed circulation in the optic nerve head of rabbits.
Cunha-Vaz, JG; Gaspar, MN; Macedo, TR; Ribeiro, CA, 2004)		0.32
" However, neither the time-course nor the dose-response study observed a significant change in the highest affinity neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) for SP."( Substance P and neutral endopeptidase in development of acute respiratory distress syndrome following fire smoke inhalation.
Lantz, RC; Sun, NN; Witten, ML; Wong, SS, 2004)		1.77
" In addition, the dog model was used for optimizing formulation processes in which the nanoparticles were incorporated into solid dosage forms, and for selecting excipients to effectively re-disperse the nanoparticles from the dosage units."( The role of biopharmaceutics in the development of a clinical nanoparticle formulation of MK-0869: a Beagle dog model predicts improved bioavailability and diminished food effect on absorption in human.
Batra, U; Chen, C; Hettrick, L; Higgins, R; Kwei, G; Landis, E; Loper, A; Lynn, K; Novak, L; Shelukar, S; Storey, D; Thompson, K; Wu, Y, 2004)		0.32
"An SP-derived tetrapeptide, FGLM-amide, shifted the dose-response relations for the induction of corneal epithelial migration not only by an IGF-1-derived peptide (C-domain peptide) but also by fibronectin or interleukin-6 to lower concentrations."( Sensitizing effect of substance P on corneal epithelial migration induced by IGF-1, fibronectin, or interleukin-6.
Inui, M; Nishida, T; Yamada, N; Yanai, R, 2005)		0.64
" There was no statistically significant difference between patients with ITB deprivation who did and did not experience pruritus in their daily infused dosage or in concentration and mode of infusion."( Pruritus after intrathecal baclofen withdrawal: A retrospective study.
Ben Smail, D; Bussel, B; Denys, P; Hugeron, C, 2005)		0.33
"In an established rat model of smoke inhalation injury, we conducted a dose-response study to examine the protective effects of Xigris [drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA)], a recombinant form of human activated protein C (APC)."( Drotrecogin alfa (activated) prevents smoke-induced increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in rats.
Fastje, CD; Herrin, BR; Hyde, JD; Macdonald, SJ; Meigs, E; Ruiz, L; Sun, NN; Witten, ML; Wong, SS, 2004)		0.32
" A positron emission tomography (PET) study was also performed in normal subjects to determine the relationship between neurokinin(1) receptor occupancy and aprepitant plasma concentrations in dosing regimens relevant to the trials."( Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Ball, W; Beebe, K; Hargreaves, R; Hietala, J; Keller, M; Lines, C; Liu, G; Montgomery, S; Morrison, M; Reines, S; Snavely, D, 2006)		0.64
" Results from the PET study indicated that the aprepitant dosing regimens provided continuously high levels of neurokinin(1) receptor blockade over 8 weeks."( Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Ball, W; Beebe, K; Hargreaves, R; Hietala, J; Keller, M; Lines, C; Liu, G; Montgomery, S; Morrison, M; Reines, S; Snavely, D, 2006)		0.64
" Our results suggest that the association between an antimuscarinic drug and an antagonist of P2X purinoceptors such as suramin might be helpful to reduce the therapeutic dosage of the antimuscarinic drug, along with its side effects."( Altered neurogenic and mechanical responses to acetylcholine, ATP and substance P in detrusor from rat with outlet obstruction.
Pinna, C; Puglisi, L; Sanvito, P, 2006)		0.57
" Ablation of NK-1 receptor expressing cells prevented (a) morphine-induced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity, (b) increased touch-evoked spinal FOS expression, (c) upregulation of spinal dynorphin content and (d) the rightward displacement of the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve (i."( Spinal NK-1 receptor expressing neurons mediate opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance via activation of descending pathways.
King, T; Lai, J; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Vanderah, TW; Vera-Portocarrero, LP; Zhang, ET, 2007)		0.34
" Dose-response analysis of the antagonistic effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist, capsazepine administered peripherally, shows that the capsaicin-evoked inflammation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, and nearly completely abolished by capsazepine at doses between 30-150 mug."( Roles of TRPV1 and neuropeptidergic receptors in dorsal root reflex-mediated neurogenic inflammation induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin.
Fang, L; Li, D; Lin, Q; Xu, X; Zou, X, 2007)		0.34
" While dose-response curves of forearm blood flow elicited by substance P were not altered by the coadministration of ascorbic acid in nonsmokers, impaired flow in smokers markedly increased, P=0."( Impaired capacity for acute endogenous fibrinolysis in smokers is restored by ascorbic acid.
Heitzer, T; Kaehler, J; Karstens, M; Koeke, K; Meinertz, T; Schneppenheim, R, 2008)		0.59
" Ablation of peripheral NK1 receptors attenuated the ability of GR73632 to induce a maximal frequency of emesis and shifted its percent animals vomiting dose-response curve to the right."( Utilization of the least shrew as a rapid and selective screening model for the antiemetic potential and brain penetration of substance P and NK1 receptor antagonists.
Abad, J; Darmani, NA; Ramirez, J; Ray, AP; Thrush, GR; Wang, Y, 2008)		0.55
" We also evaluated whether intranasal dosing with a tachykinin causes NHR."( Important roles of tachykinins in the development of allergic nasal hyperresponsiveness in guinea-pigs.
Fujii, M; Kohno, S; Mizutani, N; Nabe, T; Nagasawa, M; Ohtani, Y; Tsuzuike, N; Watanabe, S; Yoshimura, M, 2009)		0.35
"Pax6 dosage nonautonomously controls robust directed radial projection of corneal neurons, and the guidance cues for growth cone guidance are not solely dependent on directed epithelial migration."( Control of patterns of corneal innervation by Pax6.
Collinson, JM; Kucerova, R; Lavery, DN; Leiper, LJ; Ou, J; Walczysko, P; West, JD, 2009)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK)/RO modeling based on the PET results predicted that once daily dosing of >30mg LY686017 led to sustained trough RO of over 80%."( Development of the 2nd generation neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY686017 for social anxiety disorder.
Gehlert, DR; Iyengar, S; Kielbasa, W; Marek, G; Mozley, D; Peng, X; Tauscher, J; Vandenhende, F, 2010)		0.36
" Dosing IL1alpha tested the mouth solution."( [Anti-inflammatory effect of enoxolone in an ex-vivo human gingival mucosa model].
Ben Slama, L; Boisnic, S; Branchet-Gumila, MC; d'Arros, G; Watts, M, 2010)		0.36
"The TRPV1 antagonist A-995662 demonstrates analgesic efficacy in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic (OA) pain in rat, and repeated dosing results in increased in vivo potency and a prolonged duration of action."( A-995662 [(R)-8-(4-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)oxazol-2-ylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol], a novel, selective TRPV1 receptor antagonist, reduces spinal release of glutamate and CGRP in a rat knee joint pain model.
Baker, SJ; Bianchi, BR; Faltynek, CR; Gauvin, DM; Han, P; Honore, P; Joshi, SK; Koenig, JR; Kort, ME; Kym, PR; Lewis, GR; Mikusa, JP; Neelands, TR; Perner, RJ; Puttfarcken, PS; Reilly, RM, 2010)		0.36
"100 healthy adult male SD rats, with a mean weight of 200 g, were randomly divided into five groups in average: control group, reserpine treated group, atropine treated group, treatment groups with Lizhong Pill at high dose and low dose (equal to the dosage of crude drugs for 4 g/kg/d and 8 g/kg/d)."( Effects on neuroendocrinoimmune network of Lizhong Pill in the reserpine induced rats with spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine.
Guo, Y; Jia, H; Liu, Z; Lu, A; Xu, S; Zha, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, N, 2011)		0.37
" The antiemetic dose-response curves of tropisetron against both emetogens were U-shaped probably because larger doses of this antagonist behave as a partial agonist."( Synergistic antiemetic interactions between serotonergic 5-HT3 and tachykininergic NK1-receptor antagonists in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva).
Alkam, T; Amos, B; Chebolu, S; Darmani, NA, 2011)		0.37
" A greater number of cigarettes/day and a higher antipsychotic dosage were found to be associated with a lower plasma substance P level, while age showed a trend-level effect."( Plasma substance P level in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.
Ishida, T; Kashima, H; Nakajima, S; Suzuki, T; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2011)		1.03
" The objective of the current work was to determine if palonosetron's ability to inhibit receptor signaling crosstalk would influence netupitant's inhibition of the SP-mediated response when the two drugs are dosed together."( Inhibition of substance P-mediated responses in NG108-15 cells by netupitant and palonosetron exhibit synergistic effects.
Pietra, C; Rojas, C; Slusher, BS; Stathis, M, 2012)		0.74
" Dose-response curves showed that the limits of detection of the protein G-multiplexed immunoassays for the PRMMs was approximately 164, 167, 120, 60, 80, and 92 pg/ml, respectively."( A fast universal immobilization of immunoglobulin G at 4 °C for the development of array-based immunoassays.
Chen, CS; Chen, MS; Chen, PC; Cheng, YC; Guo, SL; Lee, HC; Lin, JM, 2012)		0.38
" Isobolographic analyses of dose-response curves determined whether interactions were synergistic or additive."( The delta-opioid receptor is sufficient, but not necessary, for spinal opioid-adrenergic analgesic synergy.
Chabot-Doré, AJ; Millecamps, M; Stone, LS, 2013)		0.39
"15% spray at a dosage of 2 sprays (137 micrograms/spray) twice daily for 10 days."( Effect of intranasal azelastine on substance P release in perennial nonallergic rhinitis patients.
DuBuske, L; Gawlik, R; Jawor, B; Parzynski, S; Rogala, B, )		0.41
" Four 25 mg/kg injections of mephedrone increased NT content in basal ganglia (striatum, substantia nigra and globus pallidus) and the limbic regions (nucleus accumbens core), while a lower dosage (5 mg/kg/injection) only increased striatal NT content."( Mephedrone alters basal ganglia and limbic neurotensin systems.
Fleckenstein, AE; German, CL; Hanson, GR; Hoonakker, AH, 2014)		0.4
" The findings can contribute to the development of dosage guideline for LLLT for treating MTrP-induced pain."( Fluence-dependent effects of low-level laser therapy in myofascial trigger spots on modulation of biochemicals associated with pain in a rabbit model.
Chou, LW; Hong, CZ; Hsieh, YL; Yang, CC; Yang, SA, 2015)		0.42
" In vitro dose-response studies revealed that exogenous SP enhanced LPS- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a bimodal manner, peaking at submicromolar and subpicomolar concentrations, but was substantially less effective at intermediate concentrations."( Substance P exacerbates dopaminergic neurodegeneration through neurokinin-1 receptor-independent activation of microglial NADPH oxidase.
Ali, S; Chen, SH; Chu, CH; Hong, JS; Jiang, L; Kim, HC; Oyarzabal, E; Qian, L; Robinson, B; Wang, Q; Wilson, B, 2014)		1.85
"Musk shrews, a model species for nausea and emesis research, were dosed intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg cisplatin and euthanized at up to 72 h after injection."( Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue and brain distribution of cisplatin in musk shrews.
Beumer, JH; Dienel, S; Eiseman, JL; Horn, CC; Meyers, K; Rigatti, LH; Strychor, S, 2015)		0.42
"There were no significant changes in the plasma viremia or CD4(+) T cells during the dosing period."( Reduction of soluble CD163, substance P, programmed death 1 and inflammatory markers: phase 1B trial of aprepitant in HIV-1-infected adults.
Barrett, JS; Catalano, R; Douglas, SD; Elci, O; Evans, DL; Kim, D; Korelitz, JJ; Spitsin, S; Tebas, P; Tuluc, F; Wagner, W; Winters, A, 2015)		0.71
"5 mg/kg) or MP-10 (3-30 mg/kg) did not produce cataleptic behavior when dosed alone, but co-administration of haloperidol with MP-10 (3 and 10 mg/kg) induced cataleptic behaviors."( The PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 and haloperidol produce distinct gene expression profiles in the striatum and influence cataleptic behavior in rodents.
Gentzel, RC; Hershey, J; Kandebo, M; Koser, AJ; Renger, JJ; Roberts, R; Smith, SM; Toolan, D; Uslaner, J, 2015)		0.42
" Overall, at the dosing regimen studied, the effect of carprofen on sensitivity and stress following cautery dehorning was minimal."( Impact of carprofen administration on stress and nociception responses of calves to cautery dehorning.
Barth, LA; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Hsu, WH; Labeur, L; Millman, ST; Stock, ML; Van Engen, NK; Voris, EA; Wang, C; Wulf, LW, 2016)		0.43
"Standard dosing of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib slightly reduced perioperative cyclooxygenase activity during cancer surgery."( Impact of celecoxib on inflammation during cancer surgery: a randomized clinical trial.
Hiller, JG; Ho, KM; Kuruvilla, N; Millen, R; Ramsay, R; Riedel, B; Sampurno, S, 2017)		0.46
" The characteristics of the changes clearly depended on the part of the uterus, the neuronal factors studied, and the dosage of BPA."( The Neurochemical Characterization of Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers in the Porcine Uterine Wall Under Physiological Conditions and After Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA).
Andrzej, P; Joanna, W; Liliana, R; Slawomir, G; Tomasz, J, 2019)		0.51
"6 g/kg dosage obviously up-regulated 5-HT and DA levels in hippocampus."( Effects of Zuojin pill on depressive behavior and gastrointestinal function in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress: Role of the brain-gut axis.
Duan, XH; Huang, YZ; Liu, WL; Su, KH; Wang, T; Yan, YF; Yang, L, 2020)		0.56
" Western blot and immunohistochemistry suggested that a cumulative dosage of PTX (8 mg/kg) upregulated TRPV1 expression in the lumbar DRG and spinal dorsal horn (SDH) at day 14 post treatment."( Participation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the analgesic effect of duloxetine for paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathic pain.
Feng, S; Mao, M; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, S; Zhou, F, 2022)		0.72
" Advantages in both PK and pharmacogenetics suggest that vicagrel may reduce the complexity of currently recommended CYP2C19-based dosage adjustment for clopidogrel."( Semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetics analysis reveals distinct CYP2C19 dependency in the bioactivation of vicagrel and clopidogrel to active metabolite M15-2.
Gong, Y; He, Y; Lai, X; Li, YG; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Yan, X; Zhang, EY; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
" The dose-response curves to increasing doses of "Substance P" showed in hyperthyroid animals increased salivary secretion while in hypothyroid animals the dose-response curve to the drug was decreased."( Influence of thyroid function upon "Substance P" induced secretion of saliva by submaxillary glands.
Houssay, AB; Paz, Cdel V; Sosto, NE; Tumilasci, OR; Varela, V, 1986)		0.27
" Both peptides elicited a strong burst of CL with different time course and dose-response curves."( Sensory neuropeptides (substance P) and 4-11 SP enhance human neutrophils chemiluminescence; the role of L-arginine.
Cornaglia-Ferraris, P; Cornara, L; Melodia, A, 1986)		0.27
" Similar dose-response relationships have been observed for SP and other peptides in different bioassays."( The substance P(1-7) fragment is a potent modulator of substance P actions in the brain.
Herrera-Marschitz, M; Reid, MS; Sakurada, T; Terenius, L; Ungerstedt, U, 1990)		0.28
" The dose-response curves (0."( Substance P-(1-7) and substance P-(5-11) locally modulate dopamine release in rat striatum.
Brooks, N; Khan, S; Michael-Titus, AT; Whelpton, R, 1995)		0.29
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
neurotransmitterAn endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
vasodilator agentA drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
neurokinin-1 receptor agonistAn agonist at the neurokinin-1 receptor.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
peptideAmide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
pentapeptideAny molecule that contains five amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (13)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.19230.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Substance-P receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00050.00010.19930.3981AID145798; AID211340; AID211344; AID304891
Substance-P receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00110.00070.12981.0000AID200833
Substance-K receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.20000.20000.29910.3981AID145944
Substance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.24550.00013.12109.5530AID211880
Substance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.10200.00011.92429.7930AID211879
Substance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00110.00000.09526.8130AID208265; AID208276; AID219262; AID225565; AID225566; AID225567; AID343662; AID593474
Substance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00160.00000.79368.7470AID145616
Neuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.12500.00100.28822.9900AID145629
Substance-P receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.05050.00130.69133.4000AID144528
Substance-K receptorMesocricetus auratus (golden hamster)IC50 (µMol)0.14800.00100.03530.1480AID211530
Substance-K receptorOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Ki0.10200.00070.04830.1020AID211879
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Neuromedin-K receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)7.50000.00051.61667.5000AID212383
Substance-K receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.16700.00050.49643.1300AID211909
Substance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00060.00010.00400.0244AID208263; AID218861; AID375519; AID715898
Neuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.79300.00020.08960.7930AID145627
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00100.00040.32993.9100AID218861
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.06600.00020.00870.0660AID1675963
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)3.10000.14003.73818.9000AID1802708; AID1802709
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (100)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
muscle contractionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tachykinin receptor signaling pathwaySubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmissionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contractionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
operant conditioningSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular permeabilitySubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to electrical stimulusSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prolactin secretionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motilitySubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
aggressive behaviorSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte migrationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-mediated drinking behaviorSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwaySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tachykinin receptor signaling pathwaySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term memorySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
detection of abiotic stimulusSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to ozoneSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell migrationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to auditory stimulusSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle cell migrationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergicSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to progesteroneSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
operant conditioningSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular permeabilitySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ossificationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hormone secretionSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to painSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferationSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stress fiber assemblySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to electrical stimulusSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction involved in micturitionSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motilitySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tachykinin receptor signaling pathwayNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rateNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of feeding behaviorNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motilityNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
actin polymerization or depolymerizationGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
adult feeding behaviorGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hormoneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathwayGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone secretionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to foodGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of appetiteGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of appetiteGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to follicle-stimulating hormoneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-6 productionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin stimulusGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
ghrelin secretionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hindgut contractionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic processGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
decidualizationGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responseGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse assemblyGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transmission of nerve impulseGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of growth hormone secretionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to growth hormoneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to dexamethasoneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behaviorGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulusGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membraneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynapse organizationGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of small intestinal transitGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to L-glutamateGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesisGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of eating behaviorGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contractionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gastric motilityGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferationGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulusGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic processGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
sleepMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
mast cell degranulationMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
mast cell activationMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
tachykinin receptor activitySubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
substance K receptor activitySubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tachykinin receptor activitySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
substance P receptor activitySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tachykinin receptor activityNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
growth hormone secretagogue receptor activityGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activityGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone bindingGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide bindingMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
mast cell secretagogue receptor activityMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm headSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSubstance-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell bodySubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm headSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceSubstance-P receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite membraneNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm midpieceNeuromedin-K receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic membraneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapseGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (137)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346371Human NK2 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)1997The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jun, Volume: 281, Issue:3
Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist.
AID1346386Human NK3 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)1997The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jun, Volume: 281, Issue:3
Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist.
AID1346346Human NK1 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 12, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fluoro and iodo quinoline carboxamides as potential ligands of NK-3 receptors for in vivo imaging studies.
AID1346402Mouse NK3 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)2001European journal of pharmacology, Feb-16, Volume: 413, Issue:2-3
Molecular and pharmacological characterization of the murine tachykinin NK(3) receptor.
AID1345392Human MRGPRX2 (Class A Orphans)2015Nature, Mar-12, Volume: 519, Issue:7542
Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions.
AID1346386Human NK3 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)2001European journal of pharmacology, Feb-16, Volume: 413, Issue:2-3
Molecular and pharmacological characterization of the murine tachykinin NK(3) receptor.
AID1346371Human NK2 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)2002British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 135, Issue:1
Pharmacological profile of the novel mammalian tachykinin, hemokinin 1.
AID1345392Human MRGPRX2 (Class A Orphans)2017Nature chemical biology, 05, Volume: 13, Issue:5
In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2.
AID1346371Human NK2 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)1993Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Mar-31, Volume: 191, Issue:3
Characterization of the binding sites of [3H]SR 48968, a potent nonpeptide radioligand antagonist of the neurokinin-2 receptor.
AID1346346Human NK1 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)2002British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 135, Issue:1
Pharmacological profile of the novel mammalian tachykinin, hemokinin 1.
AID211354Inhibition of [125I]- BHSP reagent labelled SP (BHSP) in rat central Tachykinin receptor 1.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-07, Volume: 38, Issue:14
Analysis of a 2(9) full factorial chemical library.
AID189329Relative potency compared substance P - change in blood pressure in anesthetized rat.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID225565Tested for binding affinity against H197A mutant NK1 receptor using [125]SP radioligand in COS cells.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 43, Issue:21
Synthesis of a substance P antagonist with a somatostatin scaffold: factors affecting agonism/antagonism at GPCRs and the role of pseudosymmetry.
AID715898Agonist activity at wild type human NK1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in [3H]IP accumulation after 20 mins2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Identification of a crucial amino acid in the helix position 6.51 of human tachykinin neurokinin 1 and 3 receptors contributing to the insurmountable mode of antagonism by dual NK₁/NK₃ antagonists.
AID76814Concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was tested in guinea pig ileum1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID167697Relative affinity was determined with substance P(SP) in Rabbit mesenteric vein1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID211879The compound was tested for competition binding with [3H]NKA against the CHO cells from cloned human Tachykinin receptor 21999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Importance of the aromatic residue at position 6 of [Nle(10)]neurokinin A(4-10) for binding to the NK-2 receptor and receptor activation.
AID45063Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of IPs hydrolysis on intact CHO cells expressing the human tachykinin NK-1 receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 8, Issue:11
Asymmetric synthesis of Boc-N-methyl-p-benzoyl-phenylalanine. Preparation of a photoreactive antagonist of substance P.
AID1150943Venoconstrictor effect in isolated rabbit ear vein assessed as potency relative to substance P1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID1150942Induction of guinea pig ileum contraction assessed as potency1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID79666Apparent affinity was measured on the guinea pig ileum.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID167696Relative affinity compared to substance P was measured in rabbit mesenteric vein.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID165870Intrinsic activity in rabbit mesenteric vein(RMV) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID73861Relative affinity in guinea pig trachea(GPT) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID1150933Retardation factor of the compound in 1-butanol-pyridine-acetic acid-water at 30:20:6:24 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID577960Anticancer activity against NK1R overexpressing human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
Improving anticancer activity and selectivity of camptothecin through conjugation with releasable substance P.
AID1150936Retardation factor of the compound in 1-butanol-ethyl acetate-acetic acid water at 1:1:1:1 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID78383In vitro intrinsic activity in guinea pig ileum1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 25, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological activities of photoaffinity labeling analogues of substance P.
AID1817669Effect on mast cell degranulation in human LAD2 cells assessed as CCL3 release measured after 2 hrs by Luminex bead based assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Potent Lys Patch-Containing Stapled Peptides Targeting PCSK9.
AID167277Ability to stimulate contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter smooth muscle using smooth muscle contraction assay1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 38, Issue:13
Use of beta-methylphenylalanine (beta MeF) residues to probe the nature of the interaction of substance P with its receptor: effects of beta MeF-containing substance P analogs on rabbit iris smooth muscle contraction.
AID167616Relative affinity in rabbit mesenteric vein(RMV) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID225566Tested for binding affinity against H265A mutant NK1 receptor using [125]SP radioligand in COS cells.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 43, Issue:21
Synthesis of a substance P antagonist with a somatostatin scaffold: factors affecting agonism/antagonism at GPCRs and the role of pseudosymmetry.
AID208255Relative affinity for Tachykinin receptor 1 compared with [Nle11]-SP1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 25, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological activities of photoaffinity labeling analogues of substance P.
AID137617Determination of serum specificity with immunogen 1-MBSA in ELISA against the respective tachykinins of mice; +++ indicates Strong recognition1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10
Synthesis and immunological evaluation of N-terminal, noncrossreactive tachykinin antigens.
AID353248Stability in mouse plasma assessed as half life at 0.2 mg2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
Modified low molecular weight cyclic peptides as mimetics of BDNF with improved potency, proteolytic stability and transmembrane passage in vitro.
AID208276Binding affinity against human Tachykinin receptor 1 expressed in astrocytoma UC11MG cells using [125I]- SP radioligand2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
A non-peptide NK1 receptor agonist showing subpicomolar affinity.
AID1150941Induction of guinea pig ileum contraction assessed as potency up to 10'-6 M1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID219262Tested for binding affinity against human wild type NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells, using [125]SP as radioligand.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 43, Issue:21
Synthesis of a substance P antagonist with a somatostatin scaffold: factors affecting agonism/antagonism at GPCRs and the role of pseudosymmetry.
AID76912Relative affinity compared to substance P was measured in guinea pig ileum.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID1335114Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in rat brain homogenate measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2017ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Hydrazone Linker as a Useful Tool for Preparing Chimeric Peptide/Nonpeptide Bifunctional Compounds.
AID76816Concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was tested in guinea pig trachea1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID145616Compound was evaluated for affinity towards human tachykinin NK-1 receptor expressed in CHO cells1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 8, Issue:11
Asymmetric synthesis of Boc-N-methyl-p-benzoyl-phenylalanine. Preparation of a photoreactive antagonist of substance P.
AID165869The intrinsic activity was measured in Rabbit mesenteric vein1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID1817671Effect on mast cell degranulation in human LAD2 cells assessed as CCL3 release measured at 5 uM after 2 hrs by Luminex bead based assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Potent Lys Patch-Containing Stapled Peptides Targeting PCSK9.
AID208100In vitro agonistic activity against tachykinin receptor 1 of guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
Conformationally constrained tachykinin analogues: potent and highly selective neurokinin NK-2 receptor agonists.
AID1144919Decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure in dog at 10 ng/kg, iv measured for 2 to 20 mins after drug dosage1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and some biological activities of the tyrosine-8 analog of substance P.
AID77613The intrinsic activity was measured in guinea pig ileum1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID211335Inhibition of Tachykinin receptor 1 of rat forebrain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-03, Volume: 35, Issue:7
Synthesis and substance P antagonist activity of naphthimidazolium derivatives.
AID79680Negative log of the concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was measured in guinea pig ileum1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID165501Intrinsic activity was measured on the rabbit mesenteric vein.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID353252Stability in human plasma assessed as half life2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
Modified low molecular weight cyclic peptides as mimetics of BDNF with improved potency, proteolytic stability and transmembrane passage in vitro.
AID79681Negative log of the concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was measured in guinea pig trachea1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID145629Compound was evaluated for its ability to displace [3H]NKB binding in hNK3 receptors expressed in CHO cells1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 8, Issue:11
High affinity, selective neurokinin 2 and neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists from a common structural template.
AID78384Negative logarithm of the dose of agonist (in M) that produces half-maximal effect1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 25, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological activities of photoaffinity labeling analogues of substance P.
AID77964Intrinsic activity in guinea pig ileum(GPI) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID145627Compound was evaluated for concentration-dependent and oscillatory increase in [Ca2+], caused by activation of hNK3 receptors in CHO cells1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 8, Issue:11
High affinity, selective neurokinin 2 and neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists from a common structural template.
AID211340Binding affinity for tachykinin receptor 1 from rat forebrain tissue, [125I]-BH-SP as radioligand1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5
Imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline cyanines as neurokinin antagonists.
AID166986Apparent affinity was measured on the rabbit mesenteric vein.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID166993The concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal effect in rabbit mesenteric vein(RMV)1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID73860Relative affinity in guinea pig ileum(GPI) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID1150944Venoconstrictor effect in isolated rabbit ear vein assessed as potency1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID76913Relative affinity was determined with substance P(SP) in guinea pig ileum1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID166991Negative log of the concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was measured in Rabbit mesenteric vein1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID1144921Decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure in dog at 5 ng/kg, iv measured for 2 to 20 mins after drug dosage (Rvb = 140 mmHg)1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 19, Issue:2
Synthesis and some biological activities of the tyrosine-8 analog of substance P.
AID74771Intrinsic activity was measured on the guinea pig ileum.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID304891Displacement of [125I]Lys3-substance P from rat NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
Conformational comparisons of a series of tachykinin peptide analogs.
AID200833Ability to inhibit the binding of [125I]physalaemin to the SP receptors in rat telencephalon slices1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Binary drugs: conjugates of purines and a peptide that bind to both adenosine and substance P receptors.
AID1150940Induction of guinea pig ileum contraction assessed as potency relative to substance P1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID343662Displacement of [125I]BH-SP to human recombinant NK1 receptor in CHO cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14
Design, synthesis, and structure-affinity relationship studies in NK1 receptor ligands based on azole-fused quinolinecarboxamide moieties.
AID1150935Retardation factor of the compound in ethyl acetate-pyridine-acetic acid-water at 5:5:1:3 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID73724Effective concentration required for its inhibition of nonspecific binding to guinea pig membranes1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11
Design and synthesis of side-chain conformationally restricted phenylalanines and their use for structure-activity studies on tachykinin NK-1 receptor.
AID593474Displacement of [125I]BH-SP from human recombinant NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 90 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7
Non-peptide NK1 receptor ligands based on the 4-phenylpyridine moiety.
AID57673Intrinsic activity was measured on the dog carotid artery.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID1150945Venoconstrictor effect in isolated rabbit ear vein assessed as potency up to 5x10'-9 mol relative to substance P1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID208263SP-induced [Ca2+] mobilization in CHO cells expressing human Tachykinin receptor 12000Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9
Solution structures in SDS micelles and functional activity at the bullfrog substance P receptor of ranatachykinin peptides.
AID1150937Distribution constant, K of the compound in secbutyl alcohol-1% acetic acid at 1:1 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID208099Agonistic activity at tachykinin receptor 1 receptor in guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7
Potent and highly selective neurokinin antagonists.
AID76914Relative affinity was determined with substance P(SP) in guinea pig trachea1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID74021Relative activity was measured in vitro with respect to substance P (SP) in guinea pig ileum1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Structure-activity studies on the C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P with modifications at the glutaminyl and methioninyl residues.
AID225567Tested for binding affinity against Q165A mutant NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells, using [125]SP as radioligand2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 43, Issue:21
Synthesis of a substance P antagonist with a somatostatin scaffold: factors affecting agonism/antagonism at GPCRs and the role of pseudosymmetry.
AID208262Inhibition of labeled SP total binding to human Tachykinin receptor 1 expressed in astrocytoma UC11MG cells2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
A non-peptide NK1 receptor agonist showing subpicomolar affinity.
AID680110TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in membrane vesicles prepared from human MDR1 transfected KB3-1 cells2004FEBS letters, Sep-10, Volume: 574, Issue:1-3
Transport of somatostatin and substance P by human P-glycoprotein.
AID1720843Binding affinity to human NK1R stably expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as transfection efficiency by measuring luciferase expression in presence of pGL3 plasmid incubated for 30 mins by luciferase reporter gene assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 30, Issue:16
Improving NK1R-targeted gene delivery of stearyl-antimicrobial peptide CAMEL by conjugating it with substance P.
AID1335116Displacement of [Leu-3,4,5-3H(N)]-Substance P from NK1 receptor in rat brain homogenate measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2017ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Hydrazone Linker as a Useful Tool for Preparing Chimeric Peptide/Nonpeptide Bifunctional Compounds.
AID175889Relative activity was measured in vitro with respect to substance P (SP) in rat colon muscularis mucosae1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Structure-activity studies on the C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P with modifications at the glutaminyl and methioninyl residues.
AID1150939Increase in femoral blood flow in morphine pretreated mongrel dog assessed as potency treated into femoral artery1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID211906Agonist activity at tachykinin receptor 2 in the rat colon muscularis mucosae1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7
Potent and highly selective neurokinin antagonists.
AID211880Inhibitory activity against human Tachykinin receptor 21999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Importance of the aromatic residue at position 6 of [Nle(10)]neurokinin A(4-10) for binding to the NK-2 receptor and receptor activation.
AID145798Affinity for rat Tachykinin receptor 1 determined in displacement screening by using radioligand 3,4-[3H]-(L-Pro e2) SP.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 42, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of Phe-Gly mimetics: heterocyclic building blocks for pseudopeptides.
AID144528Evaluated for the binding affinity against NK1 receptor1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Synthesis, in vitro binding profile, and autoradiographic analysis of [3H]-cis-3-[(2-methoxybenzyl)amino]-2-phenylpiperidine, a highly potent and selective nonpeptide substance P receptor antagonist radioligand.
AID577958Anticancer activity against NK1R overexpressing human U251MG cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
Improving anticancer activity and selectivity of camptothecin through conjugation with releasable substance P.
AID60921Relative affinity compared to substance P was measured in the dog carotid artery.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID1335115Displacement of [3H]DELT2 from DOR in rat brain homogenate measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting analysis2017ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Hydrazone Linker as a Useful Tool for Preparing Chimeric Peptide/Nonpeptide Bifunctional Compounds.
AID45064Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of cAMP formation on intact CHO cells expressing the human tachykinin NK-1 receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 8, Issue:11
Asymmetric synthesis of Boc-N-methyl-p-benzoyl-phenylalanine. Preparation of a photoreactive antagonist of substance P.
AID375519Antagonist activity at human recombinant NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of NPS-induced intracellular calcium mobilization2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13
Further studies at neuropeptide s position 5: discovery of novel neuropeptide S receptor antagonists.
AID47387Concentration required to produce maximum effect on postcapillary endothelial cells isolated from bovine heart (CVEC) proliferation2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
A non-peptide NK1 receptor agonist showing subpicomolar affinity.
AID137623Determination of serum specificity with immunogen 3-MBSA in ELISA against the respective tachykinins of mice; - indicates Nondetectable interaction1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10
Synthesis and immunological evaluation of N-terminal, noncrossreactive tachykinin antigens.
AID577959Anticancer activity against NK1R overexpressing human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
Improving anticancer activity and selectivity of camptothecin through conjugation with releasable substance P.
AID79813The concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal effect in guinea pig trachea(GPT)1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID577957Anticancer activity against NK1R overexpressing human U87MG cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
Improving anticancer activity and selectivity of camptothecin through conjugation with releasable substance P.
AID77965Intrinsic activity in guinea pig trachea(GPT) was determined1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID211909In vitro agonistic activity against tachykinin receptor 2 of rat colon muscularis mucosae.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
Conformationally constrained tachykinin analogues: potent and highly selective neurokinin NK-2 receptor agonists.
AID189700Relative activity was measured in vitro with respect to substance P (SP) in rat colon muscularis mucosae1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Structure-activity studies on the C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P with modifications at the glutaminyl and methioninyl residues.
AID145800Concentration required to inhibit the specific binding of [125I]BH-SP to Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor in rat brain synaptosomes1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11
Design and synthesis of side-chain conformationally restricted phenylalanines and their use for structure-activity studies on tachykinin NK-1 receptor.
AID167453Concentration producing 50% of the maximum effect was tested in Rabbit mesenteric vein1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID211344Inhibition of [125]I-Bolton Hunter Substance P([125]I-BHSP) binding to standard Tachykinin receptor 1 from rat forebrain membranes.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Synthesis and substance P receptor binding activity of androstano[3,2-b]pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles.
AID375526Antagonist activity at human recombinant NK1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of NPS-induced intracellular calcium mobilization at up to 10 uM2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13
Further studies at neuropeptide s position 5: discovery of novel neuropeptide S receptor antagonists.
AID145957Concentration required to inhibit the specific binding of [125I]BH-ELE to Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptor in rat brain synaptosomes1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11
Design and synthesis of side-chain conformationally restricted phenylalanines and their use for structure-activity studies on tachykinin NK-1 receptor.
AID34009Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine to adenosine receptor in rat cerebral cortex membranes1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Binary drugs: conjugates of purines and a peptide that bind to both adenosine and substance P receptors.
AID79812The concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal effect in guinea pig ileum(GPI)1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AID212383In vitro agonistic activity against tachykinin receptor 3 of everted rat protal vein.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
Conformationally constrained tachykinin analogues: potent and highly selective neurokinin NK-2 receptor agonists.
AID77614The intrinsic activity was measured in guinea pig trachea1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological activities of substance P antagonists.
AID680111TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in membrane vesicles prepared from K562/ADM cells2004FEBS letters, Sep-10, Volume: 574, Issue:1-3
Transport of somatostatin and substance P by human P-glycoprotein.
AID218861Agonist activity at bfSPR to produce increase in intracellular [Ca2+]2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9
Solution structures in SDS micelles and functional activity at the bullfrog substance P receptor of ranatachykinin peptides.
AID77343Relative activity was measured in vitro with respect to substance P (SP) in guinea pig ileum1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Structure-activity studies on the C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P with modifications at the glutaminyl and methioninyl residues.
AID1150932Retardation factor of the compound in dichloromethane-methanol at 9:1 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID1150938Increase in femoral blood flow in morphine pretreated mongrel dog assessed as potency treated into femoral artery relative to substance P1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID77519Evaluated in vitro for percent agonist activity in guinea pig ileum (substance P receptor)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Analogues of substance P. Peptides containing D-amino acid residues in various positions of substance P and displaying agonist or receptor selective antagonist effects.
AID62837Apparent affinity was measured on the dog carotid artery.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. 7. Substance P and analogues.
AID137621Determination of serum specificity with immunogen 2-MBSA in ELISA against the respective tachykinins of mice; - indicates Nondetectable interaction1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10
Synthesis and immunological evaluation of N-terminal, noncrossreactive tachykinin antigens.
AID1675955Inverse agonist activity at SNAP-tagged human GHSR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of ghrelin-induced IP1 accumulation at 10^-5 M measured after 30 mins by HTRF assay relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Development of Nonpeptidic Inverse Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR) Based on the 1,2,4-Triazole Scaffold.
AID211530Competitive inhibition of [125I]NKA binding to hamster urinary bladder Tachykinin receptor 21992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-16, Volume: 35, Issue:21
A new class of high affinity ligands for the neurokinin A NK2 receptor: psi (CH2NR) reduced peptide bond analogues of neurokinin A4-10.
AID1675963Inverse agonist activity at SNAP-tagged human GHSR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of ghrelin-induced IP1 response measured after 30 mins by HTRF assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Development of Nonpeptidic Inverse Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR) Based on the 1,2,4-Triazole Scaffold.
AID145944Concentration required to inhibit the specific binding of [125I]NKA to Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptor in rat duodenum membranes1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11
Design and synthesis of side-chain conformationally restricted phenylalanines and their use for structure-activity studies on tachykinin NK-1 receptor.
AID1150934Retardation factor of the compound in 1-butanol-pyridine-acetic acid-water at 40:10:10:20 ratio1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.
AID78166Concentration required to inhibit nonspecific binding of [125I]-BH-SP to guinea pig membranes1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11
Design and synthesis of side-chain conformationally restricted phenylalanines and their use for structure-activity studies on tachykinin NK-1 receptor.
AID208265Antagonist activity for Tachykinin receptor 1 as displacement of [3H]-Substance P in human IM-9 cells1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-03, Volume: 8, Issue:3
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of CP-122,721, a second-generation NK-1 receptor antagonist.
AID218862Desensitisation of bfSPR on pre-incubation with 1 uM of compound2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9
Solution structures in SDS micelles and functional activity at the bullfrog substance P receptor of ranatachykinin peptides.
AID144405Agonist activity was measured at neurokinin-2 receptor in the rat colon muscularis mucosae1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7
Potent and highly selective neurokinin antagonists.
AID144396Agonistic activity at neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor in guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7
Potent and highly selective neurokinin antagonists.
AID1802709PRESTO-Tango Assay from Article 10.1038/nchembio.2334: \\In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2.\\2017Nature chemical biology, 05, Volume: 13, Issue:5
In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2.
AID1802708Intracellular Calcium Mobilization Assay from Article 10.1038/nchembio.2334: \\In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2.\\2017Nature chemical biology, 05, Volume: 13, Issue:5
In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2.
AID1346346Human NK1 receptor (Tachykinin receptors)1985The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 234, Issue:2
Specific binding of [3H]substance P to the rat submaxillary gland. The effects of ions and guanine nucleotides.
AID756389Binding affinity to substance P receptor (1 to 7 amino acids) binding site in rat spinal cord membranes2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-27, Volume: 56, Issue:12
Constrained H-Phe-Phe-NH2 analogues with high affinity to the substance P 1-7 binding site and with improved metabolic stability and cell permeability.
AID462888Displacement of [3H]SP1-7 from NK1 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord membrane2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Discovery of dipeptides with high affinity to the specific binding site for substance P1-7.
AID1498727Half life in NMRI mouse plasma at 4 uM after 180 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID1498740Displacement of [3H]SP1-7 from NK1 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord membranes after 60 mins by scintillation counting method2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (16,587)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904893 (29.50)18.7374
1990's6057 (36.52)18.2507
2000's3342 (20.15)29.6817
2010's1887 (11.38)24.3611
2020's408 (2.46)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.69

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.69 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.77 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.41 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index115.31 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.01 (0.95)

This Compound (62.69)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Trials277 (1.60%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Reviews1,120 (6.48%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Reviews1 (1.18%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies82 (0.47%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational13 (0.08%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
Other15,797 (91.37%)84.16%
Other13 (100.00%)84.16%
Other23 (100.00%)84.16%
Other84 (98.82%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effects of Urocortins on Forearm Arterial Blood Flow in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01096706]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Effects of Urocortins on Forearm Arterial Blood Flow in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01096693]12 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Suspended(stopped due to Awaiting supply of peptide from a different company)
Reduction of IgE Antibody in Human Allergic Subjects [NCT01280149]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
A Phase I Study of Safety and Pharmacological Activity of Substance P (sP) in the Reversal of Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) [NCT02820558]Phase 112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-31Recruiting
The Effect of the Adipocyte-derived Hormone Leptin on Endothelial Function in Healthy Men and in Persons With Known Cardiovascular Disease [NCT04374500]Early Phase 1103 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-01Completed
A Phase 1 Study of Substance P-Saporin in Terminal Cancer Patients With Intractable Pain [NCT02036281]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Mechanism(s) Underlying Hypotensive Response to ARB/NEP Inhibition - Aim 1 [NCT03738878]Phase 432 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-15Active, not recruiting
Pilot Trial of the NK1 Receptor Radio-Ligand [18F]SPA-RQ: Imaging Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma [NCT00547612]Phase 133 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
An Open Label, Single Centre, Enabling Study to Investigate the Optimum Method for Use of Intradermal Substance P as a Challenge Agent in Healthy Participants [NCT04676763]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-02Completed
Pharmacogenetics of Ace Inhibitor-Associated Angioedema:Aim 1 [NCT01413542]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Urocortins 2 & 3-Effects on Forearm Arterial Blood Flow in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT01599728]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]Assess Effect of ACE and/or DPP4 Inhibition on Heart Rate Response to Substance P (SP)
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]Assess Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Release
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]Effect of Treatment (ACE or DPP4 Inhibition, or Combined) on Norepinephrine (NE) Release (Arterial Venous Gradient) in Response to Substance P (SP)
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]Effect of Treatment (DPP4 Inhibition vs. Placebo) on Venous GLP-1 Levels in Response to Arterial GLP-1 Infusion
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]The Effect of Enalaprilat (ACE Inhibition), Sitagliptin (DPP4 Inhibition), or the Combination on the Vasodilator Response (Forearm Blood Flow) to Substance P (SP) and Bradykinin (Group 1) or Glucagon Like Peptide-1 and Brain Naturetic Peptide (Group 2).
NCT04374500 (5) [back to overview]Forearm Blood-flow (FBF)
NCT04374500 (5) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT04374500 (5) [back to overview]Leptin
NCT04374500 (5) [back to overview]Release of Fibrinolytic Variables (Tissue Plasminogen Activator [tPA] and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 [PAI-1])
NCT04374500 (5) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure

Assess Effect of ACE and/or DPP4 Inhibition on Heart Rate Response to Substance P (SP)

(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Heart rate was measured every 5 minutes throughout the study day (and thus during each dose of peptide infusion)

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Change in Pulse after SP during PlaceboChange in Pulse after SP w/ACE inhibitionChange in Pulse after SP w/DPP4inhibitionPulse change after SP w/ACE+DPP4inhibition
Group 1-1.82.550.454.55

[back to top]

Assess Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Release

Following measurement of FBF, samples will be obtained to determine the effect of ACE inhibition and/or DPP4 inhibition on tPA release in response to bradykinin and substance P (SP) (group 1) (NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of tPA release was obtained 60 minutes after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and after each assessment of FBF (see primary outcome measure)

,
Interventionestimate of difference (ng/min/100mL) (Number)
Effect ACE inhibition on bradykinin tPA releaseEffect of DPP4 inhibition on bradykinintPA releaseEffect of ACE/DPP4 inhibitio on bradykinin tPAeffect ace/dpp4 vs. aceinhibi on bradykinin tpaeffect ace/dpp4 vs. dpp4inhib on bradykinin tpaEffect of ACE inhibition on SP tPA releaseEffect of DPP4 inhibition on SP tPAEffect of ACE+DPP4 inhibition on SP tPAeffect ace/dpp4 vs. aceinhibi on SP tpaeffect ace/dpp4 vs. dpp4inhibi on SP tpa
Group 1 (Females)145.512.9132.1-13.4119.343.9-29.03.8-40.132.8
Group 1 (Males)118.61.690.9-27.889.3-15.3-25.80.816.126.6

[back to top]

Effect of Treatment (ACE or DPP4 Inhibition, or Combined) on Norepinephrine (NE) Release (Arterial Venous Gradient) in Response to Substance P (SP)

(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of norepinephrine (NE) release was obtained 60 minutes after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and after each assessment of FBF (see primary outcome measure)

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Change NE AV Gradient with SP after placeboChange NE AV Gradient with SP after ACEinhibitionChange NE AV Gradient with SP after DPP4inhibitionChange NE AV with SP after ACE+DPPinhibition
Group 1-43.18-52.18-37.2723.45

[back to top]

Effect of Treatment (DPP4 Inhibition vs. Placebo) on Venous GLP-1 Levels in Response to Arterial GLP-1 Infusion

(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of GLP-1 levels was obtained one hour after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo administration and after each dose of GLP-1

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Venous GLP-1 levels 1 hour after placeboVenous GLP-1 Levels after Max Dose GLP-1 (Placebo)Venous GLP-1 levels 1 hour after DPP4 inhibitionVenous GLP-1 levels Max Dose GLP-1 (DPP4inhibiton)
Group 25.1315.445.3930.63

[back to top]

The Effect of Enalaprilat (ACE Inhibition), Sitagliptin (DPP4 Inhibition), or the Combination on the Vasodilator Response (Forearm Blood Flow) to Substance P (SP) and Bradykinin (Group 1) or Glucagon Like Peptide-1 and Brain Naturetic Peptide (Group 2).

Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by strain gauge plethysmography at the completion of each dose of intra-arterial peptide. A dose response curve was therefore constructed for each vasoactive peptide substrate. The effect of sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and enalaprilat (ACE inhibition) vs. vehicle on the forearm blood flow response to each peptide could then be determined. (NCT01413542)
Timeframe: 60 minutes post-placebo or sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) and over last 2 minutes of each 5 min infusion per peptide dose (30 min washout between peptides); sequence repeated with enalaprilat (ACE inhibition) or vehicle

,
Interventionestimate of difference(ml/min/100ml FBF) (Mean)
Effect ACE inhibition on FBF response to Peptide 1Effect DPP4 inhibition on FBF Response to Peptide1Effect ACE/DPP4 inhibit on FBF response Peptide 1Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. ACEinhib (FBF to Pep1)Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. DPP4inhib (FBF to Pep1)Effect ACE inhibition on FBF response to Peptide 2Effect DPP4 inhibition on FBF response to Peptide2Effect ACE/DPP4 inhibition on Peptide 2 FBFEffect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. ACEinhib (FBF to Pep2)Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. DPP4inhib (FBF to Pep2)
Group 16.50.25.9-0.65.70.80.10.6-0.30.4
Group 2NA-5.0NANANANA-3.2NANANA

[back to top]

Forearm Blood-flow (FBF)

The primary outcome in all protocols were local blood-flow in the forearm (FBF). This was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using mercury-in-silastic strain gauges and the unit is mL/100mL of tissue/min. In protocol 1, the FBF response to increasing levels of leptin was evaluated, In protocol 2, the FBF response to vasodilators on top of leptin or saline infusion was evaluated, and in protocol 3, FBF was measured after infusion of vasodilators and no leptin was given. (NCT04374500)
Timeframe: 18 minutes in protocol 1, 3 hours in protocol 2, non-applicable (NA) in protocol 3

,,
Interventionml/100 mg tissue/min (Mean)
Leptin infusedSaline infused
Leptin Infusion, no Saline Given1.75NA
Leptin Plus Vasodilators3.13.4
Vasodilators in CAD PatientsNANA

[back to top]

Heart Rate

In all protocols, heart rate (beats per minute) was measured concomitantly. Heart rate is reported here after leptin or saline infusion, when applicable. (NCT04374500)
Timeframe: 18 minutes in protocol 1, 3 hours in protocol 2, NA in protocol 3

,,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Leptin infusedSaline infused
Leptin Infusion in Healthy Men59NA
Leptin or Saline Infusion Plus Vasodilators in Healthy Men6666
Vasodilators in CAD PatientsNANA

[back to top]

Leptin

Plasma leptin concentration (ng/mL) was measured in all protocols, and in protocol 1 and 2, specifically in both infused and in non-infused arms. Data given are leptin concentrations in the infused arm at the end of the infusion. (NCT04374500)
Timeframe: 18 minutes in protocol 1, 3 hours in protocol 2, NA in protocol 3

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Leptin infusedSaline infused
Leptin Infusion186.2NA
Leptin Plus Vasodilators13.13.4
Vasodilators in CAD PatientsNANA

[back to top]

Release of Fibrinolytic Variables (Tissue Plasminogen Activator [tPA] and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 [PAI-1])

"In all protocols, fibrinolytic variables were measured. In protocol 2 and 3, in the infused forearm after vasodilatation with bradykinin or substance P, respectively.~The fibrinolytic variable measured in all protocols was tPA activity (IU/mL) and is reported here after the leptin infusion, when applicable." (NCT04374500)
Timeframe: 18 minutes in protocol 1, 3 hours in protocol 2, NA in protocol 3

,,
InterventionIU/mL (Mean)
Leptin infusedSaline infused
Leptin Infusion0.56NA
Leptin Plus Vasodilators0.910.73
Vasodilators in CAD PatientsNANA

[back to top]

Systolic Blood Pressure

In all protocols, blood pressure (mmHg) was measured concomitantly using a semi-automated non-invasive sphygmomanometer. Systolic blood pressure is reported here after leptin or saline infusion, when applicable. (NCT04374500)
Timeframe: 18 minutes in protocol 1, 3 hours in protocol 2, NA in protocol 3

,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Leptin infusedSaline infused
Leptin Infusion in Healthy Men140NA
Leptin or Saline Infusion Plus Vasodilators in Healthy Men134136
Vasodilators in CAD PatientsNANA

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		1.9610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		1.96105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
substance p (6-11)
substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P		1.9610
substance p (5-11)
substance P (5-11): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6630
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		210myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		210
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9610peptide
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.6730O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.7130C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		15.513443amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.43114-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid
5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		8.84120hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		4.49230monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		9.4950aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.1110ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		3.07506-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0310guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.7130azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		4.5880acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		3.0610amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzene
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		4.0931alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		1.9810fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		7.420alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.1150amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		440carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9610monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.3720amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.3820amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		6.9310catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		6.61220cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.45163tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		6.33510halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		9.4210chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.4620coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		5.85170monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.3920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		7.64180gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		2.420amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
n(1)-acetylspermidine
N(1)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.		1.9710acetylspermidineEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		4.84340catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
cytosine
[no description available]		1.9910aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.921322-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		7.110alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.06150sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		1.9710ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		6.83990aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		7.78590alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		1.9810aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.3770alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.97102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.05150carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		17.7443715aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.6830elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.7630benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indole
[no description available]		1.9310indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.4311diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.0650hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.6930dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		1.9810alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		8.68100alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		1.9910inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		4.41220cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		6.76200acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		2.3920N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		8.580metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.6630pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.580monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.71100monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.420gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		3.0410pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.0310C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.1310phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.9340phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		210saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		2.6730azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
putrescine
[no description available]		1.9710alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		1.9610azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.7130methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.5220hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.3920benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.51202-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		9.6100pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.1710divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9610selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		4.4751divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.3820polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		2.6730polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		6.9810sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.4220sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		10.66150amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		710primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4620methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.3820aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		4.3560uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.5490isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		210benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		1.9710xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		10.29530non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		3.85120phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		5.61290non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		3.2360
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.6730amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		10.78210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.8840benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		3.7100benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		1.99102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.7430p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		1.9810phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		1.9810
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.9140oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		1.9710
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		1.9810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		210imidazoles
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.2460aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		10.1140methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.7330oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9910dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4h-1,3-thiazine
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine: a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; structure given in first source		2.01101,3-thiazine
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		210organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.2260alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		2.9140tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		2.9640organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		1.9710benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		1.9710amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.3820organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
tramiprosate
tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.		2.3820amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
aminopropionitrile
Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.		7.3110aminopropionitrileantineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
collagen cross-linking inhibitor;
plant metabolite
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		1.9610oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.9140C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		1.9910
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.13160aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9910chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		2.6830quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		12.3320guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.661imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		3.7630long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		1.9910
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		2.9140tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		9.04461indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.6830aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.4220organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.420
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		4.1750
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		3.24601,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.27102acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.3720monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
n-acetyltryptophan
N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.		3.4570N-acetyl-amino acid;
tryptophan derivative		metabolite
acridone
acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.		2.0210acridines;
cyclic ketone
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		1.9910catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.6930benzenetriol
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.8940alpha-amino acid ester
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.01140phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.41111,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure		3.1450
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.3920organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		1.9810secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.6730aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.9640amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		5.0550adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		1.9710aromatic amine
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		1.9610
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4320guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		10.88320dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.5220aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.6461carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4120dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		1.9910dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		710methoxybenzenes
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		2.0110anthroic acid
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		1.9910acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		1.9810guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.3920enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		1.9910aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		9.46273benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		8.3611benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.2460ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azasetron
azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;		2.0510benzoxazine
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		4.4851monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		7.9621amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		3.5990(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		3.7630carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		1.9610benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
berberine
[no description available]		2.0810alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		5.68260carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		2.6830hydroquinones
bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane
bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane: aromatic diamidine which has a significant suppressive effect on the cytopathology & yield of respiratory synctial (RS) virus; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		1.9710bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		3.6390
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.0850amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		6.8493aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.3920azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		7.3110methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		9.4210purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		9.28190aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		3.0950imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.1510benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.8781dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		3.5111carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		5.2462organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		6.02103ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetraxate
[no description available]		7.0210benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.9340benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		8.7630benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.1350aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.92130monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.91120organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
cilostazol
[no description available]		6.1752lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		5.8221aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		3.7921
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.110aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		7.3820benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.28412-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3920amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clobenpropit
clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.		2.4220imidazoles;
imidothiocarbamic ester;
organochlorine compound		H3-receptor antagonist;
H4-receptor agonist
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		8.3670dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.67301,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		5.92330clonidine;
imidazoline
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.7330conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		2.4320
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.420non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclo(leucylglycine)
cyclo(leucylglycine): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0610
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.79110piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		2.420organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.6730dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		210hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0410indolesfluorochrome
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.6830acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		2.0310quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		8.76110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		7.8940capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		5.6240primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		1.9610alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.3820diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		41401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		8.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.39141amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		1.9610acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.3820N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.6730pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		1.9610benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		2.3720imidothiocarbamic ester
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.37210ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.420piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		8.4720organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.6261branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.420
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		3.0850
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		9.1650
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		7.48692N-acyl-amino acid
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		8.3811dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		1.9810aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine
[no description available]		2.6930piperazines
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0110dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.3820phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emedastine
emedastine: structure given in first source. emedastine : 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.		210benzimidazolesanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.5820trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
emorfazone
emorfazone: structure		1.9710organic molecular entity
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		3.1150benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.3820aromatic ether
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.28190
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.6530ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		1.9610dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.86211,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9810aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.7821dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		7.420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		1.9810resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.6830azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.7100anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0210piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.9640aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.8840N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		1.9710ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		1.96101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.7530nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		8.3770(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		1.9810decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		7.6930fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.1310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.0750chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		1.9610aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.5480gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		1.9610oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		1.9610
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		1.9810ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		3.0610
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.1450
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.4420dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.8940dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.78211monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
go 6976
[no description available]		1.9910indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.6630
gr 89696
GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer		1.9810acetamides
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		9.2414methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		5.36580azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		6.9610acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.5990carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.7100isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		1.9810isoquinolines
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		7.21740aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		7.8940haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		1.9510harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		10.6740quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		1.9710barbiturates
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		2.9140aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4120azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.3820benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.1230one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.3820hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		1.9710pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		591monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		13.32275benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		210tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.730piperidines
imetit
imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.		7.9340imidazoles;
imidothiocarbamic ester		H3-receptor agonist;
H4-receptor agonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.87110dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		10.571953aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		1.9710benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		2.0210benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		41403-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		3.5180organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine
isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.730tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.1550carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		9.011131secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.69852catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		1.9910benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		3.3970
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.87130cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		4.24180aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.3911dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.551benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		7.0110amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		8.78110cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		4.250monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		210alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.79211,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.3460monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		9.3241benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		6.39153biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.4620chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		1.9910aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		1.9610anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.3920organic molecular entity
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3911methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2360primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		1.9510nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.67100aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9810aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		2.6930adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.21101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9610ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		7.3420aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mequitazine
mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9610phenothiazines
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		1.9910amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		2.3520methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.9940benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.6830aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		1.9910aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		7.3820ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.1710benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		7.9440beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		6.3141benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		1.9910aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.6830aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		4.0731dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.0210imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.411benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		3.4980ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		210aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		6.39320alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		210naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		7.6730maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		1.9710beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		1.9710aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.150aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		3.470purine nucleoside
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		1.9810naphthalenes
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		1.96101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.		2.4220N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides		serotonergic antagonist
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		2.0110heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		5.09140quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		9140benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		9.98390C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.420aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilvadipine
[no description available]		1.9610dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		9.0931aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.37702-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		9.41632nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.3820isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		1.9810organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.9140nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.7230aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		7.8940phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		7.4620aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		9.37151carbazoles
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.6930benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		7.81960benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		8.5890N-alkylpyrrolidine
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.3720amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.4820acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		2.6830carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		4.17170phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.7230endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		5.62181benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		1.9610aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.5280aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		1.9910aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.06150barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.4120oxopurine
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.8740barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		9.57260aromatic amine
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.6830arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4220guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		8.7521pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		1.9910acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		2.3720dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		710organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.3920pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.0750indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
piperazine
[no description available]		1.9710azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.2560pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		11.74920inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.7130arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9610acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.6930chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4320pyridochromene
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		9.38210aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.821amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		210aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.3920diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.0110benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.2160benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		9.6261quinolines
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		3.77110benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.3620phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		9.3270phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		5.62760naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		6.56480aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		2.6730piperazines;
pyridines
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		2.2510benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase		1.9710carbamate ester;
organonitrogen compound
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.420benzothiazoles
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.6830organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		1.9910tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.6930imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.3920methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		3.8221butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.4120pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.42201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		1.9810benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.4320imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.7630ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3870morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.6730fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.7830haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		210ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		3.9740aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
ponalrestat
[no description available]		2.3820phthalazines
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.2110long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		6.9310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.4880benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		10.29170sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.4270naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.3820azepine
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0110benzodiazepine
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.2360phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		5.3172diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.0550benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		4.55250quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.110phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.6930dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.1510sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.4780N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		6.9710benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810trihydroxybenzoic acid
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0210amino acid
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.8840N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		6.9710amine
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		1.9610dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		1.9710aromatic amine
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		1.9510acetamides
tyramine
[no description available]		4.1550monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		3.4980carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.3820gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		3.3770
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0110
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		9.31411,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0310carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.4320imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		1.9810mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		6.5738011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		9.485011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		4.99130ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		11.21270alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		6.44570imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		1.9810glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.4220pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		4.24180pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dichloroisoproterenol
dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67		1.9410
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.69304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		9.051502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		1.9910
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		4.931201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		8.322260ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		6.7312211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		2.3820tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.4980non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		1.991011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		210
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.6830penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		6.81201pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		4.58260N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.2360organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		1.9710aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.89402-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		1.9710
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		3.3570dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.730guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		7.940chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.3770alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		8.6190L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		12.26430aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.99140amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.72290aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		3.3160alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.3920pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		9.49240carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.7571glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		4.1160bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		6.22270aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		1.9710pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.6730benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		5.1140adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		4.01140pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		8.0750D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.7670monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan
Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9710
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		6.83500phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		6.85280amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.84120ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.3820azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0210benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.66250amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		8.5890amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		8.5990amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.9140adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.		1.9810tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		4.86110organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		5.69260amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		9.14853quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		1.971017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.09291aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.6930
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		4.34200amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		4.68020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		5.53690alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.6630
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		4.54250antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		1.9910psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		4.51240diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.3620chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		3.2260isoindoles
mannitol
[no description available]		4.8642mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3720beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.940non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		9.03140C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		7.3820amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		3.77110amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		3.41120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		4.07150L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4320amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		7.85540erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.9340aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.171382arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		7.3920fluoroalcohol
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.3920fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		7.0410C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.06150benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		1.9710primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.6730mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		6.9710chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		3.1350acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
n-methylacetamide
N-methylacetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-methyl derivative of acetamide.		2.0610acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		metabolite
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		2.0610acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
pempidine
Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.		1.9810piperidines
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.4760bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.0950amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.71306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.4792glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.110penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		1.9710pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride
Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.9840C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
explosive;
hapten
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.3720C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		210arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		1.9910xanthonesinsecticide
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		7.18410mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		2.8940biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		2.4120
phenidone
phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.2660xanthene
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		2.6630biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
methyleugenol
methyleugenol: structure		1.9910phenylpropanoid
synephrine
[no description available]		1.9510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		210epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.511butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		1.9610phosphonic ester
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		2.6830toluenes
benzenesulfonic acid
benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.		1.9910benzenesulfonic acids
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		9.2121205-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure		3.4720
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		8.451670quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		1.9810pyridinium salt
acrolein
[no description available]		3.81110enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
isethionic acid
Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9610alkanesulfonic acidhuman metabolite
biuret
Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.		2.2510condensed ureas
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		4.0931cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.18170pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.3860mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.0310azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases		1.9810
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		1.9810peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.1450aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.3820benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.8940methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.3920hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9610benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
dodecyl sulfate
dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE		1.9910alkyl sulfate
estragole
estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.0710alkenylbenzene;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenylpropanoid		carcinogenic agent;
flavouring agent;
genotoxin;
insect attractant;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		3.0750cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		2.041020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		5.27170methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.6730purine nucleoside
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		3.4980
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		4.7190hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.0750dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		2.0310cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.031020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		7.7330catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		5.13140azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.730acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.940indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.57201,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene
[no description available]		2.0110azulenes;
mancude carbobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0710adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		7.0110cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.9140isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.48801,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.811911,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		2.13101,2,4-triazole
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		6.482diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		7.0210calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.3720phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		4.33200monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		3.2560azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		3.0750
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		5.57710organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		3.3870pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		7.6630mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.2110diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
3-acetylpyridine
3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors		1.9510aromatic ketone
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		2.0610organic molecular entity
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		7.4220steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		4.71300ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone
phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		2.0710kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.4420amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.924011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride
[no description available]		1.9510
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		7.422017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
4-methylcatechol
[no description available]		2.4120methylcatecholantioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.420imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.4420monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.15101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9810bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.0610
rhein
[no description available]		3.5620dihydroxyanthraquinone
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist		2.3420
cytisine
[no description available]		2.4220alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		6.75460benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		6.39650dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		1.9610tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.0710botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		210pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
orcinol
orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.		1.98105-alkylresorcinol;
dihydroxytoluene		Aspergillus metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.3920
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		4.2150thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		4.6761ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.6830
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.9740ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide
Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.		7.6530iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.4420organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		3.58017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.6930
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		210organic molecular entity
thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.		7.4120organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		5.2560methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		5.65250amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.94110dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		4.37200arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4420organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
trimellitic anhydride
trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.		2.11102-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
epitope;
hapten
paeonol
paeonol: structure		7.610methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		2.3920arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
benzylhydrazine
benzylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
methanesulfonyl fluoride
methanesulfonyl fluoride: structure		1.9710
18-hydroxycorticosterone
[no description available]		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		3.411terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.0710bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		7.3110flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
succinimide
succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.		2.0510dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		4.13160toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.9140acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.4220
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		1.9710N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.9240cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dibutyldichlorotin
[no description available]		2.0310
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		2.1710ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
quinacridone
quinacridone: structure in first source		2.0210organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		1.9710phenylacetaldehydes
phenazocine
Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)		2.420
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.4110
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9710alkali metal hydroxide
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0710enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.9240alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
diphenyldiselenide
diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source		2.0310
norfenfluramine
Norfenfluramine: A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.		1.9710amphetamines
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.98102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		6.25100tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.730quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2460benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		1.9710methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.34200aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.3620benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benzoylcholine
Benzoylcholine: The benzoic acid ester of choline.		1.9610benzoate ester
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.791102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.0710organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.3720thioxanthenes
alpha-terpineol
terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.		3.411terpineolplant metabolite
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.3820fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		5.33180fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.420thujeneplant metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		3.23601,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
zinc carbonate
[no description available]		1.9810organooxygen compound
cyclazocine
Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.		2.3720
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		7.38202-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		1.9810carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue
brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810organic molecular entity
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		1.9910
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		3.0850adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
methamilane methiodide
methamilane methiodide: muscarinic agonist; RN given refers to iodide without isomeric designation		1.9610
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		3.1210
butyrylthiocholine
Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.		1.9610quaternary ammonium ion
st 91
ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420substituted aniline
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine
5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.		10.0750
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		1.99102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.0210dioxolane
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		6.041130amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		2.6630sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
hepes
[no description available]		2.3820HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.0750f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		7.0510d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.0750elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		1.9810elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		1.9810iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.1110elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.110manganese group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.6630iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		1.9710d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		8.3870copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.4420manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.1650titanium group element atom
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		3.3510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.0310monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		3.2660cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.0410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.8230f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.7100copper group element atom;
elemental gold
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		7.420mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9710N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9910inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		1.9910inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.6930chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		7.5220delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		210nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9410diatomic bromine
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		1.9610inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.3920inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.1310calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		210chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.420metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		1.9610inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.1710inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi)
sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		210inorganic sodium saltcarcinogenic agent;
diagnostic agent;
oxidising agent;
poison
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		8.1250dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0510diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		1.9910deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		3.5120calcium phosphate
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		1.9510
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		6.12130
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		4.57250elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.420cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.420barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		8.21660
chloropyramine
chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920aminopyridine
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.6830ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.4220S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		7.4920titanium oxidesfood colouring
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		3.5110anthraquinone
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910phenothiazines
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9710
etorphine
Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.		1.9610
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.0510selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		7291organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.4111glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		1.9610
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		12.38620acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		2.4520
fluorides
[no description available]		3.68100halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.6630carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		4.2231aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cresyl violet
cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.		2.3920
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide
Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.		2.6830
iodine
[no description available]		1.9710halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.1150L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		1.97101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.9840indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.87231benzenes;
phenyl acetates
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		3.3520mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		6.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
sulfolane
sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.		2.2510sulfone;
tetrahydrothiophenes		polar aprotic solvent
n-chlorosuccinimide
N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.		1.9710dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		1.99103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		2.0310
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		210
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		2.940delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		4.181703',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.4320
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0110
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		14.042372glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide
Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.		1.9510
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		3.5990
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.420inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.3820pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.940ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.0850timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		4.13312-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		4.732organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC		210
acetylgalactosamine
Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.		2.3820N-acetyl-D-hexosamine;
N-acetylgalactosamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		5.59240
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.4180taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		7.3720formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0210beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.0950catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
propylbenzilylcholine mustard
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.		210
4-methylhistamine
4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.		1.9910aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		histamine agonist;
metabolite
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		4.48230butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
zinterol
[no description available]		1.9710
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.861205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		4.2231organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		7.1110pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		8.611231alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.4110cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
doxantrazole
doxantrazole: structure		2.730
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		8.99140non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0610aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pinaverium
pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3911monoterpenoid
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		7.3720anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.1110
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		17.494202
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		3.0610
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.6630conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		14.14106aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		8.97612alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		7.3720diarylmethane
ethylcholine aziridinium
ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits		3.4720
mezlocillin
Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.		6.94570
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.6830nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.8940
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		1.9810diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		5.52670acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		6.17101dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.9710monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		15.52486aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820
dazmegrel
[no description available]		1.9610
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		1.9810piperidines
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		3.3670benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		2.9140pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.39113-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.3911dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		3.411hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		5.06523-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
temelastine
[no description available]		1.9810pyrimidone
spiradoline
spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		5.1862dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		210naphthoic acid
ipsapirone
[no description available]		210N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		4.82330
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		1.9810salicylamides
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		8.2340imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
naxagolide
naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).		1.9810organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pemirolast
pemirolast: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; antiallergic drug		2.7430pyridopyrimidine
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		2.4620aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.3820organic molecular entity
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.4110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.1310tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		7.2110aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		3.620duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.6520biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0410
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		2.0110oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		210organoiodine compound
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		2.110organochlorine compound
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		9.6803adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitroaniline
nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.		1.9910
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		2.5720gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.6830trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
bezitramide
bezitramide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710nitrile
tenocyclidine
tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.		1.9710piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
carmoterol
carmoterol: CHF4226.01 and CHF4232.01 are diastereoisomers; structure in first source		3.8120
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.14160D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
cilazaprilat
cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N		2.6730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.9440organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
baicalin
[no description available]		2.3110dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		2.0110
diphenylcyclopropenone
diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.		2.0310cyclopropenonedrug allergen;
hapten;
photosensitizing agent
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.0310xanthene dyefluorochrome
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		2.420
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.0810
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.6930deoxyribonucleoside
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		1.9710
lissamine rhodamine b sulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		1.9910
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.1310dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		6.9710glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		1.9910purine nucleoside
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.830cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tetrahydrocorticosterone
tetrahydrocorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
imirestat
imirestat: structure given in first source		1.9810
isbufylline
isbufylline: RN from Toxlit		1.9910
atrinositol
[no description available]		1.9810
ecabet
ecabet: structure in first source		7.0210diterpenoid
ecabapide
[no description available]		210
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		2.3820organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine
[no description available]		7.0310benzimidazoles
bepafant
bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist		2.3920
moguisteine
[no description available]		2.0810
goralatide
goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.		2.0310oligopeptide;
tetrapeptide		anti-inflammatory agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
idrapril
idrapril: structure given in first source		1.9810
alniditan
alniditan: structure given in first source		210
methacycline
[no description available]		2.66301,2-diglyceride
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		2.8940
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.6930phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		7.721431,2,3-triazole
pinocembrin
pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.		7.4110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
dihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		7.3820imidazoles
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2710dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		1.9810aryl sulfate;
pyridines
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		6.9810isourea
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
orotirelin
orotirelin: increases dopamine release from rat brain		1.9710
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		4.78100
mesulergine
mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.		1.9910ergot alkaloid;
sulfamides		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
tyrosyltyrosine
tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.		210tyrosyltyrosineMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0510amine
broxaterol
broxaterol: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.3920
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		4140
flosulide
[no description available]		3.7920
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		4.6990nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0310
octylonium
octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.0810benzamides
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		3.68100
magnolol
[no description available]		2.3110biphenyls
teleocidin b-4
teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin		2.0310
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.6730aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.		1.9610sulfonic acid derivative
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		2.0410eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
gliclazide
18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor		2.1510
indicine
indicine: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer		2.0210carboxylic ester;
pyrrolizines
gallein
gallein: do not confuse with gallin; structure. gallein : A xanthene dye that is fluoran carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3', 4', 5' and 6'.		2.06102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome;
G-protein-coupled receptor antagonist;
histological dye
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0110carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
glutamic acid diethyl ester
glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.3720
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma		2.3620
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.110
leucyl-alanine
Leu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0510dipeptidemetabolite
tryptophan ethyl ester
tryptophan ethyl ester: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.0710
s20098
[no description available]		3.1310acetamides
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source		2.730imidazoles
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		3.96130azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide
[no description available]		3.2710
procion brilliant red m-2bs
[no description available]		1.9910
loganin
[no description available]		7.1310beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
dulcerozine
dulcerozine: induces ulcers; structure given in first source		2.6630
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		10.388013-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.0931iditolfungal metabolite
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.0610
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.4120catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate		2.3820nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		5.55130amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.01140nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2-methylhistamine
2-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.		1.9910aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		histamine agonist;
metabolite
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710nucleoside diphosphate analogue
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		3.43111-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine
[no description available]		2.0110
alpha-eudesmol
alpha-eudesmol: RN refers to (2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer; from Juniperus virginiana; inhibits omega-agatoxin IVA-sensitive Ca2+ currents and synaptosomal Ca2+ uptake; structure in first source. alpha-eudesmol : A eudesmane sesquiterpenoid in which the eudesmane skeleton carries a hydroxy substituent at C-11 and has a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		210eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
tertiary alcohol		volatile oil component
melezitose
melezitose: structure. melezitose : A trisaccharide produced by insects such as aphids.		2.0510trisaccharideanimal metabolite
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0710
1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-phosphatidylcholine
1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-phosphatidylcholine: the 1,2-isomer is a main heading, 1,2-DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE		1.9810
diprotin a
[no description available]		2.7130peptide
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM		4.0240
benzoylphenylalanine
N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.		3.38702-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins		4.17170
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.6930
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.2110
enkephalinamide-leu
enkephalinamide-Leu: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.420
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		5.21160
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester
disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent		1.9710
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.0950cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		6.921110aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.011017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		3.2560polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		2.4420
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.420
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		3.69100heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.71100aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.6930oligopeptide
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.0110
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.3720
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		1.9710
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		1.9710
sr141716
[no description available]		8.4270amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		1.9910primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		1.9610
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		2.4120corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		210
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		17.952611
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		3.5580ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
sr 48968
SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968		7.111100
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		1.9910xanthene dyefluorochrome
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		3.2360aromatic ketone
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.7230diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether: structure CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F; a vinyl ether		3.3911organofluorine compound
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.8840
bradykinin, des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.690oligopeptidebradykinin receptor B2 agonist
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		2.420indolesfluorochrome
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		7.730
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.3920
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester
Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source		1.9610
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.9340monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine
methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.0610
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		3.22601,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist		8.821470
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		2.4120
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		7.4120N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		4.8542N-acyl-amino acid
cv 6209
CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.3820
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.		2.3820inositol phosphate
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.7130hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.0610
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer		2.0210
gr 127935
GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2101,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		7.1110alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide
[no description available]		2.8940
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)-
enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes		3.0850oligopeptide
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310benzodiazepine
sr 95531
[no description available]		2.4620methoxybenzenes
4-desmethoxyverapamil
[no description available]		1.9810
fk 888
FK 888: structure given in first source; a potent NK(1) receptor antagonist		10.39590peptide
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0510imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		3.0850capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		2.420L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide
[no description available]		2.4820diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
ramosetron
[no description available]		2.7730indoles
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors		210alpha-amino acid
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		2.3820indoles
ml 9
[no description available]		2.4220
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.4520germacranolide
rx 821002
2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.		1.9810benzodioxine;
cyclic ketal;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
benzamil
[no description available]		1.9910guanidines;
pyrazines
dynorphin (1-8)
dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin		3.4880
senktide
[no description available]		9.442821
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		9.436512-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
sr 140333
SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		6.951110
zacopride
[no description available]		1.9810benzamides
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		1.9810biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		4.3360
3-monoiodothyronine
3-monoiodothyronine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810catecholamine
u 73343
U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122		210
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.6830
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.8840
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		1.9910
monobutyryl cyclic amp
monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
butanamides		protein kinase agonist
way 100135
WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source		2.1510piperazines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		1.9710
dihydro-dids
[no description available]		2.4320
fk 224
FK 224: tachykinin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		10.53220
sc 58125
1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor		210organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
morphiceptin, n-me-phe(3)-
morphiceptin, N-Me-Phe(3)-: RN given refers to D-prolinamide, all L-isomer		1.9910
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer		1.9910
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313)
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313): from Bacillus stearothermophilus		2.0110
sr 48692
SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist		3.0950N-acyl-amino acid
benzylpenicilloyl g
benzylpenicilloyl G: lactam ring opened so inactive; do not confuse with benzylpenicilloyl V		2.3920
morphiceptin
morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer		1.9810oligopeptide
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin
NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.		2.3820oligopeptidebradykinin receptor antagonist
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810benzamidesaquaretic
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source		1.9910
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		1.9510fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ah 6809
6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD		2.0710xanthones
gr 73632
GR 73632: neurokinin receptor agonist		8.42761
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		3.9321azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
sch 39370
Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase		1.9910
a 63162
N-hydroxy-N-(1-(4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acetamide: structure given in first source		210
l 692429
L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9910
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.0710carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
enkephalin-leu, arg(6)-
[no description available]		2.3820
bw a868c
BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl)
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity		2.4120
pd 117302
PD 117302: RSD-921 is the ((+)-trans)-isomer		2.3820
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.110
substance p (6-11)
substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P		6.85510
rti 121
RTI 121: structure given in first source; selectively binds to dopamine transporters		2.0110
ru 24926
RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source		1.9610
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: dermorphin analog		2.4220
neurokinin a(4-10)
neurokinin A(4-10): bronchospastic agent		3.99140
celastrol
[no description available]		2.1710monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.2510nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		1.9910fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0510bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lofentanil
lofentanil: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. lofentanyl : The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		2.6630methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
t-kinin
T-kinin: from rat plasma		1.9710peptide
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		210adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid
2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.3820
substance p, methyl ester-
substance P, methyl ester-: COOH-terminal amide of substance P replaced with methyl ester		5.97350
neurotensin (8-13)
neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity		2.0110
proctolin
proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates		8.3770
acth (4-10)
ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd		2.3820
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)-
[no description available]		3.0650organic molecular entity
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-gly(7)-leu(8)-
enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-Gly(7)-Leu(8)-: from bovine adrenal medulla; has 35% the opiate receptor binding activity of Met-enkephalin		3.77110
myelopeptide 1
myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced		1.9710
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		3.2860
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain		3.0850
kyotorphin
kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.		710dipeptide
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.7230amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells		1.9910
small cardioactive peptide b
small cardioactive peptide B: neuropeptide from Aplysia		1.9910
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source		1.9810
interleukin-1beta (163-171)
interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity		210
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.9140
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		2.0810
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)-
[no description available]		2.6530
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0810diarylmethane
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
neurokinin a (4-10), beta-ala(8)-
neurokinin A (4-10), beta-Ala(8)-: selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor		5.19480
mr 2034
MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer		1.9610
kelatorphan
kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source		2.6730
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.0310
pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-histidyl-l-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide
pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
acth (4-9)
[no description available]		2.0110
substance p (5-11), pglu(5)-mephe(8)-megly(9)-
[no description available]		7.06450
neurokinin a(4-10), tyr(5)-trp(6,8,9)-lys(10)-
neurokinin A(4-10), Tyr(5)-Trp(6,8,9)-Lys(10)-: tachykinin receptor antagonist		6.09390
gr 65630
GR 65630: serotonin receptor ligand. GR 65630 : A member of the class of methylindoles that is 1-methylindole substituted at position 3 by a 3-(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)propanoyl group.		2.6930
cp 93129
3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source		6.9910pyrrolopyridine
diprofos
[no description available]		2.0610
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		3.2260
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection; structure given in first source		3.1210benzoic acids;
quinolines		fluorochrome
t-butyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
[no description available]		2.3920
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist		1.9610
n-carbobenzoxyglycyl-prolyl-4-methylcoumarinyl amide
N-carbobenzoxyglycyl-prolyl-4-methylcoumarinyl amide: fluorogenic substrate for post-proline cleaving enzyme		1.9910
gyki 53655
GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist		2.4320
methotrexate
[no description available]		7.7630dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-
enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-: opioid hexapeptide found in adrenal medulla & brain		3.3511
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		210aromatic ether
inositol-1,2-cyclic-4,5-triphosphate
inositol-1,2-cyclic-4,5-triphosphate: formed upon thrombin stimulation of human platelets		1.9710
guanidinopropylsuccinic acid
[no description available]		1.9710
(2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-ylbenzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine
(2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-ylbenzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine: structure given in first source		1.9810
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt		210
sdz 220-581
alpha-amino-2'-chloro-5-(phosphonomethyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-propanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.0610
substance p (6-11), orn(6)-
[no description available]		2.940
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		1.9710quinolines
arg-pro-hyp-gly-thi-ser-phe-thi-arg tfa
B 4146: bradykinin inhibitor; RN given refers to (L-Pro-L-Ala-D-Phe-L-Ala)-isomer		1.9710
substance p (5-11), asp(5,6)-mephe(8)-
substance P (5-11), Asp(5,6)-MePhe(8)-: neurokinin B receptor agonist; inhibits salt appetite in rats		3.5990
lysyllysine
lysyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer. Lys-Lys : A dipeptide formed from two L-lysine residues.		2.0310dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n(6)-2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0110
pyrroxamycin
pyrroxamycin: isolated from Streptomyces sp. S46506; structure given in first source		1.9710benzodioxine
tamsulosin
[no description available]		2.01105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetate
[no description available]		2.3920
phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl-phenylalanine
[no description available]		1.9910
substance p (6-11), glu(6)-
[no description available]		2.8940
cgp 36742
(3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)		2.940
4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
[no description available]		2.0310
o-demethyltramadol
O-demethyltramadol: one of the major metabolites of tramadol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound		3.8221
leuhistin
leuhistin: aminopeptidases N inhibitor from Bacillus laterosporus BMI156-14F1; structure given in second source		2.0110
substance p (6-11), arg(6)-trp(7,9)-me-phe(8)-
substance P (6-11), Arg(6)-Trp(7,9)-Me-Phe(8)-: substance P antagonist		4.34200
n-(3-nitratopivaloyl)cysteine ethyl ester
N-(3-nitratopivaloyl)cysteine ethyl ester: releases nitric oxide		1.9810
4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline
4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline: acts as partial agonist at the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat anococcygeus muscle & as antagonist at the presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens		210
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.420
ly 274614
LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer		2.0110
sch 42495
[no description available]		2.9210
2h-1,4-benzoxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitro-4-(2-pyridinyl)-, n-oxide
2H-1,4-benzoxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitro-4-(2-pyridinyl)-, N-oxide: structure given in first source; a potassium channel opener		1.9810
cgp 52432
[no description available]		2.420dichlorobenzene
cizolirtine
cizolirtine: structure given in first source; analgesic with no ulcerogenic effects		9.5651
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0710hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
l 703606
L 703606: structure given in first source		5.22480
thrombin receptor peptide sfllrnp
thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP: a synthetic peptide that induces early events of T cell activation and synergizes with TCR cross-linking for CD69 expression & interleukin-2 production; thrombin receptor agonist; do not confuse with TRAP peptide		1.9810
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		5.58270
l 733060
3-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyloxy)-2-phenylpiperidine: RN given refers to (2S-cis)-isomer; L-733,061 is pharmacologically inactive; structure in first source		6.22420piperidines
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		8.07545amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
hemorphin 7
hemorphin 7: opioid peptide fragment of hemoglobin; blood plasma levels of hemorphin-7 increases after long distance running; acts as neurotransmitter antagonist		1.9910
rpr 100893
RPR 100893: a non-peptide selective antagonist of human NK1 receptors; a 7,7,4-triarylperhydroisoindol-4-ol; RPR 103253 is an enantiomer of RPR 100893; Dapitant is tradename		9.7671
zm 230487
ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor		1.9810
rupatadine
rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride		2.830benzocycloheptapyridine
sk&f 83959
SK&F 83959: induces grooming & vacuous chewing; agonist of dopamine D1-like receptors that inhibits dopamine sensitive adenylyl cyclase. N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a 3-methylphenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 6 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.		2.0510benzazepine;
catechols;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine agonist
leucine thiorphan
leucine thiorphan: enkephalinase inhibitor		2.8840
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)-
substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist		3.99140
carbapenems
[no description available]		3.1110
ethylketocyclazocine
Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.		2.6630
diphloretin phosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0110D-xylose
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
bw 443c
[no description available]		1.9810
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		5.44200amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-acetyltalosaminuronic acid
N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid: partially comprises saccharide frame of pseudomurein; structure given in first source. N-acetyl-alpha-L-talosaminuronic acid : A carbohydrate acid derivative that is alpha-L-talosaminuronic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 is substituted by an acetamido group.		2.0510amino monosaccharide;
carbohydrate acid derivative;
hexuronic acid derivative
scyliorhinin i
scyliorhinin I: tachykinin from dogfish gut		2.8940
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
perifosine
[no description available]		2.1310ammonium betaine;
phospholipid		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
peptide elongation factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.		1.9810
arginylproline
arginylproline: first & second amino acid in substance P sequence; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Arg-Pro : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the amino group of L-proline.		1.9610dipeptide
n(w)-nitroarginine benzyl ester
N(w)-nitroarginine benzyl ester: potent irreversible inhibitor of endothelium dependent relaxation		2.6830
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin
[no description available]		2.0510
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		210dihydropyridine
ae0047
AE0047: structure given in first source		6.9810diarylmethane
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		1.9610diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
cyanopindolol
[no description available]		2.3920indoles
ly 311727
LY 311727: a potent & selective inhibitor of human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2; structure given in first source		2.0210
acetylneurotensin (8-13)
acetylneurotensin (8-13): shortest analog with full binding & pharmacological activities		1.9810
n,n-dipropylcarboxamidotryptamine
[no description available]		1.9810indolecarboxamide
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		8.7921methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.730oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
win 64821
WIN 64821: a dimerized Trp-Phe condensate; structurally similar to verticillins and chaetocins; a nonpeptide neurokinin antagonist; structure given in first source; substance P antagonist		2.940
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.0810
o-desmethylindomethacin
1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-indoleacetic acid: has insulin sensitizing and glucose lowering activity; structure in first source		210
metabisulfite
metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite		3.7721sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
thielocin a1alpha
thielocin A1alpha: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; structure given in first source		1.9810
fidarestat
fidarestat: structure given in first source		2.0210
homocysteinesulfinic acid
homocysteinesulfinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410alpha-amino acid
substance p (5-11)
substance P (5-11): RN given refers to parent cpd		5.49260
3,3-diphenylalanine
3,3-diphenylalanine: a conformationally restricted phenylalanine; structure in first source		1.9810
substance p, gly(12)-
[no description available]		3.4880
substance p, pro(9)-
substance P, Pro(9)-: RN given refers to the (L-Pro)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/91		4.18170
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)-
[no description available]		3.93130
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)-
substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist		7.181430
sdz mks 492
[no description available]		1.9910
arginyl-tryptophyl-n-methylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-leucyl-methioninamide
arginyl-tryptophyl-N-methylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-leucyl-methioninamide: an anticancer peptide; a broad spectrum neuropeptide growth factor antagonist; RN given refers to (D-Trp,D-Trp)-isomer		3.3911
bactenecin
bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils		2.4220
r 396
R 396: amino acid sequence given; linear hexapeptide; NK-2 tachykinin receptor antagonist		3.7730
tau 284
bepotastine besilate: an antiallergic agent; structure in first source. bepotastine besylate : An organosulfonate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of bepotastine and benzenesulfonic acid. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.. bepotastine : An ether that is (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a 1-(3-carboxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl group. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used (as its benzenesulfonate salt) for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0310organosulfonate saltanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		1.9710
5-bromowillardiine
5-bromowillardiine: acts as a kainate-like agonist on chick EAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.0310
nordihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.3110methoxybenzenes;
phenols
n-acetylneuraminyl-(2-6)-galactose
N-acetylneuraminyl-(2-6)-galactose: structure given in first source; RN given refers to D-Gal		1.9710
lysylproline
lysylproline: third & fourth amino acid in substance P sequence. Lys-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-proline residues.		2.3720dipeptidemetabolite
kentsin
kentsin: has central opiate properties on gastrointestinal motility		8.0610oligopeptide
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		4.39210biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		11.381700amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
substance p (1-4)
substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P		4.11160
4-hydroxynipecotic acid
4-hydroxynipecotic acid: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		1.9710
gabaculine
gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.		2.41205-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		11.493891
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		4.1631piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.9340imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.0210dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7830hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid
homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.		4.4770homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		210divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
ly 293111
LY 293111: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.1710aromatic ether
jtp 4819
JTP 4819: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.0950
gk 128
GK 128: a 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
asimadoline
asimadoline: structure in first source		7.6930
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
substance p (6-11), pglu(6)-
substance P (6-11), pGlu(6)-: pyroglutamic acid deriv of the C-terminal of Substance P		3.84120
ezlopitant
ezlopitant: structure in first source		8.8330
mk 912
L 657743: structure given in first source		2.0110
meproadifen
meproadifen: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9710
enkephalin-met, lys(6)-
enkephalin-Met, Lys(6)-: opioid hexapeptide found in adrenal medulla & brain		1.9610
urechistachykinin i
urechistachykinin I: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from the echiuroid worm Urechis unicinctus		210
nk 2
[no description available]		2.610
locustatachykinin i protein, locusta migratoria
locustatachykinin I protein, Locusta migratoria: amino acid sequence given in first source; from extracts of brain complexes of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria; exhibits sequence homologies with the vertebrate tachykinins		1.9910
locustatachykinin ii protein, locusta migratoria
locustatachykinin II protein, Locusta migratoria: amino acid sequence given in first source; from extracts of brain complexes of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria; exhibits sequence homologies with the vertebrate tachykinins		1.9910
locustatachykinin iii protein, locusta migratoria
locustatachykinin III protein, insect: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from locust Locusta migratoria		2.420
locustatachykinin iv protein, locusta migratoria
locustatachykinin IV protein, insect: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from locust Locusta migratoria		1.9910
ranatachykinin a
ranatachykinin A: a tachykinin in frog (Rana catesbeiana) brain and intestine		210
donitriptan
donitriptan: a 5-HT(1D) agonist; structure in first source		2.0110
maropitant
maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis		2.5120
lapatinib
[no description available]		2.0710furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
firocoxib
firocoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. firocoxib : An enol ether that is the cyclopropylmethyl ether of 3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]furan-2-one. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses and dogs.		3.511butenolide;
cyclopropanes;
enol ether;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
arimoclomol
arimoclomol: a coinducer of heat shock proteins, delays disease progression in ALS mice		2.9310
sr 142806
[no description available]		2.7130
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		1.9610alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		1.9710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.412017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		3.051011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.77302-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.420monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		4.37210
wortmannin
[no description available]		8.1250acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		710
sorbinil
sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.		2.8940azaspiro compound;
chromanes;
imidazolidinone;
organofluorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
arphamenine b
arphamenine B: from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in second source		1.9810
bortezomib
[no description available]		7.5320amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		8.2360
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.3920chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		2.0410
nsc 141537
diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure		2.1710trichothecene
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		3.5380
carboplatin
[no description available]		2.0810
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		7.9140inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		7.6730
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		440peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		18.6856618oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		1.9610
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		3.7830D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		2.0110oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		12.3591amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.9340raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		10.57811heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pantetheine
Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.		3.4511pantetheines;
thiol		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
theanine
theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.		7.1510amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine		geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		5.38590myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		9.0515011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
amastatin
amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence		3.2460tetrapeptideEC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
puromycin
[no description available]		2.420puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0110alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
n-formylmethionine
N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.		1.9710L-methionine derivative;
N-formyl amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		5.57710guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		5.45151
nivalenol
nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer		2.4110trichothecene
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		4.32200monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.3820cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		3.580cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		1.9610benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		1.9710acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.41103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.3720
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		3.872111beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		3.6290
ginsenoside re
[no description available]		7.171012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
decursin
decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0110coumarins
naringin
[no description available]		2.0810(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		4.3641beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.3110
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		3.8110cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		6.17430tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.67301,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		2.8740peptide
metazocine
metazocine: more than 13 isomers available; structure given in first source		2.1510benzazocine
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		7.3620morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.0310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		1.9810
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.6730ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4520alkaloidgeroprotector
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		8.41117beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.150cyclodextrin
tapi-2
TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group		2.0510
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4220retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		10.04442icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prostaglandin h2
Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.		1.9710olefinic compound;
oxylipin;
prostaglandins H;
secondary alcohol		mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		12.351061deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		1.9710retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.0850octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		6.68121macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.4110ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.2510D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		6.19430benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.4420icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.		2.4120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		4.08150butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
cgs 27023a
CGS 27023A: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		1.9910
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		3.5990peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		2.420
2-butenal
crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.		2.0410enal
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.4620aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.85120adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		5.95200prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.3720olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.1350N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines
[no description available]		5.883azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		2.2510oligopeptide
pantethine
pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.		3.4511organic disulfidecoenzyme;
nutraceutical
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		2.730
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.4420
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.87110actinomycinmutagen
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		17.768582pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		3.1750amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
acetylshikonin
acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0510
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.730one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0310organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		210acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.420organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.59902-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
dimethyloxalylglycine
dimethyloxallyl glycine: structure in first source		2.610glycine derivative;
methyl ester;
secondary carboxamide		EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.0310triterpenoid
drimanial
drimanial: isolated from the bark of Drimys wintery (Winteraceae); structure in first source		2.0110
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.97403-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.0710anetholeflavouring agent
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.0710chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.1950isomethyleugenol
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.110enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		1.9710retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.940benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.2110triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.420stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9910
ricinoleic acid
ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..		210(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.4110olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		1.9610morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		2.8740cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		8.9730vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		2.6930phosphocholinesdetergent
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		2.0310
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		2.4420dipeptide
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		9.06150indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.3920inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone
10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source		2.1310anthracenes
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		3.3870
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.9440
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		1.9910catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		1.9710
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		1.9910
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		5.9842N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.8921aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		3.3560
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		1.96101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
snap 37889
[no description available]		2.0510
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		8.3611monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		20.051,29215capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0410
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		7.9340
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		3.2560
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		2.0210imidazolidines
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		4.2170one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		1.9810cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		1.9710cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		11.66360benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen
[no description available]		9.250stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin
[no description available]		1.9710
nadp
[no description available]		3.2560
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.3110
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.3920barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.8881C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
fursultiamin
Fursultiamin: Compound used for therapy of thiamine deficiency. It has also been suggested for several non-deficiency disorders but has not yet proven useful.		3.4511pyrimidines
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.7330aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		7.8630
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.4320acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		3.5990alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0410cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		3.0850nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.2110amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		1.9710phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		3.3911
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		3.4170salicylamides
quinine
[no description available]		1.9710cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.4220
mr 2266
MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist		1.9610
ici 154129
ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3820
deltorphin
deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2		1.9710peptide
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		210
gamma-endorphin, des-tyr(1)-
[no description available]		2.3720
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.4220
bradykinin, met-lys-
[no description available]		1.9810
suberoylbisphosphonic acid
suberoylbisphosphonic acid: structure given in first source; inhibits hydroxyapatite formation, dissolution in vitro, and the calcification of bioprosthetic tissue implanted subdermally in rats		2.610
triptorelin
iodophenpropit: structure given in first source		2.0310organoiodine compound
glyceryl nonivamide
N-(4-O-glycerol-3-methoxybenzyl)nonivamide: structure given in first source		2.3920
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		2.0210
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		3.3870primary aliphatic amine
neurokinin a (3-10), lysyl(3)-glycyl(8)-r-lactam-leucine(9)-
neurokinin A (3-10), lysyl(3)-glycyl(8)-R-lactam-leucine(9)-: neurokinin receptor agonist		4.43220
cystine
[no description available]		7.6730
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		4.13160dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.7530benzazepine
3'-o-(3-(n-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)propionyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(3-(N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)propionyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate: structure		1.9610
modipafant
modipafant: structure given in first source ; PAF antagonist		1.9810
sr140333b
SR140333B: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		3.1750
prucalopride
prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound		2.0310benzamides
ketazocine
ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer		1.9610
granular blue
[no description available]		1.9610
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate
2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.0710
substance p (4-11), beta-ala(4)-sar(9)-met(02)(11)-
[no description available]		2.9240
sr 144528
SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).		2.0210bridged compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		CB2 receptor antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
asp-ser-phe-val-gly-leu-ch2nh-leu-nh2
[no description available]		1.9810
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		3.2860
argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-val(4)-
argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-Val(4)-: vasopressin antagonist		1.9810
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		3.0950adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		210L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		3.6290naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		11.57760
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		8.6290organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.3920organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		210aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		4.86340quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.0510
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		3.1150quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0710organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		4.49240
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins		2.3920
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9910
am 281
AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source		2.0510pyrazoles;
ring assembly
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510N-acylindole
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.4120aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		3.1850long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.7130
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.0510alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.7100
jnj 7777120
1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.4220sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		3.39707-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.4220biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		13.351689prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		5.42610monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		210fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.7130trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.61203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.4320D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		210
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.0110retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		7.19390dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		4.08150leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		6.12240epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.4220fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		4.33200prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.3110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		3.690dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		3.93130prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		2.420linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9610prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.871207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		6.046111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.8321aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		1.9810hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
2-hexenal, z-isomer
2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.		1.99102-hexenalantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.5320macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		210trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
myricitrin
myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.		2.0310alpha-L-rhamnoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
pentahydroxyflavone		anti-allergic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.0210alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
shogaol
shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source		9.341enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.9940aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		3.73100endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
arachidonyl dopamine
arachidonyl dopamine: a ligand for the vanilloid receptor VR1		2.1510catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.0410catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		7.6630amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		2.6730stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2104,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.9240F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.03102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.6730phosphatidylglycerol
n,n-dimethylsphingenine
N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0110aminodiol;
sphingoid;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		210menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		7.420
olopatadine hydrochloride
Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.		10.4982dibenzooxazepine
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		1.9810cinnamic acids
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.0510cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		5.44150thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.		1.9810HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2
8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		210cyclic ketone;
diol;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.95404-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		210
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.0110sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ceramide 1-phosphate
ceramide 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid consisting of any ceramide phosphorylated at position 1. N-octadecanoylsphingosine 1-phosphate : A ceramide 1-phosphate that is the N-octadecananoyl (stearoyl) derivative of sphingosine.		2.2110N-acylsphingosine 1-phosphate
codeine
[no description available]		9.981morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		5.26121hydrochloride
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		8.92121aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.1510morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.6530morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		11.062601morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		5.8222organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.0440antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		210cyclodextrin
brefeldin a
[no description available]		210macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		14.072971morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
lysophosphatidylglycerol
lysophosphatidylglycerol : A glycerophosphoglycerol resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylglycerol, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		1.9710a 3-acyl-sn-glycero-1-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)(1-)
2-methylthio-atp
2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source		1.9910
adp beta s
adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd		1.9810
ah 23848
AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.		2.0710(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
alpha-neoendorphin
alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family		7.940
beta-funaltrexamine
beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.2360morphinane alkaloid
bibp 3226
BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer		2.0310
istradefylline
[no description available]		210oxopurine
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		7.392011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		5.89970
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		210heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.520medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		3.9120oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		5.73260
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2101,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		6.1170peptide
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.150carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
j 113397
J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		1.9710benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		3.59201-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.68301-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.110
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.6730cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		18.851,11911
neurokinin b
Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.		14.043991polypeptide
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		2.3110ciguatoxinmetabolite
ono 3708
ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist		1.9710
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.730imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
u 44069
U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic		2.420prostanoid
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		3.88120
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		1.9910
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		2.9540monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.0510piperazines
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		1.9910phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cochinchinenin
cochinchinenin: isolated from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source		2.0710
icariin
[no description available]		7.1110flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
thebaine
Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		3.04101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
spectinabilin
spectinabilin: structure in first source. spectinabilin : A polyketide that is deoxyspectinabilin in which the tetramethyldeca-tetraen-1-yl chain attached to the 4-pyranone moiety has undergone oxidation at position 1 and at the methyl group at position 3 to afford the corresponding tetrahydrofuranyl moiety. Produced by Streptomyces spectabilis, it exhibits antiviral and antimalarial activity.		2.1510
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		1.9610carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9910
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.8821
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor. N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-pentylcinnamoyl group. It is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
TRP channel blocker
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.4620nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		6.4400
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		8.690alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		4.37210alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		3.2260alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.6530boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		2.6730morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		1.9510alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.4330metal atom;
pnictogen
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6830metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		10.8350cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		3.2110morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.0210morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		210phenanthrenes
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.131dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.9340azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
candoxatril
candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.420
methylazoxymethanol acetate
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.		2.6830azoxy compound
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.5890styrenes
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid: an inhibitor of peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide amidating enzyme); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.1150
indolylacryloylglycine
indolylacryloylglycine: chromogen found in urine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110N-acyl-amino acid
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		2.8840alkaloid
puerarin
[no description available]		7.2110C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		11.5134dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		2.4110trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		1.99101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.7771cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		2.3720thyronine
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.8140monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.0110boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		210morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
[no description available]		210peptide
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		6.4592dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
6-o-monoacetylmorphine
6-O-monoacetylmorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		3.4720morphinane alkaloid
ramiprilat
ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.		2.6930azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		5.0233dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4920cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		5.01150isoquinolines
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		3.2460aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		210dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		9.8150morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		9.3560oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		7.28450
acetylcodeine
[no description available]		2.1510
sch 32615
[no description available]		3.0750
litorin
litorin: nona-peptide similar to bombesin isolated from skin of Litoria aurea		7.3620
n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl-n-acetylmuramyl-alanylisoglutamine
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-alanylisoglutamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9710dipeptide
neuromedin c
neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		3.0750
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9610
enkephalin-met, ala(2)-
enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin		2.6630
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		5.4451gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
gr 94800
GR 94800: a selective NK2 heptapeptide antagonist		3.4980
biphalin
biphalin: enkephalin dimer; two fragments of Ala(2)-enkephalin are connected by a diamine bridge to form above cpd; structure given in first source		8.8230
phenylalanylalanine
phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Phe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.		1.9910dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
vitexin rhamnoside
vitexin rhamnoside: an apigenin		1.9810flavonoids;
glycoside
codeine-6-glucuronide
codeine-6-glucuronide: structure given in first source		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
bombesin nonapeptide
bombesin nonapeptide: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9610
leucokinin i
leucokinin I: an eight amino acid neuropeptide found in the nervous system of the bowfly; aa sequence given in first source		1.9810peptide
urechistachykinin ii
urechistachykinin II: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from the echiuroid worm Urechis unicinctus		210
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		3.4980isoquinolines
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.6830dichlorobenzene
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		6.84241carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.		3.0950Cy5 dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
true blue
true blue: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.84120
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		4.3190cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0310
semapimod
semapimod: macrophage-deactivating agent used to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice; prevents postoperative ileus in mice independently of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve signaling		7.0710
n-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate
N-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate: inhibitor of Endopeptidase-24.15		1.9810
phyllolitorin
phyllolitorin: isolated from skin of South American frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei; MW 1020; RN given from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 1/85		1.9810
syntide-2
syntide-2: amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0510
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		1.9810
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		3.3870
coomassie brilliant blue
[no description available]		2.0810
iodoresiniferatoxin
iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist		2.0510
mastoparan
[no description available]		3.78110mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		3.0750oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		8.62990azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		1.9610chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0610chalcogen;
metalloid atom
triethyllead
triethyllead: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd		1.9910organic anion
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.8630azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
fk 409
FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus		210
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		9.99390maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.3820amidobenzoic acid
ciproxifan
[no description available]		2.0110aromatic ketone
cyclo(gln-trp-phe-gly-leu-met)
cyclo(Gln-Trp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met): tachykinin and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist		4.87110
methylazoxymethanol
methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source		1.9810azoxy compound
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		1.9910
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.6730
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.3920prostanoid
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		2.7301,2-diglyceride
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		210
volkensin
volkensin: a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein; 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp; from roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant); contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence		1.9810
ono 4057
ONO-LB 457: LTB4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.940
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor		2.3820
tmk 777
[no description available]		1.9710
mci 826
MCI 826: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist; inhibits late asthmatic response; structure in first source		210
trk 820
TRK 820: structure in first source		2.9640phenanthrenes
ibutamoren mesylate
ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source		210
netupitant
netupitant: orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. netupitant : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid with the secondary amino group of N-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine; an antiemetic used in combination with palonosetron hydrochloride (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		8.0240aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
toluenes		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
cyclosporin h
cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val		1.9910
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		210
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.3770
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		3.580nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
sb 222200
[no description available]		4.34190quinolines
am 404
[no description available]		2.0410anilide
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.9340quinolines
sb 269970
SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source		2.4720sulfonamide
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.2110naphthyridine derivative
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.3970isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.940diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		1.9910nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		3.86120cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		3.84120
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		1.9810
vapiprost
vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist		4.2940
hexarelin
hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6		210
substance p (6-11), tyr(6)-d-phe(7)-d-his(9)-
substance P (6-11), Tyr(6)-D-Phe(7)-D-His(9)-: substance P antagonist		3.1350
vofopitant
[no description available]		6.46161
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine: cross-link in proteins. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative in which the acyl group is specified as gamma-glutamyl.		1.9710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
N(6)-acyl-L-lysine
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		4.07150ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		7.3920
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.4120penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0110biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		1.9910
naloxonazine
naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		2.3920
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		1.9810L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cgp 56999a
CGP 56999A: structure given in first source		1.9910
win 51708
WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		4.54240
macimorelin
[no description available]		2.1310
pd 154075
PD 154075: a non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.420
sr 142801
SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist		5.37570
l 760735
L 760735: an NK1 receptor antagonist		5.7171
5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9910
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine
(2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source		4.6461
r 121919
[no description available]		3.1110
a-317491
A-317491: structure in first source		2.0410
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.3920benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here		2.9440
ro 19-3704
Ro 19-3704: platelet activating factor antagonist		1.9710
em 523
EM 523: structure given in first source		1.9810
vestipitant
[no description available]		2.0410
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		8.571320oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine-
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source		2.3720
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		3.7630
ketoprofen lysine
ketoprofen lysine: lysine salt of ketoprofen; structure in first source		1.9810
kw 7158
KW 7158: an afferent nerve inhibitor		2.0210
ly 306740
LY 306740: LY-307679 is the inactive enantiomer		3.2560
sdz nkt 343
SDZ NKT 343: structure in first source		2.420
ginsenoside m1
ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.021012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
orvepitant
[no description available]		2.110
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		2.0710pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
zd 6021
ZD 6021: structure in first source		210
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		5.65191organic molecular entity
fluticasone furoate
fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		3.461111beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
prodrug
flag peptide
FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.		2.3920peptide
tram 39
2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2-diphenyl acetonitrile: an intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blocker		2.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		7.24520aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
men 11420
[no description available]		3.2660
substance p, tyr(8)-
substance P, Tyr(8)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN without isomeric designation not available 5/88		3.77110
n-((1s,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine
N-((1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine: structure given in first source; an adenosine A1 receptor agonist		2.0310purine nucleoside
tak 637
TAK 637: structure in first source		2.730
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		7.4420ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
sb 705498
SB 705498: structure in first source		2.1710
ly686017
LY686017: neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist, a possible therapy for alcoholism; structure in first source		4.7521
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0610
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.1510morphinane alkaloid
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.7430piperazines;
pyridines
(2s,3as,7as)-1-(((r,r)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2-((thiazolidin-3-yl)carbonyl)octahydro-1h-indole
S 17092-1: structure in first source; inhibits proline endopeptidase		3.5120
ssr 146977
SSR 146977: a tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0110
neuromedin n
neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin		2.7130
phenylalanyl-glycyl-leucyl-methioninamide
phenylalanyl-glycyl-leucyl-methioninamide: a substance P-derived peptide		5.7761tetrapeptide
zeolites
[no description available]		2.2510
tan 67
[no description available]		2.1510quinolines
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.4420xanthene dye
gr 159897
GR 159897: a selective non-peptide antagonist at tachykinin NK2 receptors; structure given in first source		2.4220tryptamines
cgp 55845a
CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer		2.6930
l-161982
L-161982: A prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist		2.0310biphenyls
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		3.2560alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
capsazocaine
capsazocaine: structure in first source		1.9910
incb3344
INCB3344: potent and selective small molecule CCR2 chemokine receptor antagonist		2.0410
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.420
deltorphin i, ala(2)-
deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		1.9810peptide
fiscalin b
fiscalin B: isolated from culture broth produced by Neosartorya fischeri; inhibits the binding of substance P ligand to human neurokinin receptor; structure given in first source		1.9810
fmrfamide
FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)		6.33300
anomalin
anomalin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/90		2.0810
jyl 1421
JYL 1421: a vanilloid receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		9.2650
rolapitant
[no description available]		2.1710azaspiro compound;
ether;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		8.61690peptide
dihydroavenanthramide d
dihydroavenanthramide D: structure in first source		2.1510
angiotensin amide
Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.		1.9310oligopeptide
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		2.4110trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
2-furoyl-ligrlo-amide
2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide: a potent and selective proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist		2.0510
spiroquinazoline
spiroquinazoline: isolated from the fungus Aspergillus flavipes; structure given in first source; substance P antagonist		6.9810
phyllomedusin
[no description available]		2.3720
3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile
3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile: a serotonin transporter antagonist; structure in first source		2.1310
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid
5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).		2.1310hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
nonclassic icosanoid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
isotocin
isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure		7.3820
bufokinin
bufokinin: binds mammalian tachykinin receptors		2.730
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.690
4,5-diaminofluorescein
4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source		210
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		2.0210
artemisic acid
artemisic acid: isolated from Artemisia annua; MF: C28-H58-O; RN from Toxline. (+)-artemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.		2.4110carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
sesquiterpenoid		metabolite
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.0510alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		3.5311
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		6.14140
pnu-282987
[no description available]		2.0610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		1.9710nystatins
telcagepant
telcagepant: structure in first source		2.110
sha 68
[no description available]		2.0510
adl 5859
[no description available]		2.1510
ditryptophenaline
ditryptophenaline: structure in first source		210
cp 154526
CP 154526: structure in first source		2.110
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		5.3522
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		9.37210
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.730
xenopsin
xenopsin: peptide containing 8 amino acids from Xenopus laevis and other organisms		7.6530
glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline
glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline: the main component of the mixture of collagen type I degradation products		1.9810oligopeptide
td-5108
TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source		2.0310
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		1.9810O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		7.9980benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.4120
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.78290
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		11.71290
tubulysin b
[no description available]		2.1510butyrate ester
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		5.69320
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.1510
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.1510
neosolaniol
neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer		7.1710
b 3824
B 3824: B5630 is the D-Arg(1) analog of B-3824; bradykinin inhibitor		1.9810
felypressin
Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.		3.4311heterodetic cyclic peptidevasoconstrictor agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.7130
physalaemin
Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.		8.451440
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		11.74221
jaw
[no description available]		3.4820indolecarboxamide
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9810organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.3160
calcitonin
[no description available]		2.6730
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		2.8840
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		3.79110
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		11.893310
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		10.55421oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		10.99703
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		10.991730
somatostatin
[no description available]		7.0210heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		10.86472polypeptide
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus
magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)		1.9810
iturelix
iturelix: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist		2.730
gr 82334
GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist		4.94370
bombesin, tyr(4)-
[no description available]		1.9610
(4-24)-ply(a)
peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.610
neuropeptide f
neuropeptide F: amino acid sequence given in first source; MW 4433 Da; from tubellarian Artioposthia triangulata		1.9810
xenin 25
xenin 25: 25 amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.3110
preprotachykinin b (50-79)
preprotachykinin B (50-79): amino acid sequence given in first source; found in both neurokinin B and preprotachykinin B		210
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.2110
m 35
galanin-(1-13)-bradykinin-(2-9)-amide: a high-affinity galanin receptor antagonist		3.0850
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9,10)-
substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9,10)-: tachykinin antagonist; RN given refers to all L-isomer		4.22180
galanin (1-15)
galanin (1-15): modulates 5-HT(1A) receptors in dorsal hippocampus		1.9910
nociceptin
[no description available]		5.67250organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
cholera toxin, b subunit (50-64)
[no description available]		1.9710
galantide
galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source		5.63740
fibrinopeptide b
Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.		2.7130
neurotensin, trp(11)-
neurotensin, Trp(11)-: analog of neurotensin in which Tyr(11) has been replaced with Trp; neurotensin antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.3720
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		2.8940
tachykinin neuropeptide gamma
tachykinin neuropeptide gamma: potentiates substance P-induced salivation; lacks residues (3-17) of neuropeptide K; derived from gamma-preprotachykinin		4.28190
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas		1.9810
galanin (1-16)
galanin (1-16): N-terminal fragment of galanin; agonist at the hippocampal galanin receptor		1.9910
l 668169
L 668169: tachykinin antagonist		3.3770
galanin (1-13)-spantide amide
galanin (1-13)-spantide amide: a galanin receptor antagonist which blocks galanin induced feeding; some authors list C7 as being galanin(1-12)-Pro-spantide-amide while others claim it's galanin(1-13)-Pro-spantide-amide--most seem to prefer the latter		3.3870
am336
AM336: calcium channel blocker and antihyperalgesia agent; isolated from the venom of the cone snail, Conus catus		7.0110
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		16.251240
urotensin i
urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II		1.9610
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		3.1450
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		9.35910peptide hormone
mast cell degranulating peptide
mast cell degranulating peptide: isolated from bee venoms; made up of 22 amino acids; has 2 disulfide bridges		2.6730
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		14.7214710
anthopleurin b
[no description available]		1.9510
somatostatin-28
prosomatostatin: see also preprosomatostatins: 75037-28-4		2.3920
sauvagine
sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues		3.4820
bam 22p
[no description available]		1.9710
peptide e (adrenal medulla)
peptide E (adrenal medulla): kappa opiate receptor agonist; 25-amino acid opioid peptide which when cleaved at the sole double basic (Lys-Arg) typical processing site generates the amino-terminal fragment BAM 18 & the carboxy-terminal fragment Leu-enkephalin; structure given in first source;		1.9910
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		18.377858
dynorphin (1-32)
dynorphin (1-32): dynorphin A & dynorphin B linked by Lys-Arg		2.0610
heliodermin
heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties		2.3820
peptide phi
Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.		7.82620
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		2.0110
s6c sarafotoxin
sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor		2.8940
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		3.5180
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		4.3360
astressin
astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.		2.7430homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist;
neuroprotective agent
bq 3020
[no description available]		1.9810
cortistatin 14
cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		3.6320
dynorphin (1-17)
[no description available]		2.0510
m40
[no description available]		2.6730
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.0850
ziconotide
ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.		2.4420
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		9.5890
acyline
[no description available]		2.7930
gastrin releasing peptide (14-27)
gastrin releasing peptide (14-27): C-terminal portion of gastrin-releasing peptide		1.9710
gamma-endorphin
gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 17-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-16).		2.6730
alpha-endorphin
alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).		440
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		2.2510
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28): inhibits VIP stimulation of adenylate cyclase		2.6830
n-acetyl-beta-endorphin
[no description available]		1.9810
pardaxin
pardaxin: acidic protein from flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus; amino aicd sequence known		1.9610
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.2360
bam 22p
[no description available]		2.1510
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		2.6830gastrinantineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.6930
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1710glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		13.33361
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.851201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		1.991021-hydroxy steroid
phenylmercuric acetate
Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.		1.9710arylmercury compound;
benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography		1.9710
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		210organotin acaricide
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.6830alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
nocistatin
nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source		2.0210
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.4220
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		7.6730
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		4.1560organic lithium saltfluorochrome
chitosan
[no description available]		3.3550
ranatensin
ranatensin: undecapeptide isolated from skin of Rana pipiens		7.6530
septide
[no description available]		6.8810
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.6830
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.420
yil 781
YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source		2.110
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		1.9610
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		5.823003',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		5.6131inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		3.3670monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.110
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.110
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		3.8120
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.		1.9710
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		3.77110
pervanadate
pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide		210
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		1.9410
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.2110fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.2660
rimorphin
rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin		3.3770
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		3.4880
hylambatin
hylambatin: isolated from skin of African frog Hylambates maculatus		6.9710
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		15.284892peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
substance p, phe(5)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)-
substance P, Phe(5)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: substance P antagonist; bombesin antagonist		6.42320
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		2.6830
apelin-13 peptide
apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.		2.0710oligopeptideantihypertensive agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
biomarker;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-
substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist		6.88900
vasoactive intestinal peptide (1-12)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (1-12): ligand for the CD4 antigen(HIV receptor)		1.9810
alytesin
[no description available]		1.9710
lhrh, pglu(1)-phe(2)-trp(3,6)-
LHRH, pGlu(1)-Phe(2)-Trp(3,6)-: gonadorelin antagonist; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9610
substance p, arg(1)-pro(2)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)-
substance P, Arg(1)-Pro(2)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: RN given for (L)-Leu, all (D)-isomer		4.33200
bombesin, leu(13)-psi-ch2nh-leu(14)-
bombesin, Leu(13)-psi-CH2NH-Leu(14)-: bombesin antagonist		2.6630
substance p, pro(2)-phe(7)-trp(9)-
substance P, Pro(2)-Phe(7)-Trp(9)-: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer; substance P antagonist		4.41220
substance p, arg(1)-pro(2)-trp(7),(9)-leunh(2)(11)-
substance P, Arg(1)-Pro(2)-Trp(7),(9)-LeuNH(2)(11)-: MH SUBSTANCE P contains L-Arg(1), L-Pro(2); substance P antagonist		6.38540
gr 71251
GR 71251: tachykinin receptor antagonist		3.93130
granuliberin r
granuliberin R: mast cell degranulating peptide in frogs		2.0110
mannans
[no description available]		2.0310
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.		21011,12-EEThuman xenobiotic metabolite
lysophosphatidylserine
lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).		2.38201-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.1710
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9710
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.0410
neurokinin a (4-10), tyr(5)-trp(6,8,9)-arg(10)-
[no description available]		2.8940
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		13.064513
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		1.9910
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		2.3920
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		10.35653
ingenol dibenzoate
ingenol dibenzoate: antileukemic component of Euphorbia esula L. extract; structure		2.4420
hemopressin
hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment		2.3110
mephedrone
mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.		2.110amphetamines;
aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.110
urotensin ii
[no description available]		2.0510
gsk143
GSK143: a Syk kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
chymostatin
[no description available]		210
tak-683
TAK-683: has antineoplastic activity		2.110
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		1.9910
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		1.99101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		21.451,62625
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		5.8281polypeptide
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		5.28100peptide
neuromedin b
neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord		3.69100
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.91132ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		1.9810
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.1110
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.4620monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		9.95120benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		5.12911,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		1.9810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.3970benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
antimycin
[no description available]		1.9710
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		3.0910heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan
SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.420
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		2.4320
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.1710
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		6.12170
acth (7-38)
ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.		1.9510
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		9.021070
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		2.0210
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.6490aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
brevetoxin
brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis		7.2510
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)-
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist		2.3820
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		8.71100
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		12.43350
cgs 12066b
CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		1.9810maleate saltprodrug;
serotonergic agonist
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		3.4720alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.6830ketal
s-777469
S-777469: an orally available cannabinoid receptor CB2 agonist as an antipruritic agent; structure in first source		2.1110
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		1.9910
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.0610
silaproline
[no description available]		2.0210
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		6.83400
neuropeptide y (18-36)
neuropeptide Y (18-36): amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9910
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates		7.4110trichothecene
glutaminase
[no description available]		1.9710
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.4110
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.9140
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.0710
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		1.9410
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		1.9710cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
lewis x antigen
Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.		1.9710
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)-
neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist		210
glucagon-like peptide 2
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.		2.4420
snx 482
SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source		2.0810
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		6.28280angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
gastrin i
gastrin I: heptadecapeptide amide, H-Pyr-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2		210
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		7.57131
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		3.2360
mesotocin
[no description available]		5.0350
deltakephalin
deltakephalin: synthetic, potent specific agonist for opiate delta receptors		2.6630
sta 2
STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source		210
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		3.5790
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		1.9710
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.0410
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.8730
ht-2 toxin
HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.		7.1710
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		7.4120
ginsenoside rb1, malonyl
ginsenoside Rb1, malonyl: from dried root of Panax ginseng; structure given in first source		2.0310
sermorelin
Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).		1.9610
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		7.17270
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.9440
maxadilan protein, insect
maxadilan protein, insect: peptide from salivary glands of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis; has 500 times the vasodilator avtivity of calcitonin gene-related peptide		2.110
lysergic acid
lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.		6.9310
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		5.05130
triciribine
triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.		2.0510
antipain
Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.		2.0510
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		8.81282
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		9.2350
cholecystokinin 39
cholecystokinin 39: contains 39 amino acids; 6 amino acid residues added on to cholecystokinin		1.9710
peptide t
Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.		3.520
fusarenon-x
fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure		2.4110
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.730
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.88110
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.940
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.9240
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.5311
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		8.387903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.4120sepiapterin
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.690guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		1.9810guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		4.58260guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9810inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		4.0930inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		3.1505,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.1210folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		4.12160nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.2710cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		8.2360benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		8.6620benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.0950nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		2.0310
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		4.17170nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810hydroxypyrimidine
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		7.9340carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid
4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid: a neuroprotective agent that has been shown to improve memory; induces NGF-dependent nociceptive nerve sprouting		2.0310amidobenzoic acid
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		3.4980nucleoside diphosphate analogue
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		16.48817(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		6.850(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.41203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.0310
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.6830
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9810nitroso compoundalkylating agent
coelenterazine
coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.		1.9810
l 742694
L 742694: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.420
papa nonoate
[no description available]		210alkylamine
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		2.940
diazo-2
diazo-2: calcium chelator		1.9910
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		3.2560
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		2.4110
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		7.0510
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		4.1120
eye
[no description available]		8.01640
prolyl-glycyl-proline
[no description available]		2.0410peptide
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.9840
scyliorhinin ii
scyliorhinin II: tachykinin from dogfish gut; selective radioligand for the tachykinin NK3 receptor in rat.		2.3720
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		11.11301
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.9210
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		2.0110
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.3670
galanin-like peptide
Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.		2.7530
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		4.96380
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.84100
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.3870
bim 23127
BIM 23127: a neuromedin B receptor antagonist		2.0210
quifenadine
WS 9326A: from Streptomyces violaceusniger No. 9326; tachykinin receptor antagonist		2.3820
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.7330
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		1.9810N-acyl-amino acid
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		1.9810alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
substance p, methyl ester-
substance P, methyl ester-: COOH-terminal amide of substance P replaced with methyl ester		6.9810
substance p (1-4)
substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P		1.9710
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		1.9710tripeptide
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.2510pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.3820prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		2.4620oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		2.0210
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.6730
neurokinin b
Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.		2.6730polypeptide
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		7.2510oligopeptide
biphalin
biphalin: enkephalin dimer; two fragments of Ala(2)-enkephalin are connected by a diamine bridge to form above cpd; structure given in first source		2.2510
phenylmercuric acetate
Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.		1.9710arylmercury compound;
benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography		1.9710
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-
substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist		1.9810
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		1.9710
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		1.9810aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
histamine
[no description available]		2.0310aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		6.9710cyclitol;
hexol
theophylline
[no description available]		1.9810dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		210N-acyl-amino acid
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.4120aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.96102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		210diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		6.9610arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.9405-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		210quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9810organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9610
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		1.9810alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		1.9610
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		210
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist		2.4220
senktide
[no description available]		210
substance p (6-11)
substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P		2.6830
l 703606
L 703606: structure given in first source		210
substance p (5-11)
substance P (5-11): RN given refers to parent cpd		210
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)-
substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist		2.3920
substance p (1-4)
substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P		210
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9710
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9610oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.3920myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.0310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9610pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4220capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		210
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		210
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.3920oligopeptide
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9610peptide
physalaemin
Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.		1.9710
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.0110
septide
[no description available]		1.9910
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		1.9610peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		210
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		7.4120
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		1.9610
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		1.9610peptide
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		210monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
choline
[no description available]		7.0510cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.420catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		1.9910aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.0310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.6730
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		7.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0210N-acyl-amino acid
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.1710gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.6730aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		210benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
tyramine
[no description available]		1.9810monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		1.9810imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		6.9810pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		1.9810phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		210ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9810organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		210diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mannitol
[no description available]		2.1710mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.6830arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		6.9810benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		1.9810mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		2.3920toluenes
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.24605-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		210quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		210steroid ester
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.2360dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		210pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
phenazocine
Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)		2.0510
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.2460amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.4120glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.3920alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.0810
glutamic acid diethyl ester
glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9810
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide
[no description available]		4.1240
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		2.4420
sr 48968
SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968		2.0210
fk 888
FK 888: structure given in first source; a potent NK(1) receptor antagonist		2.0210peptide
senktide
[no description available]		210
enkephalin-leu, arg(6)-
[no description available]		1.9810
substance p (6-11)
substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P		2.3920
substance p (5-11), pglu(5)-mephe(8)-megly(9)-
[no description available]		2.3920
l 703606
L 703606: structure given in first source		210
substance p (5-11)
substance P (5-11): RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3770
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)-
substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist		2.420
substance p (1-4)
substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P		210
substance p (6-11), pglu(6)-
substance P (6-11), pGlu(6)-: pyroglutamic acid deriv of the C-terminal of Substance P		1.9610
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		210myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		2.730deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
phenylalanine amide
phenylalanine amide: inhibits an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. L-phenylalanine amide : An amino acid amide derived from L-phenylalanine.		2.0510amino acid amide;
phenylalanine derivative
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		210peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9810pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.6190capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		1.9810quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9810
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.7100morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.6390morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
beta-funaltrexamine
beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9810morphinane alkaloid
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		1.9910
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		2.4420oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		4.2750
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.6830
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.3820cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810isoquinolines
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.3110
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.3820isoquinolines
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.940maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		1.9810isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.0510dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
naloxonazine
naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		1.9810
win 51708
WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		1.9810
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0510
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		1.9610
physalaemin
Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.		1.9810
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.4120
rimorphin
rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin		2.0610
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-
substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist		1.9810
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.4120
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		710
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan
SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		010.81314
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		09.58382
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		010.81314
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		09.58382
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		017.9198010
Anasarca
[description not available]		011.141252
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		011.141252
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		012.031197
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		012.031197
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		015.21652
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		015.21652
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		014.896090
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.95110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		018.635204
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.95110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		018.635204
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.88960
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.8630
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		08.88120
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		011.32521
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		011.32521
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.29170
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		012.21361
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
[description not available]		08.12140
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		012.52301
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.		08.12140
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		07.52301
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		012.21361
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.4110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.25590
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		09.25590
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		05.75120
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		05.25111
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		05.25111
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.06311
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		08.06311
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		08.071370
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		05.9531
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.690
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		05.9531
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.690
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		06.19520
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		011.64742
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		06.19520
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		011.64742
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.9330
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.9330
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.87110
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		08.87110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		09.7460
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		09.7460
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		09.4970
Ache
[description not available]		020.7679121
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		03.93120
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		020.7679121
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		03.93120
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		011.58585
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		011.58585
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		05.45130
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.8220
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		011.382164
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.8220
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		05.7171
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		05.7171
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		015.081217
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		04.9130
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		04.9130
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		08.82110
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.73100
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.73100
Allodynia
[description not available]		012.342550
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		08.65540
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		08.65540
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		012.92541
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		06.28111
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		014.2211312
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		014.2211312
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		06.28111
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		06.5200
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		06.5200
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.7730
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.3920
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.3920
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.8620
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.8620
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		06.58480
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		06.58480
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		08.13211
Emesis
[description not available]		014.63733
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		014.63733
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.4110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		05.65181
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		07.4110
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		05.65181
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.4370
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.4370
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		011.56354
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		011.56354
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		07.48291
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.48291
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		08.1150
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		08.65173
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		05.0591
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		08.65173
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		05.0591
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		014.97501
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		09.97501
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.9640
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.9640
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.98410
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.98410
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		05.27110
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		04.0450
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		04.0450
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		05.27110
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.4110
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.4110
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		04.3441
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		013.21805
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		04.3441
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		07.99550
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		012.99550
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		08.6930
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		02.4110
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.6930
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.6690
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.1650
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.6930
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.6690
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4110
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.1650
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.8430
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.8430
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.5220
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.87350
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.5390
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.4110
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.5390
Itching
[description not available]		019.213710
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		014.213710
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		0340
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.610
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		0340
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		05.692
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		05.692
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		04.4950
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		08.39291
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		010.19571
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		08.39291
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		010.19571
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.4950
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.4110
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.4110
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		012.24210
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		07.24210
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		08.72741
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		08.1640
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		07.32171
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		07.32171
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.1640
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		09.34414
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		09.34414
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.29192
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		06.29192
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		08.9300
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		013.9300
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.91160
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		06.55181
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		06.55181
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		05.91160
Autoimmune Urticaria
[description not available]		04.29120
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		05.99260
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		05.99260
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		04.1120
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		09.1120
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		05.08150
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		015.525331
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		05.08150
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		015.525331
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		05.12110
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		04.34160
Cervical Spondylosis
[description not available]		03.3340
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.		03.3340
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		09.34160
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		02.7130
Cacosmia
[description not available]		03.0120
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.9840
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		05.67310
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.95253
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		05.8190
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.2660
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.95253
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		05.8190
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.2660
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.6120
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.6120
Aspirin Induced Asthma
[description not available]		03.9421
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		07.23161
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		03.8540
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		011.1671
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		07.23161
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.8540
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.49371
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.49371
Apoplexy
[description not available]		08.74206
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		08.74206
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		09.14261
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		08.1350
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		08.7222
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		09.14261
Carditis
[description not available]		02.5420
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.5420
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.9340
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.610
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		09.54261
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		09.54261
Pericementitis
[description not available]		06.21121
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		05.7570
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		06.21121
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		05.1760
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		06.63160
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		05.1760
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		06.63160
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.610
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		0340
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.78110
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		0340
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		09.78110
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.610
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.610
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.610
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		06.81174
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		011.81174
Hives
[description not available]		06.58183
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		06.58183
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		07.610
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1860
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		09.1860
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		04.3341
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.55240
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		16.55240
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		03.6330
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		03.6330
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.610
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		07.610
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		05.2380
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		010.2380
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.9480
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.6930
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		011.32170
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		08.6930
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.610
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.610
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.541854
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.541854
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		06.04190
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		013.12675
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		06.04190
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		07.82382
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		07.82382
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		04.9750
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		05.04160
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		04.9750
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		05.04160
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		04.2940
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		04.2940
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		011.892175
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		08.9540
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.86130
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.9540
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.86130
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		04.1760
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4820
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		04.1760
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.4820
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.76271
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.76271
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.9440
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		05.17101
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		012.03290
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		05.17101
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.4520
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.46250
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.46250
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		09.08520
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		09.08520
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		02.5820
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		07.25231
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		06.49160
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		02.5820
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		07.25231
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		011.49160
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.3760
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.3760
Dry Eye
[description not available]		09.5380
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.5380
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		05.3170
Back Ache
[description not available]		06.55111
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		06.55111
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.34200
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.34200
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		03.730
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		05.19111
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		013.33640
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.4470
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.4470
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		06.97281
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.88382
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.8880
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.8880
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.6120
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		07.6120
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.96130
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		08.56160
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.23550
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		08.56160
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.23550
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		011.93161
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		06.93161
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		03.6890
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		03.6890
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		02.7430
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		02.7430
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		04.2630
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.81120
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.4470
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.81120
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.4470
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		04.2630
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.2870
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.2870
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.5120
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.6121
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.6121
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.5120
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.7730
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.7730
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		010.66523
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		07.9252
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		07.6320
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.9740
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.9740
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		06.563
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		04.44210
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		05.6280
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		05.6280
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		09.07840
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.1250
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		07.22250
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		03.1250
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		012.22250
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.3110
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		04.01140
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.3110
Dysphagia
[description not available]		08.46156
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		08.46156
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.2510
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.3770
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		05.0490
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		010.0490
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		06.2475
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		04.1131
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		09.49637
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		09.49637
Ciguatera
[description not available]		02.3110
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		04.4951
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		02.3110
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.8421
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.8421
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.3110
Common Migraine
[description not available]		04.8221
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.8221
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.2510
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.2510
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		06.8100
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		05.53100
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.1710
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.69180
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.1710
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		03.6411
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		03.3160
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		012.82684
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		012.82684
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.47163
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.2510
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9340
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.2510
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.3110
Azoospermia
A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).		02.3110
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		010.07192
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		010.07192
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.8120
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		05.14170
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		05.14170
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.420
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		010.72263
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.420
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.3110
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9660
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		04.9660
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.1250
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.65100
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.1250
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.65100
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		011.68121
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		05.79340
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral
[description not available]		03.2660
Tennis Elbow
A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.		08.2660
Facial Pain, Referred
[description not available]		03.730
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		02.3110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		09.11242
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.11242
Lumbar Osteoarthritis
[description not available]		04.0420
Osteoarthritis, Spine
A degenerative joint disease involving the SPINE. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE).		04.0420
Chronic Encephalopathy, Post-Concussive
[description not available]		02.3110
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Degenerative brain disease linked to repetitive brain trauma. Progressive symptoms may include MEMORY LOSS; AGGRESSION; or DEPRESSION.		02.3110
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		05.5790
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		05.5790
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.3110
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.9240
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		04.73110
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		013.14453
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		013.14453
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		07.89121
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		07.89121
Joint Pain
[description not available]		08.07212
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		08.07212
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		03.520
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.1350
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.4720
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.1350
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.4720
Hay Fever
[description not available]		08.62284
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		110.62284
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		05.57120
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		05.57120
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.4220
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.4220
Aura
[description not available]		05.57120
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		010.57120
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.6290
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.7930
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		010.76247
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		010.76247
Vasomotor Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.131
Rhinitis, Vasomotor
A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.		04.131
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.9840
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.5720
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1510
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.1510
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.94140
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		04.63100
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		09.63100
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).		02.1510
Cot Death
[description not available]		06.06200
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.7130
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2370
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		05.2370
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		010.6227
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		05.4351
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		010.6227
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		05.4351
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.5220
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		06.46120
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		07.49160
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		06.46120
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		07.49160
Anoxemia
[description not available]		010.64922
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		010.64922
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		05.48250
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		05.48250
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		03.1250
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.4820
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.4820
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.4620
Arousal Disorders, Sleep
[description not available]		02.1710
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.4620
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.74200
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.39570
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.74200
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		02.7330
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		02.7330
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		02.9640
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		012.85632
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		06.2200
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.1710
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		011.06150
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		06.06150
Ganglion Cysts
Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.1710
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		09.2160
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		04.3770
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		09.3770
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		03.570
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.67251
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.1710
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.1710
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.0950
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.5420
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.5420
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		08.1875
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		08.1875
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		09.230
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		04.230
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.5520
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.5520
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		07.4492
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		07.4492
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.1710
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.1450
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.1450
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.0850
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		05.1770
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		05.1770
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		08.4783
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		08.4783
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		07.04300
Metastase
[description not available]		04.7110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		04.7110
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.5520
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.5520
Shingles
[description not available]		04.4851
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		09.4851
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3820
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.3820
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		06.31170
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		06.31170
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.7670
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.870
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.870
Social Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		03.0910
Phobia, Social
Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations.		03.0910
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.1710
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.7130
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.4620
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		02.7130
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		03.1550
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		03.9240
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		03.1210
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.2110
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.2110
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		06.8670
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.9740
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		07.4720
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.9740
Cranial Nerve V Injury
[description not available]		04.3370
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.7730
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.7730
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		07.2110
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		02.2110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		012.05101
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		06.65120
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		06.65120
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.01150
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.01150
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		04.5350
Arthropathies
[description not available]		04.8880
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		04.8880
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.3820
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		04.5350
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.7530
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.5530
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.5530
Basilar Artery Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.2110
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		05.05160
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		06.09162
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		06.09162
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.5320
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.5320
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.3110
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.4751
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		09.4751
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.7330
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.9540
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.9540
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		09.37351
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		09.37351
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		03.3970
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0810
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.0810
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		03.3920
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		06.44180
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		06.44180
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		03.3920
Sneezing
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.9991
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		09.57435
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		09.57435
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.4520
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.0810
Glomangioma
[description not available]		02.6930
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.6930
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.8940
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		05.8881
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		07.18340
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		07.18340
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.9340
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.0810
Breathlessness
[description not available]		010.9752
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		05.9752
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		08.34121
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.9340
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.9340
HbS Disease
[description not available]		05.91100
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		05.91100
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		05.28120
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		04.480
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		04.480
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		03.4711
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		03.4711
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		02.0810
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.4820
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.0810
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.0810
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.0810
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		08.12122
AIDS Nephropathy
[description not available]		02.0810
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.		02.0810
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		05.9752
Spider Veins
[description not available]		05.0431
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		012.06195
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		05.9752
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		05.0431
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.0810
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.9540
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.9540
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.2170
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		05.2170
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		09.2970
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.2970
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.5480
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.5480
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		01.9610
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		01.9610
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		0310
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		0310
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9640
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		04.8980
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		06.3991
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		06.3991
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.8721
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		03.8721
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		05.8581
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		05.8581
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		04.131
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		03.1550
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		04.3140
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		04.3140
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		04.3141
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		04.3141
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.4920
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		05.8481
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		05.8481
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.520
Acanthocytosis with Neurologic Disorder
[description not available]		02.110
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		03.6730
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		03.6730
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		06.55102
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.110
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		07.110
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.9540
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		04.3741
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.9540
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		03.83110
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.5490
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.110
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.2560
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.7530
Hip Dislocation
Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.		02.4820
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.7530
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.130
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.0110
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.130
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.0110
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.110
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.110
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.0110
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.0110
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.9340
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.		05.3780
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		07.9340
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		04.5390
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.4720
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4720
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		02.4720
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		02.110
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.110
Infection
[description not available]		09.6840
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		09.6840
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		011.02101
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		05.4551
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		06.53340
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		03.68100
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		06.53340
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		03.68100
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9740
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.4180
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		02.9640
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.4180
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.9640
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.9640
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.9132
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		03.2760
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.5580
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.5580
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		03.0110
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		03.0110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1460
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.91151
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		02.110
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.4220
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.1110
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.110
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.110
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.110
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.3770
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.3770
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		03.3520
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		02.4520
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.4420
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.4420
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.6930
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.6930
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		05.1170
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		05.1170
Granulomas
[description not available]		05.22190
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		02.7530
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		07.7530
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		05.22190
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		07.97680
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		07.97680
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.4420
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.9740
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.9740
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		03.6530
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.3190
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		03.470
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.3870
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		07.1110
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.3870
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		03.150
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		03.3870
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes
A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.		02.1110
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		08.84181
Duodenal Reflux
[description not available]		02.4820
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.2990
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		05.2990
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		06.17320
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		04.3241
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		04.3241
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		06.17320
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.5220
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.5220
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.4520
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.4520
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		04.0150
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		04.0150
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		08.8420
Indigestion
[description not available]		05.4780
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		010.4780
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		09.36103
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		09.36103
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.17211
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		07.17211
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.8321
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		03.8321
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.7330
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.1310
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.1310
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.1260
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.1260
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.		06.4770
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.78120
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.78120
Analgesic Overuse Headache
[description not available]		02.1310
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		06.0361
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		011.0361
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.7630
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.8340
Fibroid
[description not available]		07.4920
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.6830
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		07.4920
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.6830
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.1510
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		06.3980
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		02.1310
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.1310
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.1310
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.730
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.730
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.1510
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.4120
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.4120
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.7330
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.9440
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8340
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		03.8340
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.9540
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.9540
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.4220
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.0410
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.4220
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.0410
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		08.98140
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		03.4780
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		03.4780
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		03.1550
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.1450
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.9640
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		03.1550
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.1450
Odontalgia
[description not available]		07.2120
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		07.2120
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.940
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.940
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		02.7330
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		02.7330
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.2940
Toxocariasis
Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.		02.0410
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.4220
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.9340
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.7130
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.7130
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.9340
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries
[description not available]		02.4220
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		03.1150
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		03.3620
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		05.54100
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		05.54100
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		03.8121
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.9140
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.4220
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.4220
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		03.6190
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		05.01400
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.6630
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.6630
Charcot's Joint
[description not available]		04.550
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.550
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		013.151350
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0510
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0510
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.4220
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		05.63180
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		05.63180
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		03.2660
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		03.2660
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.6430
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.6430
Injuries, Neck
[description not available]		02.9610
Injuries, Whiplash
[description not available]		03.3420
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		06.37151
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.9140
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		06.37151
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.9140
Deficiency, Yin
[description not available]		02.0410
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.730
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.4520
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.6730
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.6730
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.1860
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		05.44150
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.2560
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.2560
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.0510
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		03.470
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		09.3374
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		09.3374
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		08.5180
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		04.4480
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		04.4480
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0510
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.0150
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		04.0150
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		03.3520
Brain Dead
[description not available]		02.4320
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.43240
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		05.43240
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.1131
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.1131
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.0510
Dermatoses
[description not available]		07.87201
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		07.87201
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.0510
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		05.47250
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		05.47250
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		05.5590
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		02.0510
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		02.0510
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.8140
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		03.6730
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		03.6730
Adipocere
[description not available]		04.06150
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		05.26121
Bleeding
[description not available]		03.2360
Angiitis
[description not available]		04.370
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		010.26121
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		08.2360
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.370
Absence Status
[description not available]		04.0250
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		04.0250
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.4620
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.9340
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		08.3970
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		07.4620
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.940
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.940
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		03.71100
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		03.71100
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0510
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.0510
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		04.1660
Autism
[description not available]		02.4620
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.4620
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4720
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.0510
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		02.4520
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0230
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		05.0230
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		05.67100
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.4520
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		02.0510
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.0510
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		08.4541
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.730
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.730
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.0510
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.0510
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.3870
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.3870
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.4320
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.4220
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.4220
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.3241
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		04.3241
Cardiovirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.		02.0510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.69110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.69110
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.0510
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.7130
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.4220
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.0510
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		07.0510
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.4511
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4511
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		03.4511
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.0610
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		05.0452
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.4120
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		03.6530
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		03.6530
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.9440
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.9440
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.8320
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		03.3120
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		03.6130
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		03.3120
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.6130
Pallor
A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.		02.0610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.4120
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		07.7130
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.9140
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		07.9140
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.7530
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.7530
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		02.0610
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		02.0610
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.0610
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.9440
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9440
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.9440
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		07.86171
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		02.0610
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		02.4220
Abnormalities, Digestive System
[description not available]		02.4520
Retinal Dystrophies
A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.		02.0610
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.9240
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.9240
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.4520
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		02.7330
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.0710
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.3520
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.3520
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)		07.4420
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.0710
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		02.4620
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		02.4620
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.0710
As If Personality
[description not available]		02.0710
Drooling
[description not available]		02.3720
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		02.3720
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		03.0850
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.630
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		08.0850
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		08.630
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.4220
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		04.69110
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		04.69110
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.71100
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		08.71100
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		02.0710
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		05.59120
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		05.59120
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		02.0710
Moraxella Infections
[description not available]		02.0710
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		06.02152
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		06.02152
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.940
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.940
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		03.3870
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		03.3870
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.0710
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		05.6971
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		05.6971
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		03.1250
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		03.1250
Adiposalgia
[description not available]		02.0710
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.4620
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.4620
Dental Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4620
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		02.0810
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0810
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.0810
MODS
[description not available]		03.6530
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.0810
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.6530
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.4620
Achalasia
[description not available]		03.0750
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		03.0750
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		08.3820
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		03.3820
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		07.4420
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		02.0110
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		010.93110
Rheumatism
[description not available]		03.8140
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		06.4692
Afferent Pupillary Defect
[description not available]		02.9210
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		010.93110
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.9210
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		08.8140
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		06.4692
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.0110
Infections, Respirovirus
[description not available]		02.4120
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.0110
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		05.4480
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		05.4480
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.420
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.420
Alagille Syndrome 1
[description not available]		02.0110
Alagille Syndrome
A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).		02.0110
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		02.0110
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		02.0110
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		02.0110
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		02.0110
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		04.1760
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		04.1760
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		02.6930
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		02.6930
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.6730
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.1460
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.1460
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		08.3320
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		0210
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.0110
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		05.07100
Acne
[description not available]		05.2340
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		05.2340
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		05.0650
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		04.8740
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		05.0650
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		04.8740
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.4220
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		05.18111
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.18111
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.730
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		05.17111
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.940
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		010.17111
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.940
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.0110
Bites
[description not available]		02.0110
Stress Disorders, Traumatic
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.		02.4220
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		03.5990
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.0110
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		03.5990
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.5890
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		08.5890
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		02.9240
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2341
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.0110
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		010.2341
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.75160
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		06.75160
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		06.3680
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		011.3680
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		04.98150
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.3420
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		08.3420
Palsy
[description not available]		05.4290
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		05.4290
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0110
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0110
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.0110
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.940
Aganglionic Megacolon
[description not available]		03.98140
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.		03.98140
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9310
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.6330
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.6330
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		02.3520
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		02.0110
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		02.0110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		03.4980
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.0110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.0110
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		02.0110
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.0210
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.420
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.821
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0110
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		010.4780
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.0210
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		02.4220
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		02.3920
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.411
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		03.8120
Varices
[description not available]		02.420
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.420
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0210
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		02.0210
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		02.0210
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.0210
Dental Granuloma
[description not available]		02.4220
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.9310
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.9310
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.9310
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.9310
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		03.3770
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.0210
MEA 2b
[description not available]		03.3420
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.9440
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		07.9440
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.9240
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		07.9240
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		09140
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		02.4220
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		02.7130
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		07.7130
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		06.9161
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0210
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		04.3622
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.9310
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		04.0630
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		04.0630
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		02.0210
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.0210
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		02.730
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.6830
Clubfeet
[description not available]		03.411
Apple Peel Small Bowel Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.0210
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.4120
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.		02.0210
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		04.89360
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		02.0210
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0210
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.6830
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.6830
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0210
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		02.420
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.0850
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0210
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		02.420
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.0850
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.0210
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		02.4320
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0210
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0210
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		07.0210
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		02.0210
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		02.0210
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.7130
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.0210
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram
[description not available]		02.0210
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.420
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.420
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		02.4320
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		02.6930
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		07.56182
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		07.56182
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.9410
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.9410
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.4120
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.9410
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.9410
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.4220
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.3320
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.3320
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.7230
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		02.0210
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		02.0210
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.0310
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.0310
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		02.0310
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.0310
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.4120
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.4120
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		03.0950
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		03.0950
Diverticula
[description not available]		07.420
Dupuytren's Contracture
[description not available]		07.0310
Dupuytren Contracture
A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.		02.0310
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.0310
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.0310
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		02.4420
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		02.0310
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		06.07110
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		011.07110
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.4220
Exposure, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		03.6130
Dental Pulp Exposure
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.		03.6130
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.0310
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0310
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.3520
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.0310
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.4420
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		05.3272
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.4420
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		010.3272
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.4220
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.4220
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.4220
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.0310
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.3920
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.0310
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.3820
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.3820
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		04.4751
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		09.4751
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.0310
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.0310
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.0310
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.0310
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.0310
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		02.4120
Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		02.0310
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		02.0310
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.0310
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.0310
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		03.320
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.0310
Anticipatory Vomiting
[description not available]		02.7130
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.0310
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		02.0410
Diphyllobothriasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.		02.0310
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		02.0310
Esophageal Dysmotility
[description not available]		02.4220
Atresia, Esophageal
[description not available]		02.4220
Esophagotracheal Fistula
[description not available]		02.4220
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.		02.4220
Neuroma
A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.69100
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0410
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.4120
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.4120
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.4220
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		02.0310
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		07.4220
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.4311
Erythremia
[description not available]		02.0410
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		07.0410
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		02.0410
Bilophila Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.150
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.150
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.8240
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		02.4120
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0510
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0510
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.3420
Axon Reaction
[description not available]		02.0410
Myelopathy
[description not available]		05.5392
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		05.5392
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.0410
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		04.3141
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4311
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.821
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4311
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.0410
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0410
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.0410
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1560
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		04.1560
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		06.05130
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.8940
Dermal Sinus
[description not available]		01.9610
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		01.9610
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		01.9610
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		04.2770
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		04.8580
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		04.8580
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		010.62102
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		01.9610
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		01.9610
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		04.04150
Neuroses
[description not available]		03.2820
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		03.2820
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		06.21131
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.5630
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		03.5630
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.7940
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.7940
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		04.32200
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.6530
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.6530
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		01.9610
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		01.9610
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		02.3620
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.75120
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		04.75120
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6630
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		01.9610
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III
[description not available]		02.3620
Dysautonomia, Familial
An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)		02.3620
Amentia
[description not available]		03.4780
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.4780
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		01.9610
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		01.9610
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.6630
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.6630
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.3720
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.3720
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		07.6630
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9610
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		03.2920
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		03.2920
Pruritus Vulvae
Intense itching of the external female genitals.		01.9610
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.3620
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		04.0330
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		04.0330
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.0750
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		03.0750
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.5830
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		08.5830
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		01.9610
Locomotor Ataxia
[description not available]		04.6721
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		08.4780
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		03.4780
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		02.940
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		02.940
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.8810
Bulbar Palsy
[description not available]		01.9610
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9610
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.3620
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.3720
Injuries, Teeth
[description not available]		03.2920
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		02.8810
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		02.8810
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		01.9810
Aphthae
[description not available]		01.9810
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		01.9810
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.		02.3820
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9810
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.3820
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		04.97150
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		04.97150
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		01.9810
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		03.0850
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		04.6100
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		03.0850
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		04.6100
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		04.9930
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		05.0870
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		01.9810
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.3820
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		02.940
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.3820
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.0850
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.0850
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		08.5990
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9810
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9810
ARC
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		01.9810
Bleb
[description not available]		05.24200
Adenolymphoma
A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.		01.9810
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		01.9810
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		01.9810
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.3820
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		01.9810
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9810
Chondrodysplasia with Hemangioma
[description not available]		01.9810
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.3820
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9810
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		03.2920
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		03.2920
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		03.3711
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		03.3711
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		03.3711
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		04.1660
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.6100
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.6100
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		02.3820
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		02.3820
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		03.2820
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.3670
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		03.3670
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		01.9810
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		01.9810
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.3920
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		02.6930
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.910
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.910
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		01.9810
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		01.9810
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		01.9810
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		01.9810
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		01.9810
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		01.9810
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		01.9810
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.3920
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.3920
Asialia
[description not available]		01.9810
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		01.9810
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		01.9810
Gagging
Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.		01.9810
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		01.9810
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		01.9810
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.940
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.420
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.940
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.420
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.940
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.3820
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.3820
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.3820
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3920
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.8940
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		07.8940
Gangliocytoma
[description not available]		02.6730
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		01.9810
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		02.3820
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		08.0850
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.3820
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.3820
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.6830
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		01.9810
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9810
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		01.9810
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental
[description not available]		02.3920
Autonomic Failure, Progressive
[description not available]		02.6630
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.3720
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.3720
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9810
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9810
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		01.9810
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		02.3920
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		01.9810
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9810
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.420
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.420
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.6830
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		02.910
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.910
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.420
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		01.9910
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9910
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		01.9910
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9910
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
Functional obstruction of the COLON leading to MEGACOLON in the absence of obvious COLONIC DISEASES or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.		01.9910
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		02.420
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		02.420
Capillary Leak Syndrome
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.		03.630
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		01.9910
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		07.3920
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.3920
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.420
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		02.420
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration
[description not available]		01.9910
Machado-Joseph Disease
A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)		06.9910
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		01.9910
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		01.9910
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		06.9910
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		01.9910
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		01.9910
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9910
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		01.9910
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		02.9110
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3811
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		01.9910
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9910
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9910
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.3820
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		06.9910
Air Sickness
[description not available]		02.6830
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		02.6830
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		01.9910
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		06.9910
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		01.9910
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		01.9910
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		01.9910
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.420
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.420
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.3220
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		01.9910
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		01.9910
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		01.9910
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.420
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.420
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Craniomandibular Diseases
[description not available]		02.910
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		02.9110
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		03.8140
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		01.9910
Epispadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.		01.9910
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		03.3770
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		08.3770
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		01.9910
B-K Mole Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome
Clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. Nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the B-K mole syndrome. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.420
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.420
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		01.9910
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		01.9910
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		01.9910
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.		01.9910
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		01.9910
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		06.9910
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.6830
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.6830
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		01.9910
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9910
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9910
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		01.9910
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9910
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		01.9910
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		02.3820
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		02.3820
Acinar Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)		01.9910
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		01.9910
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		01.9910
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		0210
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		0210
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		0210
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		01.9910
Bends
[description not available]		02.420
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		02.3920
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		0210
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.3820
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		0210
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3920
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		0210
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		0210
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		02.4120
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		0210
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		03.3220
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.3220
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		03.320
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland
[description not available]		02.9110
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		03.320
Acoustic Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Amaurosis
[description not available]		0210
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		0210
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow
[description not available]		0210
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.		0210
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.3920
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.3920
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		0210
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		0210
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		0210
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		0210
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		02.4120
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		0210
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		07.6930
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.6930
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		0210
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.3820
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.3820
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		0210
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		0210
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		0210
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		0210
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		0210
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		0210
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		0210
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.3920
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.3920
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.0750
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		03.0750
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		03.4780
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		0210
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		0210
Grippe
[description not available]		02.9210
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.9210
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		0210
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		0210
Bronchiolitis, Viral
An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.		02.9210
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		0210
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		0210
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.9210
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		03.7820
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.9210
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		0210
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		0210
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.3920
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		07.3920
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic
Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.		0210
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		0210
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		0210
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		0210
Cyst
[description not available]		0210
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		0210
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		0210
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		0210
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		0210
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		0210
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.0110
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		0210
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		02.3920
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.3920
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.3920
Apertognathia
[description not available]		02.9210
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.0110
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.8710
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.3720
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.3720
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		02.8710
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		02.8710
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		02.3620
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		02.3620
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.3720
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3720
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		01.9510
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		01.9810
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		01.9810
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		01.9810
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		01.9810
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Contusion
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		01.9810
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		01.9810
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		01.9810
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.3720
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		01.9810
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		01.9810
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		01.9710
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		01.9710
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		01.9710
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9710
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		01.9710
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		01.9710
Infections, Togaviridae
[description not available]		01.9710
Tooth Drift
[description not available]		01.9710
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		01.9710
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9710
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		01.9710
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		01.9710
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		01.9710
Hymenolepiasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.		01.9710
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		01.9710
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		01.9710
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		01.9710
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		01.9710
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		01.9710
Tooth Mobility
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)		01.9710
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		01.9710
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		01.9710
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		02.8910
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		01.9710
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3720
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.3720
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism
[description not available]		01.9610
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)		01.9610
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9610
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		07.8840
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		01.9610
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9610
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		01.9610
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		06.9610
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		01.9610
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Slow Virus Diseases
Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.		02.8810
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		01.9710
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		01.9710
Adenoma, alpha-Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		01.9710
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9710
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		01.9710
Chemodectoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Asystole
[description not available]		01.9710
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		01.9710
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		01.9710
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		01.9710
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9710
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9710
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9710
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		01.9710
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		01.9710
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		01.9710
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		06.9710
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		01.9710
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9710
Sweat Gland Diseases
Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.		01.9710
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		01.9710
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		01.9710
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		01.9710
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9610
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9610
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		01.9510
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		06.9510