Compounds > eupatilin
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

eupatilin

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Description

eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
SalviagenusA genus in the mint family (LAMIACEAE).[MeSH]LamiaceaeThe mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).[MeSH]
CitrusgenusA plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.[MeSH]RutaceaeA plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.[MeSH]
ArtemisiagenusA plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE with strong-smelling foliage. It is a source of SANTONIN and other cytotoxic TERPENES.[MeSH]AsteraceaeA large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]
Salvia tomentosaspecies[no description available]LamiaceaeThe mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).[MeSH]
Artemisia argyispecies[no description available]AsteraceaeA large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5273755
CHEMBL ID312750
CHEBI ID4932
SCHEMBL ID1033509
MeSH IDM0131867

Synonyms (45)

Synonym
AC-7926
chebi:4932 ,
CHEMBL312750 ,
euptailin
nsc-122413
nsc122413
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromen-4-one
2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-chromen-4-one
22368-21-4
eupatilin
5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxychromen-4-one
bdbm50060926
LMPK12111228
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-
nsc 122413
unii-4d58o05490
4d58o05490 ,
AKOS015917432
S3846
FT-0686610
AM84796
eupatilin [who-dd]
SCHEMBL1033509
5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxy flavone
HB3894
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4h-chromen-4-one #
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4h-chromen-4-one
DTXSID30176904
mfcd13194819
CS-5407
HY-N0783
eupatilin, >=98% (hplc)
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 9ci
Q3060385
BCP09703
CCG-267966
4-(2-methacryloxy-ethyl-1-oxy)benzoicacid
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one; 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone; 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxychromen-4-one; 4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-
A878565
SC3971
AS-56084
E1409
SY231676
EX-A7726

Research Excerpts

Overview

Eupatilin is a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine Artemisia asiatica Nakai. It has shown potential anti-tumor activity in some cancers, but its potential in prostate cancer treatment has not yet been evaluated.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eupatilin is a natural flavone, that has a variety of pharmacological effects."( Eupatilin inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Bai, D; Cheng, X; Hao, J; Li, Q; Lu, F; Sun, T; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2023)		3.07
"Eupatilin is a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine Artemisia asiatica Nakai."( Eupatilin inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by activating Sestrin2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR dependent autophagy pathway.
Dong, L; Gong, H; Liu, Y; Lyu, X; Peng, N; Tan, S; Zhang, X, 2023)		3.07
"Eupatilin is a bioactive natural flavone that has been found to possess potential anti-asthma activity."( Eupatilin alleviates airway remodeling via regulating phenotype plasticity of airway smooth muscle cells.
Li, Y; Peng, K; Ren, R; Wang, L, 2020)		2.72
"Eupatilin is a lipophilic flavonoid isolated from Artemisia species and exerts anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities."( Eupatilin prevents behavioral deficits and dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.
Li, J; Qin, L; Wang, C; Xie, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)		2.72
"Eupatilin is a dietary flavonoid isolated from the alpine wormwoods, used for the genepy liqueur production. "( The dietary flavonoid eupatilin attenuates in vitro lipid peroxidation and targets lipid profile in cancer HeLa cells.
Appendino, G; Caria, P; Isola, R; Nieddu, M; Pollastro, F; Rosa, A, 2020)		2.32
"Eupatilin is a secondary metabolite of Artemisia asiatica and has shown potential anti-tumor activity in some cancers, but its potential in prostate cancer treatment has not yet been evaluated."( Eupatilin Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Prostate Cancer Cells through Modulation of PTEN and NF-κB Signaling.
Erdogan, S; Koroglu, C; Serttas, R, 2021)		2.79
"Eupatilin is a naturally occurring flavone that has the potential to inhibit cell proliferation and EMT."( Eupatilin attenuates TGF-β2-induced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Cinar, AK; Erdogan, S; Ozal, SA; Serttas, R, 2021)		2.79

Effects

Eupatilin has been reported to have anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. It has been known to possess anti-peptic,. anti-cancer, andAnti-allergy activity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eupatilin has a therapeutic effect on inflammation caused by ICH. "( Eupatilin attenuates the inflammatory response induced by intracerebral hemorrhage through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway.
Chen, C; Ding, B; Fei, X; Fu, X; Kai, S; Man, W; Wang, C; Xu, R, 2019)		3.4
"Eupatilin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases."( Eupatilin attenuates the inflammatory response induced by intracerebral hemorrhage through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway.
Chen, C; Ding, B; Fei, X; Fu, X; Kai, S; Man, W; Wang, C; Xu, R, 2019)		2.68
"Eupatilin has a therapeutic effect on inflammation caused by ICH. "( Eupatilin attenuates the inflammatory response induced by intracerebral hemorrhage through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway.
Chen, C; Ding, B; Fei, X; Fu, X; Kai, S; Man, W; Wang, C; Xu, R, 2019)		3.4
"Eupatilin has been reported to have anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities."( Eupatilin, an activator of PPARα, inhibits the development of oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis symptoms in Balb/c mice.
Bong, SK; Jegal, H; Jin, LT; Jung, Y; Kim, JC; Kim, SM; Kim, SN; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Park, NJ, 2018)		2.64
"Eupatilin has been known to possess anti-peptic, anti-cancer, and anti-allergy activity."( Eupatilin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in macrophages.
Chae, JR; Choi, EJ; Jun, CD; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Lee, S, 2011)		2.53

Actions

Eupatilin could inhibit the hyperproliferation of LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells through p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. Eupatils could increase the efficacy of IPF treatment to curative levels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eupatilin could inhibit the hyperproliferation of LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells through p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. "( Eupatilin inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Bai, D; Cheng, X; Hao, J; Li, Q; Lu, F; Sun, T; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2023)		3.8
"Eupatilin could increase the efficacy of IPF treatment to curative levels."( Reversion of in vivo fibrogenesis by novel chromone scaffolds.
Kim, HS; Kim, IH; Lee, JE; Lee, JY; Lee, TH; Meang, MK; Park, YE; Yoon, YM; Youn, BS, 2019)		1.24

Treatment

Treatment with eupatilin significantly decreased neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 levels in urine, blood urea nitrogen level, and serum creatinine levels. Eup atilin treatment also reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and repressed the expression levels of MyD88, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eupatilin treatment also reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and repressed the expression levels of MyD88, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65 in OxyHb-induced BV2 microglia."( Eupatilin alleviates inflammatory response after subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis.
Chen, R; He, S; Hong, Y; Li, C; Wang, J; Zou, Q, 2023)		3.07
"Eupatilin was pretreated before stimulation with cerulein."( Eupatilin Ameliorates Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis Via Inhibition of the Protein Kinase D1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro.
Kim, JO; Paik, K; Park, WS; Yang, KJ, 2020)		2.72
"Eupatilin treatment downregulated cerulein-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and CC chemokine ligands 2 and 5, but it upregulated expression of IL-4 and IL-10."( Eupatilin Ameliorates Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis Via Inhibition of the Protein Kinase D1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro.
Kim, JO; Paik, K; Park, WS; Yang, KJ, 2020)		2.72
"In eupatilin-treated cells, Hsa_circ_0045714 was also elevated."( Hsa_circ_0045714 induced by eupatilin has a potential to promote fracture healing.
Ge, J; Hong, H; Lin, J; Liu, D; Sun, Y; Tang, W, 2021)		1.43
"Eupatilin treatment also attenuates the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPKs."( Eupatilin suppresses the allergic inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo.
An, HJ; Chung, KS; Kang, YM; Lee, JH; Lee, M; Song, EH, 2018)		2.64
"Eupatilin treatment exhibited clear antinociceptive effects, along with an attenuation of cartilage degradation in OA rats."( Eupatilin Exerts Antinociceptive and Chondroprotective Properties in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis by Downregulating Oxidative Damage and Catabolic Activity in Chondrocytes.
Cho, ML; Jeong, JH; Jhun, JY; Min, JK; Moon, SJ; Yang, EJ, 2015)		2.58
"Treatment with eupatilin induced p21 expression but inhibited the expression of mutated p53."( Eupatilin Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Kim, HS; Park, TH, 2022)		2.5
"Treatment with eupatilin significantly decreased neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 levels in urine, blood urea nitrogen level, and serum creatinine levels, as well as kidney tubular injury. "( Protective effect of eupatilin against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
Eom, DW; Ham, JY; Han, DJ; Jang, DS; Jang, HJ; Jeong, EK; Kang, KS; Kim, SS; Kwan, HC; Lee, DH; Oh, MY; Park, CS, 2015)		1.09
"Treatment with eupatilin significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase as well as liver histologic changes. "( Protective Effect of Eupatilin Pretreatment Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice.
Eom, DW; Jang, DS; Jang, HJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, SS; Kwan, HC; Lee, HM; Lee, SY; Oh, MY, 2016)		1.11
"Pretreatment with eupatilin resulted in dose-dependent inhibition on indomethacin-induced cell damage."( The protective effect of eupatilin on indomethacin-induced cell damage in cultured feline ileal smooth muscle cells: involvement of HO-1 and ERK.
Oh, TY; Shin, CY; Sohn, UD; Song, HJ, 2008)		0.97

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone) was isolated from Artemisia princeps to investigate the dose-response effects on blood glucose regulation and pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic mice."( Eupatilin, isolated from Artemisia princeps Pampanini, enhances hepatic glucose metabolism and pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic mice.
Baek, NI; Choi, MS; Chung, HG; Jeon, SM; Jeong, TS; Jung, UJ; Kang, YJ; Kim, HJ; Lee, KT; Lee, MK; Park, YB, 2008)		3.23
" Therefore, the GR system of DA-9601 could be a substitute dosage form for the treatment of gastritis, while reducing the dosing frequency and thus improving patient compliance."( In vivo gastric residence and gastroprotective effect of floating gastroretentive tablet of DA-9601, an extract of Artemisia asiatica, in beagle dogs.
Cha, KH; Choi, HJ; Jang, SW; Kang, MJ; Kang, SY; Kim, JS; Lee, YW; Son, M; Son, MH; Won, D, 2016)		0.43
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
anti-ulcer drugOne of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitorA lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34).
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
trimethoxyflavoneA methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by three methoxy groups.
dihydroxyflavoneAny hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (15)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Tubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00052.052910.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.894510.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.955510.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.968010.0000AID214006
Tubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)40.00000.00051.987010.0000AID214006
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (51)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of microtubule polymerizationTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
odontoblast differentiationTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule-based processTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transportTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse organizationTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
spindle assemblyTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell divisionTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule-based processTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transportTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell divisionTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-4Tubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
axon guidanceTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
netrin-activated signaling pathwayTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
dorsal root ganglion developmentTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex developmentTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
oocyte maturationTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
spindle assembly involved in female meiosisTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
biological_processTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuron migrationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
startle responseTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular protein transportTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule-based processTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
centrosome cycleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
smoothened signaling pathwayTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
memoryTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
response to mechanical stimulusTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
glial cell differentiationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
gene expressionTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
dentate gyrus developmentTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cerebellar cortex morphogenesisTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
pyramidal neuron differentiationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex developmentTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transportTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
response to tumor necrosis factorTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory exploration behaviorTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule polymerizationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
forebrain morphogenesisTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissueTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse organizationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell divisionTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
motor behaviorTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ionTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
organelle transport along microtubuleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection arborizationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
response to L-glutamateTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule-based processTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transportTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell divisionTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuron migrationTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule-based processTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex developmentTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of axon guidanceTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
embryonic brain developmentTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
platelet formationTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid gland developmentTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule polymerizationTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
spindle assemblyTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transportTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic cell cycleTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
GTPase activityTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural molecule activityTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activating protein bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
double-stranded RNA bindingTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural molecule activityTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
double-stranded RNA bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
unfolded protein bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
netrin receptor bindingTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
molecular_functionTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
molecular_functionTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural molecule activityTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural molecule activityTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
molecular_functionTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
structural constituent of cytoskeletonTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (36)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleusTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
axonemeTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
internode region of axonTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeletonTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule lumenTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granuleTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell bodyTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-3C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic microtubuleTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-1B chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-4A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoskeletonTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
axonemal microtubuleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule lumenTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular vesicleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-4B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
filopodiumTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
axonTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
growth coneTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cell peripheryTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-3 chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular vesicleTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-2A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
meiotic spindleTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-8 chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-3E chainHomo sapiens (human)
condensed chromosomeTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
axonemal microtubuleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granuleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-1A chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic microtubuleTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
vesicleTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin alpha-1C chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-6 chainHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-2B chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
microtubuleTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTubulin beta-1 chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (41)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1892316Inhibition of ERK activity in human MM121224 cells harboring BRAF V600E/NRAS Q61K mutant derived from melanoma patient by high-content screening microscopic analysis2022Journal of natural products, 06-24, Volume: 85, Issue:6
Combining Activity Profiling with Advanced Annotation to Accelerate the Discovery of Natural Products Targeting Oncogenic Signaling in Melanoma.
AID1230324Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from delta opioid receptor (unknown origin) transfected into HEK293 cells at 10 uM by microplate scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6
Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1190339Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from delta opioid receptor in CD1 mouse whole brain minus cerebellum membranes by liquid scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jan-23, Volume: 78, Issue:1
Methoxyflavones from Stachys glutinosa with binding affinity to opioid receptors: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies.
AID1627198Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Cytotoxic prenylated flavones from the stem and root bark of Daphne giraldii.
AID214006In vitro inhibitory activity against tubulin polymerization (10 uM)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-18, Volume: 41, Issue:13
Structure-activity requirements for flavone cytotoxicity and binding to tubulin.
AID1230329Displacement of [3H]-CP55940 from human CB2 receptor transfected into HEK293 cells at 10 uM by microplate scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6
Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1420552Antiangiogenic activity in HUVEC assessed as inhibition of tube formation at 3.125 uM after 24 hrs by light microscopic analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1546499Antiproliferative activity against human SNU638 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1420555Downregulation of HIF-1 alpha protein level in HUVEC at 3.125 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID144650In vitro cytotoxic potency against NCI-60 human tumor cell line1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-18, Volume: 41, Issue:13
Structure-activity requirements for flavone cytotoxicity and binding to tubulin.
AID1546497Antiproliferative activity against human SNU484 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1230326Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu opioid receptor (unknown origin) transfected into HEK293 cells at 10 uM by microplate scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6
Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1546495Antiproliferative activity against human MKN1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1420546Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1627196Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Cytotoxic prenylated flavones from the stem and root bark of Daphne giraldii.
AID1546496Antiproliferative activity against human AGS cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1420549Downregulation of MMP9 mRNA levels in human SNU182 cells at 20 uM after 24 hrs by quantitative real-time qPCR analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1627197Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Cytotoxic prenylated flavones from the stem and root bark of Daphne giraldii.
AID1230328Displacement of [3H]-CP55940 from human CB1 receptor transfected into HEK293 cells at 10 uM by microplate scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6
Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1190340Selectivity ratio of Ki for delta opioid receptor in CD1 mouse whole brain minus cerebellum membranes to Ki for mu opioid receptor in CD1 mouse whole brain minus cerebellum membranes2015Journal of natural products, Jan-23, Volume: 78, Issue:1
Methoxyflavones from Stachys glutinosa with binding affinity to opioid receptors: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies.
AID1420554Antiangiogenic activity in HUVEC assessed as inhibition of tube formation at 6.25 uM after 24 hrs by light microscopic analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420559Inhibition of Akt phosphorylation in HUVEC at 6.25 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420557Downregulation of VEGF protein level in HUVEC at 3.125 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1546498Antiproliferative activity against human SNU601 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID214172In vitro inhibition of binding of [3H]colchicine to tubulin at 50 mM.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-18, Volume: 41, Issue:13
Structure-activity requirements for flavone cytotoxicity and binding to tubulin.
AID1594833Immunosuppressant activity in human T lymphocytes assessed as inhibition of anti-human CD3 and anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody-induced T lymphocyte proliferation incubated for 72 hrs by FACS analysis2019Journal of natural products, 06-28, Volume: 82, Issue:6
Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artemisia argyi: Absolute Configuration and Immunosuppressant Activity.
AID1892315Inhibition of AKT activity in human MM121224 cells harboring BRAF V600E/NRAS Q61K mutant derived from melanoma patient by high-content screening microscopic analysis2022Journal of natural products, 06-24, Volume: 85, Issue:6
Combining Activity Profiling with Advanced Annotation to Accelerate the Discovery of Natural Products Targeting Oncogenic Signaling in Melanoma.
AID1627199Cytotoxicity against human Bcap37 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Cytotoxic prenylated flavones from the stem and root bark of Daphne giraldii.
AID1420561Cytotoxicity against human SNU182 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability up to 20 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420556Downregulation of HIF-1 alpha protein level in HUVEC at 6.25 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420560Downregulation of VEGF level in HUVEC at 6.25 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420553Cytotoxicity activity against HUVEC assessed as decrease in cell viability at 12.5 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1546501Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 150 uM by MTT assay relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1420548Downregulation of MMP2 mRNA levels in human SNU182 cells at 20 uM after 24 hrs by quantitative real-time qPCR analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420547Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells at 200 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1420558Inhibition of Akt phosphorylation in HUVEC at 3.125 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1230325Displacement of [3H]U69593 from kappa opioid receptor (unknown origin) transfected into HEK293 cells at 10 uM by microplate scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6
Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1546500Induction of apoptosis in human U87MG cells assessed as increase in apoptotic cells at 50 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID1420550Cytotoxicity activity against HUVEC assessed as decrease in cell viability up to 6.25 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Eupatilin inhibits angiogenesis-mediated human hepatocellular metastasis by reducing MMP-2 and VEGF signaling.
AID1190338Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu opioid receptor in CD1 mouse whole brain minus cerebellum membranes by liquid scintillation counting2015Journal of natural products, Jan-23, Volume: 78, Issue:1
Methoxyflavones from Stachys glutinosa with binding affinity to opioid receptors: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies.
AID1627195Cytotoxicity against human U251 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Cytotoxic prenylated flavones from the stem and root bark of Daphne giraldii.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (102)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (0.98)18.7374
1990's3 (2.94)18.2507
2000's23 (22.55)29.6817
2010's51 (50.00)24.3611
2020's24 (23.53)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.01

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index37.01 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.64 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.61 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index48.73 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (37.01)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (2.91%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other100 (97.09%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
croton oil
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-hexosamine
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.2510methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.610benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.1710benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.1310nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		340aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.1510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.2110secondary carboxamide
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.2110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.2110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		1.9910alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.2110chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.110
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		3.3510aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
capillin
capillin: insecticidal principle of Artemisia nilagirica Clarke		3.3510aromatic ketone;
ynone
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		1.9910furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		7.4920flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.2110dialdehydebiomarker
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.0810flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.1710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.3510taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		7.610imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.4820D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0410organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
tangeretin
tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.		2.4420pentamethoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.3510organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.3510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		3.3510benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		1.9910methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
xanthomicrol
xanthomicrol: structure in first source. xanthomicrol : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 8 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'.		2.1110dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		3.3510eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone
4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: structure given in first source; from plant Eupatorium odoratum. 4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone : A tetramethoxyflavone that is the tetra-O-methyl derivative of scutellarein.		1.9910tetramethoxyflavoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
gardenin b
gardenin B: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. gardenin B : A tetramethoxyflavone that is tangeretin in which the methoxy group at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110monohydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
quercetin 5,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether
quercetin 5,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether : A tetramethoxyflavone that is the 5,7,3',4'-tetramethy-derivative of quercetin.		1.9910flavonols;
tetramethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
eupatorin
eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source. eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
polyphenol;
trimethoxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Brassica napus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
P450 inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone: a flavonol isolated from Polanisia dodecandra; structure given in first source		1.9910
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1710aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.1710aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.1110
triptolide
[no description available]		3.3510diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone
3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone: has anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on platelets		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi		3.8230
sideritoflavone
sideritoflavone: methoxyflavone from Stachys glutinosa with binding affinity to opioid receptors; structure in first source		3.8630ether;
flavonoids
cirsiliol
cirsiliol: potent inhibitor of arachidonate lipooxygenase. cirsiliol : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 3' and 4' respectively.		3.3510dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
nevadensin
nevadensin: from Lysionotus pauceflora Maxim; RN & N1 from 9th CI. nevadensin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		1.9910dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
salvigenin
salvigenin: structure. salvigenin : A trimethoxyflavone that is scutellarein in which the hydroxy groups at positions 4', 6, and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups.		2.5520monohydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
autophagy inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cirsilineol
cirsilineol: isolated from Thymus carnosus Boiss.. cirsilineol : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.		3.7320dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leucodin
leucodin: structure in first source		3.3510sesquiterpene lactone
yomogin
yomogin: eudesmane sesquiterpene from Artemisia princeps; inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase production in macrophages; structure in first source		3.3510
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.3110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4',5-dihydroxy-3',6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone
[no description available]		2.4420
santamarine
santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group.		2.2110sesquiterpene lactone
cirsimaritin
cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.		2.2110dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
chrysosplenol c
chrysosplenol C: isolated from Pterocaulon sphacelatum; structure in first source. chrysosplenol C : A trimethoxyflavone that is the 3,7,3'-trimethyl ether derivative of quercetagetin.		3.5110trihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 4'.		1.9910monohydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.		1.9910dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
lupeol
[no description available]		3.3510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
gardenin a
gardenin A: promotes neurite outgrowth; structure in first source		1.9910
3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone
3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone: structure in first source		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
5-demethylnobiletin
5-demethylnobiletin: antineoplastic from Citrus plants; structure in first source		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavone
[no description available]		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone: an antineoplastic flavonol isolated from Polanisia dodecandra; structure given in first source		1.9910
Canin
[no description available]		2.2110sesquiterpene lactone
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.1310icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
artenimol
[no description available]		3.3510
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.42203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.1710hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
glycosides
[no description available]		2.1710
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		7.1710
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.9330cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.3510artemisinin derivative
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.4220
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.4920
Artemin
[no description available]		3.3510sesquiterpene lactone
quercetin
[no description available]		2.76307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		3.6620dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.8830trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.9303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.3510hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.610retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
chrysoeriol
chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.		2.0310monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
ayanin
ayanin: has cytoprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities; isolated from Croton schiedeanus (Euphorbiaceae); structure in first source. 3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4' and 7 have been replaced by methoxy groups.		1.9910dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
capillarisin
capillarisin: from Artemisiae capillaris Herba.; structure		3.3510coumarins
chrysosplenetin b
chrysosplenetin B: constituent of the root of Berneuxia thibetica Decne. chrysosplenetin : A tetramethoxyflavone that is the 3,6,7,3'-tetramethyl ether derivative of quercetagetin.		3.5620dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
diosmetin
[no description available]		2.48203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
fisetin
[no description available]		1.99103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
hispidulin
hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.		1.9910monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.35107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
morusin
morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.		2.1310extended flavonoid;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		1.99107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
rhamnetin
rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.		1.9910monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.2110
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.2110homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.1110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.1110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
centaureidin
centaureidin: structure given in first source; isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum, Brickellia veronicaefolia. centaureidin : A trihydroxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii and Athroisma proteiforme.		1.9910trihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
syringin
syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
dimethoxybenzene;
monosaccharide derivative;
primary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
eupatin
eupatin : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetagetin methylated at positions 4', 6 and 7.		1.9910flavonols;
trihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
isofraxidin
isofraxidin: also see fraxidin		3.3510hydroxycoumarin
Kumatakenin
[no description available]		3.3510ether;
flavonoids
ombuine
ombuine: from rhizome of Alpinia tonkinensis. ombuin : A dimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' are replaced by methoxy groups. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9910dimethoxyflavone;
flavonols;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
artemetin
[no description available]		3.8220ether;
flavonoids
5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone
5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone: from Cirsium japonicum D. C.. pectolinarigenin : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.		2.4420dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.1710
ermanin
ermanin: from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source. 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol : A dimethoxyflavone that is kaempferol in which the hydroxy groups at position 3 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It is a component of bee glue and isolated from several plant species including Tanacetum microphyllum.		1.9910dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimycobacterial drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone: from the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora; inhibits monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone : A monohydroxyflavone that is 5-hydroxyflavone which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3,3',4' and 7.		1.99103'-methoxyflavones;
monohydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
jaceosidin
jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.		5.41100dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone
5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone: induced cell death in human leukemia cells is dependent on caspases and activates the MAPK pathway; structure in first source. quercetin 3,4'-dimethyl ether : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 3,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of quercetin. Isolated from Combretum quadrangulare, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		1.9910dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ternatin (flavonoid)
ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first source		1.9910ether;
flavonoids
morphine chloride
morphine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of morphine.		2.1110hydrochloride
indigo carmine
3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.		2.110
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		3.3510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid: structure in first source		2.110
ludartin
ludartin: a TRPA1 channel activator; structure in first source		3.3510
lyoniside
lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer		2.1110
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.2510oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.1310
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.2110
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.7130
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		7.2110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.1710
Metastase
[description not available]		02.1710
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.1710
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.1710
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.1710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.1710
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.3310
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.3310
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.4110
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.4110
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.0740
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.4560
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.0740
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.610
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.610
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.610
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.610
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.610
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.610
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.8220
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.610
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.8220
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.610
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.7220
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.7220
Ciliopathies
Genetic disorders caused by defects in genes related to the primary CILIUM; BASAL BODY; or CENTROSOME. Primary features may include obesity, SKELETAL DYSPLASIA; POLYDACTYLY and malformations that primarily involve the liver, eye or kidneys.		02.6920
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.1410
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6920
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.6920
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.7220
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.7220
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.5520
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.5520
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.5520
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.5520
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.2110
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.2110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.2110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.2250
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.2250
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.2110
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		07.2510
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.2510
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.2510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.2510
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.2510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2110
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.2510
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.2510
ADPKD
[description not available]		03.2310
ARPKD
[description not available]		03.2310
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		03.2310
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.		03.2310
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.3110
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.3110
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.3110
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		02.3110
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		02.3110
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1510
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.1710
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.1710
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1710
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.1710
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.1710
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.1710
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.1710
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.1710
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.2110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.2110
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.5220
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.0240
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.0240
Ache
[description not available]		02.1110
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.1110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.1310
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.1310
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.1310
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.1310
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.7330
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.1510
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0410
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0410
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.0410
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.0410
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.0510
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.0510
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.0510
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0710
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.4520
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0810
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.4520
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4320
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.4320
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.0310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		01.9910